Method for preventing, delaying or ameliorating atopic diseases in children

Abstract

Compositions and methods for preventing, delaying, or ameliorating atopic diseases, such as food allergy, comprising administering to an infant during pregnancy or after birth a composition having an effective amount of Bifidobacterium and at least one glycan.

Description

1. Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to compositions and methods for preventing, delaying or ameliorating atopic diseases such as food allergies, and particularly to methods comprising administering a composition having an effective amount of Bifidobacterium and at least one polysaccharide to an infant during pregnancy or after birth. 2. Background technology

[0002] The prevalence of pediatric allergic disease (also known as atopic disease) is increasing worldwide, with many children suffering from eczema (i.e., atopic dermatitis) and / or allergy to at least one food. Atopic disease represents a failure of immune tolerance and subsequent overreaction to benign inhalant (i.e., environmental) or food allergens. Although there has been extensive research into the potential genetic, metabolomic, environmental, and socioeconomic predictors of atopic disease, current clinical guidance for allergic disease focuses on avoidance of allergens and acute treatment of exacerbations rather than prevention.

[0003] The prevention of atopic diseases in children needs to address several reasons that lead to the establishment or maintenance failure of immune system disorders and immune tolerance. In early infancy, skin barrier disorders and skin microbiome changes in the presence or absence of eczema enable food and inhalant allergens to sensitize infants and produce immune cells that migrate to the intestines or lungs, leading to food allergies or asthma, respectively. Additionally, infants born in the modern world lack important key intestinal microorganisms due to exposure to antibiotics, cesarean sections, lack of breastfeeding and / or their mothers suffer the same damage and are subject to cross-generational effects, and therefore also lack their functions. This intestinal dysbiosis (dysbiotic) microbiome cannot induce a tolerant state and leads to a pro-inflammatory environment that mischaracterizes benign antigens. Finally, there is usually a delay in the introduction of food in infancy, which is required for the optimal immune training of infants to specific foods (e.g., peanuts).

[0004] While individual solutions such as probiotics and food-introduced products have been developed, there remains a need for an easy-to-use, integrated solution that achieves optimal results in preventing pediatric allergic diseases such as eczema (i.e., atopic dermatitis), food allergies, and asthma, with the option of being administered prenatally or after birth. The present disclosure addresses these and other needs. 3. Summary of the invention

[0005] The present disclosure relates to compositions and methods for preventing, delaying or ameliorating pediatric atopic diseases such as food allergies. Specifically, the present disclosure provides a method for prophylactically treating pediatric allergic diseases by administering a composition comprising bifidobacteria and at least one polysaccharide. The composition can be administered prenatally during pregnancy or after birth.

[0006] The present disclosure provides a method for preventing, delaying or improving atopic diseases in infants, comprising administering a composition comprising an effective amount of bifidobacteria and at least one polysaccharide to the infant.

[0007] In certain embodiments, the Bifidobacterium may be from the Bifidobacterium longum group.

[0008] In certain embodiments, the Bifidobacterium may be Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis.

[0009] In certain embodiments, about 5 billion CFU to about 10 billion CFU of Bifidobacterium may be administered to an infant.

[0010] In certain embodiments, the at least one glycan may include a plant-based glycan.

[0011] In certain embodiments, at least one glycan may include an asparagine-linked glycan (N-glycan).

[0012] In certain embodiments, at least one polysaccharide may be peanut.

[0013] In certain embodiments, the at least one polysaccharide may be in the form of a powder.

[0014] In certain embodiments, the infant can be breastfed, formula fed, or a combination thereof.

[0015] In certain embodiments, the infant may be about 12 months old or younger.

[0016] In certain embodiments, the infant may be about 6 months old or younger.

[0017] In certain embodiments, the composition may be first administered to an infant within the first two weeks of life.

[0018] In certain embodiments, the compositions may be administered daily.

[0019] In certain embodiments, the atopic disease can be atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, asthma, or a combination thereof.

[0020] The present disclosure also provides a method for preventing, delaying or ameliorating atopic diseases in infants. The method comprises administering a composition comprising an effective amount of bifidobacteria and at least one polysaccharide to the mother of the infant prenatally during the infant's pregnancy.

[0021] In certain embodiments, the Bifidobacterium may be from the Bifidobacterium longum group.

[0022] In certain embodiments, the Bifidobacterium may be Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis.

[0023] In certain embodiments, about 5 billion CFU to about 10 billion CFU of Bifidobacterium may be administered to an infant.

[0024] In certain embodiments, the at least one glycan may include a plant-based glycan.

[0025] In certain embodiments, at least one glycan may include an asparagine-linked glycan (N-glycan).

[0026] In certain embodiments, at least one polysaccharide may be peanut.

[0027] In certain embodiments, the at least one polysaccharide may be in the form of a powder.

[0028] In certain embodiments, the compositions may be administered daily.

[0029] In certain embodiments, the atopic disease can be atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, asthma, or a combination thereof.

[0030] These and other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description. 4. Specific implementation methods

[0031] The subject matter disclosed herein relates to compositions and methods for preventing, delaying or improving atopic diseases in children. Such methods include administering a composition comprising bifidobacterium and at least one polysaccharide. The composition can be administered antenatally during the pregnancy of an infant or administered after the infant is born. In certain aspects, the methods disclosed herein advantageously provide prevention, delay or improvement of atopic diseases, rather than avoiding allergens or acute treatment of exacerbations caused by allergens. Therefore, the present disclosure provides an improved synbiotic composition (e.g., comprising bifidobacterium and one or more polysaccharides) for infant immune training, so as to reduce the risk of infants suffering from atopic diseases in children, without relying on the presence of breast milk human milk oligosaccharides (HMO).

[0032] These and other aspects of the disclosed subject matter are discussed in more detail below. For the sake of clarity, and not as a limitation, this detailed description is divided into the following subsections:

[0033] 4.1. Definitions; and

[0034] 4.2. Methods for preventing, delaying or improving atopic diseases.

[0035] 4.1. Definitions

[0036] The terms used in this specification generally have their ordinary meanings in the art within the context of the present disclosure and in the specific context in which each term is used. Certain terms are discussed below or elsewhere in the specification to provide additional guidance in describing the compositions and methods of the present disclosure and how to make and use them.

[0037] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0038] As used herein, the term "administering" means providing a given dose of Bifidobacterium to an infant as part of the infant's feeding or providing a given dose of Bifidobacterium to its mother antenatally (ie it is used as a food supplement).

[0039] As used herein, the connection term "and / or" between multiple listed elements is understood to include both single options and combined options. For example, where two elements are connected by "and / or", the first option refers to the application of the first element without the second element. The second option refers to the application of the second element without the first element. The third option refers to the application of the first element and the second element together. Any of these options is understood to fall within the meaning and therefore meets the requirements of the term "and / or" as used herein. The parallel applicability of more than one option is also understood to fall within the meaning and therefore meets the requirements of the term "and / or".

[0040] As used herein, the term "atopic dermatitis" or "eczema" refers to a chronic, recurring inflammatory skin disorder that causes itching and / or redness of the skin. Pruritus, or itchy skin, is the main symptom of atopic dermatitis, which can also have skin lesions ranging from mild erythema to severe lichenification to erythroderma. It is common in children but can occur at any age. Atopic dermatitis can be accompanied by asthma or hay fever. There is currently no cure for atopic dermatitis.

[0041] As used herein, the terms "atopic disease" and "allergic disease" are used interchangeably. Atopic diseases are a class of diseases in which the immune system produces immunoglobulin IgE in response to common environmental allergens that are generally considered harmless. Examples of atopic diseases include, but are not limited to, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and food allergies.

[0042] As used herein, the term "Bifidobacterium infantis" or "B. infantis" refers to the subspecies infantis of Bifidobacterium longum. Bifidobacterium infantis can be isolated and cultured using methods known in the art.

[0043] As used herein, the term "breast-feeding" means that an infant obtains at least some nutrition from human breast milk. The infant can be fed with milk, or breast milk can be squeezed out (e.g., with a pump or by hand) and given to the infant. A breast-fed infant can be at least about 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 90% or 95% breast-fed. Alternatively, the infant can be breast-fed only. As used herein, the term "breast-feeding only" means that the infant does not receive infant formula. Any caloric contribution from other sources during the first 3 months after birth, including any medium for delivering a drug, composition, or composition, is considered to be negligible.

[0044] As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

[0045] As used herein, the term "effective amount" refers to an amount of a regimen and / or composition sufficient to significantly induce a positive benefit, including independently or in combination with other benefits disclosed herein. This means that the amount and / or concentration of the active ingredient in the regimen and / or composition is sufficient to treat atopic disease in a child or reduce the onset or occurrence of the disease when the regimen and / or composition is applied at normal frequency and in normal amounts. The effective amount of the compound, extract or composition will vary with factors such as the age, health and environmental exposure status of the end user, the duration and nature of the treatment, the specific extract, ingredient or composition employed, and the specific pharmaceutically acceptable carrier used.

[0046] As used herein, the term "substantially free" or "essentially free" of an ingredient means containing less than 0.1 wt % or less than 0.01 wt % of the ingredient or containing no ingredient.

[0047] As used herein, the term "infant" refers to a human ranging in age from birth to about twelve months.

[0048] As used herein, the term "increased risk of developing atopic disease" means that the infant has a first-degree relative with a history of atopic disease (i.e., a biological parent or sibling with maternal-reported, physician-diagnosed atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, or asthma). The infant may be born vaginally or by cesarean section.

[0049] In order to provide a more concise description, some quantitative expressions given herein are not quantified with the term "about". It should be understood that, whether or not the term "about" is explicitly used, each quantity herein is intended to refer to the actual given value, and is also intended to refer to the approximate value of such given value that can be reasonably estimated by a person of ordinary skill in the art, including the approximate value of such given value caused by experimental and / or measurement conditions.

[0050] To provide a more concise description, some quantitative expressions herein are described as a range of about X amount to about Y amount. It should be understood that when describing a range, the range is not limited to the upper and lower limits described, but should include the entire range of about X amount to about Y amount or any amount or range therein.

[0051] Unless otherwise specified, all percentages, parts and ratios are based on the total weight of the compositions of the present invention. Unless otherwise specified, all such weights pertaining to listed ingredients are based on the level of that specific ingredient and, therefore, do not include carriers or by-products that may be included in commercially available materials.

[0052] 4.2. Methods for preventing, delaying or ameliorating atopic diseases

[0053] One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method for preventing, delaying or improving an atopic disease in an infant. The method comprises administering to the infant a composition comprising an effective amount of bifidobacteria and at least one polysaccharide. Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for preventing, delaying or improving an atopic disease in an infant, wherein the method comprises administering to the infant an effective amount of a composition comprising bifidobacteria and at least one polysaccharide antenatally during pregnancy. In certain aspects, the atopic disease may be atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, asthma, or a combination thereof.

[0054] The atopic disease may be selected from the group consisting of food allergies, allergic rhinitis, asthma and combinations thereof. Atopic disease may be atopic dermatitis (AD), which is caused by a combination of defective epidermal skin barrier function, T cell activation and dysbiosis of skin commensal microorganisms, and may precede the onset of other atopic diseases (e.g., food allergies, asthma and allergic rhinitis) in the so-called "atopic progression". Approximately one-third of children with AD develop food allergies due to transcutaneous allergic sensitization through eczematous skin. In fact, a unique AD endotype associated with food allergies has been identified, characterized by altered terminal epidermal differentiation, accompanied by altered collagen expression, T-helper 2 (Th2) immune transcripts, poor skin barrier function, and susceptibility to skin colonization and infection with Staphylococcus aureus.

[0055] The infant gut microbiome trains the immune system to maintain health and prevent disease. A healthy infant gut microbiome can be established by the abundance and function of optimal microorganisms, which can be supported by matching prebiotics. Certain bifidobacteria, such as Bifidobacterium infantis, are the cornerstone of the infant gut microbiome, which has been shown to train the infant immune system, however, this particular microorganism has disappeared with modernization. The abundance and function of Bifidobacterium infantis can be supported by breast milk human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), which are mediated by Bifidobacterium infantis HMO utilization genes. If Bifidobacterium infantis expresses unique carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), the abundance and function of Bifidobacterium infantis can also be supported by glycans. The CAZymes of Bifidobacterium infantis can metabolize glycans, including glycoside hydrolases that can metabolize β-1,3-linked glycosides. Asparagine-linked glycans (N-glycans) have structural similarities to HMOs, and Bifidobacterium infantis can metabolize them through N-glycan utilization genes. N-glycans can be components of infant diets. Peanuts contain glycans that are often introduced in early childhood to promote immune tolerance, thereby reducing the risk of peanut food allergy. Therefore, the present disclosure is directed to an improved synbiotic regimen for Bifidobacterium infantis that can metabolize N-glycans, such as peanut, to support the growth and function of Bifidobacterium infantis in non-breastfed infants and promote the health of all infants who are not dependent on breastfeeding.

[0056] Improvement with respect to any of the above conditions can be measured by methods known in the art. For example, the eczema area and severity index (EASI) can be used to measure improvement in the severity of atopic dermatitis. The improvement or improvement can be with respect to the condition of an infant not treated with the composition.

[0057] Composition

[0058] In certain embodiments, the composition may include Bifidobacterium and at least one glycan.

[0059] Bifidobacterium is a genus of Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria that resides in the gastrointestinal tract, vagina and oral passages of mammals, including humans. Suitable bifidobacteria may be those having at least one human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) gene cluster. The bifidobacteria may be bifidobacteria similar to infantis. In one or more embodiments, the bifidobacteria are selected from the group consisting of: longum, breve, bifidum, pseudocatenulatum, globosum, adolescentis, moukalabense, reuteri, pseudolongum, B. dentium), B.catenulatum, B.sp002742445, B.callitrichos, B.scardovii, B.tissieri, B.subtile, B.gallinarum, B.choerinum, B.angulatum, B.primatium, B.myosotis ), B. mongoliense, B. merycicum, B. lemurum, B. stellenboschense, B. scaligerum, B. saguini, B. pullorum, B. felsineum, B. eulemuris, B. cuniculi, B. calli trichos_A), Bifidobacterium biavatii, Bifidobacterium anseris, B. vansinderenii, B.sp900551485, B.sp003952945, B.sp003952025, B.sp003952005, B.simiarum, B.pseudolongum_C, B.parmae, B.margollesii, B.kashiwanohense_A), Bifidobacterium italicum, Bifidobacterium imperatoris, Bifidobacterium cricetid, Bifidobacterium catulorum, Bifidobacterium callitrichidarum, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium aesculapii, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the bifidobacterium is selected from the group consisting of: Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium kreis, and combinations thereof. In one or more embodiments, the bifidobacterium is a subspecies of Bifidobacterium longum selected from the group consisting of: Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium suis, Bifidobacterium infantis, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the bifidobacterium is Bifidobacterium infantis. In one or more embodiments, the bifidobacterium includes strain EVC001. In certain embodiments, the bifidobacterium may be administered without any other probiotics. For example, in a particular embodiment, the bifidobacterium may be formulated to be substantially free of any other probiotics. .

[0060] The intestinal microbiome profile of an infant can be tested and monitored using methods known in the art to determine colonization with bifidobacteria. Stool samples can be used in such methods.

[0061] Bifidobacteria can be included in a composition that is easy to use and allows for consistent dosing. The fermentation product produced from bifidobacteria can be concentrated and freeze-dried to provide a concentrated powder. The composition can contain about 1 million, about 500 million, about 1 billion, 2 billion, 3 billion, 4 billion, 5 billion, 6 billion, 7 billion, 8 billion, 9 billion, 10 billion or 12 billion to about 8 billion, 9 billion, 10 billion, 20 billion, 30 billion, 40 billion, 50 billion, 60 billion, 70 billion, 80 billion, 90 billion, 100 billion, 200 billion, 250 billion or 500 billion colony forming units (CFU) of bifidobacteria per gram dry weight.

[0062] In certain embodiments, the composition may include one or more glycans. As used herein, "glycan" refers to carbohydrate-based polymers, also known as polysaccharides, particularly those that can help bifidobacteria grow and / or colonize bifidobacteria in the intestine. In certain embodiments, the one or more glycans may be plant-based glycans. In certain embodiments, the one or more glycans may be asparagine-linked glycans (N-glycans). In one or more embodiments, the one or more glycans are derived from legumes, particularly peanuts. The one or more glycans may be in the form of a powder. It should be noted that as a byproduct of processing peanut ingredients, other components may also be contained in the peanut polysaccharides (e.g., the composition may also contain peanut protein, fat, etc. that are naturally present in peanuts).

[0063] In certain aspects, it is contemplated that other strains of B. infantis that can metabolize glycans introduced in early childhood may be used.

[0064] The composition containing bifidobacteria may also contain auxiliary components. Such auxiliary components are those commonly used in the art and can be selected from metabolites, leveling agents or combinations thereof. Examples of leveling agents include starch, silicon dioxide, cellulose, sodium bicarbonate, calcium silicate, etc.

[0065] The final form of the composition can be any form known in the art. As described above, the bifidobacterium can be a powder in a dry form (e.g., spray-dried or freeze-dried). The powder can be administered in a sachet, pouch, tablet, food, capsule, lozenge, suspension, dry form, etc.

[0066] Application

[0067] One aspect of the disclosure provides for administering the composition to an infant after birth. Another aspect of the disclosure provides for administering the composition to an infant antenatally during pregnancy.

[0068] The dosage and frequency of administration can be selected as desired. For example, the composition can be administered once daily. In such examples, a once daily dose can contain about 5 billion to 10 billion or about 8 billion CFU. It is also contemplated that the total desired dose will be divided into smaller doses. It is also contemplated that examples may include smaller doses. Examples may include doses several times a day (e.g., 2, 3, 4, or 5 times a day).

[0069] The total dose administered per day may be in the range of about 1 million, 500 million, 1 billion, 2 billion, 3 billion, 4 billion, 5 billion, 6 billion, 7 billion, 8 billion, 8 billion, 10 billion or 12 billion to about 8 billion, 9 billion, 10 billion, 20 billion, 30 billion, 40 billion, 50 billion, 60 billion, 70 billion, 80 billion, 90 billion, 100 billion, 200 billion, 250 billion or 500 billion colony forming units (CFU) of Bifidobacterium. The total dose administered per day may be in the range of about 5 billion CFU to about 10 billion CFU, or about 8 billion CFU. Such total dose values ​​may be given in one dose.

[0070] The composition can be applied within the first 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 weeks after birth, or from the first 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 months after birth. The composition can be applied for the first time within the first 2 weeks after birth. In certain embodiments, the composition can be applied within the first 2 weeks after birth, until the 12th week after birth. In certain aspects, the composition can be applied to infants 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 month old or younger. The composition can be applied to infants 12 months or younger or 3 months or younger.

[0071] Infant can be breast-fed, formula-fed, or its combination.Therefore, in certain embodiments, infant can obtain at least some nutrition from human breast milk.Infant can be fed with milk, or can squeeze out breast milk (for example, with pump or by hand) and give to infant.The infant of breast-fed can be at least about 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 90% or 95% breast-fed.The remainder of infant nutrition can be derived from infant formula or other food.Alternatively, the infant of breast-fed can be only breast-fed, and does not accept infant formula.Any heat contribution from other sources during the first 3 months after birth, including medicine, composition or any medium for delivering composition is considered to be negligible.In certain embodiments, infant can be only formula-fed.

[0072] ***

[0073] Although the system and method have been described in conjunction with various embodiments of the specification, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes may be made to the embodiments without departing from the broad inventive concept of the present disclosure. Therefore, it should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, and is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the claims.

[0074] It should be understood that certain features of the present invention are described in the context of separate embodiments for the sake of clarity, but may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. That is, unless clearly incompatible or explicitly excluded, each individual embodiment is considered to be combinable with any other embodiment, and such combination is considered to be another embodiment. Conversely, various features of the present invention are described in the context of a single embodiment for the sake of simplicity, and may also be provided separately or in any sub-combination. Finally, although an embodiment may be described as part of a series of steps or part of a more general structure, each of the steps itself may also be considered an independent embodiment and may be combined with other embodiments.

[0075] It should be understood that the steps of the exemplary methods set forth herein do not necessarily need to be performed in the order described, and the order of the steps of such methods should be understood to be exemplary only. Similarly, additional steps may be included in such methods, and in the method that meets various embodiments of the present invention, some steps may be omitted or combined. Although the elements in the following method claims (if any) are narrated with the specific sequence with corresponding marks, unless the claim narration implies the specific sequence for implementing some or all of those elements in addition, those elements are not necessarily intended to be limited to implementing in this specific sequence.

[0076] It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that modifications may be made to the above embodiments without departing from the broad inventive concept of the present invention. Therefore, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, but the present invention is intended to cover modifications consistent with the spirit and scope of the present invention, as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for preventing, delaying or improving an atopic disease in an infant, the method comprising administering to the infant a composition comprising an effective amount of Bifidobacterium and at least one polysaccharide.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the Bifidobacterium is from the Bifidobacterium longum group.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the Bifidobacterium is Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis.

4. The method of claims 1 to 3, wherein about 5 billion CFU to about 10 billion CFU of the Bifidobacterium are administered to the infant.

5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the at least one polysaccharide comprises a plant-based polysaccharide.

6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the at least one glycan comprises an asparagine-linked glycan (N-glycan).

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the at least one polysaccharide is derived from peanut.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the at least one polysaccharide is in the form of a powder.

9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the infant is breastfed, formula fed, or a combination thereof.

10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the infant is about 12 months old or younger.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the infant is about 6 months old or younger.

12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the composition is first administered within the first two weeks after birth of the infant.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the composition is administered daily.

14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the atopic disease is atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, asthma, or a combination thereof.

15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the Bifidobacterium expresses a carbohydrate active enzyme.

16. A method for preventing, delaying or ameliorating an atopic disease in an infant, the method comprising administering a composition comprising an effective amount of bifidobacteria and at least one polysaccharide to a mother of the infant during the pregnancy of the infant.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the Bifidobacterium is from the Bifidobacterium longum group.

18. The method according to claim 16 or 17, wherein the Bifidobacterium is Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis.

19. The method of claims 16 to 18, wherein about 5 billion CFU to about 10 billion CFU of the Bifidobacterium are administered to the infant.

20. The method of any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the at least one glycan comprises a plant-based glycan.

21. The method of any one of claims 16 to 20, wherein the at least one glycan comprises an asparagine-linked glycan (N-glycan).

22. The method of any one of claims 16 to 21, wherein the at least one polysaccharide is derived from peanut.

23. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 22, wherein the at least one polysaccharide is in the form of a powder.

24. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 23, wherein the composition is administered daily.

25. The method of any one of claims 16 to 24, wherein the atopic disease is atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, asthma, or a combination thereof.

26. A composition comprising Bifidobacterium and at least one polysaccharide derived from peanut.

27. The composition of claim 26, wherein the composition is in the form of a powder.

28. A composition according to claim 26 or 27, wherein the Bifidobacterium is from the Bifidobacterium longum group.

29. The composition according to any one of claims 26 to 29, wherein the Bifidobacterium is Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis.