GIS-based method for selecting high-lying depressions as the upper reservoir site for pumped storage power stations

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for selecting high-level depressions as upper reservoirs for pumped-storage power stations based on GIS, and relates to the technical field of site selection for pumped-storage power stations. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining data on upper and lower reservoirs in the proposed site selection area; identifying and extracting depressions as the selected site using maximum closed contour lines; calculating the basic engineering properties of the selected site; selecting upper reservoir sites that meet basic construction conditions based on terrain properties; and scoring and calculating the optimal ranking of the selected sites. The present invention utilizes important terrain indicators to select closed high-level depressions near sufficient water sources that meet construction requirements as preferred sites, and provides the shortest water transfer path and optimal ranking for the upper and lower reservoirs, thereby achieving batch, accurate, and rapid site selection and improving the site selection efficiency of pumped-storage power stations.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of site selection for pumped storage power stations, and in particular to a site selection method for selecting high-lying depressions as upper reservoirs for pumped storage power stations based on GIS. Background Art

[0002] As a negative landform, depressions require minimal excavation, saving significant investment in excavation and support. Natural high-lying depressions on both sides of a water source offer the advantage of differential potential energy. Furthermore, areas where high-lying depressions develop often have abundant wind and solar resources, providing energy sources for the integrated construction of "water, wind, and solar" multi-energy systems. Therefore, high-lying depressions are ideal locations for constructing upper reservoirs for pumped-storage power plants. Especially in the context of increasingly scarce land resources, the locational resource advantages of using high-lying depressions as upper reservoirs for pumped-storage power plants are becoming increasingly apparent.

[0003] However, the large-scale selection of natural high-lying depressions suitable for the construction of pumped-storage power station upper reservoirs presents technical challenges such as difficulty in quantifying indicators, voluminous data, complex processes, and low efficiency. In the past, site selection for pumped-storage reservoir construction was mostly based on manual comparisons through field surveys, or the screening of candidate sites within a relatively small area. These methods are time-consuming, labor-intensive, inefficient, and subject to significant subjective influence when selecting and screening large numbers of candidate sites within a large area.

[0004] In recent years, with the development of geographic information technology, the site selection efficiency of pumped storage power stations has been greatly improved, but it has also exposed many shortcomings. From the perspective of site selection scope, Chinese patent CN116644286A discloses a method for identifying pumped-storage sites applicable to multiple spatial scales. However, this method is only applicable to existing reservoirs as candidate sites, and misses many sites with excellent terrain conditions. From the perspective of site selection accuracy, Chinese patent CN118863242A discloses a GIS-based method, system, device, and medium for site selection of pumped-storage power stations in existing reservoirs. Sites are screened by preset buffer distances, so the results are greatly affected by the preset values. Chinese patent CN118536657A discloses a method, electronic device, and storage medium for site selection of pumped-storage power stations. From the perspective of site selection method, terrain low points are extracted as candidate sites based on digital elevation model data of the studied area. The terrain advantages and water source conditions of the upper and lower reservoirs are not fully considered. In practice, it is found that the target low points extracted by this patent are limited by a preset depth threshold, and the determination of candidate catchment areas and storage capacity calculation operations can only be performed on a single target point, which is not conducive to batch and large-scale screening.

[0005] Therefore, to address the above problems, this research team proposed a method that uses important terrain indicators to screen high-lying depressions near water sources that meet construction requirements as preferred sites, and provides the shortest water transfer routes and optimal sorting of upper and lower reservoirs to achieve batch, accurate and fast site selection. Summary of the Invention

[0006] In order to solve the above problems, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for selecting a site for a pumped storage power station by selecting a high-lying depression based on GIS, thereby realizing rapid site selection for a pumped storage power station, comprising the following steps: S100, obtaining data on the upper reservoir and the lower reservoir in the area to be selected;

[0007] S200, using the maximum closed contour line to identify and extract depressions as general election station sites;

[0008] S300, calculate the basic engineering properties of the general election site;

[0009] S400, select the upper reservoir site that meets the basic construction conditions according to the terrain attributes;

[0010] S500, scoring and calculating the preferred sites to obtain the optimal ranking;

[0011] Furthermore, the S100 specifically includes the following steps:

[0012] S101. Determine the data boundary of the proposed general election area according to planning requirements and create boundary vector data;

[0013] S102. Obtain digital elevation model data of the proposed general election area through public website information or drone aerial photography. The higher the accuracy of this data, the more conducive it is to site selection;

[0014] S103. Obtain water source data within the proposed general election area through public website information, including geographic vector data of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, oceans, and other water sources;

[0015] Furthermore, the step S200 specifically includes the following steps:

[0016] S201, using digital elevation model data to perform hydrological analysis to obtain a non-sag area, then using a raster calculator to calculate the difference between the non-sag digital elevation model and the digital elevation model obtained in S102, the digital elevation model difference being the depression depth value, and then reclassifying into areas with a depth of 0 and areas with a depth less than 0, merging the reclassified results, and converting the merged raster areas into vector surfaces, which are the rough areas of the station site;

[0017] S202. The digital elevation model data obtained in S102 and the rough site area obtained in S201 are extracted according to the mask to obtain the digital elevation model data of the rough site area, and contour lines are generated in the rough site area. The contour lines are converted into contour surfaces. The topological structure relationship of the collinear contour surfaces is utilized to extract the maximum closed contour surface as the site range of the upper reservoir. This is used as the general selection site, and on this basis, the upper reservoir that meets the construction conditions is screened.

[0018] Furthermore, the step S300 specifically includes the following steps:

[0019] S301, using the general election station site vector data extracted in S202 and the digital elevation model data of the proposed site area obtained in S102 as input data, using the mask extraction tool in GIS to obtain the digital elevation model data of each general election station site;

[0020] S302: Using the digital elevation model data of the general election station site obtained in S301 as the grid surface before filling and excavation, and using the non-depression area obtained in S201 as the grid surface after filling and excavation, the volume change between the two volume surfaces is calculated, which is the volume of the general election station site.

[0021] S303: Using the general election station site vector data extracted in S202 as the statistical area, and the general election station site digital elevation model data obtained in S301 as the original data containing statistical data values, using the zoning statistics tool in GIS, calculate the minimum elevation within the general election station site area, and use this as the valley bottom elevation of the general election station site;

[0022] S304: Obtain the water source vector data within the proposed general election area according to S103 and the general election station site data extracted in S202, perform a nearest neighbor analysis, extract the distance and location of the general election station site closest to the water source, and use this location as the lower reservoir matching the upper reservoir;

[0023] S305 and S304 only extract the location of the lower reservoir. Therefore, the XY coordinates of the upper reservoir are used as the starting coordinates of the line segment, and the XY coordinates of the lower reservoir are used as the ending coordinates of the line segment. The line feature is constructed using XY conversion. The line feature obtained at this time is the shortest water transfer path between the upper and lower reservoirs.

[0024] S306: Perform geographic intersection processing on the shortest water transfer path between the upper and lower reservoirs and the water source vector data within the proposed general election area obtained in S103, and the intersection point is the lower reservoir site;

[0025] S307, based on the XY coordinates of the upper reservoir site and the XY coordinates of the lower reservoir site, use the distance formula L= Calculate the horizontal distance between the upper and lower reservoirs (X1 and Y1 represent the X and Y coordinates of the upper reservoir site, respectively; X2 and Y2 represent the X and Y coordinates of the lower reservoir site, respectively);

[0026] S308. Based on the digital elevation model data of the proposed site selection area obtained in S102 and the location of the lower reservoir site obtained in S306, use the value extraction to point tool to obtain the elevation value of the lower reservoir site. Subtract the elevation value of the valley bottom of the general election site obtained in S303 from this elevation value to obtain the head of the upper and lower reservoirs.

[0027] S309. Calculate the ratio of the horizontal distance between the upper and lower reservoirs obtained in S307 to the head of the upper and lower reservoirs obtained in S308. The result is the distance-height ratio of the upper and lower reservoirs.

[0028] Furthermore, the screening conditions of S400 by volume and distance-height ratio are: V1 ≤ volume ≤ V2 and H1 ≤ head ≤ H2 and L1 ≤ distance-height ratio ≤ L2 (V1 is the minimum allowable volume of the upper reservoir, V2 is the maximum allowable volume of the upper reservoir; H1 is the minimum allowable head of the upper and lower reservoirs, H2 is the maximum allowable head of the upper and lower reservoirs; L1 is the minimum allowable distance-height ratio of the upper and lower reservoirs, L2 is the maximum allowable distance-height ratio of the upper and lower reservoirs).

[0029] Furthermore, S500 calculates the scores of the preferred site selections to obtain the optimal ranking. Different interval values and corresponding scores are set for the volume, head, and distance-height ratio obtained from the preferred site selections in the proposed site selection area according to construction needs. Calculate the total score of each preferred site selection and rank the preferred site selections from high to low.

[0030] Still further, S500 sets different interval values and corresponding scores for the volume, head, and distance-height ratio obtained from the preferred site selections in the proposed site selection area. Specifically, the volume is divided into 3 segments with A1 and A2 as the dividing lines. When A1 < V ≤ V2, the score is 100. When A2 < V ≤ A1, the score is 75. When V1 < V ≤ A2, the score is 50. The head is divided into 3 segments with B1 and B2 as the dividing lines. When H1 < H ≤ B2, the score is 100. When B2 < H ≤ B1, the score is 75. When B1 ≤ H ≤ H2, the score is 50. The distance-height ratio is divided into 3 segments with C1 and C2 as the dividing lines. When L1 ≤ L ≤ C1, the score is 100. When C1 < L ≤ C2, the score is 75. When C2 < V ≤ L2, the score is 50. Calculate the total score of each preferred site selection and rank the preferred site selections from high to low.

[0031] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: through data collection and processing, standby data for the upper and lower reservoirs are obtained; maximum closed contour lines are used to identify and extract depressions as the general candidate site for the upper reservoir; the upper reservoir's nearest water source, such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and the sea, is analyzed as the lower reservoir; and terrain factors that can be quickly and quantitatively extracted and analyzed and are decisive for engineering projects, such as volume, head, and distance-to-height ratio, are calculated; volume, head, and distance-to-height ratio values ​​are obtained through terrain digital analysis methods such as mask extraction, cut-and-fill calculation, zoning statistics, nearest neighbor analysis, XY line conversion, intersection, and value extraction to points; then, the upper reservoir site that meets basic construction conditions and the shortest water transfer path between the upper and lower reservoirs are screened based on volume, head, and distance-to-height ratio values, and different interval values ​​and corresponding scores are set for optimal sorting. This achieves the large-scale, precise, and rapid selection of closed depressions on high ground on both sides of the water source as pumped-storage power station sites, and accurately obtains the optimal site in the proposed site area through score sorting, greatly improving the site selection efficiency of pumped-storage power stations. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of a specific embodiment of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the distribution of depressions in the proposed general election area according to a specific embodiment of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the shortest water transfer path between the upper and lower reservoirs and the lower reservoir site according to a specific embodiment of the present invention;

[0035] Figure 4 This is a table showing the calculation results of basic engineering properties of general election sites according to a specific embodiment of the present invention;

[0036] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of one of the preferred upper reservoir sites that meets the basic construction conditions selected by the specific embodiment of the present invention;

[0037] Figure 6 This is a table of scoring and optimal ranking results for the preferred sites according to the specific implementation of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0038] The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. The exemplary embodiments and descriptions of the present invention are used to explain the present invention but are not intended to limit the present invention.

[0039] The GIS-based method for selecting high-lying depressions as the site selection method for the upper reservoir of a pumped storage power station is as follows: Figure 1 , including the following steps:

[0040] S100, obtaining data on the upper reservoir and the lower reservoir in the proposed general election area, specifically including the following steps:

[0041] S101. A certain river basin area where a pumped storage power station project is planned to be constructed shall be used as the boundary of the general election area, and boundary vector data shall be established in ArcGIS software;

[0042] S102. Obtain topographic data of the proposed general election area through public website information or drone aerial photography, select regional digital elevation model data with a resolution of 12.5m, use ArcGIS software to perform georeferencing and submerged film extraction, and obtain the digital elevation model of the proposed general election area in S101. In this embodiment, the data is downloaded from the website of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States.

[0043] S103. Obtain water source data within the proposed general election area through public website information, select data from the 1:250,000 national basic geographic database, including water source elements such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and the sea, and then use ArcGIS software to perform georeferencing and vector clipping to obtain the water source data of the lower reservoir within the proposed general election area in S101. The data in this embodiment is downloaded from the website of the National Geographic Information Resource Directory Service System.

[0044] S200, using the maximum closed contour line to identify and extract depressions as general election station sites, specifically including the following steps:

[0045] S201. Perform hydrological analysis on the digital elevation model data obtained in S102 in ArcGIS software to obtain the non-sag area. Then use the raster calculator to calculate the difference between the non-sag digital elevation model and the digital elevation model obtained in S102. The difference in the digital elevation model is the depression depth value. Then reclassify the area into areas with a depth of 0 and areas with a depth less than 0. Merge the reclassified results into regions, and convert the merged raster areas into vector surfaces. The vector surface at this time is the rough area of ​​the station site.

[0046] S202, using the digital elevation model data obtained in S102 and the rough depression area obtained in S201 to extract by mask, obtain a digital elevation model of the rough depression area, and use bilinear interpolation to generate contour lines in the rough depression area. In this embodiment, the contour line spacing is set to 2m, and the generated contour lines are converted into contour surface vectors by element conversion. Based on the topological structure relationship of the collinear contour surfaces, the largest closed contour surface in the depression is extracted as the accurate boundary of the depression, which is used as the general election station site. Figure 2 shown.

[0047] S300, calculating the basic engineering properties of the general election site, specifically including the following steps:

[0048] S301, using the general election station site vector data extracted in S202 and the digital elevation model data of the proposed site area obtained in S102 as input data, using the mask extraction tool in GIS to obtain the digital elevation model data of each general election station site;

[0049] S302. Using the digital elevation model data of the general election station site obtained in S301 as the grid surface before excavation and filling, and using the non-depression area obtained in S201 as the grid surface after excavation and filling, calculate the volume change between the two volume surfaces, which is the volume of the general election station site. The volume obtained in this embodiment only refers to the volume of the area below the saddle point of the depression under natural terrain conditions, and does not consider the construction of dams in the saddle point of the depression.

[0050] S303: Using the general election station site vector data extracted in S202 as the statistical area, and the general election station site digital elevation model raster data obtained in S301 as the original data containing statistical data values, the zoning statistical tool in GIS is used to calculate the minimum elevation within the general election station site area, i.e., the statistical value is MINIMUM. The minimum value of all pixels in the value raster belonging to the same area as the output pixel is determined, and this value is used as the valley bottom elevation of the general election station site.

[0051] S304: According to S103, the water source vector data within the proposed general election area and the general election station site data extracted in S202 are obtained, and a nearest neighbor analysis is performed to extract the distance and position of the upper reservoir general election station site closest to the water source. This position is used as the lower reservoir matching the upper reservoir. In this embodiment, the XY coordinates of the lower reservoir obtained by the nearest neighbor analysis are stored in the attribute table of the upper reservoir general election station site. The XY coordinates of the upper reservoir general election station site are the XY coordinates of the geometric centroid of the vector surface.

[0052] S305 and S304 only extract the XY coordinates of the lower reservoir and store them in the attribute table of the upper reservoir general election station site. Therefore, the attribute table of the upper reservoir general election station site is required as the input table. The XY coordinates of the upper reservoir are used as the starting coordinates of the line segment, and the XY coordinates of the lower reservoir are used as the end coordinates of the line segment. The XY line conversion method is used to construct a line feature. The resulting line feature is the shortest water transfer path between the upper and lower reservoirs. In this embodiment, the default line type is the geodesic line type.

[0053] S306, perform geographic intersection processing on the shortest water transfer path of the upper and lower reservoirs and the water source vector data in the proposed general election area obtained in S103. The intersection output type of this embodiment is POINT, and the intersection point POINT is the lower reservoir site, such as Figure 3 As shown;

[0054] S307, based on the XY coordinates of the upper reservoir site and the XY coordinates of the lower reservoir site, use the distance formula L= Calculate the horizontal distance between the upper and lower reservoirs (X1 and Y1 represent the X and Y coordinates of the upper reservoir site respectively, and X2 and Y2 represent the X and Y coordinates of the lower reservoir site respectively);

[0055] S308. Based on the digital elevation model data of the proposed site selection area obtained in S102 and the location of the lower reservoir site obtained in S306, use the value extraction to point tool to obtain the elevation value of the lower reservoir site. Subtract this elevation value from the valley bottom elevation value of the general election site obtained in S303 to get the water head between the upper and lower reservoirs;

[0056] S309. Calculate the ratio of the horizontal distance between the upper and lower reservoirs obtained in S307 to the water head between the upper and lower reservoirs obtained in S308. The result is the distance-height ratio between the upper and lower reservoirs. The calculation result of this embodiment is as Figure 4 shown;

[0057] S400. Screen out the upper reservoir sites that meet the basic construction conditions according to the terrain attributes, which specifically includes the following steps:

[0058] S401. The screening conditions are: V1 ≤ volume ≤ V2 and H1 ≤ water head ≤ H2 and L1 ≤ distance-height ratio ≤ L2 (V1 is the minimum allowable volume of the upper reservoir, V2 is the maximum allowable volume of the upper reservoir; H1 is the minimum allowable water head between the upper and lower reservoirs, H2 is the maximum allowable water head between the upper and lower reservoirs; L1 is the minimum allowable distance-height ratio between the upper and lower reservoirs, L2 is the maximum allowable distance-height ratio between the upper and lower reservoirs). In this embodiment, V1 = 1.5 million m 3 , V2 = 6 million m 3 , H1 = 400 m, H2 = 800 m, L1 = 2, L2 = 7. One of the preferred upper reservoir sites that meet the basic construction conditions screened out in this embodiment is as Figure 5 shown.

[0059] S500. Calculate the score for the preferred sites to obtain the optimal ranking, which specifically includes the following steps: According to the construction requirements of this embodiment, set different intervals and corresponding scores for the volume, water head, and distance-height ratio obtained for the preferred sites in the proposed site selection area. The volume is divided into 3 segments with A1 and A2 as the dividing lines. When A1 < V ≤ V2, the score is 100. When A2 < V ≤ A1, the score is 75. When V1 < V ≤ A2, the score is 50; the water head is divided into 3 segments with B1 and B2 as the dividing lines. When H1 < H ≤ B2, the score is 100. When B2 < H ≤ B1, the score is 75. When B1 ≤ H ≤ H2, the score is 50; the distance-height ratio is divided into 3 segments with C1 and C2 as the dividing lines. When L1 ≤ L ≤ C1, the score is 100. When C1 < L ≤ C2, the score is 75. When C2 < V ≤ L2, the score is 50. The score settings for this embodiment are shown in Table 1:

[0060] ;

[0061] This embodiment performs score calculation and optimal sorting. Figure 6 shown.

[0062] Although the present invention has been described in detail above using general descriptions and specific embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and improvements may be made based on the present invention. Therefore, such modifications and improvements, which do not depart from the spirit of the present invention, are intended to be within the scope of protection claimed herein.

Claims

1. A GIS-based method for selecting high-lying depressions as the upper reservoir site for pumped storage power stations, characterized by: The following steps are involved: S100, obtaining data on the upper reservoir and the lower reservoir in the proposed general election area, specifically including the following steps: S101. Determine the data boundary of the proposed general election area according to planning requirements and create boundary vector data; S102, obtaining digital elevation model data of the general election area in S101; S103. Obtain water source data within the proposed general election area, including geographic vector data of water source elements of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and seas; S200, using the maximum closed contour line to identify and extract depressions as general election station sites, specifically including the following steps: S201, using digital elevation model data to perform hydrological analysis to obtain a non-sag area, then using a raster calculator to calculate the difference between the non-sag digital elevation model and the digital elevation model obtained in S102, the digital elevation model difference being the depression depth value, and then reclassifying into areas with a depth of 0 and areas with a depth less than 0, merging the reclassified results, and converting the merged raster areas into vector surfaces, which are the rough areas of the station site; S202, using the digital elevation model data obtained in S102 and the rough site area obtained in S201 to extract according to the mask, obtaining digital elevation model data of the rough site area, generating contour lines within the rough site area, converting the contour lines into contour surfaces, and extracting the largest closed contour surface as the upper reservoir site range based on the collinear topological relationship of the contour surfaces, using this as the general selection site, and screening the upper reservoir that meets the construction conditions on this basis; S300, calculating the basic engineering properties of the general election site, specifically including the following steps: S301, using the general election station site vector data extracted in S202 and the digital elevation model data of the proposed site selection area obtained in S102 as input data, to obtain the digital elevation model data of each general election station site; S302: Using the digital elevation model data of the general election station site obtained in S301 as the grid surface before filling and excavation, and using the non-depression area obtained in S201 as the grid surface after filling and excavation, the volume change between the two volume surfaces is calculated, which is the volume of the general election station site. S303: Using the general election station site vector data extracted in S202 as the statistical area and the general election station site digital elevation model data obtained in S301 as the original data containing statistical data values, the minimum elevation within the general election station site area is calculated, and the minimum elevation is used as the valley bottom elevation of the general election station site. The minimum elevation within the general election station site area is calculated in S303, i.e., the statistical value is MINIMUM, and the minimum value of all pixels in the value grid belonging to the same area as the output pixel is determined, and the minimum value is used as the valley bottom elevation of the general election station site. S304: Obtain the water source vector data within the proposed general election area according to S103 and the general election station site data extracted in S202, perform a nearest neighbor analysis, extract the distance and location of the general election station site closest to the water source, and use this location as the lower reservoir matching the upper reservoir; S305: Using the XY coordinates of the upper reservoir as the starting coordinates of the line segment and the XY coordinates of the lower reservoir as the ending coordinates of the line segment, a line feature is constructed using XY line conversion. The resulting line feature is the shortest water transfer path between the upper and lower reservoirs. S306. Perform a geographic intersection operation on the shortest water conveyance path between the upper and lower reservoirs and the water source vector data within the proposed general election area obtained in S103. The intersection point is the location of the lower reservoir site. S307, based on the XY coordinates of the upper reservoir site and the XY coordinates of the lower reservoir site, use the distance formula L= The horizontal distance between the upper and lower reservoirs is calculated, where X1 and Y1 represent the X and Y coordinates of the upper reservoir site, and X2 and Y2 represent the X and Y coordinates of the lower reservoir site; S308. Based on the digital elevation model data of the proposed site selection area obtained in S102 and the location of the lower reservoir site obtained in S306, use the value extraction to point tool to obtain the elevation value of the lower reservoir site. Subtract the elevation value of the valley bottom of the general election site obtained in S303 from this elevation value to obtain the water head between the upper and lower reservoirs. S309. Calculate the ratio of the horizontal distance between the upper and lower reservoirs obtained in S307 to the water head between the upper and lower reservoirs obtained in S308. The result is the distance-height ratio between the upper and lower reservoirs. S400. Screen out the upper reservoir site addresses that meet the basic construction conditions according to the terrain attributes. S500. Calculate the scores of the preferred site addresses to obtain the optimal ranking.

2. The method for selecting a high-lying depression as an upper reservoir for a pumped storage power station based on GIS according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The XY coordinates of the lower reservoir obtained from the nearest neighbor analysis calculation in S304 are stored in the attribute table of the general election site addresses of the upper reservoir. The XY coordinates of the general election site addresses of the upper reservoir are the XY coordinates of the geometric centroid of the vector surface.

3. The method for selecting a high-lying depression as an upper reservoir for a pumped storage power station based on GIS according to claim 1 is characterized in that: In S400, the upper reservoir site addresses that meet the basic construction conditions are screened out according to the terrain attributes. The screening conditions for volume and distance-height ratio are: V1 ≤ volume ≤ V2, H1 ≤ water head ≤ H2, and L1 ≤ distance-height ratio ≤ L2, where V1 is the minimum allowable volume of the upper reservoir, V2 is the maximum allowable volume of the upper reservoir; H1 is the minimum allowable water head between the upper and lower reservoirs, H2 is the maximum allowable water head between the upper and lower reservoirs; L1 is the minimum allowable distance-height ratio between the upper and lower reservoirs, and L2 is the maximum allowable distance-height ratio between the upper and lower reservoirs.

4. The method for selecting a high-lying depression as an upper reservoir for a pumped storage power station based on GIS according to claim 1 is characterized in that: In S500, calculate the scores of the preferred site addresses to obtain the optimal ranking. Set different interval values and corresponding scores for the volume, water head, and distance-height ratio obtained from the preferred site addresses in the proposed site selection area according to the construction requirements. Calculate the total score of each preferred site address and sort the preferred site addresses from high to low.

5. The method for selecting a high-lying depression as an upper reservoir for a pumped storage power station based on GIS according to claim 4 is characterized in that: Set different interval values and corresponding scores for the volume, water head, and distance-height ratio obtained from the preferred site addresses in the proposed site selection area. Specifically, the volume is divided into 3 segments with A1 and A2 as the dividing lines. When A1 < V ≤ V2, the score is 100. When A2 < V ≤ A1, the score is 75. When V1 < V ≤ A2, the score is 50. The water head is divided into 3 segments with B1 and B2 as the dividing lines. When H1 < H ≤ B2, the score is 100. When B2 < H ≤ B1, the score is 75. When B1 ≤ H ≤ H2, the score is 50. The distance-height ratio is divided into 3 segments with C1 and C2 as the dividing lines. When L1 ≤ L ≤ C1, the score is 100. When C1 < L ≤ C2, the score is 75. When C2 < V ≤ L2, the score is 50. Calculate the total score of each preferred site address and sort the preferred site addresses from high to low.

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