Antenna and preparation method

Abstract

The invention relates to an antenna and a preparation method, the antenna sequentially comprises a radiation layer, a supporting layer and a reflecting layer which are distributed in a layered mode, the radiation layer comprises a first substrate layer and a first conducting strip, the first conducting strip is arranged on the face, away from the supporting layer, of the first substrate layer, and the first conducting strip is made of MXene. MXene is a kind of metal and has the characteristics of high conductivity, easy preparation of a flexible film and the like, a hydrophilic functional group on the surface of MXene can generate good connection strength with the first substrate layer prepared from an organic material, the service life and the stability of the radiation layer can be effectively improved, the performance of the antenna can be improved, and the service life of the antenna can be prolonged. And the antenna can form a flexible structure more easily.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of antennas, and particularly to an antenna and a preparation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] The conductive sheets used in the antenna radiation layer and the reflection layer are generally made of solid metal. Due to problems such as poor flexibility of solid metal and insufficient connection strength with the substrate, the stability of the antenna is reduced, which is not conducive to the preparation of flexible antennas. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Based on this, it is necessary to provide an antenna and a preparation method thereof for the problems of poor antenna stability and difficulty in realizing a flexible structure.

[0004] An antenna successively includes a radiation layer, a support layer, and a reflection layer distributed in a layered manner. The radiation layer includes a first substrate layer and a first conductive sheet. The first conductive sheet is disposed on a surface of the first substrate layer facing away from the support layer, and the material of the first conductive sheet is MXene.

[0005] In the present invention, a receiving hole extending in a first direction is formed in the support layer, a first avoiding hole is formed in the first substrate layer, and a second avoiding hole is formed in the first conductive sheet. The receiving hole, the first avoiding hole, and the second avoiding hole are sequentially communicated in the first direction. The antenna further includes an interconnecting rod that penetrates through the receiving hole, the first avoiding hole, and the second avoiding hole. A first connecting cap is disposed at an end of the interconnecting rod facing away from the reflection layer, and the first connecting cap is in contact with the first conductive sheet.

[0006] In the present invention, the reflection layer includes a second substrate layer and a second conductive sheet. The second conductive sheet is disposed on a surface of the second substrate layer facing away from the support layer, and the material of the second conductive sheet is MXene.

[0007] In the present invention, a receiving hole extending in a first direction is formed in the support layer, a third avoiding hole is formed in the second substrate layer, and a fourth avoiding hole is formed in the second conductive sheet. The receiving hole, the third avoiding hole, and the fourth avoiding hole are sequentially communicated in the first direction. The antenna further includes an interconnecting rod that penetrates through the receiving hole, the third avoiding hole, and the fourth avoiding hole. A second connecting cap is disposed at an end of the interconnecting rod facing away from the radiation layer, and the second connecting cap is in contact with the second conductive sheet.

[0008] In the present invention, the antenna further includes a sleeve that is sleeved on the interconnecting rod so that the sleeve is located between the inner wall of the receiving hole and the outer wall of the interconnecting rod.

[0009] The number of the first conductive sheets in the present invention is at least five, one of the first conductive sheets is a main oscillator, and four of the first conductive sheets are reflection oscillators. Both the main oscillator and the reflection oscillators are circular, and the diameter of the main oscillator is d 1 , and the diameters of the four reflection oscillators are d 2 , d 3 , d 4 , d 5 , where d 1 : d 2 : d 3 : d 4 : d 5 = 11:13:13:15:15.

[0010] The number of the first conductive sheets in the present invention is eight, three of the first conductive sheets are director oscillators, the shapes of the three director oscillators are all circular, and the diameters of the three director oscillators are d 6 , d 7 , d 8 , d 1 : d 6 : d 7 : d 8 = 11:10:7:6.

[0011] All the reflection oscillators in the present invention are located on the same side of the main oscillator, and all the director oscillators are located on the other side of the main oscillator.

[0012] The gaps between the main oscillator and the three director oscillators in the present invention are l 1 , l 2 , l 3 , d 1 : l 1 : l 2 : l 3 = 11:12:22:30.

[0013] The gaps between the main oscillator and two of the reflection oscillators in the present invention are l 4 and l 5 , d 1 : l 4 : l 5 = 11:11:26.

[0014] A preparation method of an antenna, comprising:

[0015] Etching a first mask, and then attaching the first mask to a first substrate layer;

[0016] Coat the MXene paste at the mask holes of the first mask, and apply an electric current to the MXene paste at the mask holes to dry and cure the MXene paste at the mask holes to form a first conductive sheet;

[0017] Attach the side of the first substrate layer facing away from the first conductive sheet to the support layer;

[0018] Attach the reflective layer to the side of the support layer facing away from the first substrate layer.

[0019] The preparation method of the MXene paste in the present invention includes:

[0020] Mix at least two MXene aqueous solutions with different sheet sizes to form a first mixed solution;

[0021] Centrifuge the first mixed solution to obtain the MXene paste.

[0022] Sodium L-ascorbate and / or PEDOT-PSS are also mixed in the first mixed solution of the present invention.

[0023] Before the first mask is attached to the first substrate layer, the surface of the first substrate layer is treated.

[0024] The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0025] MXene is a kind of metal-like material, which has characteristics such as high conductivity and easy preparation of flexible films. The hydrophilic functional groups on its surface can generate good bonding strength with the first substrate layer made of organic materials, which can effectively improve the service life and stability of the radiation layer, not only improve the performance of the antenna, but also make it easier for the antenna to form a flexible structure. Description of the Drawings

[0026] Figure 1 It is an exploded structural schematic diagram of the antenna in Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0027] Reference Signs:

[0028] 1. First substrate layer; 2. First conductive sheet; 21. Main oscillator; 22. Reflective oscillator; 23. Director oscillator; 3. Support layer; 4. Second substrate layer; 5. Interconnecting rod; 6. Sleeve; Detailed Embodiments

[0029] To make the above objects, features, and advantages of the present invention more apparent and understandable, the following describes the specific embodiments of the present invention in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Many specific details are set forth in the following description to facilitate a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, the present invention can be implemented in many other ways different from those described herein, and those skilled in the art can make similar improvements without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited by the specific embodiments disclosed below.

[0030] In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "transverse", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential", etc. indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings. These are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, it should not be construed as a limitation of the present invention.

[0031] In addition, the terms "first" and "second" are only used for descriptive purposes and cannot be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the quantity of the indicated technical features. Thus, features defined with "first" and "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of such features. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise specifically defined.

[0032] In the present invention, unless otherwise clearly specified and defined, the terms "mounted", "connected", "coupled", "fixed", etc. should be construed in a broad sense. For example, it may be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or integrated; it may be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it may be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and it may be the internal communication of two elements or the interaction relationship between two elements, unless otherwise clearly defined. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0033] In the present invention, unless otherwise clearly specified and defined, the first feature being "on" or "under" the second feature may be that the first and second features are in direct contact, or the first and second features are indirectly in contact through an intermediate medium. Moreover, the first feature being "above", "over", and "on top of" the second feature may be that the first feature is directly above or obliquely above the second feature, or merely indicates that the first feature has a higher horizontal height than the second feature. The first feature being "below", "beneath", and "underneath" the second feature may be that the first feature is directly below or obliquely below the second feature, or merely indicates that the first feature has a lower horizontal height than the second feature.

[0034] It should be noted that when an element is referred to as "fixed to" or "disposed on" another element, it can be directly on the other element or there may be an intermediate element. When an element is considered to be "connected" to another element, it can be directly connected to the other element or there may be an intermediate element at the same time. The terms "vertical", "horizontal", "upper", "lower", "left", "right" and similar expressions used herein are for illustrative purposes only and do not represent the only implementation.

[0035] Example 1:

[0036] Referring to Figure 1 , this embodiment provides an antenna, which sequentially includes a radiation layer, a support layer 3 and a reflection layer distributed in a layered manner.

[0037] The radiation layer includes a first substrate layer 1 and a first conductive sheet 2. One side of the first substrate layer 1 is attached to the upper surface of the support layer 3, and the first conductive sheet 2 is disposed on the side of the first substrate layer 1 facing away from the support layer 3. The material of the first conductive sheet 2 is MXene.

[0038] First of all, as a kind of metal-like material, MXene has good electrical conductivity (the electrical conductivity can reach 10000 S / cm). Compared with most solid metals, preparing the first conductive sheet 2 from MXene can enable the antenna to obtain better performance.

[0039] Among them, as a two-dimensional material, MXene has the characteristics of low density and easy bending. Using MXene as the material of the first conductive sheet 2 for the radiation layer is easier to obtain flexible characteristics compared with most solid metals, and it is easier to make the antenna flexible and lightweight.

[0040] The material of the first substrate layer 1 is generally a textile material or some polymers. For example, in this embodiment, its material is polyimide (PI). In some other embodiments, its material can also be polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or other textiles. MXene has rich hydrophilic functional groups (-OH, -F, =O) on its surface. Therefore, compared with other metals, the first conductive sheet 2 is easier to form a stable high-strength connection relationship with the first substrate layer 1, thereby improving the connection stability between the first substrate layer 1 and the first conductive sheet 2.

[0041] Based on the above analysis, by selecting MXene as the material of the first conductive sheet 2, the working performance of the antenna can be effectively improved, and its lightweight and flexibility can be realized.

[0042] The reflective layer includes a second substrate layer 4 and a second conductive sheet. One side of the second substrate layer 4 is attached to the lower surface of the support layer 3, and the second conductive sheet is disposed on the side of the second substrate layer 4 facing away from the support layer 3. The material of the second conductive sheet is MXene.

[0043] Similarly, when the second conductive sheet is prepared from MXene, the good conductivity of MXene can effectively improve the working performance of the antenna. Based on the characteristics of low density and easy bending of MXene, the reflective layer is more likely to obtain flexible characteristics, making it easier for the antenna to achieve flexibility and light weight.

[0044] The material of the second substrate layer 4 is generally also a textile material or some polymers, such as polyimide (PI), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or other textiles. The materials of the first substrate layer 1 and the second substrate layer 4 can be the same or different. However, considering the need to simplify the antenna manufacturing process, the materials of the first substrate layer 1 and the second substrate layer 4 are usually the same. Therefore, in this embodiment, the material of the second substrate layer 4 is also polyimide (PI). Thus, the rich hydrophilic functional groups on the surface of MXene can also form a stable and high-strength connection relationship with the second substrate layer 4, thereby improving the connection stability between the second substrate layer 4 and the second conductive sheet.

[0045] In some other embodiments, only one of the second conductive sheet and the first conductive sheet 2 can be made of MXene, and the other can be made of common existing solid metal materials. Compared with the prior art in which both the second conductive sheet and the first conductive sheet 2 are made of solid metal materials, parameters such as the degree of flexibility, light weight, working state stability, and working performance of the antenna are also improved to a certain extent.

[0046] In this embodiment, both the second conductive sheet and the first conductive sheet 2 are made of MXene, so as to maximize the improvement of parameters such as the degree of flexibility, light weight, working state stability, and working performance of the antenna. In addition, since the second conductive sheet and the first conductive sheet 2 are made of the same material, it can also simplify the manufacturing process of the radiation layer and the reflective layer.

[0047] In this embodiment, a method for preparing an MXene slurry is provided, including the following steps:

[0048] Step 101: Prepare an MXene aqueous solution using a nanosheet aqueous dispersion. The initial concentration of the MXene nanosheets is 10 - 20 mg / ml, and the average size of the MXene nanosheets is 1 μm;

[0049] Step 102: Divide the MXene aqueous solution into three equal parts to obtain three portions of MXene aqueous solution. Treat one portion of the MXene aqueous solution in an ultrasonic cell disruptor for 5 minutes, and treat another portion of the MXene aqueous solution in the ultrasonic cell disruptor for 20 minutes, thereby obtaining three MXene aqueous solutions with different flake sizes;

[0050] Step 103: Re-mix the three MXene aqueous solutions with different flake sizes to obtain a first mixture;

[0051] Step 104: Centrifuge and concentrate the first mixture to obtain an MXene slurry, and the concentration of MXene nanosheets in the MXene slurry is about 50 - 80 mg / ml.

[0052] To prevent MXene from being oxidized, resulting in a decrease in electrical conductivity, sodium L-ascorbate is also mixed in the first mixture in this embodiment. The concentration of sodium L-ascorbate in the first mixture is 1 mg / ml, and sodium L-ascorbate can effectively inhibit MXene oxidation as an antioxidant. Sodium L-ascorbate can be directly added to the MXene aqueous solution in Step 101, or directly added to several of the three portions of MXene aqueous solution in Step 102, or directly added to the first mixture, without limitation here. After sodium L-ascorbate and the first mixture are mixed, Step 104 is carried out.

[0053] To avoid flocculation and sedimentation of the MXene slurry due to excessive concentration, and to further improve the mechanical stability and electrical conductivity after the MXene slurry forms a film, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) is also mixed in the first mixture. The positively charged PEDOT-PSS molecules can have electrostatic interactions with the negative charges on the surface of MXene nanosheets to inhibit the flocculation and sedimentation between MXene nanosheets. After the MXene slurry forms a film, PEDOT-PSS can further act as a binder, thereby enhancing the connection strength and stability between MXene nanosheets, and since PEDOT-PSS is a good conductive polymer, it can better improve the electrical conductivity between different MXene nanosheets.

[0054] The addition sequence of PEDOT-PSS can also be directly added to the MXene aqueous solution in Step 101, or directly added to several of the three portions of MXene aqueous solution in Step 102. Or as in this embodiment, directly added to the first mixture in Step 102. Similarly, after PEDOT-PSS and the MXene aqueous solution are mixed, Step 104 is carried out.

[0055] In this embodiment, the mixing process parameters of the PEDOT-PSS and MXene aqueous solution are as follows: the volume of PEDOT-PSS is 1-5 ml, the concentration of the MXene aqueous solution is 50-80 mg / ml, the volume is 20 ml, and ultrasonic dispersion is carried out for 1 h.

[0056] This embodiment also provides a method for preparing an antenna, including the following steps:

[0057] Step 201: Etch the first mask. The shape distribution of the mask holes on the first mask matches the number, distribution, and shape of the first conductive sheets 2, and then attach the first mask to the first substrate layer 1.

[0058] Step 202: Coat the MXene slurry prepared above at the mask holes of the first mask, and apply electricity to the MXene slurry at the mask holes to dry and cure the MXene slurry at the mask holes to form the first conductive sheets 2.

[0059] Among them, the applied voltage is 3V. The MXene slurry generates heat and dries when electricity is applied, which can effectively avoid the interfacial separation between MXene and the first substrate layer 1 during the water evaporation process, ensure the adhesion characteristics between MXene and the first substrate layer 1, and adopt vacuum hot pressing technology during the drying process to improve the result orientation of MXene, thereby improving the smoothness of the surface of the final first conductive sheets 2.

[0060] Step 203: Etch the second mask. The shape distribution of the mask holes on the second mask matches the number, distribution, and shape of the second conductive sheets, and then attach the second mask to the second substrate layer 4.

[0061] Step 204: Coat the MXene slurry prepared above at the mask holes of the second mask, and apply electricity to the MXene slurry at the mask holes to dry and cure the MXene slurry at the mask holes to form the second conductive sheets.

[0062] Step 205: Attach the side of the first substrate layer 1 facing away from the first conductive sheets 2 to the upper surface of the support layer 3.

[0063] Step 206: Attach the side of the second substrate layer 4 facing away from the second conductive sheets to the lower surface of the support layer 3.

[0064] Further preferably, before the first mask and the second mask are respectively attached to the first substrate layer 1 and the second substrate layer 4, the second substrate layer 4 and the first substrate layer 1 can be surface-treated to carry out physical and chemical modification to increase the oxygen-containing groups on the surfaces of the second substrate layer 4 and the first substrate layer 1, thereby improving the wettability and bonding force of the MXene slurry to the second substrate layer 4 and the first substrate layer 1.

[0065] To achieve the electrical connection between the first conductive sheet 2 and the second conductive sheet, a receiving hole extending in the first direction is formed in the support layer 3, a first avoidance hole is formed in the first substrate layer 1, a second avoidance hole is formed in the first conductive sheet 2, a third avoidance hole is formed in the second substrate layer 4, and a fourth avoidance hole is formed in the second conductive sheet. The second avoidance hole, the first avoidance hole, the receiving hole, the third avoidance hole, and the fourth avoidance hole are sequentially connected in the first direction. The antenna of this embodiment further includes an interconnecting rod 5 and a sleeve 6. The interconnecting rod 5 passes through the second avoidance hole, the first avoidance hole, the receiving hole, the third avoidance hole, and the fourth avoidance hole. A first connection cap is provided at one end of the interconnecting rod 5 facing away from the reflection layer, and a second connection cap is provided at the other end of the interconnecting rod 5 facing away from the radiation layer. The first connection cap contacts the first conductive sheet 2, and the second connection cap contacts the second conductive sheet. Thus, the first conductive sheet 2 and the second conductive sheet are electrically connected through the interconnecting rod 5.

[0066] Wherein the sleeve 6 is sleeved on the interconnecting rod 5, and the sleeve 6 is located between the inner wall of the receiving hole and the outer wall of the interconnecting rod 5, thereby protecting the interconnecting rod 5.

[0067] In this embodiment, the number of the first conductive sheets 2 is eight in total, including one main oscillator 21, four reflector oscillators 22, and three director oscillators 23. The shape of each first conductive sheet 2 is circular. The four reflector oscillators 22 are all located on one side of the main oscillator 21, and the three director oscillators 23 are all located on the other side of the main oscillator 21. The diameter of the main oscillator 21 is d 1 , and the diameters of the four reflector oscillators 22 are d 2 , d 3 , d 4 , d 5 respectively, and the diameters of the three director oscillators 23 are d 6 , d 7 , d 8 respectively, satisfying d 1 : d 2 : d 3 : d 4 : d 5 : d 6 : d 7 : d 8 = 11:13:13:15:15:10:7:6.

[0068] The gaps between the main oscillator 21 and the three director oscillators 23 are l 1 , l 2 , l 3 respectively, and the gaps between the main oscillator 21 and its two adjacent reflector oscillators 22 are l 4 and l 5 respectively, satisfying d 1 : l 1 : l 2 : l3 : l 4 : l 5 = 11:12:22:30:11:26. The gap size between the two first conductive sheets 2 is the center distance between the two first conductive sheets 2 minus the radii of the two first conductive sheets 2.

[0069] Finally, the size of the antenna in this embodiment is 200mm × 120mm × 20mm, the bandwidth is from 1.3 GHz to 1.5 GHz; the resonant frequency of the antenna is 1.4 GHz, the weight of the antenna unit is 150 g, it works stably in the L band (1.3 GHz to 1.5 GHz), has a relatively wide bandwidth, a large beam coverage area, and the maximum gain within the frequency band is 6.5 dB.

[0070] The technical features of the above-described embodiments can be combined arbitrarily. For the sake of brevity of description, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, it should be considered as the scope described in this specification.

[0071] The above-described embodiments only represent several implementation manners of the present invention. The description is relatively specific and detailed, but it should not be construed as a limitation on the scope of the invention patent. It should be noted that for those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the concept of the present invention, several modifications and improvements can still be made, and these all belong to the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the invention patent should be subject to the appended claims.

Claims

1. An antenna, characterized in that, it successively includes a radiation layer, a support layer and a reflection layer which are distributed in layers. The radiation layer includes a first substrate layer and a first conductive sheet. The first conductive sheet is disposed on a surface of the first substrate layer facing away from the support layer, and the material of the first conductive sheet is MXene.

2. The antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, a receiving hole extending in a first direction is formed on the support layer, a first avoidance hole is formed on the first substrate layer, a second avoidance hole is formed on the first conductive sheet, the receiving hole, the first avoidance hole and the second avoidance hole are sequentially communicated in the first direction, the antenna further includes an interconnecting rod, the interconnecting rod penetrates through the receiving hole, the first avoidance hole and the second avoidance hole, and a first connecting cap is disposed at one end of the interconnecting rod facing away from the reflection layer, and the first connecting cap is in contact with the first conductive sheet.

3. The antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, the reflection layer includes a second substrate layer and a second conductive sheet. The second conductive sheet is disposed on a surface of the second substrate layer facing away from the support layer, and the material of the second conductive sheet is MXene.

4. The antenna according to claim 3, characterized in that, a receiving hole extending in a first direction is formed on the support layer, a third avoidance hole is formed on the second substrate layer, a fourth avoidance hole is formed on the second conductive sheet, the receiving hole, the third avoidance hole and the fourth avoidance hole are sequentially communicated in the first direction, the antenna further includes an interconnecting rod, the interconnecting rod penetrates through the receiving hole, the third avoidance hole and the fourth avoidance hole, and a second connecting cap is disposed at one end of the interconnecting rod facing away from the radiation layer, and the second connecting cap is in contact with the second conductive sheet.

5. The antenna according to claim 2 or 4, characterized in that, the antenna further includes a sleeve, and the sleeve is sleeved on the interconnecting rod so that the sleeve is located between the inner wall of the receiving hole and the outer wall of the interconnecting rod.

6. The antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, The number of the first conductive sheets is at least five, one of the first conductive sheets is a main oscillator, and four of the first conductive sheets are reflection oscillators. Both the main oscillator and the reflection oscillators are circular, and the diameter of the main oscillator is d 1 , and the diameters of the four reflection oscillators are d 2 , d 3 , d 4 , and d 5 , where d 1 : d 2 : d 3 : d 4 : d 5 = 11:13:13:15:

15.

7. The antenna according to claim 6, characterized in that, The number of the first conductive sheets is eight, and three of the first conductive sheets are director elements. The shapes of the three director elements are all circular, and the diameters of the three director elements are d 6 , d 7 , d 8 , d 1 : d 6 : d 7 : d 8 = 11:10:7:

6.

8. The antenna according to claim 7, characterized in that, all the reflection oscillators are located on the same side of the main oscillator, and all the director oscillators are located on the other side of the main oscillator.

9. The antenna according to claim 8, characterized in that, The gaps between the main oscillator and the three director oscillators are l 1 , l 2 , l 3 , d 1 : l 1 : l 2 : l 3 = 11:12:22:

30.

10. The antenna according to claim 8, characterized in that, The gaps between the main oscillator and two of the reflection oscillators are l 4 and l 5 , d 1 : l 4 : l 5 = 11:11:

26.

11. A method for manufacturing an antenna, characterized in that, it includes: etching a first mask, and then attaching the first mask to the first substrate layer; coating MXene slurry at the mask holes of the first mask, and applying electricity to the MXene slurry at the mask holes to dry and solidify the MXene slurry at the mask holes to form a first conductive sheet; attaching the surface of the first substrate layer facing away from the first conductive sheet to the support layer; attaching the reflection layer to the surface of the support layer facing away from the first substrate layer.

12. The method for manufacturing an antenna according to claim 11, characterized in that, the method for preparing the MXene slurry includes: Mix at least two MXene aqueous solutions with different sheet sizes to form a first mixed solution; Centrifuge the first mixed solution to obtain an MXene slurry.

13. The method for preparing an antenna according to claim 12, characterized in that, Sodium L-ascorbate and / or PEDOT-PSS are also mixed in the first mixed solution.

14. The method for preparing an antenna according to claim 11, characterized in that, Before the first mask is attached to the first substrate layer, the surface of the first substrate layer is treated.

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