System and method for simulating erosion degree of high-pressure and high-flow-speed water flow to sprayed concrete

Abstract

The invention provides a system and a method for simulating the erosion degree of sprayed concrete by high-pressure and high-flow-speed water flow. The system comprises a water pump, a speedometer, a pressure meter, at least two pH meters and at least four valves, the method comprises the following steps: fixing a cement test piece in an experimental pipeline to bear the erosion of high-pressure and high-flow-speed water flow; and finally, the measured water flow velocity and pressure intensity are transmitted to a data monitoring system, and control over the flow velocity and the pressure intensity is completed through a valve. Under the specific environment of the mountain tunnel, the erosion action mechanism of the high-pressure and high-flow-speed water flow on the cement material is adopted, so that the erosion process and influence factors can be better mastered; through simulation experiment data, an engineer is helped to optimize tunnel structure design, the stability of tunnel engineering is improved, and the service life of the tunnel engineering is prolonged; a preventive maintenance strategy is developed, and reasonable maintenance plans and measures are formulated by knowing the erosion degree and speed, so that the maintenance cost and risk in the tunnel operation period are reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of tunnel cement erosion simulation, and particularly to a simulation system and method for the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-flow-rate water Background Art

[0002] During the construction and operation of mountain tunnels, high-pressure and high-flow-rate water is generated around them due to environmental factors, and the erosion problem of the cement structure of mountain tunnels is becoming increasingly prominent. To ensure the safety and stability of mountain tunnels, it is of great significance to study the erosion degree of high-pressure and high-flow-rate water on cement. However, existing experimental devices cannot truly simulate the high-pressure and high-flow-rate water environment in mountain tunnels, resulting in a large difference between the experimental results and the actual working conditions. Therefore, it has high practical value to develop a device that can simulate the erosion degree of high-pressure and high-flow-rate water in mountain tunnels on cement.

[0003] In the technical field of tunnel cement erosion simulation, the simulation of the erosion condition of shotcrete has been widely used. For example, the experimental device for simulating the erosion of shotcrete by groundwater is mainly used for the erosion resistance detection of tunnel shotcrete. By simulating the erosion effect of groundwater on shotcrete, the crystallization blockage problem of the tunnel drainage system is studied, and the calcium dissolution and penetration problems of tunnel shotcrete under the erosion condition of groundwater are simulated. Another one is the crystallization simulation test device for tunnel shotcrete in a soft water erosion environment. The design purpose is to simulate the crystallization process of tunnel shotcrete in a soft water erosion environment, and it is applicable to the soft water erosion crystallization simulation experiment. However, existing technologies cannot fully simulate the complex conditions of high-pressure and high-flow-rate water in actual tunnels, and there are large differences and deviations between the simulated data and the actual results, resulting in many misjudgments and false judgments, leading to excessive and unnecessary cost investment during the maintenance of shotcrete.

[0004] Prior art one, application number: CN201910463746.9, discloses a crystallization simulation test device and method for tunnel shotcrete in a soft water erosion environment. An adjustable bracket is arranged below the water tank base, a water storage tank is arranged above the water tank base, the inlet of the water storage tank is connected to the water supply tank through a water inlet pipe, a water pump is arranged on the water inlet pipe, the outlet of the water storage tank is connected to a water pipe joint through a water supply pipe, a main valve is arranged on the water supply pipe, the water pipe joint is at least a two-way joint, the water pipe joint is connected to a seepage experiment device, a dissolved water drainage device is arranged below the seepage experiment device, and the dissolved water drainage device is connected to a dissolved water filtration and collection device. Although it has the advantages of cost savings, controllable osmotic pressure, and the ability to conduct tests on concrete specimens with various mix ratios, and can be popularized and applied to the soft water erosion crystallization simulation experiment, it is only applicable to the erosion simulation of soft water on shotcrete and has certain limitations in simulating the high flow rate and high fluid pressure conditions of mountain water.

[0005] Prior Art Two, Application Number: CN202021862562.4 discloses an experimental device for shotcrete under erosion. A water supply pipe supplies water to a water supply tank. A metering pump is provided on the water supply pipe. The water supply tank is connected to a concentration adjustment device through a hose. A micro metering pump is provided on the hose. At least two water inlet pipes are provided in the water supply tank. A water supply pump is provided on the water inlet pipe. The water outlet end of the water inlet pipe is arranged in a test box. A seepage device is provided at the end of the water inlet pipe. When testing in the test box, shotcrete forms a test model. The test box is arranged on a test box support. A test box water outlet pipe is provided on one side wall of the test box. The test box water outlet pipe is connected to a drain pipe. The drain pipe is connected to a collection tank. A waste liquid outlet is provided at one end of the collection tank. Although it can truly simulate the seepage process of groundwater in the primary support concrete and the crystallization blockage process of the drain pipe, and can be popularized and applied to the field of simulation experimental devices for tunnel drainage systems in water-rich areas; however, it is impossible to accurately adjust and control conditions such as the flow velocity and pressure of the water body. Therefore, a device that can simulate high-pressure and high-flow-rate water flow during the construction and operation of mountain tunnels is needed to ensure the safety and stability of the tunnels. It is of great significance to study the erosion degree of cement by high-pressure and high-flow-rate water flow. Developing a device that can simulate the erosion degree of cement by high-pressure and high-flow-rate water flow in mountain tunnels has high practical value.

[0006] Currently, there are problems in Prior Art One and Prior Art Two that the erosion simulation of shotcrete focuses on a relatively simple structure, and the simulation focuses on testing soft water, and it is impossible to simulate and accurately control high-pressure and high-flow-rate water flow. Therefore, the present invention provides a simulation system and method for the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-flow-rate water flow. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a simulation system for the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-flow-rate water flow, including: a water pump, a tachometer, a pressure gauge, at least two pH meters and at least four valves;

[0008] Among them, the water pump is connected to the valve through a water delivery pipe, and a tachometer is installed on the water pipe; the specimen is placed in a specimen table, a pressure gauge is installed at the front end of the specimen table, and pH meters are installed at the rear end of the specimen table and the water storage tank.

[0009] Optionally, the water pump is connected to a first valve through a water delivery pipe, the first valve is connected to the inlet end of a water supply tank, the outlet end of the water supply tank is connected to the specimen through a first water pipe and a second valve, and a tachometer is installed on the first water pipe.

[0010] Optionally, a first pH meter is installed at the rear end of the specimen table, a second water pipe is installed at the middle position of the specimen table, and the second water pipe is connected to the water storage tank through a third valve.

[0011] Optionally, a second pH meter is installed at the rear end of the water storage tank, a drain pipe is installed at the middle position of the second pH meter, and a fourth valve is arranged on the drain pipe.

[0012] A method for simulating the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-flow-rate water flow provided by the present invention includes the following steps:

[0013] According to the erosion cycle requirement, set the corresponding simulation time of high-pressure and high-flow-rate fluid; place the specimen to be detected for erosion degree in the test area, and establish a connection relationship among the components in the test area; start the water pump, obtain the fluid flow rate, and obtain the fluid pressure according to the modified Bernoulli equation, and compare it with the set fluid flow rate and fluid pressure;

[0014] Obtain the changes in fluid flow rate and fluid pressure, monitor the erosion process of the specimen, and record the erosion morphology, speed and degree of the specimen; analyze the changes in the concentration and pH value of suspended particles during the erosion process;

[0015] When the simulation time of high-pressure and high-flow-rate fluid is reached, measure the depth of the erosion area, calculate the area of the erosion area and the surface topography of the erosion area through a scanning device; according to the erosion morphology, speed and degree of the specimen and the changes in the depth, area, surface topography, concentration of suspended particles and pH value of the erosion area, obtain the change laws of erosion rate, erosion mode and material properties.

[0016] Optionally, the process of comparing with the set fluid flow rate and fluid pressure includes the following steps:

[0017] Substitute the obtained fluid velocity into the modified Bernoulli equation, calculate the expected fluid pressure corresponding to the fluid velocity; correlate the expected liquid pressure with the fluid velocity to obtain an expected fluid pressure comparison correlation table, and the comparison correlation table uses the fluid velocity as an index;

[0018] Measure the real-time fluid pressure generated by the fluid velocity using the components in the test area to obtain the real-time fluid pressure value, input the real-time fluid pressure value into the comparison correlation table, and under the action of the index, obtain the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure;

[0019] If the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure is positive, adjust the fluid velocity valve according to the preset program; if the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure is zero, there is no need to adjust the fluid velocity valve; if the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure is negative, adjust the water pump according to the preset program.

[0020] Optionally, the process of monitoring the erosion process of the specimen includes the following steps:

[0021] Divide the simulation time of high-pressure and high-flow-rate fluid into several time nodes, start the image acquisition program for the specimen erosion area according to the time nodes, and establish an image set of the specimen erosion area under the current node with different time nodes as nodes;

[0022] Meanwhile, obtain the fluid velocity and fluid pressure changes under the current time node. The fluid pressure change is the difference between the current time node and the previous adjacent time node; establish the association relationship between the fluid velocity and fluid pressure changes under the current time node and the node;

[0023] Analyze the specimen erosion area image through the erosion area image recognition model to obtain the specimen erosion morphology, speed and degree under the current time node.

[0024] Optionally, the process of analyzing the specimen erosion area image through the erosion area image recognition model includes the following steps:

[0025] The data input layer of the erosion area image recognition model receives the specimen erosion area image, converts the specimen erosion area image into a grayscale image, and enhances the contrast of erosion features by using histogram equalization;

[0026] Construct the core layer of the convolutional neural network of the erosion area image recognition model. The initial layer uses a 3x3 convolutional kernel and 32 filters, and cooperates with the ReLU activation function to capture erosion edge features. The middle layer introduces dilated convolution to capture spatial features; use the adaptive pooling layer to adjust the size of the pooling area;

[0027] Perform feature extraction and design a multi-task output layer. The LSTM layer for feature extraction is used to capture the change trend of erosion over time, while the 1D-CNN and attention mechanism layer of the pressure and flow rate feature analysis layer are respectively used for the extraction of fluid pressure and flow rate features; in the multi-task output layer, use the fully connected layer and the softmax activation function to classify erosion morphology features, and at the same time predict the erosion speed through a custom time difference network, and use the convolutional layer with the sigmoid activation function for pixel-level classification of the erosion degree.

[0028] Optionally, among them, calculate the erosion rate according to the relationship between the depth of the erosion area and the simulation time of high-pressure and high-flow-rate fluid; combine the erosion morphology, speed and degree, the surface topography of the erosion area, the concentration and pH value changes of suspended particles to identify the main erosion mode; conduct performance tests on the eroded specimen, compare the performance data before and after erosion, and obtain the change law of material performance; among them, deploy a laser scattering sensor array to measure the suspended particle concentration in real time; configure a composite pH electrode to synchronously collect the solution acidity.

[0029] Optionally, the process of obtaining the erosion rate, erosion mode and the change law of material performance includes the following steps:

[0030] Based on the principle of the coupling of hydrodynamics and surface chemistry, an integral-differential equation for the erosion rate is constructed, a basic erosion flux term is established, a multi-factor correction term is introduced, the exponential term describes the synergistic inhibition effect of particle concentration and pH value, and the hyperbolic tangent function characterizes the non-linear saturation effect of pressure shock; the derivative with respect to time is obtained to get the instantaneous rate;

[0031] Through non-linear weighted fusion of surface topography, chemical indicators and temporal characteristics, multi-modal fusion calculation is carried out;

[0032] An interaction model of mechanical properties - chemical damage - geometric loss is established, including core damage factors, area loss correction terms, non-linear deterioration conversion, and the final performance loss rate.

[0033] The present invention generates high-speed water flow through a high-pressure water pump, controls the environmental fluid pressure and water flow rate through an adjustment system, and simulates the high-pressure and high-flow water environment inside the tunnel through a test chamber to conduct erosion tests on shotcrete samples to evaluate their durability and erosion rate in the actual tunnel environment; in this way, the performance of shotcrete under specific conditions can be better understood, so as to provide a scientific basis for tunnel design and construction. In the specific environment of mountain tunnels, the erosion mechanism of high-pressure and high-flow water on cement materials is studied to better master the erosion process and influencing factors; through simulation experimental data, it helps engineers optimize the tunnel structure design, improve the stability and service life of tunnel projects; develop preventive maintenance strategies, and formulate reasonable maintenance plans and measures by understanding the erosion degree and speed to reduce the maintenance cost and risk during tunnel operation.

[0034] Other features and advantages of the present invention will be described in the following specification, and, in part, will be obvious from the specification, or will be understood by implementing the present invention. The objectives and other advantages of the present invention can be achieved and obtained through the structures specifically pointed out in the written specification and the drawings.

[0035] The technical solutions of the present invention will be further described in detail below through the drawings and embodiments. Description of the Drawings

[0036] The drawings are used to provide a further understanding of the present invention, and constitute a part of the specification, and are used to explain the present invention together with the embodiments of the present invention, and do not constitute a limitation to the present invention. In the drawings:

[0037] Figure 1 It is a flow chart of the simulation method for the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-flow water in Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

[0038] Figure 2 It is a process diagram for comparison with the set water body flow rate and fluid pressure in Embodiment 2 of the present invention;

[0039] Figure 3 This is the process diagram for adjusting the fluid velocity valve and the water pump in Embodiment 3 of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 4 This is the process diagram for monitoring the erosion process of the test piece in Embodiment 4 of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 5 This is the process diagram for analyzing the image of the erosion area of the test piece through the erosion area image recognition model in Embodiment 5 of the present invention;

[0042] Figure 6 This is the process diagram for extracting the fluid pressure and flow rate characteristics in Embodiment 6 of the present invention;

[0043] Figure 7 This is the process diagram for obtaining the erosion rate, erosion mode, and the variation law of material properties in Embodiment 7 of the present invention;

[0044] Figure 8 This is the schematic structural diagram of the simulation system for the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-flow-rate water in Embodiment 8 of the present invention. Detailed implementation manners

[0045] The preferred embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the preferred embodiments described herein are only for the purpose of illustrating and explaining the present invention, and are not used to limit the present invention.

[0046] The terms used in the embodiments of the present application are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments, and are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present application. In the embodiments of the present application, the singular forms "a", "the", and "said" are also intended to include the plural forms, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It should also be understood that the term "and / or" used herein refers to and includes any or all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0047] When the following description refers to the accompanying drawings, unless otherwise indicated, the same numbers in different drawings represent the same or similar elements. The embodiments described in the following exemplary embodiments do not represent all embodiments consistent with the present application. On the contrary, they are only examples of devices and methods consistent with some aspects of the present application. In the description of the present application, it should be understood that the terms "first", "second", "third", etc. are only used to distinguish similar objects, and do not have to be used to describe a specific order or sequence, nor can they be understood as indicating or implying relative importance. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present application can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0048] Embodiment 1: As Figure 1As shown in the figure, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for simulating the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-flow-rate water flow, comprising the following steps:

[0049] S100: Set the corresponding simulation time of high-pressure and high-flow-rate fluid according to the erosion cycle requirement; place the specimen to be detected for erosion degree in the test area, and establish a connection relationship among the components in the test area; start the water pump, obtain the fluid flow rate, and obtain the fluid pressure according to the modified Bernoulli equation, and compare it with the set fluid flow rate and fluid pressure;

[0050] S200: Obtain the fluid flow rate and the change of fluid pressure, monitor the erosion process of the specimen, and record the erosion morphology, speed and degree of the specimen; analyze the change of the concentration of suspended particles and the pH value during the erosion process;

[0051] S300: When the simulation time of high-pressure and high-flow-rate fluid is reached, measure the depth of the erosion area, calculate the area of the erosion area and the surface topography of the erosion area through a scanning device; according to the erosion morphology, speed and degree of the specimen and the change of the depth, area, surface topography, concentration of suspended particles and pH value of the erosion area, obtain the change rules of the erosion rate, erosion mode and material properties;

[0052] Among them, calculate the erosion rate according to the relationship between the depth of the erosion area and the simulation time of high-pressure and high-flow-rate fluid; combine the erosion morphology, speed and degree, the surface topography of the erosion area, the change of the concentration of suspended particles and the pH value to identify the main erosion mode; conduct performance tests on the eroded specimen, compare the performance data before and after erosion, and obtain the change rules of material properties; among them, deploy a laser scattering sensor array to measure the concentration of suspended particles in real time; configure a composite pH electrode to synchronously collect the acidity and alkalinity of the solution.

[0053] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: The setting and connection in step S100 are the basis of the simulation experiment. The simulation time of the high-pressure and high-flow-rate fluid is set according to the requirements of the erosion cycle to ensure that the time range of the simulation experiment is consistent with the actual use environment. The specimen to be tested for the erosion degree is placed in the test area, and the connection relationship between each component is established to ensure the integrity and stability of the experimental system. After starting the water pump, the fluid pressure is obtained by measuring the fluid velocity and applying the modified Bernoulli equation, and the measured value is compared with the set value to ensure that the fluid parameters meet the experimental requirements. Step S200 monitors the erosion process in real time. By obtaining the change data of the fluid velocity and pressure, the erosion behavior of the specimen under the action of the high-pressure and high-flow-rate fluid can be accurately tracked. The erosion morphology, velocity and degree of the specimen are recorded, providing detailed experimental data for subsequent analysis. Through dynamic monitoring, the subtle changes on the surface and inside of the specimen during the erosion process are captured to ensure the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the data. Step S300 comprehensively evaluates and analyzes the erosion results. After reaching the preset simulation time, the depth, area and surface topography of the erosion area are measured by using a scanning device. By quantifying these parameters, the erosion rate can be calculated, and then the influence degree of the erosion on the specimen can be evaluated. Combining the erosion morphology, velocity and degree, the main erosion modes such as erosion, scouring or dissolution are identified. The performance of the specimen after erosion is tested, and the data before and after erosion are compared to reveal the change law of the material performance. It not only provides a quantitative analysis of the erosion degree, but also provides a scientific basis for the selection and improvement of materials.

[0054] In summary, this embodiment ensures the precise setting of the experimental conditions, realizes the real-time monitoring of the erosion process, and conducts a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the erosion results and the evaluation of the material performance. The three steps together constitute a complete technical system for simulating the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-flow-rate water. In this embodiment, a high-pressure water pump is used to generate high-speed water flow, the environmental fluid pressure and water flow rate are controlled by an adjustment system, and the high-pressure and high-flow-rate water flow environment inside the tunnel is simulated by a test chamber to conduct an erosion test on the shotcrete sample to evaluate its durability and erosion rate in the actual tunnel environment. In this way, the performance of shotcrete under specific conditions can be better understood, providing a scientific basis for tunnel design and construction. Under the specific environment of mountain tunnels, the erosion mechanism of high-pressure and high-flow-rate water on cement materials can be understood to better master the erosion process and influencing factors. Through the simulation experiment data, it helps engineers optimize the tunnel structure design, improve the stability and service life of tunnel engineering, and develop preventive maintenance strategies. By understanding the erosion degree and speed, reasonable maintenance plans and measures are formulated to reduce the maintenance cost and risk during tunnel operation.

[0055] Embodiment 2: As Figure 2As shown in the figure, on the basis of Embodiment 1, the process of comparing with the set fluid flow rate and fluid pressure provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:

[0056] S101: Substitute the obtained fluid velocity into the modified Bernoulli equation to calculate the expected fluid pressure corresponding to the fluid velocity; correlate the expected liquid pressure with the fluid velocity to obtain an expected fluid pressure comparison correlation table, and the comparison correlation table uses the fluid velocity as an index;

[0057] Among them, the expression of the modified Bernoulli equation is:

[0058]

[0059] In the formula, P 1 and P 2 represent the fluid pressures at two different positions; ρ represents the fluid density; v 1 and v 2 represent the fluid velocities at two different positions; h 1 and h 2 represent the fluid heights at two different positions; W represents the work done by the water pump on the fluid; f represents the frictional loss of the fluid;

[0060] S102: Measure the real-time fluid pressure generated by the components in the test area on the fluid velocity to obtain the real-time fluid pressure value, input the real-time fluid pressure value into the comparison correlation table, and under the action of the index, obtain the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure;

[0061] S103: If the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure is positive, adjust the fluid velocity valve according to the preset program; if the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure is zero, there is no need to adjust the fluid velocity valve; if the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure is negative, adjust the water pump according to the preset program.

[0062] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: In step S101, the calculation and correlation of the expected fluid pressure are carried out. Through the modified Bernoulli equation, the fluid velocity is converted into the corresponding expected fluid pressure, establishing a theoretical relationship between the fluid velocity and the pressure; an expected fluid pressure correlation table indexed by the fluid velocity is generated, providing standardized reference data for comparison. Significance: Based on the theoretical basis of fluid dynamics, it provides quantifiable expected pressure values for experiments, facilitating comparison with actual measurement values; the generation of the correlation table improves the efficiency of data processing, making the comparison process more systematic and automated, and reducing the possibility of manual intervention. In step S102, the measurement of the real-time fluid pressure and the calculation of the difference are carried out. The fluid pressure is measured in real time through the components in the test area to obtain the fluid pressure data during actual operation; the real-time measurement value is compared with the expected value in the correlation table to calculate the pressure difference, which reflects the deviation between the actual pressure and the theoretical pressure. Significance: Real-time measurement ensures the dynamic nature and accuracy of experimental data, capable of capturing transient changes in the fluid system; the difference calculation provides a quantitative basis for subsequent adjustments, helping to determine whether the system is in the target operating state. In step S103, the system adjustment based on the difference is carried out. According to the positive or negative state of the pressure difference, corresponding adjustment measures are taken; when the difference is positive: adjust the fluid velocity valve to reduce the flow rate or increase the pressure; when the difference is zero: maintain the current state without adjustment; when the difference is negative: adjust the water pump output to increase the pressure or improve the flow supply; automated adjustment is achieved through a preset program, reducing the time and cost of manual operation. Significance: It realizes the closed-loop control of the fluid system, can automatically correct deviations, and ensures that the system operates within the target parameter range; improves the stability and accuracy of the system, and optimizes the efficiency and safety performance of fluid transmission.

[0063] In summary, in this embodiment, the theoretical calculation is combined with the actual measurement through the modified Bernoulli equation, ensuring the scientific nature of the system; real-time pressure measurement and difference calculation can dynamically monitor the operating state of the system and promptly detect deviations; automatic adjustment based on the difference reduces manual intervention, improving the response speed and accuracy of the system; by adjusting the valve and the water pump, the fluid pressure and flow rate are ensured to be stable, enhancing the overall performance and reliability of the system.

[0064] Embodiment 3: As Figure 3 shown, on the basis of Embodiment 2, the process of the preset program provided by the embodiment of the present invention for adjusting the fluid velocity valve and the water pump includes the following steps:

[0065] S1031: When the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure is positive, it is necessary to adjust the fluid velocity valve to reduce the flow rate. Calculate the adjustment amount of the valve opening. By calculating the adjustment amount of the valve opening, adjust the valve opening so that the fluid pressure tends to the expected value;

[0066] S1032: When the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the desired fluid pressure is negative, increase the flow rate by adjusting the output of the water pump, and calculate the adjustment amount of the water pump flow rate; by calculating the adjustment amount of the water pump flow rate, adjust the water pump flow rate so that the fluid pressure tends to the desired value;

[0067] S1033: After adjusting the valve and the water pump, monitor the changes in the fluid pressure and flow rate in real time. If the difference is close to zero, it means the adjustment is successful. If the difference still exceeds the allowable range, the adjustment coefficient needs to be recalibrated and the above steps are repeated until the ideal state is reached.

[0068] Among them, the calculation formula for adjusting the fluid velocity valve:

[0069]

[0070] In the formula, ΔV represents the adjustment amount of the valve opening (unit: degree); k 1 represents the adjustment coefficient, which is determined by the system characteristics; P 实时 represents the real-time measured fluid pressure (unit: Pa); P 期望 represents the desired fluid pressure (unit: Pa); P 基准 represents the reference fluid pressure (unit: Pa); α represents the pressure adjustment index, usually taking a value of 1.5; ρ represents the real-time fluid density (unit: kg / m 3 ); ρ represents the reference fluid density (unit: kg / m 3 ); T 0 represents the reference temperature (unit: K); T represents the real-time temperature (unit: K); v 基准 represents the reference fluid velocity (unit: m / s); v 实时 represents the real-time fluid velocity (unit: m / s); C v represents the flow coefficient of the valve; ΔP max represents the maximum allowable pressure difference (unit: Pa); A 阀门 represents the effective flow area of the valve (unit: m 2 ); A 管道 represents the cross-sectional area of the pipeline (unit: m 2 );

[0071] The calculation formula for adjusting the water pump:

[0072]

[0073] In the formula, ΔQ represents the adjustment amount of the water pump flow rate (unit: m 3 / s); k 2 represents the adjustment coefficient, which is determined by the system characteristics; v 其他 represents other factors affecting the flow rate (unit: m / s); Qmax represents the maximum flow rate of the water pump (unit: m 3 / s), which is determined by the water pump specifications; H max represents the maximum head of the water pump (unit: m), which is determined by the water pump specifications; η represents the efficiency of the water pump.

[0074] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: In step S1031, the flow rate is reduced by adjusting the fluid velocity valve, thereby reducing the positive difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the desired fluid pressure; calculate the adjustment amount of the valve opening, and achieve precise control of the fluid pressure by adjusting the valve opening; its significance lies in ensuring that the pressure can be effectively reduced under high-pressure conditions to avoid equipment damage or system overload. In step S1032, the flow rate is increased by adjusting the output of the water pump, thereby increasing the real-time fluid pressure to narrow the negative difference between it and the desired fluid pressure; calculate the adjustment amount of the water pump flow rate, and adjust the water pump flow rate to reach the target pressure; ensure that the system can quickly increase the pressure under low-pressure conditions and maintain the stable operation of the system. In step S1033, the changes in fluid pressure and flow rate are monitored in real time to ensure that the adjusted system state meets the expectations; if the difference is close to zero, it indicates that the adjustment is successful and the system reaches the desired fluid pressure; if the difference still exceeds the allowable range, the adjustment coefficient needs to be recalibrated and the above steps need to be repeated; continuously optimize the adjustment process through the feedback mechanism, and finally achieve precise control and stable operation of the system.

[0075] In summary, through the coordinated adjustment of the valve and the water pump in this embodiment, precise control of the fluid pressure is achieved, ensuring the stability and safety of the system, jointly constructing a closed-loop control system, and improving the response speed and adjustment accuracy of the system.

[0076] Embodiment 4: As Figure 4 shown, on the basis of Embodiment 1, the process of monitoring the erosion process of the specimen provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:

[0077] S201: Divide the high-pressure high-flow-rate fluid simulation time into several time nodes, start the specimen erosion area image acquisition program according to the time nodes, and establish a set of specimen erosion area images under the current node with different time nodes as nodes;

[0078] S202: Simultaneously obtain the changes in fluid flow rate and fluid pressure at the current time node, where the change in fluid pressure is the difference between the current time node and the previous adjacent time node; establish the association relationship between the fluid flow rate and fluid pressure changes at the current time node and the node;

[0079] S203: Analyze the specimen erosion area image through the erosion area image recognition model to obtain the erosion morphology, speed and degree of the specimen at the current time node.

[0080] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: In step S201, the simulation time is divided into several time nodes, which can realize the phased control and monitoring of the fluid erosion process; the image acquisition program is started at each time node to obtain the images of the specimen erosion area, providing the original data for analysis; the image set of the specimen erosion area is established at different time nodes, facilitating the comparative analysis of the changes in the erosion process. Significance: It ensures the continuity and integrity of the erosion process, facilitating long-term monitoring and analysis; it can track the changes in the erosion area over time, providing support for further research on the erosion mechanism. In step S202, the data of the fluid velocity and pressure changes are obtained simultaneously, providing the basic parameters for fluid dynamics analysis; the fluid velocity and pressure changes are associated with the time nodes, providing a quantitative basis for the dynamic analysis of the interaction between the fluid and the specimen. Significance: Through the changes in velocity and pressure, the influence of the fluid on the specimen erosion and the changes in fluid dynamics during the erosion process can be analyzed; it helps to understand the mechanism of the fluid eroding the specimen, especially the erosion behavior under different flow velocity and pressure conditions. In step S203, the erosion area image recognition model is used to analyze the images, extracting the information of the morphology, velocity and degree of the erosion area; at the current time node, it can accurately describe the erosion morphology of the specimen, as well as the velocity and degree of the erosion development. Significance: It realizes the quantitative description of the erosion characteristics, providing a basis for the quantitative analysis of the erosion process; through the analysis of the erosion characteristics, the specimen design and erosion protection measures can be optimized, improving the service life and safety of the material.

[0081] In summary, this embodiment constitutes a complete process for monitoring and analyzing the specimen erosion, which can not only provide detailed data of the erosion process, but also help to understand and predict the erosion behavior, and has important technical significance in the fields of materials science and engineering applications.

[0082] Example 5: As Figure 5 shown, on the basis of Example 4, the process of analyzing the specimen erosion area image by the erosion area image recognition model provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:

[0083] S2031: The data input layer of the erosion area image recognition model receives the specimen erosion area image, converts the specimen erosion area image into a grayscale image, and uses histogram equalization to enhance the contrast of the erosion features;

[0084] S2032: Construct the core layer of the convolutional neural network of the erosion area image recognition model. The initial layer uses a 3x3 convolutional kernel and 32 filters, and cooperates with the ReLU activation function to capture the erosion edge features. The middle layer introduces dilated convolution to capture the spatial features; an adaptive pooling layer is used to adjust the size of the pooling area;

[0085] S2033: Perform feature extraction and design a multi-task output layer. The LSTM layer for feature extraction is used to capture the changing trend of erosion over time, while the 1D-CNN and attention mechanism layer in the pressure flow rate feature analysis layer are respectively used for the extraction of fluid pressure and flow rate features. In the multi-task output layer, a fully connected layer and a softmax activation function are used to classify the erosion morphology features. Meanwhile, the erosion rate is predicted through a custom time difference network, and a convolutional layer with a sigmoid activation function is used for pixel-level classification of the erosion degree.

[0086] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: In step S2031, the data input layer and image preprocessing convert the color image into a grayscale image and enhance the contrast of the image through histogram equalization, thereby making the erosion features more obvious. Significance: In image recognition, the improvement of contrast can enhance the recognizability of features and provide clearer image data for the convolutional neural network to recognize the erosion area. In step S2032, the construction of the convolutional neural network core layer. The initial layer uses a 3x3 convolutional kernel and 32 filters, combined with the ReLU activation function, to effectively capture the erosion edge features; the middle layer introduces dilated convolution to capture spatial features, and the adaptive pooling layer adjusts the size of the pooling area to adapt to images of different resolutions. Significance: Through convolutional kernels of different sizes and dilated convolution, the model can capture features of different scales and enhance the ability to recognize details of the erosion area; the adaptive pooling layer ensures the adaptability of the model to images of different sizes and improves the generalization ability of the model. In step S2033, feature extraction and multi-task output layer design, taking fluid pressure and flow rate features. A fully connected layer and a softmax activation function are used to classify the erosion morphology features, a custom time difference network predicts the erosion rate, and a convolutional layer with a sigmoid activation function performs pixel-level classification of the erosion degree. Significance: By extracting and classifying different features, the model can comprehensively consider multiple dimensions such as the morphology, rate, and degree of the erosion area, realizing a comprehensive assessment of the erosion state; the multi-task learning framework enables the model to learn other related tasks (such as erosion rate prediction) while performing one task (such as erosion morphology classification), improving the efficiency and accuracy of the model.

[0087] In summary, through technical means such as image preprocessing, deep convolutional network, feature extraction, and multi-task learning, this embodiment realizes high-precision recognition and multi-dimensional analysis of the erosion area of the specimen.

[0088] Embodiment 6: As Figure 6 shown, on the basis of Embodiment 5, the process of extracting the fluid pressure and flow rate features provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:

[0089] S20331: Obtain the original time series signals output by the pressure gauge and the flowmeter, linearly map the data of each channel, and apply the Hanning window function to window the sequence. The window length is set to an integer multiple of the time node;

[0090] S20332: Configure multiple trainable filter banks, perform multi-scale convolution operations on the pressure change signals, and use the max pooling layer for downsampling; construct a bidirectional LSTM network, including a forward LSTM unit and a backward LSTM unit. Each LSTM unit includes a forget gate, an input gate, and an output gate; concatenate the forward and backward hidden states to form a spatio-temporal fusion feature vector;

[0091] S20333: Define learnable query matrix, key matrix and value matrix, calculate the attention weights at each time step, concatenate the attention features with the original flow rate signal, map them to the target space through a fully connected network, and use the Huber loss function for end-to-end optimization.

[0092] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solutions are as follows: In step S20331, signal preprocessing is carried out to obtain the original time series signals output by the pressure gauge and the flowmeter. The data of each channel is normalized through linear mapping to ensure the dimensional consistency of the data; the Hanning window function is applied to window the sequence to reduce the spectral leakage caused by signal truncation. The window length is set to an integer multiple of the time node to maintain the periodic characteristics of the signal. The significance achieved is to provide high-quality input data for signal analysis and feature extraction, ensuring the consistency and stability of the data. In step S20332, multi-scale feature extraction and spatio-temporal fusion are carried out. Configure multiple trainable filter banks, perform multi-scale convolution operations on the pressure change signals, and extract local features at different time scales; the max pooling layer is used for downsampling to reduce the computational complexity and retain key features. The bidirectional LSTM network captures the context information of the time series through the forward and backward LSTM units, and concatenates the forward and backward hidden states to form a spatio-temporal fusion feature vector, enhancing the expressive ability of the features. The significance achieved is to realize the multi-scale analysis and spatio-temporal feature fusion of the pressure change signals, providing a more comprehensive and in-depth input for the extraction of flow rate features. In step S20333, attention mechanism and feature mapping are carried out. Define learnable query matrix, key matrix and value matrix, calculate the attention weights at each time step, highlight the features of the key time steps; concatenate the attention features with the original flow rate signal, map them to the target space through a fully connected network, and realize the high-dimensional representation and compression of the features; use the Huber loss function for end-to-end optimization to improve the robustness of the model. The significance achieved is to enhance the modeling ability for key time steps through the attention mechanism, combine the fully connected network to realize the optimized mapping of features, and finally improve the performance and generalization ability of the overall model.

[0093] In summary, through technical means such as signal preprocessing, multi-scale feature extraction, spatio-temporal fusion, and attention mechanism, this embodiment has gradually achieved the efficient extraction and optimized modeling of fluid pressure and flow velocity characteristics.

[0094] Example 7: As Figure 7 shown, on the basis of Example 1, the process of obtaining the change laws of erosion rate, erosion mode, and material properties provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:

[0095] S301: Based on the principle of fluid mechanics-surface chemistry coupling, construct an integral-differential equation for erosion rate, establish a basic erosion flux term, introduce a multi-factor correction term, the exponential term describes the synergistic inhibition effect of particle concentration and pH value, and the hyperbolic tangent function characterizes the non-linear saturation effect of pressure shock; take the derivative with respect to time to obtain the instantaneous rate;

[0096] S302: Perform multi-modal fusion calculation by non-linearly weighted fusion of surface topography, chemical indicators, and time-series features;

[0097] S303: Establish an interaction model of mechanical properties-chemical damage-geometric loss, including core damage factors, area loss correction terms, non-linear degradation conversion, and final performance loss rate.

[0098] Among them, the integral-differential equation for erosion rate:

[0099]

[0100] In the formula: E r (t) represents the real-time erosion rate (mm / s); h max represents the maximum erosion depth (mm); ρ c represents the apparent density of concrete (kg / m 3 ); ρ w represents the water flow density (kg / m 3 ); v(t) represents the intensity of the time-varying flow velocity field (m / s); g represents the acceleration due to gravity (m / s 2 ); μ(T) represents the temperature-dependent hydrodynamic viscosity (Pa·s); κ represents the particle coordination coefficient (0.28 - 1.45); C p (t) represents the mass concentration of suspended particles at time t (g / L); C p0 represents the initial particle concentration reference value (1.2 g / L); pH(t) represents the dynamic pH index; n represents the pH reaction order (experimental fitting value ≥ 1); P(t) represents the transient impact pressure (MPa); represents the critical failure pressure of the material (MPa);

[0101] Erosion mode discrimination function:

[0102]

[0103] In the formula: M type represents the erosion mode classification index (>1.5 for impact wear, 0.8 - 1.5 for chemical corrosion, <0.8 for combined erosion); w i represents the morphology weight coefficient (i = 1 - 5 corresponding to 5 surface morphology features); \S i represents the fractal dimension of the i-th type of surface (calculated by laser scanning); represents the surface roughness gradient (μm / mm); R a0 represents the initial surface roughness (μm); erf represents the error function; ΔpH represents the pH value offset (relative to the neutral point); σ pH represents the standard deviation of pH fluctuation; α j represents the time window weight coefficient (j = 1 - 3 corresponding to the early, middle, and late stages); E r,avg represents the average erosion rate (mm / s); β represents the particle saturation influence factor; C p,sat represents the particle suspension saturation concentration;

[0104] Coupled equation for the change law of material properties:

[0105]

[0106] In the formula: ΔΨ represents the material property loss rate (%); Ψ 0 represents the initial performance reference value (such as compressive strength MPa); t total represents the total erosion time (h); δ c represents the critical erosion amount threshold (15mm 3 / s); ζ represents the chemical corrosion strengthening coefficient (0.65 - 1.32); m represents the pH decay exponent (1.8 - 3.2); η represents the area loss correction factor (0.05 / mm 2 ); A loss represents the cumulative erosion area (mm 2 ); A 0 represents the initial surface area of the specimen (mm 2 ); k represents the material deterioration non-linear coefficient (1.3 - 2.1).

[0107] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: In step S301, an integral differential equation for erosion rate is constructed. Based on the principle of the coupling of hydrodynamics and surface chemistry, an integral differential equation for erosion rate is constructed; a basic erosion flux term and multi-factor correction terms are introduced, and factors such as particle concentration, pH value, and pressure shock are comprehensively considered to improve the accuracy of the model; the synergistic inhibitory effect of particle concentration and acidity / alkalinity is described by an exponential term, and the non-linear saturation effect of pressure shock is characterized by a hyperbolic tangent function to dynamically capture the instantaneous change of erosion rate. Significance: By establishing a high-precision mathematical model, the dynamic change law of erosion rate is quantitatively described, providing a theoretical basis for the analysis of erosion patterns and material properties. In step S302, multi-modal fusion calculation is carried out. By non-linearly weighted fusion of surface topography, chemical indicators, and temporal features, unified calculation of multi-dimensional data is realized; geometric features are extracted from surface topography, reaction characteristics are extracted from chemical indicators, and dynamic evolution laws are extracted from temporal features; based on multi-modal data fusion, the physico-chemical behaviors and their interactions during the erosion process are comprehensively evaluated. Significance: Through multi-modal data fusion, multi-dimensional comprehensive analysis of the erosion process is realized, significantly improving the utilization efficiency of experimental data and the reliability of analysis results. In step S303, an interaction model is established. An interaction model of mechanical properties - chemical damage - geometric loss is established to comprehensively reflect the deterioration process of material properties; a core damage factor, an area loss correction term, and a non-linear deterioration transformation are introduced to quantify the degree of material property loss; through the final performance loss rate, the durability and performance degradation law of the material in the erosion environment are comprehensively evaluated. Significance: By quantifying the deterioration process of material properties through the interaction model, it provides important theoretical support for material durability evaluation and optimal design, and has significant application value.

[0108] In summary, in this embodiment, from theoretical modeling, data fusion to performance evaluation, the quantitative analysis of the erosion rate, erosion pattern, and the change law of material properties is systematically realized; a high-precision model is provided for the erosion rate; erosion characteristics are comprehensively captured through multi-modal fusion; the deterioration law of material properties is quantified. These steps work together to provide a scientific basis for the evaluation and optimization of the erosion resistance performance of materials, promoting technological progress in related fields.

[0109] Embodiment 8: As Figure 8 shown, on the basis of Embodiments 1 - 7, the simulation system for the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-flow-rate water flow provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes: a water pump 1, a first valve 2, a water supply tank 3, a first water pipe 4, a second valve 5, a tachometer 6, a specimen 7, a specimen table 8, a pressure gauge 9, a first pH meter 10, a second water pipe 11, a third valve 12, a second pH meter 13, a water storage tank 14, and a fourth valve 15;

[0110] Among them, the water pump 1 is connected to the first valve 2 through a water delivery pipe. The first valve 2 is connected to the inlet end of the water supply tank 3. The outlet end of the water supply tank 3 is connected to the specimen 7 through the first water pipe 4 and the second valve 5. A tachometer 6 is installed on the first water pipe 4; the specimen 7 is placed in the specimen stage 8. A pressure gauge 9 is installed at the front end of the specimen stage 8, a first pH meter 10 is installed at the rear end of the specimen stage 8, and a second water pipe 11 is installed at the middle position of the specimen stage 8. The second water pipe 11 is connected to the water storage tank 14 through the third valve 12. A second pH meter 13 is installed at the rear end of the water storage tank 14. A drain pipe is installed at the middle position of the second pH meter 13, and a fourth valve 15 is arranged on the drain pipe.

[0111] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: The water pump 1, as the power source of the system, pumps water into the water delivery pipe and adjusts the flow rate through the first valve 2 to ensure that the water flow reaches the required pressure and flow velocity; after the water flow enters the water supply tank 3, it passes through the first water pipe 4 and the second valve 5 and finally acts on the specimen 7. The tachometer 6 installed on the first water pipe 4 can monitor the water flow velocity in real time to ensure the accuracy of the simulation conditions; the specimen 7 is placed in the specimen stage 8. Facing the impact of high-pressure and high-flow water, a pressure gauge 9 is installed at the front end of the specimen stage 8 to measure the impact pressure of the water flow on the specimen, and the first pH meter 10 at the rear end monitors the change in the pH value of the water flow on the specimen surface, reflecting the change in the chemical environment during the erosion process; the water flow enters the water storage tank 14 through the second water pipe 11 and passes through the third valve 12 on the way, which can adjust the water collection speed; the second pH meter 13 at the rear end of the water storage tank 14 further analyzes the pH value of the water flow to provide data support for the chemical characteristics of the erosion process. The fourth valve 15 installed on the drain pipe is used to control the discharge of waste water to ensure the environmental protection of the system.

[0112] Through the coordinated work of the water pump, valves and tachometer in this embodiment, the pressure and flow velocity of the water flow can be accurately controlled and adjusted to simulate a real erosion environment, providing reliable experimental conditions for the erosion research of shotcrete; the configuration of equipment such as pressure gauges and pH meters enables the system to comprehensively monitor and analyze the erosion process from both mechanical and chemical dimensions, providing rich data support for the research; the design of the system simplifies the operation process of the erosion experiment and improves the experimental efficiency. At the same time, through the adjustment of valves and the use of monitoring instruments, the consistency of experimental conditions is ensured, enhancing the repeatability of experimental results; the system is equipped with a water storage tank and a drain pipe, which can effectively collect experimental waste water and monitor its chemical properties through a pH meter to ensure the environmental protection and safety of the experimental process; it provides an efficient and accurate experimental platform for the research on the erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-flow water, with strong practical value and innovation.

[0113] The water supply tank 3 of this embodiment is used to store experimental water. The water pump 1 pumps the water in the water supply tank 3 into the experimental pipeline (the water supply tank 3 is located at the side of the device and is equipped with a water inlet. The water pump 2 is connected to the water supply tank 3); the tachometer 6 is used to measure the water flow velocity in the experimental pipeline, and the pressure gauge 9 is used to measure the pressure in the experimental pipeline (the tachometer 6 is installed between the water pump 2 and the experimental pipeline, and the pressure gauge 9 is installed at an appropriate position in the experimental pipeline); the first valve 2, the second valve 5 and the third valve 12 are used to adjust the water flow velocity and pressure in the experimental pipeline (used in cooperation with the tachometer 6 to achieve the required water flow velocity); the first pH meter 10 and the second pH meter 13 are used to measure the approximate erosion degree of the specimen; the experimental pipeline is made of a transparent material to facilitate the observation of the erosion process of the cement specimen in the experimental pipeline; the cement specimen is fixed in the experimental pipeline and withstands the erosion of high-pressure and high-flow-rate water; finally, the measured water flow velocity and pressure transmission data are monitored by the system, and the control of the flow velocity and pressure is completed through the valve.

[0114] In this embodiment, the prepared cement specimen (specimen 7) is placed in the test area of the device, i.e., on the specimen table 8; applying pressure: controlling the pressure through the water pump 2 to increase the pressure in the container; water flow circulation: starting the water pump 2 to make the water flow through the test area and impact the cement specimen at a relatively high flow rate; erosion process: under the action of high-pressure and high-flow-rate water, the cement specimen will undergo an erosion process; it can be continuous or intermittent to simulate different erosion environments.

[0115] This embodiment uses an indoor simulation experiment to simulate the erosion degree of cement by the actual mountain tunnel water flow, and can truly and effectively simulate the actual erosion situation; controlling the water body flow velocity through the water valve, and then obtaining the water pressure according to the modified Bernoulli equation, controlling these two conditions at the same time, and then achieving the high-flow-rate and high-pressure water flow conditions required by the experiment through the control of the water valve; it is not only applicable to the simulation of high-flow-rate and high-water-pressure conditions in mountain tunnels, but also applicable to the simulation of the actual conditions of the erosion degree of shotcrete by groundwater.

[0116] The structure of this embodiment is simple and easy to operate, and can truly simulate the high-pressure and high-flow-rate water flow environment in mountain tunnels; adopting a modular design, the water flow velocity, pressure and other parameters can be adjusted according to experimental requirements;; energy-saving and environmental protection, reducing experimental costs.

[0117] Example 9: On the basis of Example 8, the specific example process of the present invention is as follows:

[0118] Adopt a stainless steel water pump water tank (water supply tank 3) with a capacity of 1000L; select transparent organic materials for the water inlet pipe and the water outlet pipe; use a high-pressure water pump (water pump 2) with a maximum flow rate of 100L / min and a maximum pressure of 10MPa; the pressure gauge has a range of 0-16MPa and an accuracy of ±0.5%. The size of the cement specimen (specimen 7) is 300mm * 300mm * 300mm; the drainage system includes drainage pipes and valves, and assemble the required materials.

[0119] The specific implementation plan of this embodiment is as follows:

[0120] First, place the shotcrete specimen in the stainless steel water pump water tank, turn on the water pump, adjust the flow rate and pressure to the required values, open the valve device, so that the high-pressure and high-flow-rate water jet hits the specimen, regularly observe and record the erosion situation of the specimen, and after the test, discharge the waste water through the drainage system; through this device, the erosion process of high-pressure and high-flow-rate water flow on shotcrete in the tunnel can be effectively simulated, providing reliable data support for the research and evaluation of the erosion resistance performance of shotcrete.

[0121] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are: In summary, this embodiment has the advantages of reasonable structure, simple operation, real simulation effect, etc., providing an effective means for the research on the erosion resistance performance of shotcrete.

[0122] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, if these modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the equivalent technology of the present invention, the present invention also intends to include these changes and modifications.

Claims

1. A simulation system for the degree of erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-velocity water flow, characterized in that: Includes: water pump, tachometer, pressure gauge, at least two pH meters and at least four valves; Among them, the water pump is connected to the valve through a water pipe, and a tachometer is installed on the water pipe; the sample is placed in the sample table, a pressure gauge is installed at the front end of the sample table, and a pH meter is installed at the rear end of the sample table and the water storage tank.

2. The simulation system for the degree of erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-velocity water flow as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The water pump is connected to the first valve through a water pipe, the first valve is connected to the inlet end of the water supply tank, the outlet end of the water supply tank is connected to the sample through the first water pipe and the second valve, and a tachometer is installed on the first water pipe.

3. The simulation system for the degree of erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-velocity water flow as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: A first pH meter is installed at the rear end of the sample table, a second water pipe is installed at the middle position of the sample table, and the second water pipe is connected to the water storage tank through a third valve.

4. The simulation system for the degree of erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-velocity water flow as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: A second pH meter is installed at the rear end of the water storage tank, a drainage pipe is installed at the middle position of the second pH meter, and a fourth valve is arranged on the drainage pipe.

5. A method for simulating the degree of erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-velocity water flow, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: According to the erosion cycle requirements, set the corresponding high-pressure and high-flow rate fluid simulation time; place the test piece to be tested for erosion degree in the test area, and establish connections between the various components in the test area; start the water pump, obtain the fluid flow rate, and obtain the fluid pressure according to the modified Bernoulli equation, and compare it with the set fluid flow rate and fluid pressure; Obtain the fluid flow rate and fluid pressure changes, monitor the erosion process of the specimen, record the erosion morphology, speed and degree of the specimen; analyze the changes in the concentration of suspended particles and pH value during the erosion process; When the high-pressure and high-flow rate fluid simulation time is reached, the depth of the eroded area is measured by scanning equipment, and the area and surface morphology of the eroded area are calculated. According to the changes in the erosion morphology, speed and degree of the specimen and the depth, area, surface morphology, concentration of suspended particles and pH value of the eroded area, the changing laws of the erosion rate, erosion mode and material properties are obtained.

6. The method for simulating the degree of erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-velocity water flow as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that: The process of comparing with the set fluid flow rate and fluid pressure includes the following steps: Substitute the acquired fluid velocity into the modified Bernoulli equation to calculate the expected fluid pressure corresponding to the fluid velocity; associate the expected liquid pressure with the fluid velocity to obtain an expected fluid pressure comparison association table, where the comparison association table uses the fluid velocity as an index; The real-time fluid pressure generated by the fluid velocity is measured by the components in the test area to obtain the real-time fluid pressure value, and the real-time fluid pressure value input value is compared with the association table, and the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure is obtained under the action of the index; If the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure is positive, the fluid speed valve is adjusted according to the preset procedure; if the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure is zero, there is no need to adjust the fluid speed valve; if the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure is negative, the water pump is adjusted according to the preset procedure.

7. The method for simulating the degree of erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-velocity water flow as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that: The process of monitoring the corrosion process of the specimen includes the following steps: The high-pressure and high-flow rate fluid simulation time is divided into several time nodes, and the specimen erosion area image acquisition program is started according to the time nodes. With different time nodes as nodes, the specimen erosion area image set under the current node is established; At the same time, the fluid velocity and fluid pressure changes at the current time node are obtained, and the fluid pressure change is the difference between the current time node and the previous adjacent time node; the fluid velocity and fluid pressure changes at the current time node are associated with the node; The erosion area image of the specimen is analyzed through the erosion area image recognition model to obtain the erosion shape, speed and degree of the specimen at the current time node.

8. The method for simulating the degree of erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-velocity water flow as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that: The process of analyzing the erosion area image of the specimen by the erosion area image recognition model includes the following steps: The data input layer of the erosion area image recognition model receives the erosion area image of the specimen, converts the erosion area image of the specimen into a grayscale image, and uses histogram equalization to enhance the contrast of the erosion features; The core layer of the convolutional neural network for the erosion area image recognition model is constructed. The initial layer uses a 3x3 convolution kernel and 32 filters, and cooperates with the ReLU activation function to capture the erosion edge features. The middle layer introduces a hole convolution to capture the spatial features; the adaptive pooling layer is used to adjust the size of the pooling area; Feature extraction is performed and a multi-task output layer is designed. The LSTM layer of feature extraction is used to capture the temporal trend of erosion, while the 1D-CNN and attention mechanism layers of the pressure and velocity feature analysis layer are used to extract fluid pressure and velocity features, respectively. In the multi-task output layer, a fully connected layer and a softmax activation function are used to classify erosion morphological features, while a custom temporal difference network is used to predict the erosion rate, and a convolutional layer with a sigmoid activation function is used to perform pixel-level classification of the erosion degree.

9. The method for simulating the degree of erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-velocity water flow as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that: in, The erosion rate is calculated based on the relationship between the depth of the eroded area and the simulation time of the high-pressure and high-flow rate fluid. The main erosion mode is identified by combining the erosion morphology, speed and degree, the surface morphology of the eroded area, the concentration of suspended particles and the change in pH value. The performance of the corroded specimens is tested, and the performance data before and after erosion are compared to obtain the change pattern of material performance. Among them, a laser scattering sensor array is deployed to measure the concentration of suspended particles in real time; a composite pH electrode is configured to synchronously collect the pH value of the solution.

10. The method for simulating the degree of erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure and high-velocity water flow as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that: The process of obtaining the changing laws of erosion rate, erosion mode and material properties includes the following steps: Based on the principle of fluid mechanics-surface chemistry coupling, the integral differential equation of erosion rate is constructed, the basic erosion flux term is established, and the multi-factor correction term is introduced. The exponential term describes the synergistic inhibition of particle concentration and pH, and the hyperbolic tangent function characterizes the nonlinear saturation effect of pressure shock. Take the derivative with respect to time to obtain the instantaneous rate; Multimodal fusion calculation is performed by nonlinear weighted fusion of surface morphology, chemical indicators and time series characteristics; An interactive model of mechanical properties-chemical damage-geometric loss is established, including core damage factor, area loss correction term, nonlinear degradation conversion, and final performance loss rate.

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