Aquatic feed with good food calling property and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The invention is suitable for the technical field of feeds, and provides an aquatic feed with good food calling performance and a preparation method thereof, the aquatic feed comprises the following raw materials by mass percentage: 2-10% of enzymolysis cottonseed protein, 4% of shrimp shell powder, 9.44% of corn protein powder, 14% of peanut meal, 16% of soybean meal, 4% of beer yeast hydrolysate, 23% of flour, 3% of squid paste, 1.43-2.26% of fish oil, 1.7% of phospholipid, 1.5% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.22% of cholesterol, 0-0.22% of lysine, 0.14-0.28% of methionine, and the balance of water. The prawn compound premix feed comprises 0.05% of choline chloride, 0.05% of vitamin C, 0.05% of an antioxidant, 0.28-1.68% of a mixture of rice chaff and husk, and the balance of brown fishmeal. A proper amount of enzymolysis cottonseed protein is added to replace fish meal, the nutritional requirements of prawn growth can be met, the food calling performance can be enhanced, prawn ingestion is promoted, the protein digestibility is improved, more nutrient substances are used for growth, and then the culture benefits are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of feeds, and particularly relates to an aquatic feed with good palatability and a preparation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] With the expansion of the global aquaculture scale, fish meal, as a traditional high-quality protein source, faces problems such as resource shortage and price fluctuation pressure. In response to this problem, plant protein has become a research hotspot for replacing fish meal due to its sustainability and cost advantages. However, after replacing fish meal with plant protein, problems such as a decrease in the feeding rate of aquatic animals and an increase in the feed coefficient often occur. The core reason is that the palatability is significantly reduced. The sensory characteristics of plant protein are quite different from those of fish meal, and it contains anti-nutritional factors, which easily inhibit the feeding desire of animals. Research shows that when the replacement ratio of plant protein exceeds a certain proportion, the feeding time of fish and shrimps is prolonged, the feed intake is reduced, and even refusal to eat occurs, directly affecting the growth performance and aquaculture benefits. In addition, the amino acid imbalance and low digestibility of plant protein further exacerbate the nutritional metabolism burden, resulting in a decrease in feed conversion efficiency.

[0003] To alleviate this problem, the development of attractants, the pretreatment of plant protein, and the optimization of the compound protein source formula are the current focuses, which can balance the feed economy, environmental protection and animal feeding requirements, and promote the green transformation of aquatic feeds. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of the embodiments of the present invention is to provide an aquatic feed with good palatability, aiming to solve the problems raised in the above background art.

[0005] The embodiments of the present invention are implemented as follows. An aquatic feed with good palatability includes the following raw materials in mass percentages: enzymolyzed cottonseed protein 2 - 10%, shrimp shell powder 4%, corn gluten meal 9.44%, peanut meal 14%, soybean meal 16%, beer yeast hydrolysate 4%, flour 23%, squid paste 3%, fish oil 1.43 - 2.26%, phospholipid 1.7%, calcium dihydrogen phosphate 1.5%, cholesterol 0.22%, lysine 0 - 0.22%, compound prawn premix, choline chloride 0.05%, vitamin C 0.05%, antioxidant 0.05%, rice bran meal 0.28 - 1.68%, and red fish meal with the balance made up to 100%.

[0006] Preferably, it includes raw materials with the following mass percentages: red fish meal 14 - 16%, enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein 2 - 4%, shrimp shell powder 4%, corn gluten meal 9.44%, peanut meal 14%, soybean meal 16%, hydrolyzed beer yeast 4%, flour 23%, squid paste 3%, fish oil 1.43 - 2.26%, phospholipid 1.7%, calcium dihydrogen phosphate 1.5%, cholesterol 0.22%, lysine 0.04 - 0.09%, compound prawn premix 1.5%, choline chloride 0.05%, vitamin C 0.05%, antioxidant 0.05%, rice bran 1 - 1.23%, and the balance of red fish meal is made up to 100%.

[0007] Another object of the embodiment of the present invention is to provide a preparation method of an aquatic feed with good palatability, comprising the following steps: (1) Mix red fish meal, enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, shrimp shell powder, corn gluten meal, peanut meal, soybean meal, and hydrolyzed beer yeast to obtain mixture one; (2) Mix flour, compound prawn premix, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, cholesterol, lysine, methionine, vitamin C, antioxidant, and rice bran to obtain mixture two; (3) Mix mixture one and mixture two to obtain mixture three; (4) Gradually mix mixture three with squid paste, fish oil, and phospholipid to obtain mixture four; (5) Mix mixture four with water and choline chloride (the addition amount of water is adjusted according to the processing conditions) to obtain feed embryo; (6) Make the feed embryo into strips, and dry it after ripening to obtain the aquatic feed.

[0008] Preferably, in steps (1) and (2), the mixing time is 3 - 6 min.

[0009] Preferably, in steps (3) and (4), the mixing time is 6 - 10 min.

[0010] Preferably, in step (5), the coefficient of variation of the mixing uniformity is less than 5%.

[0011] Preferably, in step (6), the ripening step is to ripen in an oven at 85 - 80 °C for 15 - 20 min.

[0012] Preferably, in step (6), the moisture content of the aquatic feed is 8 - 10%.

[0013] Preferably, in steps (1), (2), and (3), the mixing is carried out in a V - type vertical mixer; in step (6), the strip - making is carried out in a twin - screw extruder.

[0014] An aquatic feed with good palatability provided by an embodiment of the present invention overcomes the problems that after plant protein replaces fish meal, the palatability of the feed becomes poor, the feeding rate decreases, the feed coefficient increases, the growth performance of prawns is affected, the yield decreases, and the economic benefits of farmers are affected. By adding an appropriate amount of enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein to replace fish meal, it can meet the nutritional requirements for the growth of aquatic products, especially prawns, enhance palatability, promote prawn feeding, improve protein digestibility, and more nutrients are used for growth, thereby improving the breeding efficiency. The enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein added to the aquatic feed in the embodiment of the present invention is pretreated with cottonseed meal as the raw material, reducing resource waste and environmental pollution through efficient recycling of agricultural by-products, promoting circular economy and food security, and achieving the coordinated improvement of environmental benefits and sustainable development. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] Figure 1 It is the expression level of genes related to the palatability of Litopenaeus vannamei provided by the embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 It is the trend analysis diagram of the hepatopancreas transcriptome of Litopenaeus vannamei provided by the embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 It is the KEGG enrichment pathway diagram of Profile 5 in the trend provided by the embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0016] In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present invention and are not used to limit the present invention.

[0017] The enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein used in the embodiment of the present invention is purchased from the cottonseed enzymatically hydrolyzed protein of Xinjiang Xipu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the prawn compound premix is purchased from the aquatic feed additive premix of Qingdao Master Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0018] The following describes the specific implementation of the present invention in detail with reference to specific embodiments.

[0019] Embodiment 1: An aquatic feed with good palatability, the feed composition includes: 16% red fish meal, 2% enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, 4% shrimp shell powder, 9.44% corn protein powder, 14% peanut meal, 16% soybean meal, 4% beer yeast hydrolyzate, 23% flour, 3% squid paste, 1.6% fish oil, 1.7% phospholipid, 1.5% calcium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.22% cholesterol, 0.04% lysine, 0.16% methionine, 1.5% prawn compound premix, 0.05% choline chloride, 0.05% vitamin C, 0.05% antioxidant, 1.68% rice bran; Its preparation method includes the following steps: (1) Mix red fish meal, enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, shrimp shell powder, corn protein powder, peanut meal, soybean meal, and hydrolyzed beer yeast for 5 min to obtain mixture one. (2) Mix flour, compound prawn premix feed, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, cholesterol, lysine, methionine, vitamin C, antioxidant, and rice bran for 5 min to obtain mixture two. (3) Mix mixture one and mixture two for 8 min to obtain mixture three. (4) Gradually mix mixture three with squid paste, fish oil, and phospholipids for 8 min to obtain mixture four. (5) Mix mixture four with water and choline chloride, with the coefficient of variation of mixing uniformity less than 5%, to obtain the feed embryo. (6) Make the feed embryo into strips, place it in an oven at 90 °C for post - ripening for 15 min and then dry (naturally air - dry) to obtain the aquatic feed. The water content of the feed is approximately 10%, designated as ECP2.

[0020] Example 2: An aquatic feed with good palatability, whose feed composition includes: 14% red fish meal, 4% enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, 4% shrimp shell powder, 9.44% corn protein powder, 14% peanut meal, 16% soybean meal, 4% hydrolyzed beer yeast, 23% flour, 3% squid paste, 1.76% fish oil, 1.7% phospholipids, 1.5% calcium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.22% cholesterol, 0.09% lysine, 0.19% methionine, 1.5% compound prawn premix feed, 0.05% choline chloride, 0.05% vitamin C, 0.05% antioxidant, 1.45% rice bran; Its preparation method includes the following steps: (1) Mix red fish meal, enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, shrimp shell powder, corn protein powder, peanut meal, soybean meal, and hydrolyzed beer yeast for 5 min to obtain mixture one. (2) Mix flour, compound prawn premix feed, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, cholesterol, lysine, methionine, vitamin C, antioxidant, and rice bran for 5 min to obtain mixture two. (3) Mix mixture one and mixture two for 8 min to obtain mixture three. (4) Gradually mix mixture three with squid paste, fish oil, and phospholipids for 8 min to obtain mixture four. (5) Mix mixture four with water and choline chloride, with the coefficient of variation of mixing uniformity less than 5%, to obtain the feed embryo. (6) Make the feed embryo into strips, place it in an oven at 90 °C for post - ripening for 15 min and then dry (naturally air - dry) to obtain the aquatic feed. The water content of the feed is approximately 10%, designated as ECP4.

[0021] Example 3. An aquatic feed with good palatability, the feed composition of which includes: 12% red fish meal, 6% enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, 4% shrimp shell powder, 9.44% corn gluten meal, 14% peanut meal, 16% soybean meal, 4% beer yeast hydrolysate, 23% flour, 3% squid paste, 1.93% fish oil, 1.7% phospholipid, 1.5% calcium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.22% cholesterol, 0.13% lysine, 0.22% methionine, 1.5% compound prawn premix, 0.05% choline chloride, 0.05% vitamin C, 0.05% antioxidant, 1.21% rice bran; Its preparation method includes the following steps: (1) Mix red fish meal, enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, shrimp shell powder, corn gluten meal, peanut meal, soybean meal, and beer yeast hydrolysate for 5 min to obtain mixture one; (2) Mix flour, compound prawn premix, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, cholesterol, lysine, methionine, vitamin C, antioxidant, and rice bran for 5 min to obtain mixture two; (3) Mix mixture one and mixture two for 8 min to obtain mixture three; (4) Gradually mix mixture three with squid paste, fish oil, and phospholipid for 8 min to obtain mixture four; (5) Mix mixture four with water and choline chloride, and the coefficient of variation of mixing uniformity is less than 5% to obtain feed embryo; (6) Make the feed embryo into strips, place it in an oven at 90 °C for post-ripening for 15 min and then dry (naturally air-dry) to obtain the aquatic feed, and the water content of the feed is approximately 10%, designated as ECP6.

[0022] Example 4. An aquatic feed with good palatability, the feed composition of which includes: 10% red fish meal, 8% enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, 4% shrimp shell powder, 9.44% corn gluten meal, 14% peanut meal, 16% soybean meal, 4% beer yeast hydrolysate, 23% flour, 3% squid paste, 2.09% fish oil, 1.7% phospholipid, 1.5% calcium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.22% cholesterol, 0.18% lysine, 0.25% methionine, 1.5% compound prawn premix, 0.05% choline chloride, 0.05% vitamin C, 0.05% antioxidant, 0.97% rice bran; Its preparation method includes the following steps: (1) Mix red fish meal, enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, shrimp shell powder, corn gluten meal, peanut meal, soybean meal, and beer yeast hydrolysate for 5 min to obtain mixture one; (2) Mix flour, compound prawn premix, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, cholesterol, lysine, methionine, vitamin C, antioxidant, and rice bran for 5 min to obtain mixture two; (3) Mix mixture one and mixture two for 8 min to obtain mixture three; (4) Gradually mix mixture three with squid paste, fish oil and phospholipids for 8 min to obtain mixture four; (5) Mix mixture four with water and choline chloride, and the coefficient of variation of mixing uniformity is less than 5% to obtain the feed embryo; (6) Make the feed embryo into strips, place it in an oven at 90 °C for post-ripening for 30 min and then dry (naturally air-dry) to obtain the aquatic feed. The water content of the feed is approximately 10%, designated as ECP8.

[0023] Example 5. An aquatic feed with good palatability, and its feed composition includes: 8% red fish meal, 10% enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, 4% shrimp shell powder, 9.44% corn gluten meal, 14% peanut meal, 16% soybean meal, 4% beer yeast hydrolysate, 23% flour, 3% squid paste, 2.26% fish oil, 1.7% phospholipids, 1.5% calcium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.22% cholesterol, 0.22% lysine, 0.28% methionine, 1.5% shrimp compound premix, 0.05% choline chloride, 0.05% vitamin C, 0.05% antioxidant, 0.73% rice bran; Its preparation method includes the following steps: (1) Mix red fish meal, enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, shrimp shell powder, corn gluten meal, peanut meal, soybean meal, and beer yeast hydrolysate for 5 min to obtain mixture one; (2) Mix flour, shrimp compound premix, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, cholesterol, lysine, methionine, vitamin C, antioxidant and rice bran for 5 min to obtain mixture two; (3) Mix mixture one and mixture two for 8 min to obtain mixture three; (4) Gradually mix mixture three with squid paste, fish oil and phospholipids for 8 min to obtain mixture four; (5) Mix mixture four with water and choline chloride, and the coefficient of variation of mixing uniformity is less than 5% to obtain the feed embryo; (6) Make the feed embryo into strips, place it in an oven at 90 °C for post-ripening for 30 min and then dry (naturally air-dry) to obtain the aquatic feed. The water content of the feed is approximately 10%, designated as ECP10.

[0024] Comparative Example 1: An aquatic feed, the feed composition of which includes: 18% red fish meal, 4% shrimp shell powder, 9.44% corn protein powder, 14% peanut meal, 16% soybean meal, 4% beer yeast hydrolyzate, 23% flour, 3% squid paste, 1.43% fish oil, 1.7% phospholipid, 1.5% calcium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.22% cholesterol, 0.14% methionine, 1.5% penaeid shrimp compound premix, 0.05% choline chloride, 0.05% vitamin C, 0.05% antioxidant, 1.92% rice bran; Its preparation method includes the following steps: (1) Mix the red fish meal, shrimp shell powder, corn protein powder, peanut meal, soybean meal, and beer yeast hydrolyzate for 5 min to obtain mixture one; (2) Mix the flour, penaeid shrimp compound premix, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, cholesterol, lysine, methionine, vitamin C, antioxidant, and rice bran for 5 min to obtain mixture two; (3) Mix mixture one and mixture two for 8 min to obtain mixture three; (4) Gradually mix mixture three with squid paste, fish oil, and phospholipid for 8 min to obtain mixture four; (5) Mix mixture four with water and choline chloride, and the coefficient of variation of mixing uniformity is less than 5% to obtain feed embryo; (6) Extrude the feed embryo, place it in an oven at 90 °C for post-ripening for 30 min and then dry (naturally air-dry) to obtain the aquatic feed, and the water content of the feed is approximately 10%, designated as ECP0.

[0025] Performance test: 1. Feed the penaeid shrimp with the feeds prepared in Examples 1-5 and Comparative Example 1, and analyze the effect of enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein on the growth performance of penaeid shrimp as follows: Divide Litopenaeus vannamei into six groups, with an initial average weight of 0.16 g, and feed the feed 4 times a day at 7:00, 11:00, 17:00, and 21:00, and the results are shown in Table 1: Table 1

[0026] Note: Different lowercase letters in the superscript of the same row of data indicate significant differences (P<0.05) It can be seen from Table 1 that the final average weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate of the shrimp in Example 1 group were significantly higher than those in Comparative Example 1 group. However, there were no significant differences in the feed conversion ratio and feeding rate between Example 1 group and Example 2 group compared with Comparative Example 1 group, but there was an improvement. The results showed that 2% enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein could significantly improve the growth performance, and replacing fish meal with 4% enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein would not affect the growth and had no significant effect on the feed utilization rate. However, overall, the farming effect was better than that of the whole fish meal feed. In addition, it can also be seen from Table 1 that replacing too much fish meal with enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein would cause a decline in the growth performance of shrimp.

[0027] 2. Feed the shrimp with the feeds prepared in Examples 1-5 and Comparative Example 1, and analyze the effect of enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein on the appetite-related hormones in the serum of shrimp. The results are shown in Table 2 and Figure 1 as follows: Table 2

[0028] The results showed that adding 2%-4% enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein could increase the contents of orexin and neuropeptide, which are appetite-stimulating hormones, in the serum of shrimp, and decrease the contents of leptin, peptide YY, and cholecystokinin, which are appetite-suppressing hormones. This indicated that enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein could significantly improve the feeding of shrimp.

[0029] 3. Feed the shrimp with the feeds prepared in Examples 1-5 and Comparative Example 1, and analyze the effect of enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein on the intestinal digestive ability of shrimp. The results are shown in Table 3: Table 3

[0030] The results showed that adding 4% enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein significantly increased the amylase activity in the intestine of shrimp, and 2%-4% enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein increased the lipase and trypsin activities. This indicated that enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein could improve the intestinal digestive ability of shrimp, thereby promoting the utilization rate of protein.

[0031] 4. Analyze the effect of enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein on the feeding of shrimp through transcriptomics. The results are shown in Table 4, Figure 2 and Figure 3 as follows: Table 4

[0032] According to the trend of the effect of enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein on the growth of shrimp, perform KEGG enrichment analysis on the gene cluster of profile5. The results showed that the taste transduction, olfactory transduction, and GABAergic synapse pathways were enriched, and the key genes affected were GABBR, Grd, CaM, Slc8a1, and ine. The results indicated that enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein improved the feeding of shrimp by regulating these feeding-related pathways, thereby affecting the growth of shrimp.

[0033] In summary, in the case of choosing non-grain protein sources to replace fish meal, the aquatic feed prepared according to the embodiments of the present invention can enhance the palatability of shrimp feed, promote the feeding of shrimp, improve the intestinal digestion ability, promote the digestion, absorption and utilization of nutrients, and thus affect the growth of shrimp and improve the breeding efficiency.

[0034] The above are only the preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. An aquatic feed with good appetizing properties, characterized in that: The invention comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 2-10% of enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, 4% of shrimp shell powder, 9.44% of corn gluten powder, 14% of peanut meal, 16% of soybean meal, 4% of brewer's yeast hydrolyzate, 23% of flour, 3% of squid paste, 1.43-2.26% of fish oil, 1.7% of phospholipids, 1.5% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.22% of cholesterol, 0-0.22% of lysine, 0.14-0.28% of methionine, compound premixed feed for shrimps, 0.05% of choline chloride, 0.05% of vitamin C, 0.05% of antioxidant, 0.28-1.68% of bran, and the remainder of red fish meal is supplemented to 100%.

2. The aquatic feed with good appetizing properties according to claim 1, characterized in that: The invention comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 14-16% red fish meal, 2-4% enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, 4% shrimp shell meal, 9.44% corn gluten meal, 14% peanut meal, 16% soybean meal, 4% brewer's yeast hydrolyzate, 23% flour, 3% squid paste, 1.43-2.26% fish oil, 1.7% phospholipid, 1.5% monocalcium phosphate, 0.22% cholesterol, 0.04-0.09% lysine, 0.16-0.19% methionine, 1.5% compound premixed feed for prawns, 0.05% choline chloride, 0.05% vitamin C, 0.05% antioxidant, 1-1.23% bran, and the remainder of red fish meal is supplemented to 100%.

3. A method for preparing an aquatic feed with good appetizing properties as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: (1) Mix red fish meal, enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, shrimp shell meal, corn gluten meal, peanut meal, soybean meal, and brewer's yeast hydrolyzate to obtain a mixture 1; (2) mixing flour, shrimp composite premix feed, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, cholesterol, lysine, methionine, vitamin C, antioxidants and bran to obtain a second mixture; (3) Mixing the mixture one and the mixture two to obtain a mixture three; (4) The mixture three is mixed with squid paste, fish oil and lecithin step by step to obtain a mixture four; (5) Mixing mixed material 4 with water and choline chloride to obtain feed embryo; (6) The feed embryo is made into strips, matured and then dried to obtain the aquatic feed.

4. The method for preparing an aquatic feed with good appetizing properties according to claim 3, characterized in that: In step (1) and step (2), the mixing time is 3-6 minutes.

5. The method for preparing aquatic feed with good appetizing properties according to claim 3, characterized in that: In step (3) and step (4), the mixing time is 6-10 minutes.

6. The method for preparing aquatic feed with good appetizing properties according to claim 3, characterized in that: In step (5), the coefficient of variation of the mixing uniformity of the mixing is less than 2%.

7. The method for preparing aquatic feed with good appetizing properties according to claim 3, characterized in that: In step (6), the aging step is to place the mixture in an oven at 90° C. for 30-40 minutes.

8. The method for preparing aquatic feed with good appetizing properties according to claim 3, characterized in that: In step (6), the water content of the aquatic feed is 8-10%.

9. The method for preparing aquatic feed with good appetizing properties according to claim 3, characterized in that: In step (1), step (2) and step (3), the mixing is carried out in a single-shaft paddle mixer; in step (4) and step (5), the mixing is carried out in a vacuum sprayer; and in step (6), the stripping is carried out in a twin-screw extruder.

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