Hydrogen generation using ammonia

Abstract

The invention relates to hydrogen generation using ammonia. The hydrogen generation system includes a reaction chamber, an elongated cathode, an ammonia inlet, a hydrogen outlet, and a collection outlet. The reaction chamber has an input end and an output end. A wall of the reaction chamber between the input and the output is an anode. An elongated cathode extends through the interior of the reaction chamber between the input and output ends. The ammonia inlet is positioned to introduce liquid ammonia into the reaction chamber such that the liquid ammonia flows in a direction from the input end to the output end. The hydrogen outlet is located at the output end, and hydrogen generated in the reaction chamber leaves the reaction chamber through the hydrogen outlet. The collecting outlet is located at the output end. The nitrogen-containing compound leaves the reaction chamber through the collection outlet.

Description

[0001] Cross - Reference to Related Applications

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 610,027, entitled “Hydrogen Gas Generation Using Ammonia,” filed on December 14, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure generally relates to fuel generation and, more particularly, to generating hydrogen from ammonia. Background Art

[0004] Carbon emissions are a concern in many industries. Reducing carbon emissions has become a goal for many industries to mitigate the impact of carbon on the climate. In the aviation industry, various measures have been adopted to reduce carbon emissions. For example, airlines have optimized routes, reduced taxi - out times, and implemented weight - reduction strategies. Airlines have also changed maintenance schedules to increase fuel efficiency. Other measures include retiring older aircraft and replacing them with more fuel - efficient models.

[0005] Regarding aircraft, in addition to more fuel - efficient designs, newer propulsion systems are being used, resulting in even lower carbon - emission levels. For example, aircraft with propulsion systems using hydrogen as fuel are being developed. Hydrogen has advantages compared to the fuels currently in use. Hydrogen burns cleanly compared to the carbon emissions released by current fuels and releases only water vapor. Technologies involved in hydrogen propulsion systems include hydrogen internal combustion engines, fuel cells, gas turbines, and other components. Summary of the Invention

[0006] One embodiment of the present disclosure provides a hydrogen - generation system that includes a reaction chamber, an elongated cathode, an ammonia inlet, a hydrogen outlet, and a collection outlet. The reaction chamber has an input end and an output end. The wall of the reaction chamber between the input end and the output end is an anode. The elongated cathode extends through the interior of the reaction chamber between the input end and the output end. The ammonia inlet is positioned to introduce liquid ammonia into the reaction chamber such that the liquid ammonia flows in a direction from the input end to the output end. The hydrogen outlet is at the output end, where hydrogen gas generated in the reaction chamber exits the reaction chamber through the hydrogen outlet. The collection outlet is at the output end. The nitrogen - containing compound exits the reaction chamber through the collection outlet.

[0007] Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a hydrogen generation system that includes a reaction chamber, an elongated cathode, an ammonia inlet, a hydrogen outlet, a collection outlet, and an ultrasonic transducer. The reaction chamber has an input end and an output end. The wall of the reaction chamber between the input end and the output end is the anode. The elongated cathode extends through the interior of the reaction chamber between the input end and the output end. The ammonia inlet is positioned to tangentially input pressurized liquid ammonia into the reaction chamber such that the pressurized liquid ammonia flows in a spiral path toward the output end. The hydrogen outlet is at the output end. The collection outlet is at the output end. The nitrogen-containing compound exits the reaction chamber through the collection outlet. The ultrasonic transducer system is configured to generate an ultrasonic signal that increases the rate of hydrogen generation within the reaction chamber.

[0008] Yet another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure provides a hydrogen generation system that includes reactors. Each reactor in the reactors includes a reaction chamber having an input end and an output end, wherein the wall of the reactor is the anode; an elongated cathode that extends through the interior of the reaction chamber between the input end and the output end; an ammonia inlet that is positioned to tangentially input pressurized liquid ammonia into the reaction chamber such that the pressurized liquid ammonia flows in a spiral path toward the output end; a hydrogen outlet at the output end; a collection outlet at the output end, wherein the nitrogen-containing compound exits the reaction chamber through the collection outlet; and an ultrasonic transducer system that is configured to generate an ultrasonic signal that increases the rate of hydrogen generation within the reaction chamber. The reactors are connected in series, wherein the collection outlet of one reactor is connected to the ammonia inlet of the next reactor in the series.

[0009] Yet another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method for generating hydrogen. Liquid ammonia is input into the reaction chamber through the ammonia inlet, wherein the liquid ammonia flows through the reaction chamber, and wherein the wall of the reaction chamber is the anode and the elongated cathode is in the reaction chamber. An electric field is generated between the anode and the elongated cathode in the reaction chamber to extract hydrogen from the liquid ammonia. The hydrogen output from the hydrogen outlet exits the reaction chamber.

[0010] The features and functions may be implemented independently in various embodiments of the present disclosure or may be combined in still other embodiments, where further details can be seen with reference to the following description and the drawings. Description of the Drawings

[0011] The novel features that are considered to be characteristics of the exemplary embodiments are set forth in the appended claims. However, the exemplary embodiments and preferred usage modes, further objects, and features will be best understood by reference to the following detailed description of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure when read in conjunction with the drawings, wherein:

[0012] Figure 1 is an illustration of an aircraft in communication with a satellite according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0013] Figure 2is a block diagram example of a gas generation environment according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0014] Figure 3 is a block diagram example of a hydrogen generation system using multiple reactors according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0015] Figure 4 is an isometric view example of a reactor according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0016] Figure 5 is a top view example of a reactor according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0017] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram example of a hydrogen generation system having a multi-stage reactor according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0018] Figure 7 is a flowchart example of a process for generating hydrogen according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0019] Figure 8 is a flowchart example of a process for outputting a nitrogen-containing compound when generating nitrogen according to an exemplary environment;

[0020] Figure 9 is a flowchart example of a process for inputting liquid ammonia to generate hydrogen according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0021] Figure 10 is a block diagram example of an aircraft manufacturing and service method according to an exemplary embodiment; and

[0022] Figure 11 is a block diagram example of an aircraft in which an exemplary embodiment can be implemented. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Exemplary embodiments recognize and consider one or more different considerations described herein. For example, currently, cryogenic hydrogen is used for platforms such as aircraft. This form of hydrogen requires a large amount of space within the aircraft for storage, as well as equipment and energy to meet the temperature requirements for keeping the hydrogen at a low temperature.

[0024] Accordingly, it may be desirable to have an alternative mechanism for supplying hydrogen for fuel rather than using cryogenic hydrogen. One alternative involves generating hydrogen from ammonia. The hydrogen can be used in conjunction with currently available hydrogen propulsion systems. In one exemplary instance, an electric field generated between an anode and a cathode can be utilized to generate hydrogen from ammonia. Ultrasonic signals can also be used to increase the hydrogen generation rate. Additionally, the Lorentz force from a magnetic field can be used to further increase the hydrogen production rate.

[0025] Using ammonia to generate hydrogen in an aircraft results in a higher hydrogen volume content when generating hydrogen compared to storing cryogenic hydrogen in an aircraft. Additionally, liquid ammonia has fewer issues in terms of storage and use.

[0026] Accordingly, exemplary embodiments provide methods, apparatuses, and systems for generating hydrogen. In one exemplary instance, a hydrogen generation system includes a reaction chamber, an elongated cathode, an ammonia inlet, a hydrogen outlet, and a collection outlet. The reaction chamber has an input end and an output end. The wall of the reaction chamber between the input end and the output end is the anode. The elongated cathode extends through the interior of the reaction chamber between the input end and the output end. The ammonia inlet is positioned to introduce liquid ammonia into the reaction chamber such that the liquid ammonia flows in a direction from the input end to the output end. The hydrogen outlet is at the output end, where hydrogen generated in the reaction chamber exits the reaction chamber through the hydrogen outlet. The collection outlet is at the output end. The nitrogen-containing compound exits the reaction chamber through the collection outlet.

[0027] In another instance, a hydrogen generation system includes a reaction chamber, an elongated cathode, an ammonia inlet, a hydrogen outlet, a collection outlet, an ultrasonic transducer, and permanent magnets at the upper and lower covers of the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber has an input end and an output end. The wall of the reaction chamber between the input end and the output end is the anode. The elongated cathode extends through the interior of the reaction chamber between the input end and the output end. The ammonia inlet is positioned to tangentially input pressurized liquid ammonia into the reaction chamber such that the pressurized liquid ammonia flows in a spiral path toward the output end. The hydrogen outlet is at the output end. The collection outlet is at the output end. The nitrogen-containing compound exits the reaction chamber through the collection outlet. The ultrasonic transducer system is configured to generate ultrasonic signals that increase the rate of hydrogen generation within the reaction chamber. The permanent magnets also increase the reaction rate within the reactor by applying an additional stress to ammonia molecules by means of the Lorentz force.

[0028] Reference is now made to the drawings and specifically to Figure 1 , a graphical representation of an aircraft in communication with a satellite is depicted in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. In this exemplary instance, a commercial aircraft 100 has wings 102 and 104 attached to a fuselage 106. The commercial aircraft 100 includes an engine 108 attached to wing 102 and an engine 110 attached to wing 104.

[0029] The fuselage 106 has a tail 112. A horizontal stabilizer 114, a horizontal stabilizer 116, and a vertical stabilizer 118 are attached to the tail 112 of the fuselage 106.

[0030] In this instance, the engines 108 and 110 are hydrogen propulsion systems in the form of hydrogen combustion engines that operate using hydrogen. The hydrogen generation system for generating hydrogen can be located at several different positions in the commercial aircraft 100. For example, the reactor in the hydrogen generation system of the engine 108 can be located in at least one of the engine 108, the pylon 120, or the fuel tank 122.

[0031] In addition, the phrase "at least one" ("at least a kind", "at least one entity"), when used in combination with a list of items, means that different combinations of one or more of the listed items can be used, and only one of each item in the list may be required. In other words, "at least one" ("at least a kind", "at least one entity") means that any combination of the listed items and the number of items can be used, but not all items in the list are required. The items can be specific objects, things, or categories.

[0032] For example, by way of non-limitation, "at least one of item A, item B, or item C" can include item A, item A and item B, or item B. This example can also include item A, item B, and item C, or item B and item C. Of course, any combination of these items can exist. In some exemplary examples, "at least one" can be, for example but not limited to, two item As; one item B; and ten item Cs; four item Bs and seven item Cs; or other suitable combinations.

[0033] The location of the reactor in the hydrogen generation system can be selected to reduce the length of the hydrogen fuel pipeline from the reactor to the engine 108. Additional reactors of the hydrogen generation system are arranged at a similar location of the engine 110 to generate hydrogen for the engine 110. In this exemplary example, the reactor in the hydrogen generation system generates hydrogen from ammonia.

[0034] As used herein, "several", when referring to items, means one or more items. For example, "several different types of networks" is one or more different types of networks.

[0035] Now referring to Figure 2 , a block diagram example of a gas generation environment is depicted according to an exemplary embodiment. In this exemplary example, the hydrogen generation environment 200 includes components that can be implemented in a commercial aircraft 100 in Figure 1 .

[0036] In this exemplary example, the hydrogen generation system 202 in the hydrogen generation environment 200 generates hydrogen 203. In this example, the hydrogen power system 204 in the platform 206 uses the hydrogen 203.

[0037] The platform 206 can take several different forms. For example, the platform 206 can be selected from a mobile platform, a fixed platform, a land-based structure, a water-based structure, a space-based structure, an aircraft, a commercial aircraft, a rotary-wing aircraft, a tiltrotor aircraft, an inclined-wing aircraft, a vertical (upright, vertical) takeoff and landing aircraft, an electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicle, a personal air vehicle, a surface ship, a tank, a personal carrier, a train, a spacecraft, a space station, a satellite, a submarine, an automobile, a power plant, a bridge, a dam, a house, a manufacturing facility, a building, and other suitable types of platforms.

[0038] In this exemplary instance, the hydrogen power system 204 utilizes hydrogen 203 to operate the platform 206. For example, when the platform 206 takes the form of a vehicle such as an aircraft, the hydrogen power system 204 can be a hydrogen propulsion system 205 that provides at least one of thrust or power to the aircraft. In another instance, when the platform 206 takes the form of a building, the hydrogen power system 204 can be a hydrogen power generation system 207 that provides electricity to operate the building.

[0039] In this exemplary instance, the hydrogen generation system 202 includes a reactor 220. The reactor 220 utilizes liquid ammonia 222 to generate hydrogen 203. The reactor 220 includes several different components. As shown, the reactor 220 includes a reaction chamber 224, a cathode 219, an ammonia inlet 226, a hydrogen outlet 227, and a collection outlet 228.

[0040] The reaction chamber 224 is a physical structure having an interior. In this instance, the reaction chamber 224 has an input end 229 and an output end 230. In this instance, the wall 231 of the reaction chamber 224 is an anode 232. Additionally, in this instance, the cathode 219 can be an elongated cathode 225 within the reaction chamber 224 and extending through the interior of the reaction chamber 224 between the input end 229 and the output end 230. The elongated cathode 225 can be cylindrical, tubular, rod-shaped, or some other similar shape.

[0041] In this instance, the ammonia inlet 226 is positioned to introduce the liquid ammonia 222 into the reaction chamber 224 such that the liquid ammonia 222 flows in a direction from the input end 229 to the output end 230.

[0042] In this exemplary instance, the hydrogen outlet 227 is located at the output end 230, where the hydrogen 203 generated in the reaction chamber 224 exits the reaction chamber 224 through the hydrogen outlet 227. The collection outlet 228 is located at the output end 230. In this instance, the nitrogen-containing compound 246 exits the reaction chamber 224 through the collection outlet 228. The outlet or other component is at the output end 230, where this outlet is closer to the output end 230 than the input end 229.

[0043] In these exemplary instances, a component is located at an end such as output end 230, and the component can be physically located at the end. In another instance, the component can be positioned near the end. For example, the hydrogen outlet 227 can be located on the output end 230. In another instance, the collection outlet 228 can be at a distance from the output end 230 on the wall 231. These positions are shown as examples and are not meant to limit the ways in which the outlets can be positioned relative to the output end 230. For example, in other exemplary instances, the collection outlet 228 can also be located on the output end 230.

[0044] In this instance, hydrogen 203 is generated using the anode 232 and the elongated cathode 225. As shown, the electric field 241 generated between the anode 232 and the elongated cathode 225 causes hydrogen 203 to be generated from the liquid ammonia 222. The hydrogen 203 generated through this process flows out of the reaction chamber 224 through the hydrogen outlet 227.

[0045] Not all of the liquid ammonia 222 is used to generate hydrogen 203. In this exemplary instance, the nitrogen-containing compound 246 flows out of the reaction chamber 224 to the collection outlet 228. The nitrogen-containing compound 246 can include at least one of ammonia (NH3), nitrogen gas (N2), amide (NH2), and nitrogen hydride (NH).

[0046] In this instance, the flow of the liquid ammonia 222 through the reaction chamber 224 can be controlled based on the position of the ammonia inlet 226. For example, the ammonia inlet 226 can be positioned to tangentially input the liquid ammonia 222 into the reaction chamber 224 such that the liquid ammonia 222 flows in a spiral path 242 towards the output end 230.

[0047] In this instance, the tangential positioning can cause the ammonia inlet 226 to introduce the liquid ammonia 222 in a direction parallel to the surface of the wall 231 in the reaction chamber 224. Additionally, the liquid ammonia 222 can be introduced such that it is along a direction relative to the axis 272 extending through the center of the reaction chamber 224, in a manner that causes a vortex or swirling motion towards the output end 230.

[0048] In this exemplary instance, the liquid ammonia 222 is introduced into the reaction chamber 224 with a pressure difference 243 through the ammonia inlet 226. Additionally, in this instance, there is a pressure difference 243 in the liquid ammonia 222 between the input end 229 and the output end 230 of the reaction chamber 224.

[0049] The pressure difference 243 can be generated by the pressure system 244. In this instance, the pressure system 244 makes the liquid ammonia 222 a pressurized liquid that is pushed towards the output end 230. In another instance, the pressure difference 243 can be generated by the vacuum system 245. In this instance, the liquid ammonia 222 is under vacuum and is suctioned towards the output end 230. In yet another exemplary instance, the pressure difference can be generated by both the pressure system 244 and the vacuum system 245.

[0050] In these exemplary instances, additional components can be used to increase at least one of the hydrogen 203 generation efficiency or rate. For example, the hydrogen generation system 202 can further include an ultrasonic transducer system 260. The ultrasonic transducer system is a physical system composed of one or more ultrasonic transistors. The ultrasonic transducer system 260 generates an ultrasonic signal 261 that increases the hydrogen production rate within the reaction chamber 224 and degasses the elongated cathode 225 and anode 232.

[0051] Therefore, in this instance, the increase in the reaction rate of generating hydrogen 203 can be the result of introducing ultrasonic energy into the liquid ammonia 222 stream. Degassing involves the agitation of hydrogen molecules on the elongated cathode 225 and nitrogen-containing compounds 246 formed on the anode 232. Degassing is a physical force on the electrolytically formed hydrogen bubbles caused by the electric field 241.

[0052] In this instance, the ultrasonic energy in the ultrasonic signal 261 pushes the hydrogen 203 formed on the elongated cathode 225 to the hydrogen outlet 227 and pushes the gas in the nitrogen-containing compounds 246 formed on the elongated cathode 225 to the collection outlet 228. In addition to pushing the hydrogen 203 towards the output 230, the energy in the ultrasonic signal 261 also agitates the liquid ammonia 222 to release hydrogen 203. Therefore, the ultrasonic signal 261 pushes the hydrogen bubbles from the elongated cathode 225 and the nitrogen-containing compounds from the anode 232.

[0053] In another exemplary instance, the hydrogen generation system 202 can further include a magnetic field generator 270, which is a hardware system that generates a magnetic field 271. In this instance, the magnetic field generator 270 generates a magnetic field 271 in a field direction aligned with an axis 272 that extends centrally through the reaction chamber 224. In this instance, the axis 272 extends centrally through the elongated cathode 225. In this case, the elongated cathode 225 also extends centrally within the reaction chamber 224. In this instance, the magnetic field 271 increases hydrogen production using the Lorentz force.

[0054] In this instance, the liquid ammonia 222 is a polar molecule and can be affected by the magnetic field 271 very much like water. The generation of the magnetic field 271 along the axis 272 can increase hydrogen production by introducing the Lorentz force without additional energy being used to generate hydrogen 203. In other words, this increase in hydrogen production can occur without using additional input energy in the hydrogen generation system 202. This can occur when the magnetic field generator 270 uses a permanent magnet that does not require energy to generate the magnetic field 271.

[0055] In one example, the magnetic field generator 270 includes a first disc-shaped magnet 275 and a second disc-shaped magnet 276. The first disc-shaped magnet 275 can be located near the ammonia inlet 226. The second disc-shaped magnet 276 can be located near the hydrogen outlet 227. In this example, these disc-shaped magnets are permanent magnets that increase the reaction rate within the reactor. The magnetic field generated by these magnets applies additional stress to ammonia molecules by exerting a Lorentz force. This occurs without the need for energy to increase the hydrogen production rate.

[0056] Next, referring to Figure 3 , an example block diagram of a hydrogen production system using multiple reactors is depicted according to an exemplary embodiment. In this example, the hydrogen production system 300 is an example of a system that can also be used in a hydrogen production environment 200 to provide fuel for a platform 206.

[0057] In this example, the hydrogen production system 300 includes a reactor 302. In this example, each reactor in the reactor 302 can be implemented as the reactor 220 in Figure 2 . In this example, the reactors 302 are connected in series, where the collection outlet of one reactor is connected in series to the ammonia inlet of the next reactor. Additionally, a cooling structure 304 can also be present in the hydrogen production system 300. In this example, the reactor 302 is located within the cooling structure 304. This cooling structure is a physical structure that provides cooling for the reactor 302. In this example, liquid ammonia 306 is supplied into the cooling structure 304. The liquid ammonia 306 can be pressurized liquid ammonia 308. This liquid ammonia is fed into the cooling structure 304 before being pumped into the first reactor 310 in the reactor 302.

[0058] In this example, the cooling structure 304 and other components in the hydrogen production system 300 can be located in a platform 312, which can be selected from a mobile platform, a fixed platform, a terrestrial structure, an aquatic structure, a space structure, an aircraft, a commercial aircraft, a rotorcraft, a tiltrotor, an inclined-wing aircraft, a vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, an electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicle, a personal air vehicle, a surface ship, a tank, a personal carrier, a train, a spacecraft, a space station, a satellite, a submarine, an automobile, a power plant, a bridge, a dam, a house, a manufacturing facility, and a building.

[0059] Figure 2-3 Examples of the hydrogen production environment 200 in different components within the environment do not imply physical or architectural limitations on the manner in which the exemplary embodiments can be implemented. Other components can be used in addition to or in place of the example components. Some components may be unnecessary. Additionally, the boxes are shown to illustrate some functional components. One or more of these boxes can be combined, split, or combined and split into different boxes when implemented in the exemplary embodiments.

[0060] For example, the ammonia inlet 226 can be positioned to introduce liquid ammonia 222 into the reaction chamber 224 such that the liquid ammonia 222 flows toward the output end 230 without traveling in a helical path 242. For example, the path can be a straight path, an angled path, or some other path other than the helical path 242. As another example, there can be other components, such as a fuel line for hydrogen fuel or a fuel cell, although these components are not shown.

[0061] As another example, the anode 232 can be the input end 229, and the cathode 219 can be the output end 230. With this positioning of the electrodes, the magnetic field generator 270 can include a first magnet as part of the wall 231 or connected to the wall 231, and the second magnet can be in the form of a cylinder extending centrally within the reaction chamber 224. The two magnets are configured to generate a magnetic field 271 that points from the wall 231 toward the cylinder.

[0062] Next Figure 4 shows an example isometric view of a reactor according to an exemplary embodiment. In this exemplary instance, the isometric view of the reactor 400 is Figure 2 the embodiment of the reactor 220 in Figure 3 and the reactor 302 in

[0063] As shown, the reactor 400 includes a reaction chamber 401, which is in the form of a chambered cylinder. In this instance, the anode 402 is the wall 403 of the reaction chamber 401. As shown, the cathode 404 is formed by the inner cylinder 405. The axis 471 extends centrally through the inner cylinder 405 and the reaction chamber 401.

[0064] The ammonia inlet 407 is tangential to the reaction chamber 401. This inlet introduces liquid ammonia 408 such that the liquid ammonia 408 travels in a helical path toward the output end 409 of the reaction chamber 401.

[0065] In addition, in this instance, the hydrogen outlet 410 is located at the output end 409. In this instance, the hydrogen outlet 410 is located at the output end 409 by being on the output end 409. As shown, hydrogen 411 flows out of the reaction chamber 401 through the hydrogen outlet 410. In this instance, the inner cylinder 405 of the cathode 404 extends into the hydrogen outlet 410.

[0066] As shown, the collection outlet 412 is also located at the output end 409. In this instance, the collection outlet 412 is located at the output end by being in the wall 403 or in a position close to or adjacent to the output end 409. Thus, being located at the output end 409 can be on the output end 409, close to the output end 409, or adjacent to the output end 409. As shown in this instance, the nitrogen-containing compound 413 flows out of the reaction chamber 401 through the collection outlet 412.

[0067] In this exemplary instance, the ultrasonic transducer 420 is located at the input end 421 of the reaction chamber 401. The ultrasonic transducer 420 is positioned to generate ultrasonic signals that travel through the reaction chamber 401 in the direction 422. In this instance, this direction is aligned with the axis 471.

[0068] In addition, a first disc-shaped magnet 431 and a second disc-shaped magnet 432 are present and generate a magnetic field in a direction aligned with the axis 471. This magnetic field increases the rate of hydrogen gas 411 generation using the Lorentz force. In this instance, the reaction chamber 401 of the reactor 400 has a height 440 of 6 inches from the input end 421 to the output end 409.

[0069] Next, turning to Figure 5 , an example of a top view of the reactor is depicted according to an exemplary embodiment. In this instance, this view is a top view of the input end 421 taken along the direction of the line 5-5 in Figure 4 . In this view, the radius 500 of the reaction chamber 401 is 2 inches in this instance.

[0070] Figure 4 and Figure 5 Examples of the reactor 400 in Figure 2 are provided as exemplary implementations of the reactor 220 in Figure 3 and the reactor 302 in

[0071] Figure 4-5 . This example is not intended to limit the ways in which the reactor can be implemented in other exemplary instances. In another exemplary instance, the reaction chamber 401 can have a conical shape, such as a tapered cylinder. In yet another instance, the reaction chamber 401 can be hexagonal or another type of cylinder. The specific shape selected for the reaction chamber 401 can depend on the specific implementation or use. Figure 2 The example of the reactor 400 in

[0072] is an example of the reactor 220 in Figure 6 and is not intended to limit the ways in which the reactor can be implemented in other instances. For example, the positions of the magnets and electrodes can be changed. In another instance, the anode can be the input end 421 of the reactor 400, and the cathode can be the output end 409 of the reactor 400. In this instance, the wall 403 and the inner cylinder 405 are magnets. In addition, in this instance, the magnetic field can be aligned to point from the wall 403 towards the inner cylinder 405 of the reactor 400.

[0072] Next, referring to Figure 6 , a schematic diagram of a hydrogen generation system with a multi-stage reactor is depicted according to an exemplary embodiment. In this instance, the hydrogen generation system 600 is an exemplary implementation of the hydrogen generation system 300 in Figure 3 .

[0073] In this example, the hydrogen generation system 600 includes five reactors: reactor 601, reactor 602, reactor 603, reactor 604, and reactor 605. These reactors are located within a cooling structure 606. In this example, the cooling structure 606 is a physical structure in the form of a cooling jacket.

[0074] In this example, liquid ammonia is input into the cooling structure 606 through a coolant supply line 609. This liquid ammonia provides coolant for different components within the cooling structure 606 such as reactors 601, 602, 603, 604, and 605. The liquid ammonia travels through a liquid ammonia supply line 607 to the ammonia inlet of reactor 601. In this example, a pump 608 pumps the liquid ammonia through the liquid ammonia supply line 607 into reactor 601. This pump is an example of a pressure system that generates a pressure difference to form pressurized liquid ammonia entering the ammonia inlet of reactor 601.

[0075] As shown, these reactors are connected in series. As shown, the output point of each reactor is a collection outlet that is serially connected to the ammonia inlet of the next reactor. In this example, the collection outlet of reactor 601 is connected to the ammonia inlet of reactor 602 through a liquid ammonia supply line 611; the collection outlet of reactor 602 is connected to the ammonia inlet of reactor 603 through a liquid ammonia supply line 612; the collection outlet of reactor 603 is connected to the ammonia inlet of reactor 604 through a liquid ammonia supply line 613; and the collection outlet of reactor 604 is connected to the ammonia inlet of reactor 605 through a liquid ammonia supply line 614.

[0076] By feeding the nitrogen-containing compounds output from one reactor into another reactor, further refining of ammonia in the nitrogen-containing compounds can be used for gas generation. Thereby, more ammonia is converted into hydrogen.

[0077] The collection outlet of the last reactor 605 is output from the cooling structure 606 through a reactor system outlet 615. In this example, the nitrogen-containing compounds from reactor 605 can be recycled to the cooling structure 606, other stages of the cooling structure with reactors, or discarded.

[0078] As shown, the hydrogen outlets of reactors 601, 602, 603, 604, and 605 are connected to a hydrogen fuel line 620. This fuel line can be connected to a propulsion system in a platform (such as an aircraft). This fuel line can be connected to a fuel cell in the propulsion system or other systems that generate power or thrust for the platform.

[0079] Figure 6 An example of the hydrogen generation system 600 in Figure 2 is the hydrogen generation system 202 and Figure 3An example of an embodiment of the hydrogen generation system 300. This example is an instance and is not intended to limit the ways in which other examples can be implemented. For example, other exemplary instances can have other numbers of reactors, such as 5 reactors or 10 reactors. In yet another exemplary instance, the hydrogen generation system 600 can have one or more cooling structures in addition to the cooling structure 606, which have reactors that also generate hydrogen. In yet another exemplary instance, additional reactors can be present in the cooling structure, which are juxtaposed with the shown reactors, where these additional reactors are connected in series to generate hydrogen.

[0080] Next, turning to Figure 7 , a flowchart example of a process for generating hydrogen is depicted according to an exemplary embodiment. Figure 7 The process in Figure 2 can be implemented in the hydrogen generation system 202 in Figure 3 the hydrogen generation system 300 in Figure 6 and the hydrogen generation system 600 in

[0081] The process begins by inputting liquid ammonia through an ammonia inlet into a reaction chamber, where the liquid ammonia flows through the reaction chamber, and where the walls of the reaction chamber are anodes and an elongated cathode is in the reaction chamber (operation 700). The process generates an electric field between the anode and the elongated cathode in the reaction chamber, thereby extracting hydrogen from the decomposition of liquid ammonia (operation 702).

[0082] The process outputs the hydrogen from the hydrogen outlet out of the reaction chamber (operation 704). Thereafter, the process terminates.

[0083] In Figure 8 , a flowchart of a process for outputting a nitrogen-containing compound when generating nitrogen is depicted according to an exemplary environment. The process in this figure is an example of an operation that can be performed in conjunction with Figure 7 the operations in

[0084] The process outputs the nitrogen-containing compound from a collection outlet at an output point at the end of the reaction chamber (operation 800). Thereafter, the process terminates.

[0085] Next, referring to Figure 9 , a flowchart of a process for inputting liquid ammonia to generate hydrogen is depicted according to an exemplary embodiment. The process in this figure is an example of an operation that can be performed in conjunction with Figure 7 the operations in

[0086] The process tangentially inputs the liquid ammonia into the reaction chamber at an input point such that the liquid ammonia flows through the reaction chamber in a spiral path towards the hydrogen outlet and the collection outlet at the opposite end of the reaction chamber (operation 900). Thereafter, the process terminates.

[0087] The flowcharts and block diagrams in the depicted different embodiments illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of some possible implementations of the devices and methods in the exemplary embodiments. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagram can represent at least one of a module, section, function, or part of an operation or step. For example, one or more of the blocks can be implemented as program instructions, hardware, or a combination of program instructions and hardware. When implemented in hardware, the hardware can, for example, take the form of an integrated circuit that is manufactured or configured to perform one or more operations in the flowchart or block diagram. When implemented as a combination of program instructions and hardware, the implementation can take the form of firmware. Each block in the flowchart or block diagram can be implemented using a dedicated hardware system that performs different operations or a combination of dedicated hardware and program instructions run by the dedicated hardware.

[0088] In some alternative implementations of the exemplary embodiments, one or more of the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, in some cases, two blocks shown in succession can be executed substantially simultaneously, or the blocks can sometimes be executed in the reverse order - depending on the functionality involved. Additionally, other blocks can be added in addition to the blocks illustrated in the flowchart or block diagram.

[0089] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can be described in the context of an aircraft manufacturing and service method 1000 as shown in Figure 10 and an aircraft 1100 as shown in Figure 11 First, turning to Figure 10 , a block diagram example of the aircraft manufacturing and service method is depicted according to the exemplary embodiments. During the pre-production process, the aircraft manufacturing and service method 1000 can include performing Figure 11 the specification and design 1002 of the aircraft 1100 and the material procurement 1004.

[0090] During the production process, Figure 11 the component and sub-component manufacturing 1006 and system integration 1008 of the aircraft 1100 in Figure 11 are performed. Thereafter, Figure 11 the aircraft 1100 in

[0091] Each process of the aircraft manufacturing and service method 1000 can be performed by a system integrator, a third party, an operator, or some combination thereof. In these examples, the operator can be a customer. For purposes of description, the system integrator can include, but is not limited to, any number of aircraft manufacturers and prime system subcontractors; the third party can include, but is not limited to, any number of vendors, subcontractors, and suppliers; and the operator can be an airline, a leasing company, a military entity, a service organization, etc.

[0092] Reference is now made to Figure 11 , which depicts an example block diagram of an aircraft in which an exemplary embodiment can be implemented. In this example, the aircraft 1100 is produced by the aircraft manufacturing and service method 1000 in Figure 10 and can include an airframe 1102 having a plurality of systems 1104 and an interior 1106. Examples of the systems 1104 include one or more of a hydrogen propulsion system 1108, an electrical system 1110, a hydraulic system 1112, and an environmental system 1114. Any number of other systems can be included. Although an aerospace example is shown, different exemplary embodiments can be applied to other industries, such as the automotive industry.

[0093] The devices and methods implemented herein can be used in at least one stage of the aircraft manufacturing and service method 1000 in Figure 10 .

[0094] In one exemplary instance, Figure 10 the preparation or manufacture of components or subcomponents produced in component and subcomponent manufacturing 1006 in Figure 10 can be similar to that of components or subcomponents produced when the aircraft 1100 is used in Figure 10 . As yet another example, one or more device embodiments, method embodiments, or combinations thereof can be used in production stages such as Figure 10 component and subcomponent manufacturing 1006 and system integration 1008 processes in

[0095] . One or more device embodiments, method embodiments, or combinations thereof can be used when the aircraft 1100 is used in Figure 10 maintenance and service 1014 processes in

[0095] , or both. The use of several different exemplary embodiments can significantly accelerate the assembly of the aircraft 1100, reduce the cost of the aircraft 1100, or both accelerate the assembly of the aircraft 1100 and reduce the cost of the aircraft 1100.For example, a hydrogen generation system can be manufactured during component and sub - assembly manufacturing 1006 and integrated into an aircraft 1100 during system integration 1008. As another example, this type of hydrogen generation system can be added to the aircraft 1100 during maintenance and service 1014 to generate fuel for a hydrogen propulsion system in the aircraft 1100. The addition of the hydrogen generation system can be part of a retrofit, re - configuration, refurbishment, and other maintenance or service performed during maintenance and service 1014. In this exemplary instance, the hydrogen generation system can operate during use 1012 to supply gas as fuel for a hydrogen propulsion system 1108 in the aircraft 1100.

[0096] Accordingly, the exemplary instance provides methods, devices, and systems for generating hydrogen. The hydrogen can be used by a platform as fuel or an energy source. The hydrogen can be used to power a platform, provide thrust, or both. In one exemplary instance, a hydrogen generation system includes a reaction chamber, an elongated cathode, an ammonia inlet, a hydrogen outlet, and a collection outlet. The reaction chamber has an input end and an output end. The wall of the reaction chamber between the input end and the output end is the anode. The elongated cathode extends through the interior of the reaction chamber between the input end and the output end. The ammonia inlet is positioned to introduce liquid ammonia into the reaction chamber such that the liquid ammonia flows in a direction from the input end to the output end. The hydrogen outlet is at the output end, where the hydrogen generated in the reaction chamber exits the reaction chamber through the hydrogen outlet. The collection outlet is at the output end. The nitrogen - containing compound exits the reaction chamber through the collection outlet.

[0097] Thus, generating hydrogen in a platform such as an aircraft has benefits compared to the hydrogen sources of current propulsion systems used to generate thrust and power. In the exemplary instance, generating hydrogen from liquid ammonia on an aircraft is more efficient in terms of volume and storage temperature compared to cryogenic hydrogen.

[0098] In addition, the exemplary instance provides an increased hydrogen generation rate. In one exemplary instance, an ultrasonic transducer system can generate an ultrasonic signal that increases hydrogen generation and degasses the anode and cathode. Additionally, a magnetic field generator can be implemented that generates a magnetic field which, using the Lorentz force, also increases the rate of hydrogen generation. Moreover, when using materials such as permanent disks, using the magnetic field generator does not require additional energy.

[0099] More specifically, the present invention includes the following embodiments:

[0100] Embodiment 1. A hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600), comprising:

[0101] Reaction chambers (224, 401), said reaction chambers having an input end (229, 421) and an output end (230, 409), wherein the walls (231, 403) of the reaction chambers (224, 401) between the input end (229, 421) and the output end (230, 409) are anodes (232, 402);

[0102] An elongated cathode (225), said elongated cathode extending through the interior of the reaction chambers (224, 401) between the input end (229, 421) and the output end (230, 409);

[0103] Ammonia inlets (226, 407), said ammonia inlets being positioned to introduce liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) into the reaction chambers (224, 401) such that the liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) flows in a direction from the input end (229, 421) to the output end (230, 409);

[0104] A hydrogen outlet (227, 410) at the output end (230, 409), wherein hydrogen gas generated in the reaction chambers (224, 401) exits the reaction chambers (224, 401) through the hydrogen outlet (227, 410); and

[0105] A collection outlet (228, 412) at the output end (230, 409), wherein nitrogen-containing compounds (246, 413) exit the reaction chambers (224, 401) through the collection outlet (228, 412).

[0106] Embodiment 2. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 1, further comprising:

[0107] An ultrasonic transducer system (260), said ultrasonic transducer system being configured to generate an ultrasonic signal (261), said ultrasonic signal increasing the hydrogen generation rate within the reaction chambers (224, 401) and degassing the anodes (232, 402) and the elongated cathode (225).

[0108] Embodiment 3. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 1, further comprising:

[0109] A magnetic field generator (270), said magnetic field generator generating a magnetic field in a field direction aligned with an axis (272, 471), said axis extending centrally through the reaction chambers (224, 401) and extending centrally through the elongated cathode (225).

[0110] Embodiment 4. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 3, wherein the magnetic field generator (270) comprises:

[0111] a first disc-shaped magnet (275, 431) close to the ammonia inlet (226, 407); and

[0112] a second disc-shaped magnet (276, 432) close to the hydrogen outlet (227, 410).

[0113] Embodiment 5. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 1, wherein the ammonia inlet (226, 407) is positioned to tangentially input the liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) into the reaction chamber (224, 401) such that the liquid ammonia flows in a spiral path (242) towards the output end (230, 409).

[0114] Embodiment 6. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 1, wherein there is a pressure difference (243) in the liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) between the input end (229, 421) and the output end (230, 409) of the reaction chamber (224, 401).

[0115] Embodiment 7. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 1, wherein the pressure difference (243) is generated by a pressure system (244).

[0116] Embodiment 8. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 1, wherein the pressure difference (243) is generated by a vacuum system (245).

[0117] Embodiment 9. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 1, wherein the electric field generated between the anode (232, 402) and the elongated cathode (225) causes the hydrogen to be generated by the decomposition of the liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408).

[0118] Embodiment 10. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 1, wherein the reaction chamber (224, 401) is located in a platform (206), and the platform is selected from a mobile platform, a fixed platform, a land-based structure, a water-based structure, a space-based structure, an aircraft, a commercial aircraft, a rotorcraft, a tiltrotor, an inclined-wing aircraft, a vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, an electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicle, a personal air vehicle, a surface ship, a tank, a personal carrier, a train, a spacecraft, a space station, a satellite, a submarine, an automobile, a power plant, a bridge, a dam, a house, a manufacturing facility, and a building.

[0119] Embodiment 11. A hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600), comprising:

[0120] A reaction chamber (224, 401) having an input end (229, 421) and an output end (230, 409), wherein a wall (231, 403) of the reaction chamber (224, 401) between the input end (229, 421) and the output end (230, 409) is an anode (232, 402);

[0121] An elongated cathode (225) extending through the interior of the reaction chamber (224, 401) between the input end (229, 421) and the output end (230, 409);

[0122] An ammonia inlet (226, 407) positioned to tangentially introduce pressurized liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) into the reaction chamber (224, 401) such that the pressurized liquid ammonia (22, 306, 408) flows in a spiral path (242) towards the output end (230, 409);

[0123] A hydrogen outlet (227, 410) at the output end (230, 409);

[0124] A collection outlet (228, 412) at the output end (230, 409), wherein a nitrogen-containing compound (246, 413) exits the reaction chamber (224, 401) through the collection outlet (224, 412); and

[0125] An ultrasonic transducer system (260) configured to generate an ultrasonic signal (261) that increases the hydrogen generation rate within the reaction chamber (224, 401).

[0126] Embodiment 12. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 11, wherein the ultrasonic signal (261) increases the hydrogen generation rate within the reaction chamber (224, 401) and de-gasses the elongated cathode (225) and the anode (232, 402).

[0127] Embodiment 13. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 11, further comprising:

[0128] A magnetic field generator (270) that generates a magnetic field in a direction aligned with an axis (272, 471) that extends centrally through the reaction chamber (224, 401), where the axis extends centrally through the elongated cathode (225).

[0129] Embodiment 14. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 13, wherein the magnetic field generator (270) comprises:

[0130] A first disc-shaped magnet (275, 431) close to the ammonia inlet (226, 407); and

[0131] A second disc-shaped magnet (276, 432) close to the hydrogen outlet (227, 410).

[0132] Embodiment 15. A hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) comprising:

[0133] A reactor, wherein each reactor of the reactors comprises:

[0134] A reaction chamber (224, 401) having an input end (229, 421) and an output end (230, 409), wherein the wall (231, 403) of the reactor is an anode (232, 402);

[0135] An elongated cathode (225) that extends through the interior of the reaction chamber (224, 401) between the input end (229, 421) and the output end (230, 409);

[0136] An ammonia inlet (226, 407) positioned to tangentially input pressurized liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) into the reaction chamber (224, 401) such that the pressurized liquid ammonia (22, 306, 408) flows in a helical path (242) towards the output end (230, 409);

[0137] A hydrogen outlet (227, 410) at the output end (230, 409);

[0138] A collection outlet (228, 412) at the output end (230, 409), where the nitrogen-containing compound (246, 413) leaves the reaction chamber (224, 401) through the collection outlet (224, 412); and

[0139] An ultrasonic transducer system (260) configured to generate an ultrasonic signal (261) that increases the rate of hydrogen generation within the reaction chambers (224, 401), where the reactors are connected in series and the collection outlet (228, 412) of one reactor is connected in series to the ammonia inlet (226, 407) of the next reactor.

[0140] Embodiment 16. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 15, further comprising:

[0141] A cooling structure, wherein the reactors are located within the cooling structure.

[0142] Embodiment 17. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 16, wherein:

[0143] The pressurized liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) is fed into the cooling structure before being pumped into the first reactor of the reactors.

[0144] Embodiment 18. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 16, wherein the cooling structure having the reactors is located in a platform (206) selected from a mobile platform, a fixed platform, a land-based structure, a water-based structure, a space-based structure, an aircraft, a commercial aircraft, a rotary-wing aircraft, a tiltrotor aircraft, an inclined-wing aircraft, a vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, an electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicle, a personal air vehicle, a surface ship, a tank, a personal carrier, a train, a spacecraft, a space station, a satellite, a submarine, an automobile, a power plant, a bridge, a dam, a house, a manufacturing facility, and a building.

[0145] Embodiment 19. A hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600), comprising:

[0146] Reaction chambers (224, 401) having an input end (229, 421) and an output end (230, 409);

[0147] Anodes (232, 402);

[0148] Cathodes (219);

[0149] Ammonia inlets (226, 407) positioned to introduce liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) into the reaction chambers (224, 401) such that the liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) flows in a direction from the input end (229, 421) to the output end (230, 409);

[0150] A hydrogen outlet (227, 410) at the output end (230, 409), wherein hydrogen generated in the reaction chamber (224, 401) leaves the reaction chamber (224, 401) through the hydrogen outlet (227, 410); and

[0151] A collection outlet (228, 412) at the output end (230, 409), wherein nitrogen-containing compounds (246, 413) leave the reaction chamber (224, 401) through the collection outlet (228, 412).

[0152] Embodiment 20. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 19, wherein:

[0153] The wall (231, 403) of the reaction chamber (224, 401) between the input end (229, 421) and the output end (230, 409) is the anode (232, 402); and

[0154] The cathode (219) is an elongated cathode (225) extending through the interior of the reaction chamber (224, 401) between the input end (229, 421) and the output end (230, 409).

[0155] Embodiment 21. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to Embodiment 19, wherein:

[0156] The input end (229, 421) of the reaction chamber (224, 401) is the anode (232, 402); and

[0157] The output end (230, 409) of the reaction chamber (224, 401) is the cathode (219).

[0158] Embodiment 22. A method for generating hydrogen, the method comprising:

[0159] Inputting (700) liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) through an ammonia inlet (226, 407) into a reaction chamber (224, 401), wherein the liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) flows through the reaction chamber (224, 401), and wherein the wall (231, 403) of the reaction chamber (224, 401) is the anode (232, 402), and an elongated cathode (225) is in the reaction chamber (224, 401);

[0160] An electric field is generated (702) between the anode (232, 402) and the elongated cathode (225) in the reaction chamber (224, 401), thereby extracting hydrogen gas from the decomposition of the liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408); and

[0161] The hydrogen gas is output (704) from the hydrogen gas outlet (227, 410), leaving the reaction chamber (224, 401).

[0162] Embodiment 23. The method according to embodiment 20, further comprising:

[0163] Outputting (800) the nitrogen-containing compound (246, 413) from the collection outlet (228, 412) at the output point at the end of the reaction chamber (224, 401).

[0164] Embodiment 24. The method according to embodiment 23, wherein inputting the liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) comprises:

[0165] Tangentially inputting (900) the liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) into the reaction chamber (224, 401) at an input point such that the liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) flows through the reaction chamber (224, 401) in a spiral path (242) towards the hydrogen gas outlet (227, 410) and the collection outlet (228, 412) at the opposite end of the reaction chamber (224, 401).

[0166] The description of different exemplary embodiments is presented for purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments in the disclosed form. Different exemplary examples describe components that perform actions or operations. In an exemplary embodiment, a component can be configured to perform the described actions or operations. For example, a component can have a configuration or design of a structure that provides the component with the ability to perform the actions or operations described in the exemplary example as being performed by the component. Additionally, when using the terms "comprising," "including," "having," "containing," and variations thereof in this document, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "including" as an open transitional word and do not exclude any additional or other elements.

[0167] Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, different exemplary embodiments may provide different features compared to other desired embodiments. One or more of the selected embodiments are chosen and described in order to best illustrate the principles of the embodiments, practical applications, and to enable those of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure of the various embodiments with various modifications suitable for the intended specific uses.

Claims

1. A hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600), comprising: A reaction chamber (224, 401) having an input end (229, 421) and an output end (230, 409), wherein a wall (231, 403) of the reaction chamber (224, 401) between the input end (229, 421) and the output end (230, 409) is an anode (232, 402); an elongated cathode (225) extending through the interior of the reaction chamber (224, 401) between the input end (229, 421) and the output end (230, 409); an ammonia inlet (226, 407) positioned to introduce liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) into the reaction chamber (224, 401) such that the liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) flows in a direction from the input end (229, 421) to the output end (230, 409); a hydrogen outlet (227, 410) at the output end (230, 409), wherein hydrogen generated in the reaction chamber (224, 401) leaves the reaction chamber (224, 401) through the hydrogen outlet (227, 410); and A collecting outlet (228, 412) at the output end (230, 409), wherein nitrogen-containing compounds (246, 413) exit the reaction chamber (224, 401) through the collecting outlet (228, 412).

2. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to claim 1, further comprising: An ultrasonic transducer system (260) is configured to generate an ultrasonic signal (261) that increases the rate of hydrogen generation within the reaction chamber (224, 401) and degasses the anode (232, 402) and the elongated cathode (225).

3. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to claim 1, further comprising: A magnetic field generator (270) generates a magnetic field in a field direction aligned with an axis (272, 471) extending centrally through the reaction chamber (224, 401) and extending centrally through the elongated cathode (225).

4. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) according to claim 3, wherein the magnetic field generator (270) comprises: a first disk-shaped magnet (275, 431) proximate the ammonia inlet (226, 407); as well as A second disk magnet (276, 432) is proximate to the hydrogen outlet (227, 410).

5. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) of claim 1, wherein the ammonia inlet (226, 407) is positioned to input the liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) tangentially into the reaction chamber (224, 401) so that the liquid ammonia flows in a spiral path (242) toward the output end (230, 409).

6. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) of claim 1, wherein a pressure difference (243) exists in the liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408) between the input end (229, 421) and the output end (230, 409) of the reaction chamber (224, 401).

7. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) of claim 1, wherein the pressure difference (243) is generated by a pressure system (244).

8. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) of claim 1, wherein the pressure difference (243) is generated by a vacuum system (245).

9. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) of claim 1, wherein an electric field generated between the anode (232, 402) and the elongated cathode (225) causes the hydrogen to be generated by decomposing the liquid ammonia (222, 306, 408).

10. The hydrogen generation system (202, 300, 600) of claim 1, wherein the reaction chamber (224, 401) is located in a platform (206), the platform being selected from a mobile platform, a fixed platform, a land-based structure, a water-based structure, a space-based structure, an aircraft, a commercial aircraft, a rotorcraft, a tilt-rotor aircraft, a tilt-wing aircraft, a vertical take-off and landing aircraft, an electric vertical take-off and landing vehicle, a personal aerial vehicle, a surface vessel, a tank, a personal carrier, a train, a spacecraft, a space station, a satellite, a submarine, an automobile, a power plant, a bridge, a dam, a house, a manufacturing facility, and a building.

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