Battery monitoring system with direct electrical connection for capacitance measurement in battery cells

Abstract

A battery cell includes a cell housing having an inner layer made of an electrically conductive material and an outer layer made of an electrically insulating material. A portion of the inner layer is exposed. The battery cell further includes a first battery terminal disposed in the battery cell housing, a second battery terminal disposed in the battery cell housing, an electrolyte located between the first battery terminal and the second battery terminal, and a conductive portion disposed adjacent the outer layer and directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer. Other example battery cells, battery systems having capacitance measurement modules, and methods for measuring capacitance values associated with battery cells are also disclosed.

Description

[0001] introduction The information provided in this section is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the present disclosure. The work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this section, and aspects of this description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing are neither explicitly nor implicitly admitted to be prior art against the present disclosure.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to battery cells and battery systems, and more particularly, to a battery monitoring system with direct electrical connection for capacitance measurement in a battery cell of an electric system (eg, electric vehicle, etc.).

[0003] An electric vehicle (EV) such as a battery electric vehicle (BEV), a hybrid vehicle, and / or a fuel cell vehicle includes one or more motors and a battery system including one or more battery cells. The battery cells may be arranged in a battery module including two or more battery cells and / or in a battery pack including two or more battery modules. A power control system is used to control charging and / or discharging of the battery system during charging from a utility, and to control regenerative braking and / or acceleration during driving.

[0004] A battery management system (BMS) monitors various parameters of a battery system and controls the operation of the battery system. A battery cell includes a solid or liquid electrolyte disposed between an anode and a cathode of the battery cell. During the life of the battery, the performance of the battery may degrade due to an interrelated combination of electrolyte drying, chemical changes in the solid or liquid electrolyte, loss of active lithium inventory, and / or changes in active materials in the battery cell. In some cases, the BMS can detect these conditions. Summary of the invention

[0005] A battery cell includes a battery cell housing having an inner layer made of a conductive material and an outer layer made of an electrically insulating material. A portion of the inner layer is exposed. The battery cell further includes a first battery terminal arranged in the battery cell housing, a second battery terminal arranged in the battery cell housing, an electrolyte located between the first battery terminal and the second battery terminal, and a conductive portion arranged adjacent to the outer layer and directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer.

[0006] In other features, the conductive portion is directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer via the adhesive material.

[0007] In other features, the adhesive material is a pressure sensitive adhesive.

[0008] In other features, the bonding material is a conductive paint.

[0009] In other features, the conductive portion is directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer via at least one metal plate clamped to the conductive portion.

[0010] In other features, the conductive portion includes a metal foil layer.

[0011] In other features, the conductive portion is made of copper or aluminum.

[0012] In other features, the electrically insulating material of the outer layer is a polymer material.

[0013] In other features, the exposed portion of the inner layer is an edge portion of the battery cell housing.

[0014] In other features, the battery cell comprises a pouch-type battery cell and the battery cell housing comprises a battery pouch.

[0015] In other features, the battery cell housing includes an interior layer made of an electrically insulating material, and the interior layer includes a metal foil layer laminated between the interior layer and the exterior layer.

[0016] In other features, the electrically insulating material of the inner layer is a polymer material.

[0017] A battery system includes at least one pouch-type battery cell, and a capacitance measurement module. The pouch-type battery cell includes a battery pouch having an inner layer made of a conductive material and an outer layer made of an electrically insulating material. A portion of the inner layer is exposed. The pouch-type battery cell further includes a first battery terminal arranged in the battery pouch, a second battery terminal arranged in the battery pouch, an electrolyte located between the first battery terminal and the second battery terminal, and a conductive portion arranged adjacent to the outer layer and directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer. The capacitance measurement module is configured to measure a capacitance value between the conductive portion of the at least one pouch-type battery cell and at least one of the first battery terminal and the second battery terminal of the at least one pouch-type battery cell.

[0018] In other features, the conductive portion is directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer via the adhesive material.

[0019] In other features, the conductive portion is directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer via at least one metal plate clamped to the conductive portion.

[0020] In other features, the conductive portion includes a metal foil layer and the outer layer of electrically insulating material is a polymer material.

[0021] In other features, the exposed portion of the inner layer is an edge portion of the battery pouch.

[0022] In other features, the battery pouch includes an inner layer made of an electrically insulating material, and the inner layer includes a metal foil layer laminated between the inner layer and the outer layer.

[0023] In other features, the electrically insulating material of the inner layer is a polymer material.

[0024] A method for measuring a capacitance value associated with a battery cell is disclosed. The battery cell includes a battery cell housing having an inner layer made of a conductive material and an outer layer made of an electrically insulating material, a first battery terminal arranged in the battery cell housing, a second battery terminal arranged in the battery cell housing, and an electrolyte located between the first battery terminal and the second battery terminal. The method includes exposing a portion of the inner layer of the battery cell housing, directly connecting a conductive portion to the exposed portion of the inner layer, and connecting a capacitance measurement module to the conductive portion and at least one of the first battery terminal and the second battery terminal of the battery cell to measure a capacitance value between the conductive portion and at least one of the first battery terminal and the second battery terminal.

[0025] Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description, claims, and drawings.The detailed description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] The present disclosure will become more fully understood from this detailed description and the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a side cross-sectional view of a battery cell having a conductive portion directly connected to a conductive layer of a battery cell pouch via an adhesive material in accordance with the present disclosure; Figure 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a battery cell having a conductive portion directly connected to a conductive layer of a battery cell pouch via a metal plate according to the present disclosure; Figure 3 According to the present disclosure, Figure 1 Functional block diagram of a battery system including a battery cell and a capacitance measurement module for monitoring capacitance measurement in the battery cell; Figure 4 is a functional block diagram side of a battery management system with a capacitance measurement module according to the present disclosure; Figure 5 is a flow chart of an example method for measuring a capacitance value associated with a battery cell having a conductive portion directly connected to a conductive layer of a battery cell pouch according to the present disclosure; Figure 6is a graph illustrating a comparison between measured capacitances where the conductive portion is directly connected to a conductive layer of a battery cell pouch and where the conductive portion is capacitively coupled to the conductive layer of the battery cell pouch according to the present disclosure; and Figure 7-10 is a graph illustrating measured capacitance as a function of various battery parameters over frequency in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0027] In the drawings, reference numerals may be repeated to identify similar and / or identical elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] A battery management system (BMS) monitors various parameters of a battery system and controls the operation of the battery system. During the life of the battery, the performance of the battery may degrade due to an interrelated combination of electrolyte drying, chemical changes in solid or liquid electrolytes, loss of active lithium inventory, and / or changes in active materials in the battery cells. In conventional systems, the BMS can detect these conditions based on capacitance measurements associated with the battery (e.g., one or more battery cells). Specifically, in a conventional BMS, a conductive material (e.g., a metal foil or a conductive plate) is placed on the outer surface of the battery cell pouch. In doing so, the external conductive material produces a capacitive coupling with the conductive foil in the battery cell pouch. Then, based on this capacitive coupling and another capacitive coupling between the conductive foil in the battery cell pouch and the electrode in the battery cell, the capacitance measurement of the battery cell can be calculated. However, this capacitive coupling often results in imprecise and inaccurate capacitance measurements.

[0029] The systems and methods herein utilize a direct electrical connection between an external conductive material and a conductive foil in a battery cell pouch or housing for capacitance measurements in a battery cell. In doing so, the systems and methods herein eliminate the capacitive coupling that conventional systems rely on. As a result of the direct electrical connection, the sensitivity and accuracy of the capacitance measurements are increased compared to capacitance measurements achieved using conventional systems. Additionally, by eliminating the capacitive coupling used to make these measurements, the systems and methods herein simplify and reduce the cost of capacitance measurements for pouch-shaped battery cell applications. In various embodiments, the systems and methods can be used for battery quality control, battery health status monitoring, and early detection of thermal runaway.

[0030] Reference now Figure 1, the battery cell 100 generally includes a battery cell housing 102, battery terminals 104, 106, and an electrolyte 108 located between the battery terminals 104, 106. In this example, the electrolyte 108 can be a solid electrolyte or a liquid electrolyte. In various embodiments, the battery cell 100 can be a pouch-type battery cell (e.g., a lithium-ion pouch-type battery cell), and the battery cell housing 102 can be a pouch, although other types of battery cells and / or battery cell housings can be used.

[0031] In various embodiments, Figure 1 The battery cell 100 and / or any other battery cell or system described herein may be employed in vehicle applications. For example, the battery cell 100 may be employed in any suitable vehicle, such as an electric vehicle (e.g., a pure electric vehicle, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc.). Additionally, the battery cell 100 may be suitable for autonomous vehicles, semi-autonomous vehicles, etc. In other examples, the battery cell 100 may be implemented with suitable non-vehicle applications that rely on one or more battery cells.

[0032] Continue to refer Figure 1 , battery terminals (e.g., electrodes) 104, 106 are generally arranged in the battery cell housing 102. In this example, the terminal 104 is attached to the cathode or anode of the battery cell 100, and the terminal 106 is attached to the anode or cathode of the battery cell 100. Figure 1 In the example of FIG. 1 , battery terminals 104 , 106 are electrically connected to (or form) leads (or tabs) 110 , 112 , respectively.

[0033] exist Figure 1 In the example of FIG. 1 , the battery cell housing 102 includes multiple material layers for sealing the battery terminals 104 , 106 and the electrolyte 108 therein. Figure 1 , a battery cell housing (e.g., a pouch) 102 includes an outer layer 114, an inner layer (or intermediate layer) 116, and an inner layer 118. In this example, the inner layer 118 is generally the innermost layer of the battery cell housing 102, and the outer layer 114 is generally the outermost layer (e.g., an exterior layer) of the battery cell housing 102. With this arrangement, the battery terminals 104, 106 can be considered to be generally adjacent to the inner layer 118, and in some cases adjacent to the inner layer 116. In various embodiments, multiple layers can be laminated together such that the inner layer 116 is laminated between the inner layer 118 and the outer layer 114. Although Figure 1 The example battery cell 100 includes a battery cell housing 102 having three layers, but it should be appreciated that more or fewer layers may be employed if desired.

[0034] The layers of the battery cell housing 102 may include different materials. Figure 1 In the embodiment of the present invention, the outer layer 114 and the inner layer 118 can be made of the same or different electrically insulating materials. In contrast, the inner layer 116 can be made of a conductive material. For example, the electrically insulating material can be a non-metallic material, such as a polymer material. Additionally, the conductive material can be a metallic material, such as a metal foil. More specifically, the conductive material can be aluminum, copper, etc. and / or alloys thereof. In various embodiments, the materials of the layers in the battery cell housing 102 can make the battery cell housing 102 substantially flexible.

[0035] In various embodiments, the battery cell housing 102 includes at least one exposed area. Figure 1 , the battery cell housing 102 has an exposed area 120. With this configuration, at least a portion of the conductive inner layer 116 can be exposed. The exposed area 120 can be created in any suitable manner, such as by cutting the battery cell housing 102, by piercing or removing a portion of the outer layer 114 by chemical or mechanical means (e.g., scraping), etc. For example, when the battery cell housing 102 is cut to accommodate internal battery cell components, a portion of the inner layer 116 can be exposed.

[0036] The exposed area 120 (or portion) may be located at any suitable position along the battery cell housing 102. For example, when the exposed portion is formed during the cutting process, the exposed portion may be along an edge portion (or surface) of the battery cell housing 102, such as Figure 1 In other examples, if desired, the exposed portion may be along a side surface (e.g., top side, bottom side, etc.) of the battery cell housing 102. Additionally, in some examples, the exposed portion may be only along an edge surface (e.g., as shown in FIG. Figure 1 ) or a portion of the side surface. Alternatively, if desired, the exposed portion can extend along the entire edge surface.

[0037] exist Figure 1 In the example of , the battery cell 100 further includes a conductive portion 122 directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer 116. For example, and similar to the inner layer 116, the conductive portion 122 can be made of a conductive material (such as a metal material). More specifically, the conductive material can be aluminum, copper, etc. and / or alloys thereof. In this example, the conductive portion 122 can generally be arranged adjacent to the outer layer 114 of the battery cell housing 102 and electrically connected to (or forming) the lead (or tab) 124.

[0038] In various embodiments, the conductive portion 122 may be a metal foil that is generally wrapped around at least the exposed portion of the inner layer 116. For example, the conductive portion 122 may extend along a portion of the edge portion / surface and onto the top and / or bottom side of the battery cell 100. In other examples, the conductive portion 122 may extend along only a portion of the edge portion / surface.

[0039] Conductive portion 122 may be directly connected to the exposed portion of inner layer 116 in any suitable manner. Figure 1 1 , the conductive portion 122 is directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer 116 via the adhesive material 126. In this example, the adhesive material 126 can be any suitable conductive adhesive, such as a pressure sensitive adhesive, a conductive paint, etc. With this arrangement, the conductive portion 122 can be temporarily connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer 116 if desired.

[0040] In other examples, the conductive portion 122 may be directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer 116 in a more permanent and robust manner. For example, the conductive portion 122 may directly contact the exposed portion of the inner layer 116 via one or more metal plates clamped to the conductive portion 122.

[0041] For example, Figure 2 Describes something similar to Figure 1 The battery cell 200 is similar to the battery cell 100, but has a metal plate for fixing the conductive portion 122 to the battery cell 200. More specifically, the battery cell 200 includes: a battery cell housing 102 having Figure 1 The outer layer 114, the inner layer 116, and the inner layer 118; and the exposed portion of the inner layer 116 is directly connected to the inner layer 116 Figure 1 However, in Figure 2 In the example of , the conductive portion 122 is in direct contact with the exposed portion of the inner layer 116 and is secured thereto using two metal plates 228, 230 that are clamped to the conductive portion 122. In this example, the metal plates 228, 230 may be clamped (or otherwise secured) using one or more fasteners (such as bolts, screws, clamps, etc.). Figure 2 In the example of FIG. 2 , bolts 232 and 234 are used.

[0042] Figure 3 A battery system 300 for monitoring capacitance measurements in battery cells having direct electrical connections as explained herein is described. For example, the battery system 300 includes: Figure 1 The pouch-type battery cell 100 includes a pouch having a plurality of layers; and a capacitance measuring module (eg, a controller) 340. Figure 3The battery system 300 is shown as including only one battery cell 100, but it should be appreciated that the battery system 300 or other systems herein may include, if desired. Figure 2 A battery cell 200, a plurality of battery cells (eg, battery cells similar to the battery cell 100 and / or the battery cell 200, etc.).

[0043] As shown, the capacitance measurement module 340 is connected to the conductive portion 122 via the lead 124 and to the battery terminal 104 via the lead 110. In other examples, if desired, the capacitance measurement module 340 can be connected to the conductive portion 122 and the battery terminal 106 via the lead 112. In such an example, the capacitance measurement module 340 can measure one or more capacitance values ​​between the conductive portion 122 of the pouch-type battery cell 100 and the battery terminal 104 (or battery terminal 106) of the pouch-type battery cell 100. As further explained below, the measured capacitance value(s) can be employed in a diagnostic scenario.

[0044] In this example, compared to capacitance measurements achieved using conventional systems, Figure 3 The sensitivity and accuracy of the capacitance measurement associated with the battery cell 100 is increased. For example, and as explained above, in conventional systems, a conductive material (e.g., a metal foil or a conductive plate) is placed on the outer surface of the battery cell pouch to create a capacitive coupling between the conductive material and the conductive foil in the battery cell pouch. Then, based on this capacitive coupling, and another capacitive coupling between the conductive foil in the battery cell pouch and the electrode in the battery cell, a capacitance measurement of the battery cell can be calculated. This calculation can be determined according to the following equations (1)-(2). In equations (1)-(2), C measured is the measured capacitance (e.g., the capacitance measured using a capacitance measurement module), C plate is the capacitance between the external conductive material and the conductive foil in the battery cell pouch, and C cell is the capacitance between the conductive foil in the battery cell pouch and the electrode in the battery cell. In equation (2), ε0 is the permittivity (e.g., electrical constant) of the dielectric material, A is the area of ​​the parallel plates (e.g., conductive foil, electrode, etc.), d is the distance between the two conductive plates (e.g., the distance between the conductive foil and the electrode), and K is the dielectric constant of the dielectric material between the plates.

[0045] Equation (1) Equation (2)

[0046] However, when Figure 1-2When the conductive portion 122 of the battery cell is directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer 116 as explained herein, the determination of the capacitance of the battery cell can be greatly simplified. In this example, the capacitive coupling between the conductive material and the conductive foil in the battery cell pouch is eliminated. Thus, the measured capacitance (C measured ) becomes equal to the battery cell capacitance (C cell ), as shown in equation (3) below.

[0047] Equation (3)

[0048] Figure 4 Another battery system 400 for monitoring capacitance measurements in battery cells in an electric vehicle is depicted. For example, the battery system 400 includes a battery module 420 that includes a battery cell 412, one or more sensors 414 (such as voltage, current, temperature, etc.), and a module controller 418. In this example, the battery cell 412 may include Figure 1-2 One or more of the battery cells 100, 200. The module controller 418 may be used to control module level sensing and / or functions.

[0049] The battery management system 440 includes a measurement module 442 that coordinates the measurement of values ​​from the battery cell, module, and / or battery pack level. Examples of values ​​include temperature T1, T2..., voltage V1, V2..., current i1, i2..., reference voltage V ref1 、V ref2 ...and so on. The measurement module 442 includes a capacitance measurement module 444 that measures one or more capacitance values ​​C1, C2, ... of each battery cell and / or performs other calculations described herein.

[0050] The state of health (SOH) module 446 calculates the SOH of the battery cell, module and / or battery pack. The scheduling and history module 448 schedules the testing of the battery cell at a predetermined period (e.g., operating time, cycle, etc.) in response to a predetermined event and / or in response to other factors, and stores historical data. The state of charge (SOC) / capacity estimation module 452 determines the SOC of the battery cell, module and / or battery pack. The calibration data storage device 456 stores thresholds, parameters and / or other data related to the calibration of the battery system. The thermal management module 462 communicates with the temperature controller 480 to control the temperature of the battery system, such as by adjusting the coolant flow, air flow and / or other parameters. The power control module 458 controls the power inverter 484, which connects the battery system to one or more loads 488 in the vehicle. The battery management system 440 communicates with the propulsion controller 472, one or more other vehicle controllers 474, the telematics controller 476 and / or the user interface 478 via the vehicle data bus 470.

[0051] Figure 5 The diagram shows a method for measuring the Figure 1-2 Example process 500 for determining the capacitance value associated with a battery cell 100, 200). Figure 5 is shown and described as including specific steps, but it should be appreciated that Figure 5 Process 500 is one example variation that may be implemented, and in other embodiments, process 500 and / or other example processes may include different steps, more or fewer steps, etc.

[0052] exist Figure 5 In an example of a battery cell, a battery cell includes: a battery cell housing (e.g., a battery cell pouch) having an inner layer made of a conductive material and an outer layer made of an electrically insulating material, different groups of battery terminals arranged in the battery cell housing, and an electrolyte located between the battery terminals. In this example, one group of battery terminals is connected to a cathode or an anode of the battery cell, and another group of battery terminals is connected to an anode or a cathode of the battery cell.

[0053] like Figure 5 As shown in , process 500 begins at 502, where a portion of a conductive inner layer of a battery cell housing is exposed. In various embodiments, the inner layer can be exposed by cutting the battery cell housing (e.g., cutting away the electrically insulating outer layer). Process 500 then proceeds to 504.

[0054] At 504, a conductive portion (e.g., a metal foil) is placed on the exposed portion of the conductive inner layer. For example, and as explained above, the conductive portion can be wrapped around the exposed portion near the edge surface of the battery cell housing. In such an example, the conductive portion directly contacts the exposed portion of the inner layer (e.g., via an adhesive material or not via an adhesive material), as explained above. Process 500 then proceeds to 506, 508.

[0055] At 506, a capacitance measurement module (eg, Figure 3 The capacitance measurement module 304, Figure 4 The capacitance measurement module 444 of the battery cell housing is connected to measure the capacitance value of the battery cell. Specifically, and as explained above, at 508, the capacitance measurement module is connected to the conductive portion and a set of battery terminals in the battery terminal group in the battery cell housing to measure the capacitance value between the conductive portion and the battery terminal one or more times. In various embodiments, if desired, the measured capacitance value(s) can be stored. Process 500 then proceeds to 510.

[0056] At 510, the measured capacitance value(s) are compared to the defined capacitance threshold. For example, the measured capacitance value(s) may be directly compared to the capacitance threshold. In such an example, the capacitance threshold may be the initial or baseline capacitance value of the battery cell when the battery cell and the components therein (e.g., electrolyte) are satisfactory. In other examples, one or more parameters associated with the battery cell (e.g., rate of change of capacitance, etc.) may be calculated or otherwise determined based on the measured capacitance value, and then the one or more parameters may be compared to a threshold value (e.g., based on the initial or baseline capacitance value of the battery cell). In any case, changes in the measured capacitance value of the battery cell may be monitored and used to detect or predict battery cell aging, electrolyte consumption at the battery cell level, and / or other wear-related operating conditions of the battery cell. The capacitance value may also be used to detect or predict thermal runaway and / or other battery operating conditions of the battery cell (with or without other battery cell parameters). Because the measured capacitance value is highly dependent on the dielectric properties of the electrolyte, the battery system may be used to detect small changes in the molecular and physical structure of the battery cell. Process 500 then proceeds to 512.

[0057] At 512, a controller (eg, in a capacitance measurement module, Figure 4440, etc.) determines whether the measured capacitance value (or parameter thereof) is greater than or equal to a threshold value. In various embodiments, the threshold value may depend on one or more factors, such as the frequency being monitored and / or the specific property being monitored (e.g., electrolyte fill, electrolyte dry-out, battery temperature, bag pin hole, etc.). If so, process 500 proceeds to 516, where no action is taken, and then returns to 508, as shown in FIG. Figure 5 However, if the capacitance value (or a parameter thereof) measured at 512 is less than the threshold value, then process 500 proceeds to 514 where corrective action is taken. For example, the corrective action may include user notification to inspect the battery cell, replace the entire battery cell, replace a portion of the entire battery cell (e.g., the electrolyte), adjust an operating parameter of a battery system including the battery cell (e.g., battery cell balancing, charge level and / or rate, discharge level and / or rate, etc.), etc. Process 500 may then end, as shown in FIG. Figure 5 as shown in .

[0058] Reference now Figure 6 , graph 600 depicts measured capacitance values ​​(Y-axis) for different connection arrangements over frequency (X-axis). Specifically, in graph 600, line 602 represents the measured capacitance values ​​(microfarads (μF)) of a battery cell having a battery cell pouch having a conductive portion directly connected to a conductive layer of the battery cell pouch, as explained herein. Lines 604, 606, 608, 610 represent the measured capacitance values ​​(μF) of a battery cell capacitively coupled to an external conductive plate as in a conventional system. Specifically, in Figure 6 In the example of FIG. 1 , the external conductive plates used for the measured capacitance values ​​associated with lines 604, 606, 608, and 610 are 387 cm and 13 cm, respectively. 2 Board, 194cm 2 Board, 97cm 2 Board and 39cm 2 plate.

[0059] In various embodiments, the measured capacitance value of one of the battery cells herein can be used for battery quality control, pinhole detection, battery health status monitoring, and early detection of thermal runaway. Figure 7-10 Graphs 700 , 800 , 900 , 1000 depict measured capacitance values ​​(Y-axis) as a function of different battery parameters over frequency (X-axis).

[0060] exist Figure 7, graph 700 generally includes lines 702, 704 showing capacitance battery measurements (in nanofarads (nF)) for two different electrolyte fillings, and line 706 showing capacitance battery measurements (in nF) for an electrolyte dry condition. As shown, the capacitance battery measurements can be monitored over time to detect if and / or predict when the electrolyte level in a battery cell is low.

[0061] Figure 8 Graph 800 includes lines 802, 804, 806, 808, 810, 812 showing capacitance battery measurements (μF) as a function of frequency at different battery temperatures. Specifically, line 802 (large dashed line) is at a temperature of 75 degrees Celsius, line 804 (dash-dot-dash line) is at a temperature of 50 degrees Celsius, line 806 (dash-dot-dot-dash line) is at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius, line 808 (dotted line) is at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius, line 810 (solid line) is at a temperature of -25 degrees Celsius, and line 812 (small dashed line) is at a temperature of -50 degrees Celsius.

[0062] Fig. 9 Graph 900 includes lines 902, 904, 906, 908 for illustrating capacitance battery measurements (μF) of battery cells with and without bag pinholes at different frequencies. For example, line 902 (dash-dotted line) is a baseline for capacitance battery measurements where the battery cell does not have bag pinholes, line 904 (solid line) is a capacitance battery measurement where the battery cell has bag pinholes at approximately 5 minutes of testing, line 906 (dashed line) is a capacitance battery measurement where the battery cell has bag pinholes at approximately 15 minutes of testing, and line 908 (dash-dotted line) is a capacitance battery measurement where the battery cell has bag pinholes at approximately 45 minutes of testing.

[0063] Fig.10 Graph 1000 includes lines 1002, 1004, 1006 for illustrating capacitance battery measurements (μF) of battery cells having different resistance values ​​coupled across the battery cells to measure isolation. For example, line 1002 (solid line) is an open circuit capacitance battery measurement, line 1004 (dashed line) is a capacitance battery measurement with a 100k ohm resistor coupled across the battery pouch cell, and line 1006 (dash-dotted line) is a capacitance battery measurement with a 1M ohm resistor coupled across the battery pouch cell.

[0064] The foregoing description is merely illustrative in nature and is by no means intended to limit the present disclosure, its application or use. The broad teachings of the present disclosure can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, although the present disclosure includes specific examples, the true scope of the present disclosure should not be so limited, because other modifications will become apparent when studying the drawings, the specification and the following claims. It should be understood that, without changing the principles of the present disclosure, one or more steps in the method can be performed in different orders (or simultaneously). In addition, although each embodiment is described above as having certain features, any one or more of those features described with respect to any embodiment of the present disclosure can be implemented in the features of any other embodiment and / or combined with the features of any other embodiment, even if the combination is not explicitly described. In other words, the described embodiments are not mutually exclusive, and one or more embodiments and each other's permutation (permutation) are still within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0065] Spatial and functional relationships between elements (e.g., between modules, circuit elements, semiconductor layers, etc.) are described using various terms, including "connected," "engaged," "coupled," "adjacent," "immediately adjacent," "on," "above," "below," and "disposed." Unless explicitly described as "direct," when describing a relationship between a first and a second element in the above disclosure, the relationship may be a direct relationship in which no other intervening elements exist between the first and second elements, but may also be an indirect relationship in which one or more intervening elements (either spatially or functionally) exist between the first and second elements. As used herein, the phrase "at least one of A, B, and C" should be interpreted to mean a logical (A or B or C) using a non-exclusive logical "or," and should not be interpreted to mean "at least one of A, at least one of B, and at least one of C."

[0066] In the various figures, the direction of the arrow, as indicated by the arrow head, generally indicates the flow of information (such as data or instructions) of interest to the illustration. For example, when element A and element B exchange various information, but the information transmitted from element A to element B is relevant to the illustration, the arrow may point from element A to element B. The unidirectional arrow does not imply that no other information is transmitted from element B to element A. In addition, for information sent from element A to element B, element B may send a request or a receipt confirmation of the information to element A.

[0067] In this application, including the definitions below, the term "module" or the term "controller" may be replaced with the term "circuit". The term "module" may refer to, be part of, or include: an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC); a digital, analog, or mixed analog / digital discrete circuit; a digital, analog, or mixed analog / digital integrated circuit; a combinational logic circuit; a field programmable gate array (FPGA); a processor circuit (shared, dedicated, or grouped) that executes code; a memory circuit (shared, dedicated, or grouped) that stores code executed by the processor circuit; other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality; or a combination of some or all of the above, such as in a system on a chip.

[0068] The module may include one or more interface circuits. In some examples, the interface circuit may include a wired or wireless interface connected to a local area network (LAN), the Internet, a wide area network (WAN), or a combination thereof. The functions of any given module of the present disclosure may be distributed among multiple modules connected via the interface circuit. For example, multiple modules may allow load balancing. In a further example, a server (also referred to as a remote or cloud) module may implement some functions on behalf of a client module.

[0069] The term "code" as used above may include software, firmware, and / or microcode, and may refer to a program, a routine, a function, a class, a data structure, and / or an object. The term "shared processor circuit" covers a single processor circuit that executes some or all code from multiple modules. The term "group processor circuit" covers a processor circuit that executes some or all code from one or more modules in conjunction with an additional processor circuit. References to multiple processor circuits cover multiple processor circuits on discrete dies, multiple processor circuits on a single die, multiple cores of a single processor circuit, multiple threads of a single processor circuit, or a combination of the above. The term "shared memory circuit" covers a single memory circuit that stores some or all code from multiple modules. The term "group memory circuit" includes a memory circuit that stores some or all code from one or more modules in conjunction with additional memory.

[0070] The term "memory circuit" is a subset of the term "computer-readable medium". The term "computer-readable medium" as used herein does not encompass non-transitory electrical or electromagnetic signals propagated through a medium (such as on a carrier wave); therefore, the term "computer-readable medium" may be considered to be tangible and non-transitory. Non-limiting examples of non-transitory tangible computer-readable media are non-volatile memory circuits (such as flash memory circuits, erasable programmable read-only memory circuits, or mask read-only memory circuits), volatile memory circuits (such as static random access memory circuits or dynamic random access memory circuits), magnetic storage media (such as analog or digital magnetic tape or hard disk drives), and optical storage media (such as CDs, DVDs, or Blu-ray discs).

[0071] The apparatus and method described in the present application can be implemented in part or in whole by a special-purpose computer, which is created by configuring a general-purpose computer to perform one or more specific functions embodied in a computer program. The functional blocks, flow chart components and other elements described above act as software specifications, which can be translated into computer programs by the routine work of skilled technicians or programmers.

[0072] The computer program includes processor executable instructions stored on at least one non-transitory tangible computer readable medium. The computer program may also include or rely on stored data. The computer program may include a basic input / output system (BIOS) that interacts with the hardware of the special-purpose computer, device drivers that interact with specific devices of the special-purpose computer, one or more operating systems, user applications, background services, background applications, etc.

[0073] A computer program may include: (i) descriptive text to be parsed, such as HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), XML (Extensible Markup Language), or JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), (ii) assembly code, (iii) object code generated by a compiler from source code, (iv) source code for execution by an interpreter, (v) source code for compilation and execution by a just-in-time compiler, etc. By way of example only, source code may be written using syntax from languages ​​including: C, C++, C#, Objective-C, Swift, Haskell, Go, SQL, R, Lisp, Fortran, Perl, Pascal, Curl, OCaml, HTML5 (Hypertext Markup Language Version 5), Ada, ASP (Active Server Pages), PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor), Scala, Eiffel, Smalltalk, Erlang, Ruby, Visual Lua, MATLAB, SIMULINK, and

Claims

1. A battery cell, comprising: a battery cell housing comprising an inner layer made of an electrically conductive material and an outer layer made of an electrically insulating material, wherein a portion of the inner layer is exposed; a first battery terminal disposed in the battery cell housing; a second battery terminal disposed in the battery cell housing; an electrolyte disposed between the first battery terminal and the second battery terminal; as well as A conductive portion disposed adjacent to the outer layer and directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer. 2 . The battery cell according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive portion is directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer via an adhesive material. 3 . The battery cell according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive portion is directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer via at least one metal plate clamped to the conductive portion. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the conductive portion comprises a metal foil layer. The battery cell according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive portion is made of copper or aluminum. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrically insulating material of the outer layer is a polymer material. 7 . The battery cell according to claim 1 , wherein the exposed portion of the inner layer is an edge portion of the battery cell case.

8. The battery cell according to claim 1, wherein: The battery cell housing includes an inner layer made of an electrically insulating material; and The inner layer includes a metal foil layer laminated between the inner layer and the outer layer.

9. A battery system comprising: At least one pouch-type battery cell, comprising: a battery pouch having an inner layer made of an electrically conductive material and an outer layer made of an electrically insulating material, wherein a portion of the inner layer is exposed; a first battery terminal disposed in the battery bag; a second battery terminal disposed in the battery pouch; an electrolyte disposed between the first battery terminal and the second battery terminal; and a conductive portion disposed adjacent to the outer layer and directly connected to the exposed portion of the inner layer; and The capacitance measuring module is configured to measure a capacitance value between the conductive portion of the at least one pouch-type battery cell and at least one of a first battery terminal and a second battery terminal of the at least one pouch-type battery cell.

10. The battery system according to claim 9, wherein: The battery pouch includes an inner layer made of an electrically insulating material; and The inner layer includes a metal foil layer laminated between the inner layer and the outer layer.

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