Iso-potential decoupled modular electrochemical workstation, method and three-electrode system

Abstract

The application provides an equipotential decoupling modular electrochemical workstation, a method and a three-electrode system, a reference electrode of the electrochemical workstation is grounded, a counter electrode is connected with a voltage driving module, the counter electrode, the voltage driving module and the reference electrode form a voltage driving system, a working electrode and the counter electrode form a current observation system through a transconductance, the application reduces the coupling degree between electrodes, realizes independence of the voltage driving system and the current observation system, optimizes the transconductance and electrode design, and greatly improves the sensitivity, accuracy and flexibility of the system. Precise micro-current trace detection can be realized, and the working electrode can be freely added or reduced, so that the workstation can adapt to various complex biochemical measurement requirements, and can effectively capture a small Faraday current change, and is suitable for high-precision electrochemical analysis and detection tasks.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the field of signal detection technology in electrochemistry industry, in particular to an equipotential decoupling modular electrochemical workstation, method and three-electrode system. BACKGROUND

[0002] The basic form of the current commercial three-electrode electrochemical workstation is that the counter electrode, the reference electrode and the working electrode are in the same feedback loop of an operational amplifier, and are in a highly coupled state. The control of the driving voltage is performed by controlling the reference electrode Ref and the working electrode WE, and the voltage monitoring of the main current loop from the counter electrode CE to the working electrode WE is lacking. In some measurements, such as trace analysis, the basic potentials among the Ref, CE and WE are required to be known and controllable, and in some biochemical applications, the reference electrode Ref and the working electrode WE are required to be equipotential, and an equipotential working surface is formed in the electrolyte, but the ordinary electrochemical workstation cannot achieve this conveniently.

[0003] Due to the high coupling between the counter electrode and the reference electrode, when multiple different counter electrodes exist in the electrolytic cell and work in sequence or simultaneously, the configuration is difficult to expand due to coupling. For example, when both CV (cyclic voltammetry) and EIS (electrochemical impedance measurement) are required for an electrolytic cell system, two electrochemical workstations must be used alternately to measure, and the installed reference electrode circuit must be replaced at the same time. Therefore, it is inconvenient to measure two different counter electrode circuits simultaneously using one reference electrode. SUMMARY

[0004] In view of the above problems, the present application innovatively provides an equipotential decoupling modular electrochemical workstation, method and three-electrode system, which reduces the coupling degree among the three electrodes through a new three-electrode system of the electrochemical workstation, and constitutes a new type of electrochemical workstation which can conveniently increase or decrease the working electrode. In biochemical related measurements, especially in micro-current trace detection, such as using low-frequency differential pulse voltammetry DPV, using an operational amplifier and a DAC to constitute a counter electrode, or performing electrochemical impedance measurement EIS, using a MOSFET to constitute a counter electrode, the measurement can be conveniently performed. The working electrode can be increased or decreased at will, and the Faraday current is measured by using the superposition principle.

[0005] The configuration of the electrochemical workstation is composed of the following parts: in the electrochemical system, the reference electrode is directly grounded, the counter electrode and the reference electrode form a first voltage drive system, the working electrode and the counter electrode form a current observation system through a transconductance, and the voltage drive system and the current observation system are independent of each other, thus becoming a three-electrode electrochemical workstation.

[0006] Specifically, the isopotential decoupling modular electrochemical workstation comprises an electrolytic cell, a transconductance and a microprocessor, wherein the electrolytic cell comprises a reference electrode, a counter electrode and a working electrode.

[0007] Preferably, the electrochemical workstation further comprises:

[0008] The reference electrode is grounded, the counter electrode is connected with a voltage drive module, and the counter electrode, the voltage drive module and the reference electrode form a voltage drive system.

[0009] The working electrode and the counter electrode form a current observation system through a transconductance.

[0010] The working electrode and the reference electrode have equal potentials, the counter electrode and the working electrode are each provided with at least one, the voltage drive module can adopt a first voltage drive circuit and / or a second voltage drive circuit, and the current observation system is provided with at least one.

[0011] The electrochemical workstation can ensure that the potentials of the working electrode and the reference electrode are equal through the design of the transconductance. The shapes of the reference electrode and the working electrode are designed to ensure that the solution impedances of the working electrode and the reference electrode with respect to the counter electrode are equal, so that the working electrode and the reference electrode have equal base currents. According to the current superposition principle, different substances combined on the surface of the reference electrode will generate additional Faraday currents through oxidation-reduction reactions, and these currents will be captured through the transconductance and then output to the microcontroller through the operational amplifier and the ADC.

[0012] Preferably, the first voltage drive circuit comprises a DAC, a subtracter and a voltage follower, wherein the DAC is used to convert the digital instructions sent by the microprocessor into an analog voltage and send the analog voltage to the subtracter, the subtracter adjusts the output range of the DAC from 0-V to -V / 2-V / 2, and then adjusts the output impedance through the voltage follower, and the other end of the voltage follower is connected to the counter electrode. The first voltage drive circuit is also connected with a positive and negative power generator for power supply.

[0013] Preferably, the second voltage drive circuit comprises a PWM, a drive circuit and a half-bridge circuit, wherein one end of the PWM is connected with the microprocessor, the other end of the PWM is connected with the drive circuit, the drive circuit is connected with the counter electrode through the half-bridge circuit, and the half-bridge circuit is also connected with the positive and negative power generator.

[0014] Preferably, the current observation system is composed of a transconductance, a reverse proportional device, an adder and an ADC.

[0015] Preferably, the transconductance comprises a current sampling resistor R1 and an operational amplifier.

[0016] The current sampling resistor R1 and the operational amplifier are connected in parallel, the positive input terminal of the first operational amplifier is grounded, the negative input terminal of the first operational amplifier is connected with the working electrode, the output terminal of the first operational amplifier is connected to the ADC through the reverse proportional device and the adder, and the other end of the ADC is connected to the microprocessor.

[0017] The reverse proportional device comprises a resistor R2, a resistor R3 and a second operational amplifier, wherein the positive input terminal of the second operational amplifier is grounded, the negative input terminal of the second operational amplifier is connected with the resistor R2 and the output terminal of the first operational amplifier, and the output terminal of the second operational amplifier is connected to the adder.

[0018] Preferably, the electrochemical workstation can be provided with one counter electrode or multiple counter electrodes according to actual needs.

[0019] Preferably, when the counter electrode 1 is provided:

[0020] The counter electrode 1 is connected with the first voltage driving circuit or the second voltage driving circuit.

[0021] Preferably, when the counter electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2 are provided:

[0022] The counter electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2 are symmetrically and equidistantly placed to form an equipotential liquid level surface, the reference electrode and the working electrode are symmetrically placed in the middle of the counter electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2, and the counter electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2 are respectively connected with the first voltage driving circuit and the second voltage driving circuit.

[0023] Preferably, the electrochemical workstation can be provided with one or more working electrodes, and each working electrode corresponds to one current observation system. That is, the current observation system can be provided with multiple working electrodes according to actual needs.

[0024] Based on the same inventive concept, the application further provides a detection method of the equipotential decoupling modular electrochemical workstation, which comprises the following steps:

[0025] The positive voltage and the negative voltage are provided by the positive and negative power supply generator; the microprocessor sends digital instructions to the voltage driving module, and the voltage conversion and voltage stabilization processing are performed and then sent to the counter electrode;

[0026] According to the current superposition principle, different substances combined on the surface of the reference electrode produce Faraday current through the redox reaction, the current will be captured by the transconductance, then output to the microcontroller through the reverse proportioner, adder and ADC for data monitoring and recording;

[0027] The voltage driving module adopts a first voltage driving circuit and / or a second voltage driving circuit.

[0028] The first voltage driving circuit specifically is:

[0029] The DAC is used to convert the digital instructions sent by the microprocessor into analog voltage and send to the subtracter; the subtracter adjusts the DAC output range 0-V to -V / 2-V / 2, and then outputs to the counter electrode via the voltage follower;

[0030] The second voltage driving circuit specifically is: the microprocessor sends digital instructions to the PWM for voltage conversion, and sends to the driving circuit, and then sends to the counter electrode by the driving circuit

[0031] Based on the same inventive concept, the application also provides a three-electrode system, preferably, the three-electrode system uses the isopotential decoupling modular electrochemical workstation as described above for detection.

[0032] Compared with the prior art, the application has the following technical effects:

[0033] The application provides an isopotential decoupling modular electrochemical workstation, a method and a three-electrode system. The design of the electrochemical workstation greatly improves the sensitivity, accuracy and flexibility of the system by reducing the coupling degree between electrodes, realizing the independence of the voltage driving system and the current observation system, optimizing the transconductance and electrode design. It can realize accurate micro-current trace detection and support the free addition and subtraction of working electrodes, so that the system can adapt to various complex biochemical measurement requirements. Through these technical innovations, the workstation can effectively capture the tiny Faraday current changes and is suitable for high-precision electrochemical analysis and detection tasks. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0034] Figure 1 The figure is a schematic diagram of the isopotential decoupling modular electrochemical workstation.

[0035] Figure 2 The figure is a schematic diagram of another isopotential decoupling modular electrochemical workstation.

[0036] Figure 3 The figure is a schematic diagram of another isopotential decoupling modular electrochemical workstation.

[0037] Figure 4 The figure is a schematic diagram of the transconductance.

[0038] Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the reverse comparator described in the present application.

[0039] Figure 6 Schematic diagram of another isopotential decoupling modular electrochemical workstation described in the present application

[0040] Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the electrode distribution described in the present application.

[0041] Figure 8 Schematic diagram of the reference electrode, counter electrode, and working electrode described in the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] In order for those skilled in the art to better understand the present application, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be described clearly and completely below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, not all. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor are within the scope of protection of the present application.

[0043] Embodiment one, as shown in the present application, an isopotential decoupling modular electrochemical workstation, aims to provide a high-sensitivity, high-precision electrochemical analysis platform, especially in micro-current trace detection and complex electrochemical measurement. Figures 1-3

[0044] Specifically, the electrochemical workstation includes an electrolytic cell, a transconductance, and a microprocessor. The electrolytic cell includes a reference electrode, a counter electrode, and a working electrode. The reference electrode is grounded and provides a stable potential as a reference in electrochemical testing. The counter electrode is connected through a voltage driving module for controlling the input of the voltage signal. This electrode is responsible for controlling the flow of current.

[0045] The reference electrode is grounded, and the counter electrode is connected with the voltage driving module. The counter electrode, the voltage driving module, and the reference electrode form a voltage driving system, which is responsible for applying or controlling the required voltage signal.

[0046] The working electrode and the counter electrode form a current observation system through the transconductance. The transconductance device can accurately control the flow and measurement of current, ensuring the stable distribution of current between different electrodes.

[0047] Among them, the potential of the working electrode and the reference electrode is equal, so as to ensure that there is no potential difference between the two, thereby reducing the measurement error.

[0048] ​The voltage driving module can adopt a first voltage driving circuit and / or a second voltage driving circuit; and the current observation system is provided with at least one.

[0049] The modular design of the application improves the flexibility and adjustability of the system, and the mode and parameters of voltage driving can be adjusted as needed.

[0050] The isopotential decoupling modular electrochemical workstation realizes high-sensitivity and high-precision electrochemical measurement by optimizing electrode configuration, independent voltage driving and current observation system, transconductance design and microprocessor control, and is especially suitable for micro-current trace detection, complex biochemical analysis and experimental requirements of multi-electrode configuration.

[0051] Preferably, the first voltage driving circuit comprises a DAC, a subtractor and a voltage follower; wherein the DAC is used to convert the digital command sent by the microprocessor into an analog voltage and send it to the subtractor; the subtractor adjusts the output range of the DAC from 0-V to -V / 2-V / 2, and then adjusts the output impedance via the voltage follower, and the other end of the voltage follower is connected to the counter electrode. Voltage conversion by the subtractor can ensure that the voltage signal is within a specific range of the working voltage of the counter electrode, so as to optimize the electrochemical reaction or reduce unnecessary signal deviation. The voltage follower is used to adjust the impedance of the output voltage to ensure stable transmission of the signal and avoid the load impact on the counter electrode and the electrolytic cell. It has high input impedance and low output impedance, so it can ensure accurate voltage control while reducing signal attenuation. The output end of the voltage follower is connected to the counter electrode to provide an accurately controlled voltage signal, thereby adjusting the current and potential in the electrochemical reaction.

[0052] Preferably, the second voltage driving circuit comprises a PWM, a driving circuit and a half-bridge circuit; wherein one end of the PWM is connected to the microprocessor, and the other end is connected to the driving circuit, which serves as an amplifier and converter to ensure that the PWM signal can effectively drive the half-bridge circuit and realize efficient voltage adjustment; the driving circuit is connected to the counter electrode through the half-bridge circuit; and the half-bridge circuit is also connected to a positive and negative power generator. Through the positive and negative power generator, it is ensured that it can provide sufficient positive and negative voltages, and in the subsequent operational amplifier, the power supply of the operational amplifier can also receive positive and negative voltages, so that the desired positive and negative currents can be output in the electrolytic cell.

[0053] The PWM signal is generated by the microprocessor and controls the switching frequency of the voltage driving circuit. The PWM signal adjusts the output voltage by changing the duty cycle to control the current.

[0054] The half-bridge circuit is used for converting the signal of the driving circuit into the voltage output required by the counter electrode. By switching between the positive and negative power supply through the switching tube (such as MOSFET), the half-bridge circuit can provide a high-precision, adjustable voltage to meet the precise control of the electrode potential in the electrochemical experiment.

[0055] Preferably, the current observation system is composed of a transconductance, a reverse proportional device, an adder and an ADC;

[0056] Preferably, as shown in the figure, the transconductance comprises a current sampling resistor R1 and an operational amplifier; Figure 4

[0057] The current sampling resistor R1 and the operational amplifier are connected in parallel, the positive input end of the first operational amplifier is grounded, and the negative input end of the first operational amplifier is connected with the working electrode; the output end of the first operational amplifier is connected to the ADC through the reverse proportional device and the adder, and the other end of the ADC is connected to the microprocessor. Preferably, the resistance value of the current sampling resistor R1 is 10k. Since the operational amplifier is powered by a bipolar power supply, the forward or reverse current can be collected. Since the positive input end of the transconductance is grounded like the reference electrode, according to the virtual short and virtual open principle of the operational amplifier, the negative input end of the transconductance is also at the same potential as the ground, that is, at the same potential as the reference electrode. Thus, the equipotential design is realized.

[0058] As shown in the figure, the reverse proportional device comprises a resistor R2, a resistor R3 and a second operational amplifier; wherein the positive input end of the second operational amplifier is grounded, the negative input end of the second operational amplifier is connected with the resistor R2 and the output end of the first operational amplifier; and the output end of the second operational amplifier is connected with the adder. Figure 5

[0059] Preferably, the electrochemical workstation of the present application can be provided with one counter electrode, or a plurality of counter electrodes according to actual needs.

[0060] Preferably, as shown in the figure, when the counter electrode 1 is provided: Figures 2-3

[0061] The counter electrode 1 is connected with the first voltage driving circuit or the second voltage driving circuit.

[0062] Preferably, as shown in the figure, when the counter electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2 are provided: Figure 1

[0063] As shown in the figure, the counter electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2 are symmetrically and equidistantly placed to form an equipressure liquid level surface, the reference electrode and the working electrode are symmetrically placed in the middle of the counter electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2; and the counter electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2 are respectively connected with the first voltage driving circuit and the second voltage driving circuit. Figure 7 ​​​​​

[0064] Preferably, as shown in the drawings, the electrochemical work station of the present application can be provided with one or more working electrodes; each of the working electrodes and the current observation system one-to-one correspondence. That is, the current observation system can be set according to the actual situation, multiple. Figure 6

[0065] Preferably, the reference electrode, the counter electrode and the working electrode used in the present application are screen-printed electrodes, as shown in the drawings. Figure 8 As shown in the drawings, the outer layer of the circular arc and the inner layer of the circle are concentric, but not limited thereto.

[0066] The electrochemical work station of the present application can ensure that the potential of the working electrode and the reference electrode is equal through the design of the transconductance. By designing the shape of the reference electrode and the working electrode, it can be ensured that the respective solution impedance of the working electrode and the reference electrode to the point is equal, so as to have equal basic current. According to the current superposition principle, different substances combined on the surface of the reference electrode will produce Faraday current through oxidation-reduction reaction, and these currents will be captured by the transconductance and then output to the microcontroller through the operational amplifier and the ADC.

[0067] In embodiment 2, the present application also provides a detection method of the isopotential decoupling modular electrochemical work station, which comprises the following steps:

[0068] The positive and negative power supply generators provide positive and negative voltages; the microprocessor sends digital instructions to the voltage drive module, which converts and stabilizes the voltage and then sends it to the counter electrode;

[0069] According to the current superposition principle, different substances combined on the surface of the reference electrode will produce Faraday current through oxidation-reduction reaction, and these currents will be captured by the transconductance and then output to the microcontroller through the reverse proportioner, the adder and the ADC for data monitoring and recording;

[0070] The voltage drive module uses a first voltage drive circuit and / or a second voltage drive circuit.

[0071] The first voltage drive circuit is specifically:

[0072] The DAC is used to convert the digital instructions sent by the microprocessor into analog voltage and send it to the subtracter; the subtracter adjusts the DAC output range 0-V to -V / 2-V / 2, and then outputs it to the counter electrode via the voltage follower;

[0073] The second voltage drive circuit is specifically: the microprocessor sends digital instructions to the PWM for voltage conversion, and then sends it to the drive circuit, which sends it to the counter electrode.

[0074] ​The application can monitor the current change in the electrochemical reaction in real time by precisely controlling the voltage and combining the current superposition principle, and provide accurate information for data analysis. The electrochemical workstation described in the application can be widely applied in the fields of electrochemical experiments, sensor research, material characterization and the like.

[0075] In embodiment 3, the application further provides a three-electrode system, preferably, the three-electrode system is detected by using the isopotential decoupling modular electrochemical workstation as described above.

[0076] Although the example embodiments have been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the above-described example embodiments are merely exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of the present application. Those of ordinary skill in the art can make various changes and modifications without departing from the scope and spirit of the present application. All such changes and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present application as claimed in the appended claims.

[0077] Those of ordinary skill in the art can realize that the units and electrical functional processes of the examples described in combination with the embodiments disclosed herein can be realized in electronic hardware or in combination with alternative electronic components. Whether the functions are performed in hardware or software depends on the specific application and design constraints of the technical solution. Those of ordinary skill in the art can use different methods to implement the described functions for each specific application, but such implementation should not be considered beyond the scope of the present application.

[0078] In several embodiments provided in the present application, it should be understood that the disclosed devices and methods can be implemented in other ways. For example, the above-described device embodiments are merely illustrative, for example, the division of the units is only a logical functional division, and actual implementation can have another division manner, for example, multiple units or components can be combined or integrated into another device, or some features can be ignored or not executed.

[0079] The various component embodiments of the present application can be implemented in hardware, or as software modules running in one or more processors, or in combinations thereof. As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) can be used in practice to implement some or all of the functionality of some of the modules according to embodiments of the present application. It is noted that the term "first" and "second" and the like, merely denote a difference, and do not necessarily imply or require any actual relationship or order between the entities or operations so designated. Also, the terms "comprises", "comprising", or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but can also include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by "comprises... a" does not, without more constraints, exclude the presence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.

[0080] While the present application has been described in connection with the above specific embodiments, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous substitutions, modifications and changes can be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the application as set forth in the appended claims.

Claims

1. An isopotentially decoupled modular electrochemical workstation, comprising: Electrolytic cell, transconductance, microprocessor The electrolytic cell includes a reference electrode, a counter electrode, and a working electrode; characterized in that it further includes: The reference electrode is grounded, the counter electrode is connected to the voltage drive module, and the counter electrode, the voltage drive module, and the reference electrode form a voltage drive system. The working electrode and the counter electrode form a current observation system through transconductance; Wherein, the working electrode and the reference electrode have the same potential; at least one counter electrode and one working electrode are provided; the voltage driving module includes a first voltage driving circuit and / or a second voltage driving circuit; at least one current observation system is provided; The first voltage driving circuit includes: a DAC, a subtractor, and a voltage follower; The second voltage driving circuit includes: PWM, driving circuit and half-bridge circuit; The current observation system consists of a transconductance converter, an inverting proportional converter, an adder, and an ADC.

2. The isopotentially decoupled modular electrochemical workstation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The DAC is used to convert digital instructions sent by the microprocessor into analog voltages and send them to the subtractor; after the subtractor adjusts the DAC output range from 0-V to -V / 2-V / 2, it adjusts the output impedance via the voltage follower, the other end of which is connected to the counter electrode.

3. The isopotentially decoupled modular electrochemical workstation according to claim 2, characterized in that, One end of the PWM is connected to the microprocessor, and the other end is connected to the drive circuit. The drive circuit is connected to the counter electrode through a half-bridge circuit. The half-bridge circuit is also connected to a positive and negative power generator.

4. The isopotentially decoupled modular electrochemical workstation according to claim 3, characterized in that, The transconductance includes a current sampling resistor R1 and a first operational amplifier; The current sampling resistor R1 is connected in parallel with the first operational amplifier. The positive input terminal of the first operational amplifier is grounded, and the inverting input terminal of the first operational amplifier is connected to the working electrode. The output terminal of the first operational amplifier is connected to the ADC through an inverting amplifier and an adder. The other end of the ADC is connected to the microprocessor.

5. The isopotentially decoupled modular electrochemical workstation according to claim 4, characterized in that, The inverting amplifier includes resistors R2 and R3 and a second operational amplifier; wherein, the positive input terminal of the second operational amplifier is grounded, the inverting input terminal of the second operational amplifier is connected to resistor R2 and to the output terminal of the first operational amplifier; the output terminal of the second operational amplifier is connected to an adder.

6. An isopotentially decoupled modular electrochemical workstation according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, Also includes: Set counter electrode 1; The counter electrode 1 is connected to either the first voltage driving circuit or the second voltage driving circuit.

7. An isopotentially decoupled modular electrochemical workstation according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, Also includes: Set counter electrode 1 and counter electrode 2; The counter electrode 1 and counter electrode 2 are placed symmetrically and at equal intervals to form an isobaric liquid level surface. The reference electrode and the working electrode are symmetrically placed between the counter electrode 1 and counter electrode 2. The counter electrode 1 and counter electrode 2 are respectively connected to the first voltage driving circuit and the second voltage driving circuit.

8. The isopotentially decoupled modular electrochemical workstation according to claim 7, characterized in that, Also includes: Set one or more working electrodes; Each of the described working electrodes and current observation systems corresponds one-to-one.

9. A detection method for an isopotentially decoupled modular electrochemical workstation according to any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that, The method includes: Positive and negative voltages are provided by positive and negative power generators; digital instructions are sent by the microprocessor to the voltage drive module, which performs voltage conversion and regulation before sending them to the counter electrode; Based on the principle of current superposition, different substances bonded to the surface of the reference electrode generate Faraday current through redox reactions. The current is captured by the transconductance and then output to the microcontroller through an inverting proportionalizer, adder and ADC for data monitoring and recording. The voltage drive module employs a first voltage drive circuit and / or a second voltage drive circuit. The first voltage driving circuit is specifically as follows: The DAC converts digital instructions sent by the microprocessor into analog voltages and sends them to the subtractor; the subtractor adjusts the DAC output range from 0-V to -V / 2-V / 2 and then outputs it to the counter electrode via the voltage follower. The second voltage drive circuit specifically consists of: the microprocessor sending digital instructions to the PWM for voltage conversion, and then sending them to the drive circuit, which in turn sends them to the counter electrode.

10. A three-electrode system, characterized in that, The three-electrode system is detected using an isopotentially decoupled modular electrochemical workstation as described in any one of claims 1-8.

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