A combined single lead-acid battery

Abstract

The present invention discloses a combined single-cell lead-acid battery, belonging to the technical field of lead-acid batteries. The battery includes a pole group head with a width-to-thickness ratio of ≥8 and a single cell. The pole group head is provided with a raised texture and is heat-sealed using a polymer film sealing bag composed of a multi-layer film substrate; the polymer film has high compressive strength (≥1500N), low water vapor permeability, and acid resistance; the sealing structure contains a dynamic borate prepolymer and acid-responsive microcapsules, and a pH-responsive adhesive is applied between the main body of the pole group head and the sealing part. The positive and negative plates adopt a large-area positive plate structure, which can greatly reduce the amount of alloy used. The conductivity is significantly improved by processing the surface of the grid. Through the above technical solution, the battery heat dissipation efficiency is improved, the growth of lead dendrites is suppressed, the cycle life is extended, and the sealing reliability and acid corrosion resistance of the lead-acid battery are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of lead-acid batteries, and in particular relates to a combined single lead-acid battery Background Art

[0002] Lead-acid batteries, a mature and reliable energy storage technology, are widely used in applications such as vehicle starting, electric bicycles, and backup power supplies. However, existing lead-acid batteries still face significant challenges in structural design, material properties, and sealing reliability.

[0003] Traditional single-cell lead-acid batteries often utilize a low aspect ratio (i.e., a small width-to-thickness ratio). This results in long heat dissipation paths within the cell and significant heat accumulation. High temperatures not only accelerate capacity decay but also easily trigger lead dendrite growth along the separator, leading to short-circuit failure and severely limiting battery life and high-rate discharge performance. Single-cell batteries often use sealed bags to encapsulate the electrode group. However, the performance of the sealing bag material is crucial for extreme environments. Existing materials generally suffer from poor acid corrosion resistance, insufficient water vapor barrier properties, and limited mechanical strength (especially compressive strength). Prolonged exposure to acidic electrolytes can lead to swelling, degradation, or cracking, leading to electrolyte leakage, dryout, and increased internal resistance, threatening battery safety and service life. The heat-sealed interface between the electrode group header and the sealing bag is a potential weak link. The interface between traditional non-polar polymer sealing bags and the lead electrode is difficult to seal due to differences in material properties. Mechanical compression alone often results in inadequate sealing due to limited structural space, posing a risk of acid leakage. As a key component for electrical lead extraction and sealing, the terminal cluster connector's small width-to-depth ratio limits heat dissipation and impacts the battery module's spatial layout. Designing a terminal cluster connector with a wide width-to-depth ratio while ensuring a highly reliable seal (for the lead terminal and sealing bag), structural strength, and heat dissipation performance presents challenges. Technical challenges include achieving a durable and effective seal between the metal lead terminal and the polymer insert, and ensuring a tight bond between the polymer insert and the non-polar main body, even under harsh, long-term operating conditions (acid, heat, and mechanical stress).

[0004] Traditional bonding materials chemically degrade or physically deteriorate in acidic environments (pH approximately 0-1), losing their bonding and sealing capabilities, leading to separation of embedded components from the main body or failure of the lead post seal. Simultaneously, the structural requirements for both heat sealing and reliable bonding to lead must be met, increasing the complexity of design and material selection. Traditional plate designs have low active material utilization and high internal resistance, limiting improvements in battery energy and power density. While pursuing high capacity, there is an urgent need to optimize plate structure, reduce the number of grids, and improve active material efficiency to reduce weight and maintain cycle life.

[0005] Therefore, it is an urgent need for the development of a novel combined single-cell lead-acid battery structure that can effectively solve the heat dissipation problem and dendrite suppression, adopt high-performance acid-resistant sealing materials, innovatively design the sealing structure to achieve multi-interface long-term and reliable sealing, and improve the plate efficiency. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a combined lead-acid battery with a thin structure and self-repairing sealing technology, which solves the problems of battery overheating, corrosion and leakage by optimizing heat dissipation and interface sealing.

[0007] A modular single-cell lead-acid battery includes an elongated pole group head with a raised texture. The raised texture is heat-sealed to a sealed bag made of a polymer film. The polymer film comprises at least two layers of film substrate. The polymer film for lead-acid batteries has a compressive strength of at least 1500N.

[0008] Preferably, the polymer film includes a three-layer, four-layer, five-layer, six-layer or seven-layer film substrate.

[0009] Preferably, the compressive strength of the polymer film is tested according to the national standard GB / T 21302-2007.

[0010] Preferably, when the polymer membrane is exposed to or immersed in 1.20-1.40 g / mL sulfuric acid for 6-8 days, the change rate of water vapor permeability is less than 10%.

[0011] Preferably, the breaking strength of the polymer film is 80-200 N / 15 mm.

[0012] Preferably, the water vapor permeability of the polymer film is 0.2-2.5 g / m 2 / 24h.

[0013] Preferably, the film substrate includes at least two of polyethylene terephthalate film, polypropylene film, nylon film and composite polyimide / polytetrafluoroethylene film.

[0014] Composite polyimide / PTFE films, combined with the super-hydrophobicity and chemical resistance of PTFE, can further resist the penetration of acidic media and have excellent resistance to strong acid corrosion. They have both the high strength of polyimide and the flexibility of PTFE, making them suitable for flexible film substrates. In addition to resistance to sulfuric acid corrosion, they also have high mechanical strength, wear resistance, and flame retardancy, extending the service life of lead-acid batteries and increasing battery safety.

[0015] Preferably, the polymer film includes an adhesive layer.

[0016] Preferably, the adhesive layer comprises a dynamic borate prepolymer.

[0017] Preferably, the dynamic borate prepolymer is obtained by reacting 1,4-phenylenediboronic acid with polyglycerol diglycidyl ether under the catalysis of p-toluenesulfonic acid.

[0018] Preferably, the adhesive layer comprises acid-responsive microcapsules.

[0019] Preferably, the shell material of the acid-responsive microcapsules comprises polymethyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid.

[0020] Preferably, the core material of the acid-responsive microcapsules comprises pentaerythritol triacrylate.

[0021] Preferably, the adhesive layer comprises an epoxy-acrylate copolymer.

[0022] Preferably, the adhesive layer comprises a dual cure initiator.

[0023] Preferably, the dual-cure initiator comprises ethyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphonate and dicumyl peroxide.

[0024] The acid-responsive microcapsules in the adhesive layer remain intact in neutral and alkaline environments, and rupture when exposed to acidic media to release crosslinker components, further strengthening the crosslinking density of the adhesive layer and increasing acid resistance; the epoxy-acrylate copolymer provides UV-curing active groups, and cooperates with the dual-cure initiator to achieve a dual-curing mechanism of "photocuring rapid setting-thermal curing deep crosslinking", which can not only fill the micropores on the surface of the substrate, but also dissipate external stress through dynamic reversible characteristics, avoid interface cracking, and increase compressive resistance.

[0025] Preferably, the film substrates are composited by light-heat gradient synergistic curing.

[0026] Preferably, the light-heat gradient synergistic curing includes ultraviolet curing and infrared curing.

[0027] The present invention also provides a method for preparing a polypropylene film, comprising:

[0028] Preparation of polypropylene film: block copolymer polypropylene is selected as raw material, and it is blended, plasticized and cast with nano-SiO2 masterbatch in a twin-screw extruder to obtain polypropylene film.

[0029] Preferably, the mass ratio of block copolymer polypropylene to nano-SiO2 masterbatch is 4.5-45:0.5-5.

[0030] Preferably, the process temperature of the extruder is 220-240°C.

[0031] Preferably, the screw speed is 250-350 rpm.

[0032] Preferably, the polypropylene film has a thickness of 650-750 μm.

[0033] The present invention also provides a method for preparing a polyethylene terephthalate film, comprising:

[0034] Preparation of polyethylene terephthalate film: polyethylene terephthalate slices are used and formed by a biaxial stretching process at 205-215°C to obtain polyethylene terephthalate film.

[0035] Preferably, the stretch ratio between the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction is 4.5-5.5.

[0036] Preferably, the polyethylene terephthalate film has a thickness of 240-320 μm.

[0037] The present invention also provides a method for preparing a nylon film, comprising:

[0038] Preparation of nylon film: Nylon 6 chips are used and formed by a biaxial stretching process at 245-255°C to obtain nylon film.

[0039] Preferably, the stretch ratio between the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction is 4.5-5.5.

[0040] Preferably, the thickness of the nylon film is 50-70 μm.

[0041] The present invention also provides a method for preparing a composite polyimide / polytetrafluoroethylene film, comprising:

[0042] At -4-6°C, 4,4'-diphenyl ether diamine is dissolved in N,N'-dimethylacetamide, 3,3'4,4'-biphenyl dianhydride is added, and the reaction is carried out for 22-26 hours to obtain polyamic acid; at room temperature, the polyamic acid is reacted with triethylamine for 1-3 hours, and the reaction is carried out after washing with acetone and drying at 45-55°C to obtain polyamic acid salt; the polyamic acid salt is dissolved in deionized water, PTFE emulsion is added, and the mixture is stirred evenly. After coating, the mixture is dried at 75-85°C for 7-9 hours, and heat-treated at 395-405°C for 1-3 hours to obtain a composite polyimide / polytetrafluoroethylene film.

[0043] Preferably, the mass ratio of 4,4'-diphenyl ether diamine to N,N'-dimethylacetamide is 12.5-125:125-1250.

[0044] Preferably, the mass ratio of 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl dianhydride to 4,4'-diphenyl ether diamine is 19.5-195:12.5-125.

[0045] Preferably, the mass ratio of polyamic acid to triethylamine is 12-120:5-50.

[0046] Preferably, the mass ratio of polyamic acid salt to deionized water is 5-50:45-450.

[0047] Preferably, the mass ratio of PTFE emulsion to polyamic acid salt is 2-20:5-50.

[0048] The present invention also provides a method for preparing acid-responsive microcapsules, comprising:

[0049] Preparation of acid-responsive microcapsules: methyl methacrylate and acrylic acid are dispersed in ethyl acetate, azobisisobutyronitrile is added, and the mixture is stirred evenly. Under nitrogen protection, the mixture is polymerized at 65-75°C for 1-3 hours to form a copolymer shell layer, and pentaerythritol triacrylate is added and stirred evenly to obtain a core material / shell material mixed solution. Span 85 and Tween 20 are dispersed in deionized water and stirred evenly to obtain an emulsifier solution. Under stirring conditions of 1500-2500 rpm, the core material / shell material mixed solution is added to the emulsifier solution, and stirring is continued for 20-40 minutes. The mixture is transferred to a well-ventilated environment, and the solvent is evaporated at room temperature and stirring conditions of 200-400 rpm for 5-7 hours. The mixture is centrifuged at 3500-4500 rpm for 5-15 minutes. After washing, the mixture is dried at 35-45°C for 1-3 hours to obtain acid-responsive microcapsules.

[0050] Preferably, the mass ratio of methyl methacrylate to acrylic acid is 31.5-315:9-90.

[0051] Preferably, the mass ratio of methyl methacrylate to ethyl acetate is 31.5-315:94.5-945.

[0052] Preferably, the mass ratio of methyl methacrylate to azobisisobutyronitrile is 31.5-315:0.15-1.5.

[0053] Preferably, the mass ratio of pentaerythritol triacrylate to methyl methacrylate is 120-1200:31.5-315.

[0054] Preferably, the mass ratio of Span 85 to deionized water is 1.75-17.5:1200-12000.

[0055] Preferably, the mass ratio of Tween 20 to deionized water is 5.25-52.5:1200-12000.

[0056] Preferably, the particle size of the acid-responsive microcapsules is 10-30 μm.

[0057] The present invention also provides a method for preparing a pH-responsive adhesive, comprising:

[0058] Preparation of pH-responsive adhesive: 1,4-phenylenediboric acid and polyglycerol diglycidyl ether are uniformly mixed, p-toluenesulfonic acid is added, and the mixture is reacted at 115-125°C for 1-3 hours to obtain a dynamic borate prepolymer; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphonic acid ethyl ester and diisopropylbenzene peroxide are uniformly mixed to obtain a dual-cure initiator; the dynamic borate prepolymer, acid-responsive microcapsules, epoxy-acrylate copolymer, and dual-cure initiator are mixed, and the mixture is stirred at 90-110 rpm for 1-3 hours to obtain a pH-responsive adhesive.

[0059] Preferably, the mass ratio of 1,4-phenylenediboronic acid to polyglycerol diglycidyl ether is 0.5-5:1-10.

[0060] Preferably, the mass ratio of p-toluenesulfonic acid to 1,4-phenylenediboronic acid is 1.5-15 mg:0.5-5 g.

[0061] Preferably, the mass ratio of ethyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphonate to dicumyl peroxide is 1-10:2.25-22.5.

[0062] Preferably, the mass ratio of the dynamic borate prepolymer to the acid-responsive microcapsules is 15-150:6.75-67.5.

[0063] Preferably, the mass ratio of the dynamic borate prepolymer to the epoxy-acrylate copolymer is 15-150:25-250.

[0064] Preferably, the mass ratio of the dynamic borate prepolymer to the dual-cure initiator is 15-150:3.25-32.5.

[0065] The present invention also provides a method for preparing a polymer film for a lead-acid battery, comprising:

[0066] Preparation of polymer film: corona treatment is performed on the surface of the first film substrate, and then a pH-responsive adhesive is coated on it to form a first adhesive layer, thereby obtaining an inner adhesive composite film; corona treatment is performed on the surface of the second film substrate, and the film is composited with the inner adhesive composite film, and then cured by light-heat gradient synergistic curing, and then a pH-responsive adhesive is coated on it to form a second adhesive layer, thereby obtaining an intermediate adhesive composite film; corona treatment is performed on the surface of the third film substrate, and the film is composited with the intermediate adhesive composite film, and then cured by light-heat gradient synergistic curing; rapid cooling is performed using a water-cooled roller; after cooling, three sides are heat-sealed to form a straight-cut seal with a width of 4 mm, and a layer of polytetrafluoroethylene coating is sprayed on the straight-cut seal to obtain a polymer film for lead-acid batteries.

[0067] Preferably, the first film substrate comprises a polypropylene film.

[0068] Preferably, the second film substrate includes one of an ethylene terephthalate film and a nylon film.

[0069] Preferably, the third film substrate comprises a composite polyimide / polytetrafluoroethylene film.

[0070] Preferably, the thickness of the first adhesive layer is 10-30 μm.

[0071] Preferably, the thickness of the second adhesive layer is 10-30 μm.

[0072] Preferably, the light-heat gradient synergistic curing includes ultraviolet curing and infrared curing.

[0073] Preferably, the UV curing time is 3-15 seconds.

[0074] Preferably, the infrared light curing time is 5-40s.

[0075] Preferably, the rapid cooling rate is 14-16°C / s.

[0076] Preferably, the temperature of the hot knife for three-side heat sealing is 165-175°C.

[0077] Preferably, the heat sealing pressure on three sides is 0.6-0.8 MPa.

[0078] Preferably, the holding time for three-side heat sealing is 2-4s.

[0079] The present invention also provides a polymer film for a lead-acid battery.

[0080] Preferably, the breaking strength of the polymer film is 80-200 N / 15 mm.

[0081] More preferably, the longitudinal tensile strength of the polymer film is 110-200 N / 15 mm.

[0082] More preferably, the transverse tensile strength of the polymer film is 80-180 N / 15 mm.

[0083] Preferably, the water vapor permeability of the polymer film is 0.2-2.5 g / m 2 / 24h.

[0084] Preferably, the polymer film has a heat-resistant temperature of above 65°C and below 100°C.

[0085] Preferably, when the polymer membrane is exposed to or immersed in 1.20-1.40 g / mL sulfuric acid for 6-8 days, the change rate of water vapor permeability is less than 10%.

[0086] Preferably, the compressive strength of the polymer film is greater than 1500N and less than 7000N.

[0087] A combined single-body lead-acid battery includes a main body and an embedded part. The main body is made of a non-polar polymer material, and the embedded part is made of a polar polymer material. The main body and the embedded part are tightly bonded, and a pole group head is installed on the pole group. The outside of the pole group is covered with a sealing bag, which is also made of a non-polar polymer material. Based on the requirements of the heat sealing process, the main body needs to be made of a non-polar polymer material for heat-sealing with the sealing bag. Since the pole group head of the present invention has a structural feature with a relatively high width-to-thickness ratio, traditional mechanical extrusion sealing (using the compression force between the lead pole and the non-polar polymer material to achieve sealing) cannot be applied due to insufficient space. Therefore, a polar adhesive is required to fix the lead pole. To this end, the embedded part (polar polymer material) is provided to provide a bonding interface with the lead pole and ensure that the embedded part and the main body are tightly bonded.

[0088] A modular single-cell lead-acid battery, with a main body measuring width L and thickness W, and a width-to-thickness ratio of L / W ≥ 8. This battery is designed to accommodate a cell pack with a width-to-thickness ratio greater than 8. In actual manufacturing, this ratio is typically ≤ 20. A larger cell pack width-to-thickness ratio results in a relatively thinner pack, allowing the water bath to more effectively remove heat generated by charging and discharging during the formation process. Under appropriate width and thickness conditions, a larger cell pack width-to-thickness ratio results in a lower internal cell pack temperature during the formation process.

[0089] A combined single lead-acid battery has raised textures on both sides of the main body, the raised textures are parallel lines, the number of lines is at least one, and the depth range is 0.5mm-1mm. The pole group head of the present invention is installed on the pole group, and a heat sealing process is used to combine the sealing bag with the pole group head to wrap the pole group. By limiting the depth range of the raised texture, the contact area between the sealing bag and the pole group head is optimized to ensure that the raised texture can enhance the bonding force without causing a decrease in material strength due to excessive depth, thereby balancing the sealing performance and structural reliability. When there are one, two or three raised textures, the leakage-free pressure resistance values ​​between the sealing bag and the pole group head are 40kPa, 70kPa, and 90kPa, respectively. A single texture meets the basic sealing requirements, and multiple textures provide redundant sealing protection. Users can flexibly select design specifications according to the battery operating conditions.

[0090] A modular single-cell lead-acid battery features a ribbed structure on the main body. This ribbed structure enhances the main body's resistance to deformation and ensures the integrity of the sealing interface. The ribs also disperse stress generated during packaging, preventing warping of the main body and seal failure due to material fatigue after long-term use.

[0091] A combined single lead-acid battery has a bayonet-buckle structure on the pole group head, which can be combined and assembled.

[0092] A modular single-cell lead-acid battery features an inner insert with an annular outer cavity, internally provided with positioning ribs, and a cylindrical inner cavity running through the center of the insert. The insert creates a multi-level sealed cavity structure consisting of an annular outer cavity and a cylindrical inner cavity, separating the conductive and sealing functions. The annular outer cavity serves as a glue reservoir, ensuring even distribution of the glue along the insert's surface, while the positioning ribs provide guidance and limiting.

[0093] A modular single-cell lead-acid battery features a lead terminal on the pole group, which fits into a cylindrical inner cavity. This creates a conductive path and preserves the lead terminal's welding port. The lead terminal and cylindrical inner cavity tightly fit together to prevent acid from seeping into the pole group. Before the pole group head is installed on the pole group, a fixed amount of sealing glue is added to the cylindrical inner cavity and the annular outer cavity. The lead terminal of the pole group fits into the cylindrical inner cavity, squeezing the internal sealing glue into the annular outer cavity. Once the glue solidifies, the lead terminal is secured.

[0094] A modular single-cell lead-acid battery features a main body made of polypropylene and an insert made of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS). The contact area of ​​the terminal block with the sealing bag is made of polypropylene (PP). Under certain temperature conditions, the heat-sealed connection with the sealing bag creates a strong bond, making it difficult for the two to separate, thus ensuring the seal within the terminal block. The PP material has a pH tolerance range of approximately 2-12 at 80°C, which is greater than the pH tolerance of ABS used in conventional lead-acid battery tank covers (approximately 4-10), and offers improved acid and corrosion resistance. A single- or multi-layer textured structure is designed on the contact surface between the terminal block and the sealing bag to increase the heat-seal contact surface area and enhance the bonding strength between the two. The contact area of ​​the insert with the lead terminal is made of ABS plastic. ABS contains acrylonitrile polar groups, resulting in a higher surface energy of approximately 36-42 mN / m compared to non-polar plastics such as PE and PP. This allows for easier physical adsorption or chemical bonding with the lead element in lead-acid batteries. Other plastics, such as PP, are completely non-polar materials with low surface energy and inherently weak bonding with metal. Therefore, the contact area between the insert and the lead terminal is made of ABS, a polar material. Furthermore, ABS is stronger than PP, providing superior protection for the lead terminal. Compared to traditional integrated terminal cluster structures, assembling the main body and insert using two different materials, ABS and PP, fully leverages the advantages of both materials.

[0095] A modular single-unit lead-acid battery features a pH-responsive adhesive at the interface between the main body and embedded components. The pH-responsive adhesive contains acid-responsive microcapsules. The pH-responsive adhesive includes a borate prepolymer, and optionally epoxy acrylic hybrid resin, TPO-L (ethyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphonate), and dicumyl peroxide. The shell of the acid-responsive microcapsules is made of polymethyl methacrylate-co-maleic anhydride, and the core is pentaerythritol triacrylate. The dynamic borate bonds in the dynamic borate prepolymer undergo recombination when etched by electrolyte (pH ≤ 3), and the microcapsule shell regenerates under the influence of H2O. + At concentrations greater than 0.15mmol / L, it selectively breaks down, releasing repair monomers to rapidly fill interfacial microcracks. Simultaneously, the borate network dynamically restructures to enhance molecular entanglement at the non-polar polymer / polar polymer interface, achieving both self-repair and mechanical enhancement in acid-etching environments. The epoxy-acrylic hybrid resin provides a rigid framework for the adhesive, while also forming a dense protective layer that slows electrolyte erosion. TPO-L, a UV-triggered curing agent, and dicumyl peroxide, a heat-triggered curing agent, work together in a gradient curing process to fully cure the adhesive, ultimately ensuring a tight seal at the interface between the embedded component and the main body, and ensuring the internal sealing of the electrode cluster after encapsulation in the electrode cluster head and sealing bag.

[0096] A modular single-cell lead-acid battery uses epoxy adhesive to seal the contact surface between the lead terminal and the internal insert. The epoxy adhesive contains an acid-resistant modified component composed of a long-chain alkyl organosilicon compound and tetraethoxysilane. The internal insert is made of ABS. Epoxy adhesive typically exhibits a high bond strength (approximately 5-20 MPa) with ABS. The polar surface of ABS (containing acrylonitrile and styrene) forms hydrogen bonds or dipole interactions with the polar groups of the epoxy adhesive (such as hydroxyl and epoxy groups). Due to its low surface energy and inert oxide layer, lead exhibits a moderate bond strength (approximately 2-10 MPa). Modified epoxy adhesive (such as by adding a toughening agent) is required to improve the bonding properties, ensuring a tight seal between the lead terminal and the internal insert, and ensuring the internal sealing of the terminal group after packaging in the terminal group header and sealing bag. The epoxy adhesive sealant addresses the interfacial sealing issue between the ABS internal insert and the lead terminal. The epoxy adhesive chemically bonds to the polar surface of the ABS, forming a stable seal. The modified adhesive is adapted to the low surface energy of lead, preventing debonding. The bonding strength of epoxy adhesives to ABS and lead, and the underlying mechanism, primarily depends on the surface properties of the materials and interfacial interactions. For ABS, epoxy adhesives typically exhibit moderate to high bonding strength, making them difficult to peel from after curing. This is due to hydrogen bonding or dipole interactions between the polar surface of ABS (containing acrylonitrile and styrene) and the polar groups of the epoxy adhesive (such as hydroxyl and epoxy groups). Lead, on the other hand, has low to moderate bonding strength due to its low surface energy and inert oxide layer, necessitating the addition of toughening agents to improve adhesion. The addition of silicone and silane compounds to epoxy adhesives enhances acid resistance and flexibility. Silicones enhance the elasticity of the colloid and adapt to temperature deformation, while silane compounds react with acidic environments to form an inert layer, which slows corrosion and effectively extends the life of lead-acid batteries.

[0097] A modular single-cell lead-acid battery with rounded edges on both sides of the main body. This rounding prevents the soft packaging material from being pierced by the sharp edges of the main body during the heat sealing process, resulting in damage and leakage of the electrolyte package.

[0098] A combined single lead-acid battery comprises a pole group, wherein the pole group comprises at least three positive plates and two negative plates, wherein the positive plates and the negative plates are separated by a separator, wherein the amount of alloy used in the negative plates is 1.95-2.47 g / Ah, and the amount of alloy used in the positive plates is 2.0-3.0 g / Ah.

[0099] A combined single lead-acid battery with a negative plate alloy dosage of 1.95-2.47g / Ah and a negative plate alloy dosage of 0.665-0.845g / cm 3 The negative plate includes a negative grid and a negative plate active material; the amount of the negative plate active material is 3.327-4.402 g / cm 3 ; The amount of active material used in the negative electrode plate is 9.7-12.9g / Ah.

[0100] The negative plate of the present invention has an expanded plate configuration. Compared with the existing plate, while maintaining the same external dimensions, the battery capacity is improved, so that the capacity of a single negative plate reaches 6.67Ah, which is 66.75% higher than the 4Ah capacity of the traditional negative plate design. The enlarged plate surface size of the present invention shortens the current transmission path and reduces the internal resistance by 15-20%. Reducing the number of plates reduces the number of connection points, thereby improving reliability. As the number of plates is reduced, the internal resistance is further reduced, thereby achieving the goal of maintaining the battery discharge performance and cycle life while reducing the amount of lead material used.

[0101] A battery prepared using the negative plate of the present invention, for example, with a capacity of 20 Ah, uses two positive plates and three negative plates. The capacity of the positive plate is 20 Ah / 2 = 10 Ah, and the capacity of the negative plate is 20 Ah / 3 = 6.67 Ah.

[0102] Calculation method of plate capacity: refer to the national standard GB / T 22199.1-2017 "Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries for electric power-assisted vehicles" Part 1: Technical conditions, the capacity is 2-hour rate capacity, and the plate capacity = capacity / number of single-cell plates.

[0103] The negative plate consists of at least one negative grid with tabs, simplifying the plate assembly process and improving production yield. The active material in the negative plate is lead paste, which contains a two-dimensional conductive material and glass nanotubes. The addition of the two-dimensional conductive material creates a highly efficient three-dimensional conductive network, significantly reducing the plate's internal resistance, promoting electron transport, and enabling more efficient redox reactions of active materials such as PbSO4 and Pb. While maintaining the same discharge capacity, this reduces the amount of active material used, thereby reducing plate weight and increasing battery energy density. The porous structure of the glass nanotubes acts as a micron-scale electrolyte channel, rapidly replenishing sulfuric acid electrolyte during discharge and effectively mitigating concentration polarization on the plate surface caused by electrolyte diffusion hysteresis. This characteristic significantly improves voltage stability during high-rate discharge and reduces inefficient energy loss. The synergistic effect of the two-dimensional conductive material and glass nanotubes ensures efficient electron conduction and optimizes ion transport pathways, ensuring a more uniform electrochemical reaction on the plate during charge and discharge.

[0104] A combined single lead-acid battery, the positive plate alloy dosage is 2.0-3.0g / Ah; preferably, the positive plate alloy dosage is 0.569-0.853g / cm 3 Preferably, the positive plate includes a positive grid and a positive plate active material; preferably, the amount of the positive plate active material is 15.0-16.5 g / Ah; preferably, the amount of the positive plate active material is 4.266-4.692 g / cm 3 .

[0105] The positive plate of the present invention has an expanded plate configuration. Compared with the existing plate, while maintaining the same external dimensions, the battery capacity is improved, so that the capacity of a single positive plate reaches 10Ah, which is twice the 5Ah of the traditional design. After the plate surface size of the present invention is expanded, the current transmission path is shortened, the internal resistance is reduced by 15-20%, and the number of plates is reduced, the number of connection points is reduced, and the reliability is improved. As the number of plates is reduced, the internal resistance is further reduced, so that the battery discharge performance and cycle life are maintained while reducing the amount of lead material.

[0106] A battery prepared using the positive plate of the present invention, for example, with a capacity of 20 Ah, uses two positive plates and three negative plates. The capacity of the positive plate is 20 Ah / 2 = 10 Ah, and the capacity of the negative plate is 20 Ah / 3 = 6.67 Ah.

[0107] Calculation method of plate capacity: refer to the national standard GB / T 22199.1-2017 "Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries for electric power-assisted vehicles" Part 1: Technical conditions, the capacity is 2-hour rate capacity, and the plate capacity = capacity / number of single-cell plates.

[0108] The positive plate includes at least one positive grid with tabs, simplifying the plate assembly process and improving production yield. The active material in the positive plate is lead paste containing tinned carbon nanotubes and glass nanotubes. The addition of the tinned carbon nanotubes to the lead paste creates a good ohmic contact between the metal coating on the surface and the lead matrix, helping to build a three-dimensional continuous conductive network, improving the plate's electronic conductivity. While maintaining the same plate output capacity, this reduces the amount of active material used, increasing active material utilization from the traditional 25-35% to 40-50%. The simultaneous introduction of glass nanotubes into the lead paste improves the plate's ability to deliver sulfuric acid electrolyte during discharge, significantly reducing concentration polarization, increasing voltage drop during discharge, and boosting active material utilization. This allows for a reduction in active material usage while maintaining the same plate output capacity. The tinned carbon nanotubes and glass nanotubes form a continuous electron-ion dual transport network, reducing active material usage by 10-20% while maintaining the same output capacity.

[0109] A modular single-cell lead-acid battery includes a pole group consisting of pole plates and separators; a sealed bag for wrapping the pole group and forming a sealed single cell; and a single cell with a width-to-thickness ratio of ≥8. This technical solution addresses two core issues with traditional lead-acid batteries by limiting the single cell width-to-thickness ratio to ≥8. Firstly, by increasing the heat dissipation area and shortening the heat conduction path, the heat dissipation performance of the cell is significantly improved, lowering the cell operating temperature and avoiding capacity degradation caused by high temperatures. Secondly, the growth of lead dendrites is fundamentally suppressed. The wide-thin structure ensures more uniform electrolyte distribution, reduces dendrite formation, and improves battery cycle life. This structural design also provides higher energy density and better temperature uniformity, making it particularly suitable for high-power applications.

[0110] Preferably, a structural configuration with a width-to-thickness ratio of ≥8 increases the ratio of the effective reaction area of ​​the electrode plate to the geometric projected area.

[0111] Preferably, the electrode plates can exhibit a multi-level folding configuration in a single cell with a width-to-thickness ratio ≥ 8, thereby increasing the actual reaction surface area per unit volume of the electrode plates. By limiting the thickness of the electrode plates to cells with a width-to-thickness ratio ≥ 8, the thickness of the electrode plates can be reduced for single cells or single batteries of the same volume, thereby increasing the number of electrode plates that can be folded and stacked in a single cell or battery. The adjacent surfaces of the electrode plates in the stacked state all participate in the electrochemical reaction, which can increase the overall surface area of ​​the electrode plates participating in the electrochemical reaction in a single cell or battery, that is, increase the actual surface area of ​​the electrode plates. Ultimately, the battery composed of cells with this width-to-thickness ratio can reduce the degree of polarization during the charge and discharge process, increase the battery's high-current charge and high-current discharge capabilities, reduce the internal resistance and charge transfer resistance during the charge and discharge process, and reduce the battery's heat generation.

[0112] Preferably, a modular single-cell lead-acid battery further comprises: a pole cluster header, hermetically connected to the sealing bag, with a width-to-thickness ratio of ≥8. This high width-to-thickness ratio design addresses the problem of uneven temperature distribution within traditional batteries. By increasing the heat dissipation area and shortening the heat conduction path, the temperature rise of the battery cell under 3C discharge conditions is reduced by 5°C-8°C. This design also facilitates the compact arrangement of multiple single cells, improving the space utilization of the battery module.

[0113] Preferably, a safety valve is installed on the electrode cluster head. This safety valve is a one-way exhaust valve with an opening and closing pressure range of 10kPa-35kPa. The provision of a safety valve with a limited pressure range solves the problem of internal pressure control in the single cell. It can not only prevent the risk of bulging caused by overpressure, but also prevent the ingress of external gases that affect the stability of the electrolyte, so that the battery cell maintains a stable internal environment during deep cycling.

[0114] The voltage of a single cell is preferably 2V, and the cells can be combined into battery modules through series or parallel connection. The 2V standard voltage design combined with the modular combination of single cells solves the lack of flexibility of traditional 6V / 12V batteries. Users can freely combine voltage and capacity through series and parallel connection according to actual needs, making it particularly suitable for energy storage systems that require customized power solutions.

[0115] Preferably, a specific pressure is applied to the individual cells via external equipment during the formation process. This external pressure formation process solves the problem of poor consistency in traditional formation processes. Pressure-assisted uniform electrolyte penetration improves the conversion rate of active materials in the plates, while also keeping the capacity variation between individual cells within a small range.

[0116] Preferably, the width-to-thickness ratio is no greater than 20. Controlling the width-to-thickness ratio within the optimized range of 8-20 solves the problem of reduced mechanical strength caused by simply pursuing thinness. This ratio range ensures good heat dissipation performance while maintaining sufficient structural stability, thereby improving the reliability of the battery cell under vibration conditions.

[0117] Preferably, the plates are lead-acid battery plates, and the electrode group also includes a separator, which can be either an AGM (acid-absorbing glass fiber) separator or a colloidal electrolyte separator. The choice of AGM or colloidal separator configuration addresses the varying requirements for electrolyte retention capacity in different application scenarios. AGM separators are suitable for high-power applications, while colloidal electrolytes are more suitable for deep-cycle applications. This modular design expands the product's application range.

[0118] The advantages of this invention are: through the innovative thin grid design (width-to-thickness ratio ≥ 8), the battery's heat dissipation surface area to volume ratio is significantly increased, fundamentally optimizing thermal management performance and effectively avoiding the overheating caused by heat accumulation in traditional lead-acid batteries, as well as the performance degradation and safety hazards caused by it. At the same time, combined with intelligent self-repairing sealing technology, this technology can autonomously activate the repair function when the sealing interface is corroded or micro-damaged, forming a more durable and reliable dynamic sealing barrier, solving the environmental pollution risks, performance degradation, and maintenance difficulties caused by acid creep, corrosion, and leakage in traditional batteries. The synergistic effect of these two core technologies not only greatly improves the battery's space utilization efficiency and reduces the risk of thermal runaway, but also significantly extends the battery's stable operating cycle under harsh working conditions (enhancing cycle life), ultimately achieving a comprehensive performance breakthrough that combines safety, reliability, high energy density, and long life. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0119] To more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are merely exemplary, and those skilled in the art can derive other implementation drawings based on the provided drawings without inventive effort.

[0120] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the structure of the polymer membrane of the present invention;

[0121] Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the battery cell of the present invention;

[0122] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the bottom of the pole group head of the present invention;

[0123] Figure 4 This is a graph showing the impact resistance test data of the ABS sample of Example 4 of the present invention;

[0124] Figure 5 This is a cell width-to-thickness ratio-forming temperature difference curve of Example 4 of the present invention;

[0125] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of a combination of multiple pole group heads of the present invention;

[0126] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the pole group of the present invention;

[0127] Figure 8 Schematic diagram of the negative plate and the positive plate of the present invention;

[0128] Figure 9 Schematic diagram of the positive electrode grid and the negative electrode grid of the present invention;

[0129] Figure 10 Schematic diagram of a high internal resistance corrosion layer formed on the grid surface during the plate curing and battery formation process of the present invention;

[0130] Figure 11 This is a metallographic diagram of the negative electrode grid of the present invention that has not been subjected to rolling treatment;

[0131] Figure 12 This is a metallographic diagram of the negative electrode grid of the present invention after 7-9 roll rolling processes;

[0132] Figure 13 This is a metallographic diagram of the positive electrode grid of the present invention without rolling treatment;

[0133] Figure 14 This is a metallographic diagram of the positive electrode grid of the present invention after 7-9 roll rolling processes;

[0134] Figure 15 The SEM images of the negative grid of the present invention before and after graphene spraying (left is before spraying, right is after spraying);

[0135] Figure 16 Schematic diagram of the positive grid of the present invention before and after corona treatment (left is before corona treatment, right is after corona treatment);

[0136] Figure 17 This is a side view of the pole group structure of the present invention;

[0137] Figure 18 The impedance test data curve of the single cell of the present invention and the traditional battery;

[0138] Figure 19 for Figure 18 The enlarged curve of the region where the Z' value is between 0.0030 and 0.0060;

[0139] Figure 20 for Figure 18 The graph shows that the Z' value ranges from 0.0060 to 0.030.

[0140] Description of the drawings: 1-pole group head, 2-sealing bag, 3-pole group, 11-main body, 12-embedded part, 31-lead pole, 32-negative plate, 33-positive plate, 34-separator, 40-lead paste, 41-active material aggregation layer, 42-corrosion layer, 43-grid rib part, 111-raised texture, 121-annular outer cavity, 122-positioning rib, 123-cylindrical inner cavity, 321-negative ear, 322-negative grid, 322a-negative rectangular frame, 331-positive ear, 332-positive grid, 332a-positive rectangular frame. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0141] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0142] The following first describes the concepts involved in this application with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that the following description of each concept is intended only to make the content of this application easier to understand and does not limit the scope of protection of this application. At the same time, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of this application can be combined with each other unless there is a conflict. The following detailed description of this application will be made with reference to the accompanying drawings and in conjunction with the embodiments.

[0143] Example 1:

[0144] Preparation of Polypropylene Film: Block copolymer polypropylene was used as the raw material and blended with nano-SiO2 masterbatch in a twin-screw extruder for plasticization and casting to produce polypropylene film. The mass ratio of block copolymer polypropylene to nano-SiO2 masterbatch was 9:1. The extruder temperature was 230°C, the screw speed was 300 rpm, and the thickness of the polypropylene film was 700 μm.

[0145] Preparation of polyethylene terephthalate film: Polyethylene terephthalate slices were biaxially stretched at 210°C to obtain polyethylene terephthalate film. The longitudinal to transverse stretch ratio was 5, and the polyethylene terephthalate film had a thickness of 280 μm.

[0146] Preparation of composite polyimide / polytetrafluoroethylene film: 4,4'-diphenyl ether diamine was dissolved in N,N'-dimethylacetamide at -5°C, 3,3'4,4'-biphenyl dianhydride was added, and the reaction was carried out for 24 hours to obtain polyamic acid; polyamic acid was reacted with triethylamine at room temperature for 2 hours, washed with acetone, and dried at 50°C to obtain polyamic acid salt; polyamic acid salt was dissolved in deionized water, PTFE emulsion was added, stirred evenly, and after coating, the film was dried at 80°C for 8 hours and heat-treated at 400°C for 2 hours to obtain a composite polyimide / polytetrafluoroethylene film. The mass ratio of 4,4'-diphenyl ether diamine to N,N'-dimethylacetamide is 25:250, the mass ratio of 3,3'4,4'-biphenyl dianhydride to 4,4'-diphenyl ether diamine is 39:25, the mass ratio of polyamic acid to triethylamine is 24:10, the mass ratio of polyamic acid salt to deionized water is 10:90, and the mass ratio of PTFE emulsion to polyamic acid salt is 4:10.

[0147] Preparation of acid-responsive microcapsules: Methyl methacrylate and acrylic acid are dispersed in ethyl acetate, azobisisobutyronitrile is added, and the mixture is stirred evenly. Under nitrogen protection and 70°C, the mixture is polymerized for 2 hours to form a copolymer shell layer. Pentaerythritol triacrylate is added and the mixture is stirred evenly to obtain a core material / shell material mixed solution. Span 85 and Tween 20 are dispersed in deionized water and stirred evenly to obtain an emulsifier solution. Under stirring conditions of 2000 rpm, the core material / shell material mixed solution is added to the emulsifier solution, and stirring is continued for 30 minutes. The mixture is transferred to a well-ventilated environment, and the solvent is evaporated for 6 hours at room temperature and stirring conditions of 300 rpm. The mixture is centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes, washed, and dried at 40°C for 2 hours to obtain acid-responsive microcapsules. The mass ratio of methyl methacrylate to acrylic acid is 63:18, the mass ratio of methyl methacrylate to ethyl acetate is 63:189, the mass ratio of methyl methacrylate to azobisisobutyronitrile is 63:0.3, the mass ratio of pentaerythritol triacrylate to methyl methacrylate is 240:63, the mass ratio of Span 85 to deionized water is 3.5:2400, and the mass ratio of Tween 20 to deionized water is 10.5:2400; the particle size of the acid-responsive microcapsules is 20 μm.

[0148] Preparation of pH-responsive adhesive: 1,4-phenylenediboronic acid and polyglycerol diglycidyl ether were uniformly mixed, p-toluenesulfonic acid was added, and the mixture was reacted at 120°C for 2 hours to obtain a dynamic borate prepolymer; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphonic acid ethyl ester and diisopropylbenzene peroxide were uniformly mixed to obtain a dual-cure initiator; the dynamic borate prepolymer, acid-responsive microcapsules, epoxy-acrylate copolymer, and dual-cure initiator were mixed, and vacuum stirred at 100 rpm and 60°C for 30 minutes to obtain a pH-responsive adhesive. The mass ratio of 1,4-phenylenediboronic acid to polyglycerol diglycidyl ether is 1:2, the mass ratio of p-toluenesulfonic acid to 1,4-phenylenediboronic acid is 3 mg:1 g, the mass ratio of ethyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphonate to diisopropylbenzene peroxide is 2:4.5, the mass ratio of dynamic borate prepolymer to acid-responsive microcapsules is 30:13.5, the mass ratio of dynamic borate prepolymer to epoxy-acrylate copolymer is 30:50, and the mass ratio of dynamic borate prepolymer to dual-cure initiator is 30:6.5.

[0149] Preparation of a polymer film for a lead-acid battery: corona-treating the surface of a first film substrate, coating it with a pH-responsive adhesive to form a first adhesive layer, and obtaining an inner adhesive composite film; corona-treating the surface of a second film substrate, compounding it with the inner adhesive composite film, and co-curing it through a light-heat gradient, coating it with a pH-responsive adhesive to form a second adhesive layer, and obtaining an intermediate adhesive composite film; corona-treating the surface of a third film substrate, compounding it with the intermediate adhesive composite film, and co-curing it through a light-heat gradient; rapidly cooling it using a water-cooled roller; and after cooling, heat-sealing it on three sides to form a straight-cut seal with a width of 4 mm, and spraying a layer of polytetrafluoroethylene coating on the straight-cut seal to obtain a polymer film for a lead-acid battery. The first film substrate is a polypropylene film, the second film substrate is a polyethylene terephthalate film, and the third film substrate is a composite polyimide / polytetrafluoroethylene film; the thickness of the first adhesive layer is 20 μm, and the thickness of the second adhesive layer is 20 μm; the light-heat gradient synergistic curing includes ultraviolet curing and infrared curing, ultraviolet curing for 10 seconds and infrared curing for 35 seconds, and infrared curing is started within 0.3 seconds after the end of ultraviolet curing; in the three-sided heat sealing, the hot knife temperature is 170°C, the pressure is 0.7 MPa, and the holding time is 3.0 seconds.

[0150] Example 2:

[0151] The only difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is the preparation of the polymer membrane for lead-acid batteries.

[0152] Preparation of nylon film: Nylon 6 chips were biaxially stretched at 250°C to obtain a nylon film with a longitudinal to transverse stretch ratio of 5 and a thickness of 60 μm.

[0153] Preparation of a polymer film for a lead-acid battery: corona-treating the surface of a first film substrate, coating it with a pH-responsive adhesive to form a first adhesive layer, and obtaining an inner adhesive composite film; corona-treating the surface of a second film substrate, compounding it with the inner adhesive composite film, and co-curing it through a light-heat gradient, coating it with a pH-responsive adhesive to form a second adhesive layer, and obtaining an intermediate adhesive composite film; corona-treating the surface of a third film substrate, compounding it with the intermediate adhesive composite film, and co-curing it through a light-heat gradient; rapidly cooling it using a water-cooled roller; and after cooling, heat-sealing it on three sides to form a straight-cut seal with a width of 4 mm, and spraying a layer of polytetrafluoroethylene coating on the straight-cut seal to obtain a polymer film for a lead-acid battery. The first film substrate is a polypropylene film, the second film substrate is a nylon film, and the third film substrate is a composite polyimide / polytetrafluoroethylene film; the thickness of the first adhesive layer is 20 μm, and the thickness of the second adhesive layer is 20 μm; light-heat gradient synergistic curing includes ultraviolet curing and infrared curing, ultraviolet curing for 10 seconds and infrared curing for 35 seconds, and infrared curing is started within 0.3 seconds after the end of ultraviolet curing; in three-sided heat sealing, the hot knife temperature is 170°C, the pressure is 0.7 MPa, and the holding time is 3.0 seconds.

[0154] Test Example 1: Voltage resistance test of polymer membrane for lead-acid battery.

[0155] Test sample: polymer membrane for lead-acid battery prepared in each example.

[0156] Test method: According to the national standard GB / T 21302-2007, under the specified conditions, the test is carried out using a polymer membrane for lead-acid batteries.

[0157] The polymer membrane for lead-acid batteries prepared by the present invention adopts the dynamic interface bonding of pH-responsive adhesives, ultraviolet-infrared synergistic curing process and multi-layer composite structure design, so that the adhesive layer can adapt to the deformation of the substrate during the heat sealing process, reduce interface defects, and significantly improve the compressive strength of the polymer membrane for lead-acid batteries. Both can effectively withstand a pressure of more than 1500N. The compressive strength of Example 1 is 3540N, and the compressive strength of Example 2 is 2895N.

[0158] Test Example 2: Tensile strength test of polymer membrane for lead-acid batteries.

[0159] Test sample: polymer membrane for lead-acid battery prepared in each example.

[0160] Test method: Cut dumbbell-shaped specimens from polymer film of lead-acid batteries and use an electronic universal testing machine with a clamp spacing of 50 mm and a tensile speed of 50 mm / min. Record the maximum force when the specimen breaks and calculate the elongation at break.

[0161] The polymer film for lead-acid batteries prepared by the present invention combines the high strength of various film substrates with the high toughness of polypropylene. The longitudinal tensile strength of Example 1 is 158N / 15mm, and the transverse tensile strength is 132N / 15mm; the longitudinal tensile strength of Example 2 is 175N / 15mm, and the transverse tensile strength is 148N / 15mm, and the mechanical strength is excellent.

[0162] Test Example 3: Water vapor permeability test of polymer membranes for lead-acid batteries.

[0163] Test sample: polymer membrane for lead-acid battery prepared in each example.

[0164] Test method: Pour 30mL of deionized water into a moisture permeable cup with an inner diameter of 70mm. Seal the cup mouth of the sample, weigh the initial mass m0 of the polymer membrane for lead-acid batteries, and place it in a constant temperature and humidity chamber. After 24 hours, take it out and weigh the mass m1. The moisture permeable area is S. Calculate the water vapor transmission rate according to the formula WVT=(m1-m0) / (S×24h).

[0165] The polymer membrane for lead-acid batteries prepared by the present invention forms a high barrier structure through process optimization and material synergy. At the same time, the adhesive fills the interface micropores to further block the water vapor permeation path. The water vapor permeation rates of Example 1 and Example 2 are 1.48 g / m 2 / 24h and 1.62g / m 2 / 24h, water vapor transmission rate decreases.

[0166] Test Example 4: Acid resistance test of polymer membrane for lead-acid batteries.

[0167] Test sample: polymer membrane for lead-acid battery prepared in each example.

[0168] Test method: Take the polymer film for lead-acid batteries, measure the initial water vapor transmission rate F0, cut it into 50mm×50mm after drying, and completely immerse it in 1.35g / mL sulfuric acid solution at 25℃. After soaking for 7 days, take it out, rinse it with deionized water 3 times, dry it at room temperature for 24 hours, and measure the final water vapor transmission rate F0. t , according to the formula ∆F=(F t -F0) / F0×100%, and calculate the change rate of water vapor transmission rate.

[0169] The polymer membrane for lead-acid batteries prepared by the present invention maintains an intact appearance after being soaked in sulfuric acid, without wrinkling, shrinkage, delamination or brittleness, and the water vapor permeability change rate is less than 10%. The water vapor permeability change rate of Example 1 is 3.3%, and the water vapor permeability change rate of Example 2 is 4.7%, indicating that the dynamic 1,4-phenylenediboronate bond in the pH-responsive adhesive remains stable in an acidic environment, and the acid-responsive microcapsules in the adhesive layer are not broken, thereby ensuring the interfacial bonding strength between the adhesive layer and the substrate. At the same time, the effect of the multiple membranes indicates that the inorganic layer can physically isolate the corrosive medium and enhance the acid resistance. The composite membrane solves the durability problem of a single material in a strong acid environment through material complementarity and process optimization, and meets the long-term corrosion resistance requirements of lead-acid batteries.

[0170] Test Example 5: Heat resistance test of polymer membrane for lead acid battery.

[0171] Test sample: polymer membrane for lead-acid battery prepared in each example.

[0172] Test method: Cut the polymer film for lead-acid batteries into 50mm×50mm pieces, place them in a drying oven, and heat them from room temperature at a rate of 5℃ / min. Observe the temperature at which the sample wrinkles or shrinks, and record it as the heat-resistance temperature.

[0173] The composite structure of the polymer membrane for lead-acid batteries prepared by the present invention has improved heat resistance and can effectively withstand temperatures above 65°C. The heat-resistant temperature of Example 1 is 80°C, and the heat-resistant temperature of Example 2 is 75°C.

[0174] Example 3:

[0175] Refer to the attached Figure 2 As shown, a modular single-cell lead-acid battery comprises a main body 11 and an insert 12. The main body 11 is made of a non-polar polymer material, while the insert 12 is made of a polar polymer material. The main body 11 and the insert 12 are tightly bonded together, and a pole group head 1 is mounted on the pole group 3. A sealing bag 2, also made of a non-polar polymer material, covers the pole group 3. Due to heat sealing requirements, the main body 11 must be made of a non-polar polymer material to achieve a heat-sealable bond with the sealing bag 2. Because the pole group head 1 of the present invention has a high width-to-thickness ratio, traditional mechanical extrusion sealing (which utilizes the compressive force between the lead pole 31 and the non-polar polymer material to achieve a seal) is not suitable due to insufficient space. Therefore, a polar adhesive is required to secure the lead pole 31. To this end, the insert 12 (made of a polar polymer material) is provided to provide a bonding interface with the lead pole 31 and ensure a tight bond between the insert 12 and the main body 11.

[0176] Refer to the attached Figure 2As shown, a modular single-cell lead-acid battery has a main body 11 with a width L and a thickness W, and a width-to-thickness ratio L / W ≥ 8. This body is adapted to accommodate a pole group 3 having a width-to-thickness ratio greater than 8. As the pole group 3's width-to-thickness ratio increases, the pole group 3 becomes relatively thinner, allowing the water bath to more effectively remove heat generated by charging and discharging during the formation process. Under appropriate width and thickness conditions, a larger width-to-thickness ratio of the pole group 3 results in a lower internal temperature during the formation process.

[0177] Refer to the attached Figure 2 , Attachment Figure 3 As shown, a combined single lead-acid battery has raised textures 111 on both sides of the main body 11. The raised textures 111 are parallel lines, the number of lines is at least one, and the depth range is 0.5mm-1mm. The pole group head 1 of the present invention is installed on the pole group 3. The sealing bag 2 is combined with the pole group head 1 by a heat sealing process to wrap the pole group 3. By limiting the depth range of the raised texture 111, the contact area between the sealing bag 2 and the pole group head 1 is optimized to ensure that the raised texture 111 can enhance the bonding force without causing the material strength to decrease due to excessive depth, thereby balancing the sealing performance and structural reliability. When the raised texture 111 is one, two or three, the leakage-free pressure resistance values ​​between the sealing bag 2 and the pole group head 1 are 40kPa, 70kPa, and 90kPa, respectively. A single texture meets the basic sealing requirements, and multiple textures provide redundant sealing protection. Users can flexibly select design specifications according to the battery operating conditions.

[0178] Refer to the attached Figure 2 As shown, a modular single-cell lead-acid battery has a ribbed structure on the surface of the main body 11. The ribs enhance the main body 11's resistance to deformation and ensure the integrity of the sealing interface. The ribs also disperse stress generated during packaging, preventing warping of the main body 11 and potentially preventing seal failure due to material fatigue after long-term use.

[0179] Refer to the attached Figure 6 As shown, a combined single lead-acid battery has a bayonet-buckle structure on the pole group head, which can be assembled together.

[0180] Refer to the attached Figure 3 As shown, a modular single-cell lead-acid battery has an inner insert 12 with an annular outer cavity 121, which is equipped with positioning ribs 122. A cylindrical inner cavity 123 extends through the center of the insert 12. The insert 12 forms a multi-level sealed cavity structure consisting of an annular outer cavity 121 and a cylindrical inner cavity 123, separating the conductive and sealing functions. The annular outer cavity 121 serves as a glue reservoir, ensuring even distribution of the glue along the surface of the insert 12, while the positioning ribs 122 provide guidance and positioning.

[0181] Refer to the attached Figure 2 , Attachment Figure 3 As shown, a modular single-cell lead-acid battery has a lead post 31 on the pole group 3, which cooperates with the cylindrical inner cavity 123. The cooperation between the lead post 31 and the cylindrical inner cavity 123 establishes a conductive path and retains the welding port of the lead post 31. The lead post 31 and the cylindrical inner cavity 123 tightly cooperate to prevent acid from penetrating into the pole group. Before the pole group head 1 is installed on the pole group 3, a certain amount of sealing glue is first added to the cylindrical inner cavity 123 and the annular outer cavity 121. The lead post 31 of the pole group 3 cooperates with the cylindrical inner cavity 123 to squeeze the internal sealing glue into the annular outer cavity 121. After the glue solidifies, the lead post 31 is fixed.

[0182] Refer to the attached Figure 2 The figure shows a modular single-cell lead-acid battery. The main body 11 is made of polypropylene, and the inner insert 12 is made of ABS. The contact portion of the sealing bag 2 with the terminal group head 1 is made of polypropylene (PP). Under certain temperature conditions, the heat-sealed bond with the sealing bag 2 is strong, making it difficult for the two to separate, thus ensuring the seal of the terminal group 3. PP material has a pH tolerance range of approximately 2-12 at 80°C, which is greater than the pH tolerance range of approximately 4-10 for ABS material used in conventional lead-acid battery tank covers, and exhibits better acid and corrosion resistance. A single or multi-layer raised texture 111 is designed on the contact surface between the terminal group head 1 and the sealing bag 2 to increase the heat-sealed contact surface area and enhance the bonding strength between the two. The contact surface of the inner insert 12 with the lead terminal 31 is made of ABS plastic. ABS contains acrylonitrile polar groups. Compared to non-polar plastics such as PE and PP, ABS has a higher surface energy of approximately 36-42 mN / m, making it more susceptible to physical adsorption or chemical bonding with the lead element in the lead-acid battery. Other plastics, such as PP, are completely non-polar materials with low surface energy and inherently weak bonding with metal. Therefore, the contact portion between the insert 12 and the lead terminal 31 is made of ABS polar material. Furthermore, ABS is stronger than PP, providing superior protection for the lead terminal 31. Compared to traditional integrated terminal cluster head 1 structures, assembling the main body 11 and insert 12 using two different materials, ABS and PP, fully leverages the advantages of both materials.

[0183] Refer to the attached Figure 1 As shown, a modular single-unit lead-acid battery has a pH-responsive adhesive added to the interface between the main body 11 and the embedded part 12. The pH-responsive adhesive contains acid-responsive microcapsules. The pH-responsive adhesive ingredients include borate bond prepolymer, epoxy acrylic hybrid resin, TPO-L, and dicumyl peroxide. The shell material of the acid-responsive microcapsules is polymethyl methacrylate-co-maleic anhydride, and the core material is pentaerythritol triacrylate. The dynamic borate bond in the dynamic borate bond prepolymer triggers recombination when etched by electrolyte (pH ≤ 3), and the microcapsule shell is reconstituted in the presence of H +At concentrations greater than 0.15mmol / L, the adhesive selectively breaks down, releasing repair monomers to rapidly fill interfacial microcracks. Simultaneously, the borate network dynamically restructures to enhance molecular entanglement at the non-polar polymer / polar polymer interface, achieving both self-repair and mechanical enhancement in an acid-etching environment. The epoxy-acrylic hybrid resin provides a rigid framework for the adhesive, while also forming a dense protective layer that slows electrolyte erosion. TPO-L, a UV-triggered curing agent, and diisopropylbenzene peroxide, a heat-triggered curing agent, work together to fully cure the adhesive during a gradient curing process, ultimately ensuring a tight seal between the interface between the embedded component 12 and the main component 11, and ensuring the internal sealing of the electrode cluster 3 after encapsulation by the electrode cluster head 1 and the sealing bag 2.

[0184] Refer to the attached Figure 1 As shown, the contact surface between the lead terminal 31 and the inner insert 12 is sealed with epoxy adhesive. The epoxy adhesive contains an acid-resistant modified component composed of a long-chain alkyl organosilicon compound and tetraethoxysilane. The inner insert 12 is made of ABS. Epoxy adhesive typically exhibits a high bonding strength (approximately 5-20 MPa) between the ABS's polar surface (containing acrylonitrile and styrene) and the epoxy adhesive's polar groups (such as hydroxyl and epoxy groups) form hydrogen bonds or dipole interactions. Due to its low surface energy and inert oxide layer, lead has a moderate bonding strength (approximately 2-10 MPa). Modification of the epoxy adhesive (e.g., by adding a toughening agent) is required to improve the bonding properties. This ensures a tight seal between the lead terminal 31 and the inner insert 12, and ensures the internal sealing of the electrode group 3 after encapsulation by the electrode group head 1 and the sealing bag 2. The epoxy adhesive sealant solves the interfacial sealing problem between the ABS insert 12 and the lead terminal 31. The epoxy adhesive chemically bonds to the polar surface of the ABS, forming a stable seal. The modified colloid adapts to the low surface energy of lead, preventing debonding. The bonding strength of epoxy adhesive to both ABS and lead, and the mechanism behind it, primarily depend on the surface properties of the materials and interfacial interactions. For ABS, epoxy adhesives typically exhibit moderate to high bonding strength, making them difficult to peel from after curing. This is due to hydrogen bonding or dipole interactions between the polar surface of ABS (containing acrylonitrile and styrene) and the polar groups of the epoxy adhesive (such as hydroxyl and epoxy groups). However, for lead, due to its low surface energy and inert oxide layer, the bonding strength is low to moderate, requiring the addition of a toughening agent to improve adhesion. The addition of silicone and silane compounds to epoxy adhesives improves acid resistance and flexibility. Silicone enhances the elasticity of the adhesive and allows it to adapt to temperature deformation. Silane compounds react with acidic environments to form an inert layer, which slows corrosion and effectively extends the service life of lead-acid batteries.

[0185] Example 4:

[0186] Step 1: Preparation of the head structure

[0187] Refer to the attached Figure 2As shown, a main body 11 and an insert 12 are prepared. The main body 11 is injection molded from PP, with a thickness of 2.5 mm and a single raised texture 111 on both sides with a depth of 0.8 mm. The insert 12 is made of ABS material, with an annular outer cavity 121 with a width of 2.0 mm for storing the sealing glue.

[0188] Step 2: Adhesive Preparation and Application

[0189] Prepare a pH-responsive adhesive. Its ingredients include: dynamic borate prepolymer (60-65wt%), acid-responsive microcapsules (15wt%, shell material: polymethyl methacrylate-co-maleic anhydride), epoxy-acrylic hybrid resin (20-25wt%), TPO-L (2.5-3wt%), and dicumyl peroxide (1.5-2wt%). Apply the adhesive using a three-roll transfer mechanism to a thickness of 18-23μm. Add 0.8-1.2wt% of a benzotriazole derivative to enhance pH sensitivity. Inject the prepared adhesive into the interface between the main component 11 and the insert 12.

[0190] Step 3: Gradient curing process execution

[0191] First, a 385nm UV light source (115mW / cm²) was used to vertically irradiate the adhesive layer for 11 seconds, achieving a surface crosslinking degree of over 83%. Within 0.5 seconds, the system switched to mid-wave infrared radiation, controlling the peak temperature at 75±3°C for 30 seconds to complete deep cationic polymerization, ensuring a ≤8% difference in curing between the inner and outer layers.

[0192] Step 4: Assemble the pole group head and lead pole

[0193] Refer to the attached Figure 2 , Attachment Figure 3 As shown, the lead pole 31 is inserted into the cylindrical inner cavity 123 of the insert 12. The annular outer cavity 121 is pre-injected with 1.5 mL of epoxy sealant, and the gap is evenly filled with the glue by squeezing.

[0194] Step 5: Sealing and heat sealing

[0195] Refer to the attached Figure 2 As shown, heat sealing is performed at the interface between the main body 11 and the PP sealing bag 4. The heating plate temperature is set to 180°C and the pressure is 0.3 MPa for 5 seconds. The 0.8 mm deep raised texture 111 on the surface of the main body 11 increases the heat seal contact area by 40%, raising the seal strength to 90 kPa. The sealing bag 4 and the main body 11 are sealed together, ultimately completely covering the electrode group 3.

[0196] Step 6: Performance Verification Test

[0197] ABS protection performance test for lead pole 31: ABS samples were tested with a width of 10mm, a thickness of 4.05mm, a gauge length of 50mm, and a tensile speed of 200mm / min. The tensile strength of the ABS samples was greater than 50MPa, and the impact strength was greater than 20KJ / m 2 , has good impact resistance and can better protect the lead pole 31. The test results are shown in Table 1 and Appendix Figure 4 shown.

[0198] Table 1. Strength test results

[0199]

[0200] Sealing test: when there are one, two or three raised textures 111 on both sides of the pole group head, it is guaranteed that there is no leakage between the sealing bag 4 and the pole group head under pressures of 40kPa, 70kPa and 90kPa;

[0201] Mechanical strength test: Apply 10N·m torque to the ABS support layer to verify that there is no deformation;

[0202] Environmental resistance test: The initial temperature is 25℃, dropped to -40℃, kept warm for 6 hours, then raised to 120℃, kept warm for 6 hours. The time from -40℃ to 120℃ is set to 90 minutes. After 100 cycles, there is no structural deformation and the integrity meets the protection requirements.

[0203] Acid resistance test: The electrode group head was immersed in a sulfuric acid solution with a pH of 1 for 200 cycles. The pH test paper dipped in pure water was used to detect the lead electrode 31 position and the interface between the main part 11 and the embedded part 12. It was found that the pH test paper did not change color, and there was no crack or electrolyte penetration on the interface.

[0204] Cell width-to-thickness ratio test: refer to the attached Figure 5 As shown in the figure, the battery cells assembled with three different width-to-thickness ratios of the pole group heads were filled with acid using an acid filling machine. The width-to-thickness ratio L / W of the battery cells assembled with each pole group head was the same as that of the matched pole group head, and the acid density was 1.26g / cm 3The acid filling volume was 290g for each battery cell (25°C). The width-to-thickness ratios (L / W) of the three battery cells were as follows: ① Soft-packed single-cell battery cells of the present invention, with a width-to-thickness ratio of 12.25 (two groups); ② Soft-packed single-cell battery cells of the present invention, with a width-to-thickness ratio of 8 (two groups); and ③ Traditional single-cell battery cells, with a width-to-thickness ratio of 2.4. Twelve cells of each type were acid-filled. After acid filling, each cell was placed in the same formation water bath set to 25°C. A paperless recorder was used to record the cell temperature during the formation process. Two temperature probes were installed on each cell with different width-to-thickness ratios, each attached to the center of the cell's side surface to ensure accurate temperature monitoring. All three cells were charged and discharged using the "modular 85h" formation process. While the charge and discharge processes were running, the paperless recorder was activated to record temperature data. The formation temperature difference curve shows that the larger the cell's width-to-thickness ratio, the lower the maximum temperature during the formation process. When the cell's width-to-thickness ratio is 12.25, the maximum temperature during the formation process is only 38.2°C; when the modular width-to-thickness ratio is 8, the maximum temperature during the formation process is 45.1°C; and when the cell's width-to-thickness ratio is 2.4, the maximum temperature during the formation process is 52.3°C. The experimental results show that when the cell's width-to-thickness ratio increases, the cell becomes relatively thinner, allowing the water bath to more effectively remove heat generated by charging and discharging during the formation process. Under appropriate width and thickness conditions (width-to-thickness ratio L / W ≥ 10), a larger cell's width-to-thickness ratio results in a lower internal cell temperature during the formation process.

[0205] Example 5:

[0206] Refer to the attached Figure 17 As shown, a combined single lead-acid battery includes a pole group 3, wherein the pole group 3 includes at least three positive plates 33 and two negative plates 32, and the positive plates 33 and the negative plates 32 are separated by a separator 34.

[0207] A combined single lead-acid battery with a negative plate alloy dosage of 1.95-2.47g / Ah and a negative plate alloy dosage of 0.665-0.845g / cm 3 The negative plate includes a negative grid and a negative plate active material; the amount of the negative plate active material is 3.327-4.402 g / cm 3 ; The amount of active material used in the negative electrode plate is 9.7-12.9g / Ah.

[0208] The negative plate 32 of the present invention has an expanded plate configuration. Compared with the existing plate, while maintaining the same external dimensions, the battery capacity is improved, so that the capacity of a single negative plate reaches 6.67Ah, which is 66.75% higher than the 4Ah capacity of the traditional negative plate design. The enlarged plate surface size of the present invention shortens the current transmission path and reduces the internal resistance by 15-20%. Reducing the number of plates reduces the number of connection points, thereby improving reliability. As the number of plates is reduced, the internal resistance is further reduced, thereby achieving the goal of maintaining the battery discharge performance and cycle life while reducing the amount of lead material.

[0209] The amount of negative plate alloy used is 1.95-2.47 g / Ah, which can be specifically selected from one of the following specific values ​​or a range between any two of them: 1.95, 1.96, 1.97, 1.98...2.40, 2.41, 2.42, 2.43, 2.44, 2.45, 2.46, 2.47.

[0210] The amount of negative plate alloy used is 0.665-0.845g / cm 3 , specifically, it can be selected as one of the following specific values ​​or a range between any two of them: 0.665, 0.666, 0.667, 0.6668...0.839, 0.840, 0.841, 0.842, 0.843, 0.844, 0.845.

[0211] The amount of active material used in the negative plate is 3.327-4.402g / cm 3 , specifically, it can be selected as one of the following specific values ​​or a range between any two of them: 3.327, 3.328, 3.329, 3.330, 3.331...4.397, 4.398, 4.399, 4.400, 4.401, 4.402.

[0212] The amount of active material used in the negative electrode plate is 9.7-12.9 g / Ah, which can be specifically selected from one of the following specific values ​​or a range between any two of them: 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10.0, 10.1...12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9.

[0213] The negative electrode plate 32 includes at least one negative grid 322 with a negative electrode tab 321 , which simplifies the plate assembly process and improves production yield.

[0214] The active material of the negative plate is lead paste 40, which contains a two-dimensional conductive material and glass nanotubes. The addition of the two-dimensional conductive material creates an efficient three-dimensional conductive network, significantly reducing the plate's internal resistance, promoting electron transfer, and enabling more complete redox reactions of active materials such as PbSO4 and Pb. While maintaining the same discharge capacity, the amount of active material can be reduced, thereby reducing plate weight and increasing battery energy density. The porous structure of the glass nanotubes acts as a micron-scale electrolyte channel, rapidly replenishing sulfuric acid electrolyte during discharge and effectively alleviating concentration polarization on the plate surface caused by delayed electrolyte diffusion. This characteristic significantly improves voltage stability during high-rate discharge and reduces ineffective energy loss. The synergistic effect of the two-dimensional conductive material and the glass nanotubes not only ensures electron conduction efficiency but also optimizes ion transport pathways, ensuring a more uniform electrochemical reaction on the plate during charge and discharge.

[0215] The lead paste 40 in this embodiment is made by mixing lead powder, water, sulfuric acid and additives, wherein the additives are two-dimensional conductive materials and glass nanotubes.

[0216] Refer to the attached Figure 9 As shown, the negative grid 322 consists of a negative rectangular frame 322a and internal reinforcement ribs. The negative rectangular frame 322a includes two horizontally arranged horizontal frames and two vertically arranged vertical frames, which together form a closed frame. Inside the frame is a crisscross network of reinforcement ribs. The horizontal ribs are arranged in parallel at equal intervals and are welded to the two vertical frames at both ends. The vertical ribs are arranged in parallel at equal intervals and are significantly more numerous than the horizontal ribs. The two ends are welded to the two horizontal frames. The negative ear 321, as a current conducting component, extends vertically outward from the middle of one of the horizontal frames. The intersections of all horizontal and vertical ribs and the edges of the ribs are chamfered to eliminate stress concentration and improve structural reliability.

[0217] The crisscrossing horizontal and vertical ribs with equal spacing form a uniform grid support, which, together with the rectangular frame of the negative rectangular frame 322a, effectively enhances the grid's anti-deformation ability, reduces stress damage during the charge and discharge cycle, and extends its service life. The densely distributed vertical ribs, which are more in number than the horizontal ribs, shorten the current conduction path and reduce the internal resistance. At the same time, the longitudinal extension design of the negative ear 321 further reduces the current collection impedance and improves the charge and discharge efficiency. The equally spaced arrangement and chamfering treatment of the ribs expand the effective area of ​​the electrode reaction, avoid local stress concentration, prevent the active material from falling off, and ensure capacity retention. The chamfered structure reduces the risk of burrs during stamping or casting, improves production yield, and facilitates the uniform filling of lead paste 40 in the paste coating process, thereby improving electrode consistency.

[0218] A single cell includes a negative electrode plate 32 , a positive electrode plate and a separator.

[0219] Example 6:

[0220] In this embodiment, the negative plate 32 of the present invention utilizes a large surface area. This reduces the number of positive and negative plates used in the battery's components. The single negative plate measures 148 mm x 132 mm, compared to the 140 mm x 66 mm dimensions of conventional plates. This area is approximately twice that of a typical lead-acid battery plate used in commercially available electric bicycles. The negative plate 32 has a lead post 31 and is approximately 1.0 mm thick.

[0221] In this embodiment, the parameters of the positive and negative plates are as follows:

[0222] Positive plate: Single-piece positive plate weight: 20-30g; Single-piece positive electrode active material weight: 150-165g; Single-piece positive plate capacity: 10Ah; Alloy dosage: 2.0-3.0g / Ah, which is approximately 37.5% lower than the alloy dosage of existing single-piece positive plate; Active material dosage: 15.0-16.5g / Ah, which is approximately 9.64% lower than that of existing positive plates.

[0223] Negative plate: Single-piece negative plate weight: 13-16.5g; Single-piece negative electrode active material weight: 65-86g; Single-piece negative plate capacity: 6.67Ah; Alloy dosage: 1.95-2.47g / Ah, which is approximately 29.1% lower than the alloy dosage of existing single-piece negative plate; Active material dosage: 9.7-12.9g / Ah, which is approximately 33.1% lower than that of existing negative plates.

[0224] In this embodiment, the configuration of the single cell plates is as follows:

[0225] Number of positive plates: 2, total alloy weight: 40-60g, total active material weight: 300-330g.

[0226] Number of negative plates: 3, total alloy weight: 39-49.5g, total active material weight: 195-258g.

[0227] The single cell battery of the present invention uses two positive plates and three negative plates. Compared with the prior art solution that requires four positive plates and five negative plates for a single cell battery, the solution of the present invention optimizes the size structure of the positive and negative plates and reduces the number of positive and negative plates, thereby achieving lightweighting of the single cell battery, reducing internal resistance, improving assembly efficiency and ensuring battery performance.

[0228] Table 2 shows a comparison between a single cell battery produced using the negative electrode plate of the present invention and an existing battery.

[0229] Table 2. Comparison of the single cell solution produced by the present invention and existing batteries

[0230]

[0231] Note: Calculation method of plate capacity: refer to the national standard GB / T 22199.1-2017 "Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries for electric power-assisted vehicles" Part 1: Technical conditions. The capacity is the 2-hour rate capacity. Plate capacity = capacity / number of plates per cell.

[0232] Currently, the power batteries on the market with a capacity of 20Ah use 4 positive plates and 5 negative plates, and the positive plate capacity = 20Ah / 4 = 5Ah, and the negative plate capacity = 20Ah / 5 = 4Ah; the battery prepared with the negative plate of the present invention, such as a battery with a capacity of 20Ah, uses 2 positive plates and 3 negative plates, and the positive plate capacity = 20Ah / 2 = 10Ah, and the negative plate capacity = 20Ah / 3 = 6.67Ah.

[0233] As can be seen from Table 1 above, the solution of this aspect significantly reduces the amount of alloy and active material used per unit capacity through a large plate design. The negative plate alloy content g / Ah is reduced by approximately 29.1%, and the negative electrode active material is reduced by 33.1%. The number of plates used in the present invention is reduced, from 4 positive plates to 2 plates, and from 5 negative plates to 3 plates, reducing internal resistance and improving assembly efficiency. The solution of the present invention achieves an increase in the capacity of a single negative plate from 4Ah to 6.67Ah, while optimizing material distribution to ensure high energy density.

[0234] The length of the single negative plate in this embodiment is not limited to 148 mm, and may also be 60 mm, 60.1 mm, 60.2 mm, ... 65 mm, 65.1 mm, 65.2 mm, 65.3 mm, ... 75 mm, 75.1 mm, 75.2 mm, 75.3 mm, 75.4 mm, ... 90 mm, 90.1 mm, 90.2 mm, 90.3 mm, 90.4 mm, 90. 5mm, 90.6mm……120mm, 120.1mm, 120.2mm, 120.3mm, 120.4mm, 120.5mm, 120.6mm, 120.7mm……1 48mm, 148.1mm, 148.2mm, 148.3mm, 148.4mm, 148.5mm, 148.6mm, 148.7mm, 148.8mm...200mm.

[0235] The width of the single negative plate in this embodiment is not limited to 132 mm, and may also be 60 mm, 60.1 mm, 60.2 mm, ... 65 mm, 65.1 mm, 65.2 mm, 65.3 mm, ... 75 mm, 75.1 mm, 75.2 mm, 75.3 mm, 75.4 mm, ... 90 mm, 90.1 mm, 90.2 mm, 90.3 mm, 90.4 mm, 90. 5mm, 90.6mm……120mm, 120.1mm, 120.2mm, 120.3mm, 120.4mm, 120.5mm, 120.6mm, 120.7mm……1 48mm, 148.1mm, 148.2mm, 148.3mm, 148.4mm, 148.5mm, 148.6mm, 148.7mm, 148.8mm...200mm.

[0236] Example 7:

[0237] See the appendix Figure 10 As shown, between the grid rib part 43 and the active material aggregation layer 41 is the corrosion layer 42. Outside the active material aggregation layer 41 is the lead paste 40. During the plate curing and battery formation processes, a corrosion layer with high internal resistance is likely to form on the grid surface, increasing the battery internal resistance, resulting in a decrease in battery capacity and a shortening of battery life.

[0238] During plate curing, a corrosion layer 42 of a mixture of PbO and Pb(OH)2 forms on the grid surface.

[0239] During plate curing, a corrosion layer 42 forms on the grid surface. At the beginning, the corrosion layer is very thin. As the curing time extends, oxygen diffuses through the corrosion layer and continues to oxidize the grid rib part 43 of the grid matrix, and the corrosion layer 42 gradually thickens. During battery formation, oxygen passes through the corrosion layer 42 and enters the grid surface. The lead on the grid surface is oxidized to lead oxide, and the generated lead oxide has a very high internal resistance. The lead oxide is further oxidized to PbOn (1 < n < 2), and then oxidized to lead dioxide. If the formation rate of lead oxide is higher than the rate of further oxidation to lead dioxide, a high-resistance lead oxide layer will form on the grid surface, resulting in a decrease in battery capacity.

[0240] Therefore, the negative grid 322 of the present invention is surface-treated, and the surface treatment process method is as follows:

[0241] 1.1 Multi-pass rolling process

[0242] The grid is made from a lead plate about 15 mm thick through a 7 - 9 pass rolling process. Due to the multi-pass rolling process treatment of the grid, the density and strength of the alloy are very high, and the corrosion resistance ability is strong. Less grid alloy can be used to meet the usage requirements during the battery life cycle. Then the rolled grid is heat-treated at a high temperature of 80 - 90 degrees Celsius for 12 - 24 hours. The hardness of the grid is greatly improved, which is convenient for improving the coating efficiency and qualification rate.

[0243] The thickness of the negative grid 322 obtained by the multi-pass rolling process reaches 0.3 - 0.6 mm.

[0244] The present invention uses the rolling process treatment to enhance the density and strength of the alloy, and the corrosion resistance ability is strong. See the metallographic diagram of the grid without rolling treatment in the appendix Figure 11 and the metallographic diagram of the grid经过7 - 9道辊轧工艺in the appendix Figure 12 As can be seen from the metallographic diagram of the grid经过7 - 9道辊轧工艺, after the 7 - 9 pass rolling process treatment, the density of the grid alloy is increased, and its surface structure is dense.

[0245] 1.2 Grid surface pickling treatment process

[0246] After multiple rolling and high-temperature heat treatment, the surface structure of the grid is dense and has strong corrosion resistance. However, the oil film on the surface of the grid will cause poor bonding between the grid and the active material, and it needs to be cleaned. The grid is cleaned by ultrasonic high-frequency oscillation in a weakly acidic solution (citric acid, lactic acid, etc.), and then the cleaned grid is quickly dried at 80-90°C to obtain a negative grid.

[0247] 1.3 Grid surface spraying process

[0248] The acid-washed negative grid is then sprayed with a uniform amount of graphene suspension. The grid is then rapidly dried in an oven at 90-120 degrees Celsius. The graphene suspension-sprayed negative grid has a strong bond with the active material, improving conductivity and minimizing interface resistance between the active material and the negative grid.

[0249] The mass percentage of the graphene suspension is 0.1-0.4%, and the components of the graphene suspension are: graphene nanosheets and water; the spraying speed is 10 meters to 30 meters per minute.

[0250] 1) Principle:

[0251] Physical barrier effect: The graphene coating acts as a dense barrier, reducing the direct contact between the electrolyte and lead and inhibiting the irreversible deposition of lead sulfate.

[0252] Electrochemical synergy: Graphene's conductive network promotes rapid electron transport and accelerates the reduction reaction of lead sulfate to lead. The reaction formula is as follows:

[0253]

[0254] Porous structure enhancement: The specific surface area of ​​graphene (2630m 2 / g) provides more reaction sites and enhances electrolyte wetting and ion transport.

[0255] 2) Main functions

[0256] Inhibit sulfation: The graphene coating can prevent lead sulfate crystals from forming large crystals on the surface of the negative electrode, keeping them in a small particle state, making it easier to dissolve back into active lead (Pb) during charging, significantly extending the cycle life.

[0257] Enhanced conductivity: Graphene has high conductivity (electron mobility up to 15000cm 2 / (V·s)) reduces the internal resistance of the negative electrode, improves the charge and discharge efficiency, and especially improves the fast charging capability.

[0258] Stabilize electrode structure: The porous network structure of graphene supports the active material (sponge lead), preventing the active material from falling off during charging and discharging, and improving mechanical strength and cycle stability.

[0259] Refer to the attached Figure 15 As shown, the left side is the SEM image of the negative grid without graphene spraying treatment, and the right side is the SEM image of the negative grid after graphene spraying treatment. It can be seen that the graphene coating can prevent lead sulfate crystals from forming large crystals on the negative electrode surface.

[0260] Example 8:

[0261] This embodiment provides a process for manufacturing a modular single-unit lead-acid battery using the present invention. The process steps are as follows:

[0262] Step 1: Plate Manufacturing

[0263] The positive and negative plates are manufactured. The dimensions of the positive plate are: length 148 mm × width 132 mm × thickness 0.50 mm; grid weight: 20 g; active material weight: 165 g; single plate capacity: 10 Ah;

[0264] The negative plate dimensions are: length 148mm × width 132mm × thickness 0.30mm; grid weight: 13g; active material weight: 86g; single plate capacity: 6.67Ah.

[0265] Plate preparation process: Use a plate coating machine to evenly coat the active material on the grid to form a wet plate. The wet plate is cured and dried in a curing and drying furnace to finally obtain a dry plate for battery assembly.

[0266] Step 2: Battery Pack Assembly

[0267] Plate combination: 2 positive plates and 3 negative plates are stacked alternately to optimize current distribution and active material utilization.

[0268] -Separator setting: Two 0.6mm thick AGM separators are wrapped around the outside of the positive plate. The separator size is slightly larger than the electrode to ensure effective isolation and prevent short circuit.

[0269] Tab welding: Weld the tabs of two positive plates in parallel and connect the positive lead terminal; weld the tabs of three negative plates in parallel and connect the negative lead terminal; Battery capacity: Since two 10Ah positive plates are connected in parallel, the nominal capacity of the battery is 20Ah.

[0270] Step 3: Battery formation and performance testing

[0271] Electrolyte injection: Add an appropriate amount of dilute sulfuric acid with a density of 1.260g / ml to the battery plastic container.

[0272] Formation process: The "three charges and two discharges" formation process is used for charging to optimize the plate activation effect.

[0273] Capacity test:

[0274] Test conditions: 10A constant current discharge, termination voltage 1.75V.

[0275] -Test results: The discharge time reached 2 hours and 5 minutes, and the calculated capacity was 20.8Ah, exceeding the nominal capacity by 20Ah, indicating that the battery has good active material utilization and discharge performance.

[0276] This battery utilizes an optimized plate design, precise coating process, and rational assembly method to ensure high energy density and stable discharge performance. The measured capacity exceeds the nominal value.

[0277] Example 9:

[0278] This embodiment provides a process for manufacturing a modular single-unit lead-acid battery using the present invention. The process steps are as follows:

[0279] Step 1: Plate Manufacturing

[0280] The positive and negative plates are manufactured. The dimensions of the positive plate are: length 148 mm × width 132 mm × thickness 0.55 mm; grid weight: 25 g; active material weight: 160 g; single plate capacity: 10 Ah;

[0281] The negative plate dimensions are: length 148mm × width 132mm × thickness 0.35mm; grid weight: 14.5g; active material weight: 80g; single plate capacity: 6.67Ah.

[0282] Plate preparation process: Use a plate coating machine to evenly coat the active material on the grid to form a wet plate. The wet plate is cured and dried in a curing and drying furnace to finally obtain a dry plate for battery assembly.

[0283] Step 2: Battery Pack Assembly

[0284] Plate combination: 2 positive plates and 3 negative plates are stacked alternately to optimize current distribution and active material utilization.

[0285] -Separator setting: Two 0.6mm thick AGM separators are wrapped around the outside of the positive plate. The separator size is slightly larger than the electrode to ensure effective isolation and prevent short circuit.

[0286] Tab welding: Weld the tabs of two positive plates in parallel and connect the positive lead terminal; weld the tabs of three negative plates in parallel and connect the negative lead terminal; Battery capacity: Since two 10Ah positive plates are connected in parallel, the nominal capacity of the battery is 20Ah.

[0287] Step 3: Battery formation and performance testing

[0288] Electrolyte injection: Add an appropriate amount of dilute sulfuric acid with a density of 1.260g / ml to the battery plastic container.

[0289] Formation process: The "three charges and two discharges" formation process is used for charging to optimize the plate activation effect.

[0290] Capacity test:

[0291] Test conditions: 10A constant current discharge, termination voltage 1.75V.

[0292] -Test results: The discharge time reached 2 hours and 4 minutes, and the calculated capacity was 20.6Ah, exceeding the nominal capacity by 20Ah, indicating that the battery has good active material utilization and discharge performance.

[0293] This battery utilizes an optimized plate design, precise coating process, and rational assembly method to ensure high energy density and stable discharge performance. The measured capacity exceeds the nominal value.

[0294] Example 10:

[0295] This embodiment provides a process for manufacturing a modular single-unit lead-acid battery using the present invention. The process steps are as follows:

[0296] Step 1: Plate Manufacturing

[0297] The positive and negative plates are manufactured. The dimensions of the positive plate are: length 148 mm × width 132 mm × thickness 0.60 mm; grid weight: 30 g; active material weight: 150 g; single plate capacity: 10 Ah;

[0298] The negative plate dimensions are: length 148mm × width 132mm × thickness 0.40mm; grid weight: 16.5g; active material weight: 65g; single plate capacity: 6.67Ah.

[0299] Plate preparation process: Use a plate coating machine to evenly coat the active material on the grid to form a wet plate. The wet plate is cured and dried in a curing and drying furnace to finally obtain a dry plate for battery assembly.

[0300] Step 2: Battery Pack Assembly

[0301] Plate combination: 2 positive plates and 3 negative plates are stacked alternately to optimize current distribution and active material utilization.

[0302] -Separator setting: Two 0.6mm thick AGM separators are wrapped around the outside of the positive plate. The separator size is slightly larger than the electrode to ensure effective isolation and prevent short circuit.

[0303] Tab welding: Weld the tabs of two positive plates in parallel and connect the positive lead terminal; weld the tabs of three negative plates in parallel and connect the negative lead terminal; Battery capacity: Since two 10Ah positive plates are connected in parallel, the nominal capacity of the battery is 20Ah.

[0304] Step 3: Battery formation and performance testing

[0305] Electrolyte injection: Add an appropriate amount of dilute sulfuric acid with a density of 1.260g / ml to the battery plastic container.

[0306] Formation process: The "three charges and two discharges" formation process is used for charging to optimize the plate activation effect.

[0307] Capacity test:

[0308] Test conditions: 10A constant current discharge, termination voltage 1.75V.

[0309] -Test results: The discharge time reached 2 hours and 1 minute, and the calculated capacity was 20.2Ah, exceeding the nominal capacity of 20Ah, indicating that the battery has good active material utilization and discharge performance.

[0310] This battery utilizes an optimized plate design, precise coating process, and rational assembly method to ensure high energy density and stable discharge performance. The measured capacity exceeds the nominal value.

[0311] Example 11:

[0312] Refer to the attached Figure 17 As shown, a combined single lead-acid battery includes a pole group 3, wherein the pole group 3 includes at least three positive plates 33 and two negative plates 32, and the positive plates 33 and the negative plates 32 are separated by a separator 34.

[0313] A combined single lead-acid battery with a positive plate alloy dosage of 0.569-0.853g / cm 3 The positive plate alloy dosage is 2.0-3.0g / Ah, the positive plate 33 includes a positive grid 332 and a positive plate active material, the positive plate active material dosage is 15.0-16.5g / Ah, and the positive plate active material dosage is 4.266-4.692g / cm 3 .

[0314] The positive plate 33 of the present invention has an extended plate configuration. Compared with the existing plate, the battery capacity is improved while maintaining the same external dimensions, so that the capacity of a single positive plate reaches 10Ah, which is twice the 5Ah of the traditional design. The plate surface size of the present invention is expanded to shorten the current transmission path, reduce the internal resistance by 15-20%, reduce the number of plates, and reduce the number of connection points, thereby improving reliability. As the number of plates is reduced, the internal resistance is further reduced, thereby maintaining the battery discharge performance and cycle life while reducing the amount of lead material.

[0315] A battery prepared using the positive electrode plate of the present invention, for example, with a capacity of 20 Ah, uses two positive plates and three negative plates. The capacity of the positive plate is 20 Ah / 2 = 10 Ah, and the capacity of the negative plate is 20 Ah / 3 = 6.67 Ah.

[0316] Calculation method of plate capacity: refer to the national standard GB / T 22199.1-2017 "Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries for electric power-assisted vehicles" Part 1: Technical conditions, the capacity is 2-hour rate capacity, and the plate capacity = capacity / number of single-cell plates.

[0317] Compared with the prior art: the power battery currently on the market, with a capacity of 20Ah, uses 4 positive plates and 5 negative plates, the positive plate capacity = 20Ah / 4 = 5Ah, and the negative plate capacity = 20Ah / 5 = 4Ah; the battery prepared using the positive plate of the present invention in this embodiment, such as a battery with a capacity of 20Ah, uses 2 positive plates and 3 negative plates, the positive plate capacity = 20Ah / 2 = 10Ah, and the negative plate capacity = 20Ah / 3 = 6.67Ah.

[0318] The amount of positive plate alloy is 0.569-0.853g / cm 3 , specifically, it can be selected as one of the following specific values ​​or a range between any two of them: 0.569, 0.570, 0.571, 0.572, 0.573...0.849, 0.850, 0.851, 0.852, 0.853.

[0319] The positive plate alloy dosage is 2.0-3.0 g / Ah, which can be specifically selected from one of the following specific values ​​or a range between any two of them: 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0.

[0320] The amount of active material used in the positive electrode plate is 15.0-16.5 g / Ah, which can be specifically selected from one of the following specific values ​​or a range between any two of them: 15.0, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3...15.8, 15.9, 16.0, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5.

[0321] The amount of active material used in the positive plate is 4.266-4.692g / cm 3 , specifically, it can be selected as one of the following specific values ​​or a range between any two of them: 4.266, 4.267, 4.268, 4.269, 4.270, 4.271..., 4.690, 4.691, 4.692.

[0322] Refer to the attached Figure 8 、 Figure 9 As shown, the positive plate 33 includes at least one positive grid 332 with a positive tab 331 , which simplifies the plate assembly process and improves production yield.

[0323] The active material for the positive plate is lead paste 40, which contains tinned carbon nanotubes and glass nanotubes. The addition of 0.5-2.0 wt% of tinned carbon nanotubes to lead paste 40 creates a good ohmic contact between the metal coating on its surface and the lead matrix, helping to build a three-dimensional continuous conductive network. This improves the plate's electronic conductivity while reducing the amount of active material used to achieve the same plate discharge capacity. This increases the active material utilization rate from the traditional 25-35% to 40-50%. Simultaneously, 1-3 wt% of glass nanotubes are introduced into lead paste 40 to improve the timely delivery of sulfuric acid electrolyte to the positive plate 33 during discharge, significantly reducing concentration polarization, increasing the voltage drop during discharge, and improving the active material utilization rate. This allows the use of less active material while achieving the same plate discharge capacity. The tinned carbon nanotubes and glass nanotubes form a continuous electron-ion dual transport network, reducing the amount of active material by 10-20% while maintaining the same output capacity.

[0324] The lead paste 40 in this embodiment is made by mixing lead powder, water, sulfuric acid and additives, wherein the additives are tin-plated carbon nanotubes and glass nanotubes.

[0325] Example 12:

[0326] See attached Figure 10 As shown, there is a corrosion layer 42 between the grid rib part 43 and the active material aggregation layer 41, and the outside of the active material aggregation layer 41 is lead paste 40. During the plate curing and battery formation process, a corrosion layer with high internal resistance is easily formed on the surface of the grid, which increases the internal resistance of the battery, resulting in reduced battery capacity and shortened life.

[0327] When the plate solidifies, a corrosion layer 42 of a mixture of PbO and Pb(OH)2 forms on the grid surface.

[0328] During the curing of the electrode plate, a corrosion layer 42 is formed on the surface of the grid. At the beginning, the corrosion layer is very thin. As the curing time prolongs, oxygen diffuses through the corrosion layer and continues to oxidize the grid rib part 43 of the grid matrix, and the corrosion layer 42 gradually thickens. During the battery formation process, oxygen passes through the corrosion layer 42 and enters the grid surface. The lead on the grid surface is oxidized to lead oxide, and the generated lead oxide has a very high internal resistance. The lead oxide is continuously oxidized to PbO n (1 < n < 2), and then oxidized to lead dioxide. If the formation rate of lead oxide is higher than the rate of further oxidation to lead dioxide, a high-resistance lead oxide layer will be formed on the grid surface, resulting in a decrease in the battery capacity.

[0329] Therefore, the positive grid 332 of the present invention undergoes surface treatment, and the surface treatment process method is as follows:

[0330] 1.1 Multi-pass rolling process

[0331] The grid is made by passing a lead plate about 15 mm thick through a 7-9 pass rolling process. Due to the multi-pass rolling process treatment of the grid, the density and strength of the alloy are very high, and the corrosion resistance is strong. Less grid alloy can be used to meet the usage requirements during the battery life cycle. Then, the rolled grid is heat-treated at a high temperature of 80°C - 90°C for 12 - 24 hours. The hardness of the grid is increased, which is convenient for improving the coating efficiency and qualification rate.

[0332] After the multi-pass rolling treatment, the grid thickness reaches 0.3 - 0.6 mm.

[0333] The present invention adopts the rolling process treatment to improve the density and strength of the alloy, and the corrosion resistance is strong. Refer to the metallographic diagram of the grid without rolling treatment in the appendix Figure 13 and the metallographic diagram of the grid after 7 - 9 pass rolling process in the appendix Figure 14 It can be seen from the metallographic diagram of the grid after 7 - 9 pass rolling process treatment that the density of the grid alloy is increased and its surface structure is dense.

[0334] 1.2 Corona treatment process for the positive grid surface

[0335] The corona process is as follows: The gas near the lead surface is ionized by a high-voltage electrode to generate active particles such as high-energy electrons, ozone (O3), and oxygen free radicals (·O). These particles react with the lead surface as follows:

[0336] Oxidation: Lead (Pb) reacts with active oxygen to form lead dioxide or other lead oxides, forming a thin oxide layer: Pb + O3 / O2 → PbO² / PbO n ;

[0337] Surface activation: High-energy particles bombard the lead surface, break molecular bonds and introduce polar groups, increasing the surface energy;

[0338] Cleaning effect: Corona discharge can remove organic pollutants or oxides on the surface and improve cleanliness.

[0339] The voltage of the high-voltage transmission line of the high-voltage electrode is 1kV to 20kV, and the gas referred to in the above content includes but is not limited to air.

[0340] After multiple roll-rolling and high-temperature heat treatment, the positive grid is obtained. The surface structure of the positive grid is dense and corrosion-resistant, but the surface energy is low and the bonding strength with the active material of the plate is poor. These defects can be improved by using the corona process to treat the grid surface.

[0341] Refer to the attached Figure 16 As shown, the SEM image of the positive grid without corona treatment process, and Figure 10 The SEM image of the positive grid after the corona treatment process is shown. It can be seen that the surface area of ​​the positive grid becomes larger after the corona treatment, which is conducive to the subsequent spraying of the positive grid 332 and the combination with the positive plate active material.

[0342] 1.3 Positive grid surface spraying process

[0343] After multiple roll-rolling and high-temperature heat treatment, the grid surface structure is dense and corrosion-resistant, but the surface energy is low, and the bonding strength with the plate active material is poor. The grid surface is evenly sprayed with an antimony compound suspension, and then the sprayed grid is dried in a high-temperature oven.

[0344] The mass percentage of the antimony compound suspension is 1%-5%, and the components of the antimony compound suspension are: antimony trioxide and water. The spraying speed is 10 meters to 30 meters per minute, and the oven temperature for drying in a high-temperature oven is 90-120 degrees.

[0345] Grids sprayed with an antimony compound suspension have a strong bond with the active material, improving conductivity and reducing interface resistance between the active material and the grid. After the antimony compound suspension is sprayed on the corona-treated grid surface, the antimony compound and lead oxide interpenetrate, forming a transition layer between the grid surface and the active material with good conductivity and low interface resistance.

[0346] Antimony compounds can achieve the conversion of catalytically active substances: antimony ions act as catalysts for the nucleation of lead dioxide, which is beneficial to the formation of lead dioxide on the grid surface and improves the conductivity between the active substance and the grid interface.

[0347] Electrochemical synergistic effect: Antimony ions reduce the overpotential of lead dioxide / lead sulfate conversion and accelerate the reaction kinetics.

[0348]

[0349] Example 13:

[0350] In this embodiment, the positive plate 33 of the present invention utilizes a large-surface structure. This reduces the number of positive and negative plates used in the battery's components. The dimensions of a single positive plate are 148 mm x 132 mm, compared to the 140 mm x 66 mm dimensions of conventional plates. This area is approximately twice that of a typical lead-acid battery plate used in commercially available electric bicycles. The positive plate 33 includes a lead post 31.

[0351] In this embodiment, the parameters of the positive and negative plates are as follows:

[0352] Positive plate: Single-piece positive plate weight: 20-30g; Single-piece positive electrode active material weight: 150-165g; Single-piece positive plate capacity: 10Ah; Alloy dosage: 2.0-3.0g / Ah, which is approximately 37.5% lower than the alloy dosage of existing single-piece positive plate; Active material dosage: 15.0-16.5g / Ah, which is approximately 9.64% lower than that of existing positive plates.

[0353] Negative plate: Single-piece negative plate weight: 13-16.5g; Single-piece negative electrode active material weight: 65-86g; Single-piece negative plate capacity: 6.67Ah; Alloy dosage: 1.95-2.47g / Ah, which is approximately 29.1% lower than the alloy dosage of existing single-piece negative plate; Active material dosage: 9.7-12.9g / Ah, which is approximately 33.1% lower than that of existing negative plates.

[0354] In this embodiment, the configuration of the single cell plates is as follows:

[0355] Number of positive plates: 2, total alloy weight: 40-60g, total active material weight: 300-330g.

[0356] Number of negative plates: 3, total alloy weight: 39-49.5g, total active material weight: 195-258g.

[0357] The single cell battery of the present invention uses two positive plates and three negative plates. Compared with the prior art solution that requires four positive plates and five negative plates for a single cell battery, the solution of the present invention optimizes the size structure of the positive and negative plates and reduces the number of positive and negative plates, thereby achieving lightweighting of the single cell battery, reducing internal resistance, improving assembly efficiency and ensuring battery performance.

[0358] Table 2 shows a comparison between the single cell solution of the present invention and existing batteries.

[0359] Currently, the power batteries on the market have a capacity of 20Ah using 4 positive plates and 5 negative plates. The positive plate capacity = 20Ah / 4 = 5Ah, and the negative plate capacity = 20Ah / 5 = 4Ah. A battery prepared using the positive plate of the present invention, such as a battery with a capacity of 20Ah, uses 2 positive plates and 3 negative plates. The positive plate capacity = 20Ah / 2 = 10Ah, and the negative plate capacity = 20Ah / 3 = 6.67Ah.

[0360] As shown in Table 2, this solution significantly reduces the amount of alloy and active material used per unit capacity through a large plate design, with a 37.5% reduction in positive electrode alloy and a 33.1% reduction in negative electrode active material. The present invention reduces the number of plates used, from four to two for the positive electrode and from five to three for the negative electrode, reducing internal resistance and improving assembly efficiency. The solution of the present invention increases the capacity of a single positive plate from 5Ah to 10Ah while optimizing material distribution to ensure high energy density.

[0361] The length of the single positive plate in this embodiment is not limited to 148 mm, and can also be 60 mm, 60.1 mm, 60.2 mm, ... 65 mm, 65.1 mm, 65.2 mm, 65.3 mm, ... 75 mm, 75.1 mm, 75.2 mm, 75.3 mm, 75.4 mm, ... 90 mm, 90.1 mm, 90.2 mm, 90.3 mm, 90.4 mm, 90. 5mm, 90.6mm……120mm, 120.1mm, 120.2mm, 120.3mm, 120.4mm, 120.5mm, 120.6mm, 120.7mm……1 48mm, 148.1mm, 148.2mm, 148.3mm, 148.4mm, 148.5mm, 148.6mm, 148.7mm, 148.8mm...200mm.

[0362] The width of the single positive plate in this embodiment is not limited to 132 mm, and can also be 60 mm, 60.1 mm, 60.2 mm, ... 65 mm, 65.1 mm, 65.2 mm, 65.3 mm, ... 75 mm, 75.1 mm, 75.2 mm, 75.3 mm, 75.4 mm, ... 90 mm, 90.1 mm, 90.2 mm, 90.3 mm, 90.4 mm, 90. 5mm, 90.6mm……120mm, 120.1mm, 120.2mm, 120.3mm, 120.4mm, 120.5mm, 120.6mm, 120.7mm……1 48mm, 148.1mm, 148.2mm, 148.3mm, 148.4mm, 148.5mm, 148.6mm, 148.7mm, 148.8mm...200mm.

[0363] In this embodiment, the amount of active material used in the positive electrode plate is g / cm 3 The range can be: 4.266-4.436g / cm 3 , specifically, it can be selected as one of the following specific values ​​or a range between any two of them: 4.266, 4.267, 4.268, 4.269, 4.270, 4.271...4.431, 4.432, 4.433, 4.434, 4.435, 4.436.

[0364] Example 14:

[0365] Refer to the attached Figure 9 As shown, the positive grid 332 consists of a positive rectangular frame 332a and internal reinforcing ribs. The positive rectangular frame 332a includes two horizontally arranged horizontal frames and two vertically arranged vertical frames, which together form a closed frame. Inside the frame, there is a network of crisscrossing reinforcing ribs, arranged in parallel with equal spacing, and welded to the two vertical frames at both ends. The vertical ribs are arranged in parallel with equal spacing, and their number is significantly greater than that of the vertical ribs, and welded to the two horizontal frames at both ends. The positive tab 331, which serves as the current conducting component, extends vertically outward from the middle of one of the horizontal frames. All intersections with the vertical ribs and the edges of the ribs are chamfered to eliminate stress concentration and improve structural reliability.

[0366] The crisscrossing equal spacing and vertical ribs form a uniform grid support, which, together with the rectangular frame of the positive rectangular frame 332a, effectively enhances the grid's anti-deformation ability, reduces stress damage during the charge and discharge cycle, and extends its service life. The densely distributed vertical ribs are larger in number, shortening the current conduction path and reducing internal resistance. At the same time, the longitudinal extension design of the positive ear 331 further reduces the current collection impedance and improves the charge and discharge efficiency. The equally spaced arrangement and chamfering treatment of the ribs expand the effective area of ​​the electrode reaction, avoids local stress concentration, prevents the active material from falling off, and ensures capacity retention. The chamfered structure reduces the risk of burrs during stamping or casting, improves production yield, and facilitates the uniform filling of lead paste 40 in the paste coating process, thereby improving electrode consistency.

[0367] A single cell includes a positive electrode plate 33, a negative electrode plate and a separator.

[0368] Example 15:

[0369] This embodiment provides a process for manufacturing a modular single-unit lead-acid battery using the present invention. The process steps are as follows:

[0370] Step 1: Plate Manufacturing

[0371] The positive and negative plates are manufactured. The dimensions of the positive plate are: length 148 mm × width 132 mm × thickness 0.50 mm; grid weight: 20 g; active material weight: 165 g; single plate capacity: 10 Ah;

[0372] The negative plate dimensions are: length 148mm × width 132mm × thickness 0.30mm; grid weight: 13g; active material weight: 86g; single plate capacity: 6.67Ah.

[0373] Plate preparation process: Use a plate coating machine to evenly coat the active material on the grid to form a wet plate. The wet plate is cured and dried in a curing and drying furnace to finally obtain a dry plate for battery assembly.

[0374] Step 2: Battery Pack Assembly

[0375] Plate combination: 2 positive plates and 3 negative plates are stacked alternately to optimize current distribution and active material utilization.

[0376] -Separator setting: Two 0.6mm thick AGM separators are wrapped around the outside of the positive plate. The separator size is slightly larger than the electrode to ensure effective isolation and prevent short circuit.

[0377] Tab welding: Weld the tabs of two positive plates in parallel and connect the positive lead terminal; weld the tabs of three negative plates in parallel and connect the negative lead terminal; Battery capacity: Since two 10Ah positive plates are connected in parallel, the nominal capacity of the battery is 20Ah.

[0378] Step 3: Battery formation and performance testing

[0379] Electrolyte injection: Add an appropriate amount of dilute sulfuric acid with a density of 1.260g / ml to the battery plastic container.

[0380] Formation process: The "three charges and two discharges" formation process is used for charging to optimize the plate activation effect.

[0381] Capacity test:

[0382] Test conditions: 10A constant current discharge, termination voltage 1.75V.

[0383] -Test results: The discharge time reached 2 hours and 5 minutes, and the calculated capacity was 20.8Ah, exceeding the nominal capacity by 20Ah, indicating that the battery has good active material utilization and discharge performance.

[0384] This battery utilizes an optimized plate design, precise coating process, and rational assembly method to ensure high energy density and stable discharge performance. The measured capacity exceeds the nominal value.

[0385] Example 16:

[0386] This embodiment provides a process for manufacturing a modular single-unit lead-acid battery using the present invention. The process steps are as follows:

[0387] Step 1: Plate Manufacturing

[0388] The positive and negative plates are manufactured. The dimensions of the positive plate are: length 148 mm × width 132 mm × thickness 0.55 mm; grid weight: 25 g; active material weight: 160 g; single plate capacity: 10 Ah;

[0389] The negative plate dimensions are: length 148mm × width 132mm × thickness 0.35mm; grid weight: 14.5g; active material weight: 80g; single plate capacity: 6.67Ah.

[0390] Plate preparation process: Use a plate coating machine to evenly coat the active material on the grid to form a wet plate. The wet plate is cured and dried in a curing and drying furnace to finally obtain a dry plate for battery assembly.

[0391] Step 2: Battery Pack Assembly

[0392] Plate combination: 2 positive plates and 3 negative plates are stacked alternately to optimize current distribution and active material utilization.

[0393] -Separator setting: Two 0.6mm thick AGM separators are wrapped around the outside of the positive plate. The separator size is slightly larger than the electrode to ensure effective isolation and prevent short circuit.

[0394] Tab welding: Weld the tabs of two positive plates in parallel and connect the positive lead terminal; weld the tabs of three negative plates in parallel and connect the negative lead terminal; Battery capacity: Since two 10Ah positive plates are connected in parallel, the nominal capacity of the battery is 20Ah.

[0395] Step 3: Battery formation and performance testing

[0396] Electrolyte injection: Add an appropriate amount of dilute sulfuric acid with a density of 1.260g / ml to the battery plastic container.

[0397] Formation process: The "three charges and two discharges" formation process is used for charging to optimize the plate activation effect.

[0398] Capacity test:

[0399] Test conditions: 10A constant current discharge, termination voltage 1.75V.

[0400] -Test results: The discharge time reached 2 hours and 4 minutes, and the calculated capacity was 20.6Ah, exceeding the nominal capacity by 20Ah, indicating that the battery has good active material utilization and discharge performance.

[0401] This battery utilizes an optimized plate design, precise coating process, and rational assembly method to ensure high energy density and stable discharge performance. The measured capacity exceeds the nominal value.

[0402] Example 17:

[0403] This embodiment provides a process for manufacturing a modular single-unit lead-acid battery using the present invention. The process steps are as follows:

[0404] Step 1: Plate Manufacturing

[0405] The positive and negative plates are manufactured. The dimensions of the positive plate are: length 148 mm × width 132 mm × thickness 0.60 mm; grid weight: 30 g; active material weight: 150 g; single plate capacity: 10 Ah;

[0406] The negative plate dimensions are: length 148mm × width 132mm × thickness 0.40mm; grid weight: 16.5g; active material weight: 65g; single plate capacity: 6.67Ah.

[0407] Plate preparation process: Use a plate coating machine to evenly coat the active material on the grid to form a wet plate. The wet plate is cured and dried in a curing and drying furnace to finally obtain a dry plate for battery assembly.

[0408] Step 2: Battery Pack Assembly

[0409] Plate combination: 2 positive plates and 3 negative plates are stacked alternately to optimize current distribution and active material utilization.

[0410] -Separator setting: Two 0.6mm thick AGM separators are wrapped around the outside of the positive plate. The separator size is slightly larger than the electrode to ensure effective isolation and prevent short circuit.

[0411] Tab welding: Weld the tabs of two positive plates in parallel and connect the positive lead terminal; weld the tabs of three negative plates in parallel and connect the negative lead terminal; Battery capacity: Since two 10Ah positive plates are connected in parallel, the nominal capacity of the battery is 20Ah.

[0412] Step 3: Battery formation and performance testing

[0413] Electrolyte injection: Add an appropriate amount of dilute sulfuric acid with a density of 1.260g / ml to the battery plastic container.

[0414] Formation process: The "three charges and two discharges" formation process is used for charging to optimize the plate activation effect.

[0415] Capacity test:

[0416] Test conditions: 10A constant current discharge, termination voltage 1.75V.

[0417] -Test results: The discharge time reached 2 hours and 1 minute, and the calculated capacity was 20.2Ah, exceeding the nominal capacity of 20Ah, indicating that the battery has good active material utilization and discharge performance.

[0418] This battery utilizes an optimized plate design, precise coating process, and rational assembly method to ensure high energy density and stable discharge performance. The measured capacity exceeds the nominal value.

[0419] Example 18:

[0420] Refer to the attached Figure 2 , attached Figure 7 As shown, a combined single-cell lead-acid battery includes: a pole group 3 having a positive plate 33 and a negative plate 32; a sealing bag 2 for wrapping the pole group 3 and forming a sealed single cell; and a single cell having a width-to-thickness ratio of ≥8. This technical solution, by limiting the single cell width-to-thickness ratio to ≥8, addresses two core issues with traditional lead-acid batteries. Firstly, by increasing the heat dissipation area and shortening the heat conduction path, the heat dissipation performance of the cell is significantly improved, reducing the operating temperature by 8-10°C and avoiding capacity decay caused by high temperatures. Secondly, the growth of lead dendrites is fundamentally suppressed. The wide-thin structure ensures more uniform electrolyte distribution. Combined with an optimized formation process, SEM examination showed no dendrite formation after 200 cycles, increasing the battery cycle life by over 40%. This structural design also provides higher energy density and better temperature uniformity, making it particularly suitable for high-power power applications.

[0421] The structural configuration with a width-to-thickness ratio of ≥8 increases the ratio of the effective reaction area of ​​the plate to the geometric projected area.

[0422] The width-to-thickness ratio is 8-20, and can be specifically selected as one of the following specific values ​​or a range between any two of them: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.

[0423] The plates in single cells with a width-to-thickness ratio of 8 or greater can exhibit a multi-level folding configuration, increasing the actual reaction surface area per unit volume of the plates. By limiting the thickness of the plates to cells with a width-to-thickness ratio of 8 or greater, the thickness of the plates can be reduced for single cells or batteries of the same volume, thereby increasing the number of plates that can be folded and stacked in a single cell or battery. Adjacent surfaces of stacked plates all participate in the electrochemical reaction, increasing the overall surface area of ​​the plates participating in the electrochemical reaction in a single cell or battery, that is, increasing the actual surface area of ​​the plates. Ultimately, the battery composed of cells with this width-to-thickness ratio can reduce the degree of polarization during the charge and discharge process, increase the battery's high-current charge and high-current discharge capabilities, reduce the internal resistance and charge transfer resistance during the charge and discharge process, and reduce the battery's heat generation.

[0424] The specific principle is as follows: The surface area of ​​the plate that reacts with the electrolyte in the battery is called the true surface area. The larger the plate's true surface area, the smaller the battery's polarization during charge and discharge with the same current. While maintaining a constant battery volume, the larger the plate area and the thinner the thickness (the larger the aspect ratio), the smaller the battery's polarization during charge and discharge, and the greater the battery's high-current charge and discharge capabilities.

[0425] According to the basic principles of electrochemical kinetics, the net current density of the electrode reaction is and overpotential The relationship can be characterized by the Butler-Volmer equation, as follows:

[0426] In the formula, is the net current density of the electrode reaction, is the exchange current density, is the anodic transfer coefficient, is the cathode transfer coefficient, usually + =1, is the Faraday constant, is the gas constant, is the thermodynamic temperature, is the overpotential. This formula, derived theoretically, shows that, at the same overpotential, the net current density of the electrode reaction increases significantly as the exchange current density of the positive and negative active materials increases, while electrode polarization decreases accordingly. A higher exchange current density indicates a higher intrinsic activity of the electrode reaction, enabling faster adjustment of the reaction rate in response to potential changes, resulting in relatively smaller changes in the electrode potential.

[0427] The dimensions and configurations of the modular plates of the present invention and traditional plates were analyzed, and the specific data are shown in Table 3:

[0428] Table 3. Comparison of plate area and thickness

[0429]

[0430] Since the real surface area is contributed by the porous active material, as shown in Table 1, the real surface area of ​​the modular plate of the present invention is increased by about 20% compared with the real surface area of ​​the traditional plate. Under the same conditions, the exchange current density in the equilibrium state of the battery is increased by 20%.

[0431] In order to verify the performance difference between the electrode plate of the present invention and the traditional electrode plate during battery use, the impedance test was carried out on the single battery cell with the modular electrode plate of the present invention and the single battery cell with the traditional electrode plate. In this embodiment, the test was carried out using the 65V20A model electrochemical workstation of the modulabxm manufacturer. The test results are as follows: Figures 18-20 As shown, Figures 18-20 The "soft-pack single cell" in the present invention refers to a single cell with modular plates. Figures 18-20 The term "traditional single cell" refers to a single-cell battery with traditional plates.

[0432] It should be noted that the battery impedance R1 and R2 can be preliminarily determined through the original data. The specific data requires the construction of an equivalent circuit and then the fitting calculation. The software used for fitting is Zview.

[0433] R1 is the internal resistance, R2 is the charge transfer resistance;

[0434] Soft pack single battery: R1 is 3.2016 , R2 is 1.0467 ;

[0435] Traditional single cell battery: R1 is 3.5455 , R2 is 1.2787 .

[0436] Among them: R1 can be Figure 18 Preliminary judgment of the Z' value when -Z'' in the first half is 0;

[0437] Among them, -Z" is the vertical axis, which represents the imaginary part of the impedance, mainly reflecting the reactance component in the test system; Z' is the horizontal axis, which represents the real part of the impedance, mainly reflecting the resistance component in the test system. That is, according to Figure 19 It can be concluded that the R1 of the soft pack single battery is 3.2016 , the R1 of traditional single battery is 3.5455 , and the smaller Z' is, the smaller R1 is;

[0438] R2 can be Figure 18 The slope of the second half of the initial judgment, that is, according to Figure 20 It can be concluded that the R2 of the soft pack single battery is 1.0467 , the R2 of a traditional single battery is 1.2787 , the larger the slope, the smaller the R2.

[0439] It should be noted that Figure 18 The first half of refers to the portion where the value of Z' is between 0.0030 and 0.0060.

[0440] It should be noted that Figure 18 The second half of refers to the portion where the value of Z' is between 0.0060 and 0.030.

[0441] By comparison, both R1 and R2 modular cells are smaller than traditional lead-acid batteries. This indicates that the single cell using the present invention has lower internal resistance and charge transfer resistance, less polarization during the charge and discharge process, greater charge and discharge capacity, and less wasted power consumption, thereby achieving lower heat generation and a lower temperature after use.

[0442] In order to highlight the formation advantage of the single cell with a high aspect ratio of the present invention, the single cell with an aspect ratio ≥ 8 of the present invention is experimentally compared with single cells with other aspect ratio ranges to explore the effect of the modular single cell pole group head aspect ratio on the temperature rise of a single pole group during the formation process.

[0443] The experimental steps are as follows:

[0444] Step 1: Fill three batteries with different width-to-thickness ratios with acid using an acid filling machine. The acid density is 1.26g / cm 3 (25℃), the acid filling amount is 290g, the three types of battery cells are: soft-pack single cell with aspect ratio = 12.25, soft-pack single cell with aspect ratio 8 and traditional single cell with aspect ratio 2.4, and 12 cells of each type of single cell are filled with acid;

[0445] Step 2: After each single cell is filled with acid, place it in the same formation water bath, and set the water bath temperature to 25°C;

[0446] Step 3: Use the Nissan EYENCE paperless recorder to record the temperature (°C) of the single cell formation process. Install two temperature probe monitoring lines on each of the three single cells with different aspect ratios. The probes are attached to the center of the side surface of the single cell to ensure the monitored temperature is accurate.

[0447] Step 4: All three types of single cells adopt the "modular 85h" formation process charge and discharge program. While starting the charge and discharge program, turn on the paperless recorder to record the temperature data.

[0448] The above experiments were conducted twice for single cells with a width-to-thickness ratio of 12.25 and 8, respectively, and once for traditional single cells, for a total of five experiments.

[0449] After the three types of single cells are formed, the temperature data of the formation process is retrieved and plotted. The temperature difference curve is shown in the attached figure. Figure 5 shown. Figure 5 The "soft-pack single cell" here refers to the single cell battery with a width-to-thickness ratio of ≥8 of the present invention, and the "traditional single cell battery" refers to the ordinary single cell battery on the market.

[0450] According to the attached Figure 5It can be seen that the larger the width-to-thickness ratio of the single cell, the lower the maximum temperature of the formation process; when the width-to-thickness ratio of the soft-pack single cell is 12.25, the maximum temperature of the formation process is only 38.2°C; when the width-to-thickness ratio of the soft-pack single cell is 8, the maximum temperature of the formation process is 45.1°C; the width-to-thickness ratio of the traditional single cell is 2.4, and the maximum temperature of the formation process is 52.3°C.

[0451] The above experimental results show that when the width-to-thickness ratio of the single cell is larger, the single cell will be relatively thinner, so that the water bath can more effectively remove the heat generated by the charging and discharging of the single cell during the formation process; under appropriate width and thickness conditions, the larger the width-to-thickness ratio of the single cell, the lower the internal temperature of the single cell during the formation process.

[0452] Reference Figure 2 A modular single-cell lead-acid battery also includes a terminal block 1, which is sealed to a sealing bag 2 and has a width-to-thickness ratio of 8 or greater. This improved width-to-thickness ratio solves the problem of uneven temperature distribution within traditional batteries. By increasing the heat dissipation area and shortening the heat conduction path, it reduces the temperature rise of the battery cell by 5°C-8°C under 3C discharge conditions. This design also facilitates the compact arrangement of multiple single cells, improving the space utilization of the battery module.

[0453] The pole cluster head 1 is equipped with a safety valve, a one-way exhaust valve with an opening and closing pressure range of 10kPa-35kPa. This pressure-limited safety valve solves the problem of internal pressure control in the single cell, preventing the risk of bulging caused by overpressure and preventing external gas from entering and affecting electrolyte stability, ensuring a stable internal environment during deep cycling.

[0454] The safety valve also includes a cover plate, which covers the outside of the safety valve and limits its opening stroke. This design integrates dust and water protection in addition to traditional protective features, addressing the vulnerability of traditional safety valves to external damage. By precisely controlling the valve opening stroke, it ensures the reliability of the pressure relief function while preventing seal failure due to mechanical impact, significantly improving the overall safety of the battery cell.

[0455] The lead terminal 31 of the pole group 3 is fixedly connected to the pole group head 1 by a sealant, and the color of the sealant is used to distinguish the positive and negative poles. The design of fixing the lead terminal 31 with colored sealant and distinguishing the polarity avoids the problem of unclear polarity identification in traditional batteries. The red and blue sealants not only achieve reliable sealing of the lead terminal 31, but also provide intuitive polarity identification, greatly reducing the risk of wiring errors during battery pack assembly and helping to improve the efficiency of battery pack assembly.

[0456] The voltage of a single cell is 2V, and the cells can be combined into battery modules through series or parallel connections. The 2V standard voltage design, combined with the modular combination of single cells, addresses the lack of flexibility of traditional 6V / 12V batteries. Users can freely combine voltage and capacity through series and parallel connections according to actual needs, making it particularly suitable for energy storage systems that require customized power solutions.

[0457] The width-to-thickness ratio of a single cell is 8-20. Keeping the ratio within the optimized range of 8-20 solves the problem of reduced mechanical strength caused by simply pursuing thinness. This ratio range ensures good heat dissipation while maintaining sufficient structural stability, improving the reliability of the cell under vibration conditions.

[0458] During the formation process, specific pressure is applied to the individual cells through external equipment. This external pressure formation process solves the problem of poor consistency in traditional formation processes. Pressure-assisted uniform electrolyte penetration improves the conversion rate of active materials in the positive and negative plates 33 and 32, while also keeping the capacity variation between individual cells within a small range.

[0459] Refer to the attached Figure 17 As shown, the positive plate 33 and negative plate 32 are lead-acid battery plates, and the separator 34 is either an AGM separator or a gel electrolyte separator. The choice of either an AGM or gel separator addresses the varying requirements for electrolyte retention in different application scenarios. AGM separators are suitable for high-power applications, while gel electrolytes are more suitable for deep-cycle applications. This modular design expands the product's application range.

[0460] It should also be noted that the terms "center", "up", "down", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inside", "outside", etc., indicating orientations or positional relationships, are based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation on this application. Unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", "connected", etc. should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, or it can be a communication between the internal parts of two elements. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in this application can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0461] The embodiments and / or implementation methods described above are only used to illustrate the preferred embodiments and / or implementation methods for realizing the technology of the present invention, and do not impose any form of limitation on the implementation methods of the technology of the present invention. Any person skilled in the art may make slight changes to other equivalent embodiments without departing from the scope of the technical means disclosed in the content of the present invention, but they should still be regarded as technologies or embodiments that are essentially the same as the present invention.

[0462] This article uses specific examples to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of this application. The description of the above embodiments is only used to help understand the method and core ideas of this application. The above is only the preferred implementation method of this application. It should be pointed out that due to the limitations of textual expression, there are objectively infinite specific structures. For ordinary technicians in this technical field, without departing from the principles of this application, they can also make several improvements, modifications or changes, and can also combine the above technical features in an appropriate manner; these improvements, modifications, changes or combinations, or the direct application of the inventive concept and technical solution to other occasions without improvement, should be regarded as the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. A combined single lead-acid battery, characterized in that: The present invention comprises a pole group head (1), wherein the pole group head (1) is provided with a raised texture (111), wherein the raised texture (111) is combined with a sealing bag (2) by a heat-sealing method, wherein the sealing bag (2) is made of a polymer film, wherein the pole group head (1) comprises a main body (11) and an embedded part (12), wherein a pH-responsive adhesive is added to the interface between the main body (11) and the embedded part (12), wherein the pH-responsive adhesive contains acid-responsive microcapsules, wherein the pH-responsive adhesive component comprises a dynamic borate bond prepolymer, wherein the dynamic borate bond in the borate bond prepolymer triggers recombination when the electrolyte acid erodes, and the microcapsule shell is in the H + When the concentration is >0.15mmol / L, it selectively breaks and releases repair monomers to quickly fill the interface microcracks, achieving interface self-repair.

2. The combined single-unit lead-acid battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: Under the conditions specified in national standard GB / T 21302-2007, the compressive strength of the polymer film for lead-acid batteries is above 1500N.

3. A combined single lead-acid battery, characterized in that: The invention comprises a pole group head (1) and a pole group (3), wherein the pole group head (1) comprises a main body (11) and an embedded part (12), wherein the main body (11) is made of a non-polar polymer material, and the embedded part (12) is made of a polar polymer material, wherein the main body (11) and the embedded part (12) are tightly bonded, wherein the pole group head (1) is mounted on the pole group (3), and the pole group (3) is covered by a sealing bag (2), wherein the pole group head (1), the pole group (3) and the sealing bag (2) together constitute a single cell, wherein a pH-responsive adhesive is added to the bonding interface of the main body (11) and the embedded part (12), wherein the pH-responsive adhesive contains acid-responsive microcapsules, wherein the pH-responsive adhesive component comprises a dynamic borate bond prepolymer, wherein the dynamic borate bond in the borate bond prepolymer triggers recombination when the electrolyte acid erodes, and the microcapsule shell is in the H + When the concentration is >0.15mmol / L, it selectively breaks and releases repair monomers to quickly fill the interface microcracks, achieving interface self-repair.

4. The combined single lead-acid battery according to claim 3, characterized in that: The width of the single cell is L, the thickness is W, and the width-to-thickness ratio L / W is ≥8.

5. The combined single lead-acid battery according to claim 3, characterized in that: The material of the main body (11) is polypropylene, and the material of the embedded part (12) is acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer.

6. The combined single lead-acid battery according to claim 3, characterized in that: The shell material of the acid-responsive microcapsule comprises polymethyl methacrylate-co-maleic anhydride, and the core material comprises pentaerythritol triacrylate.

7. A combined single lead-acid battery, characterized in that: The invention comprises a pole group (3), wherein the pole group (3) comprises at least three positive plates (33) and two negative plates (32), wherein the positive plates (33) and the negative plates (32) are separated by a separator (34), wherein the amount of the negative plate alloy is 1.95-2.47 g / Ah, and the amount of the positive plate alloy is 2.0-3.0 g / Ah, and wherein a pole group head (1) is mounted on the pole group (3), wherein the pole group head (1) comprises a main body (11) and an embedded part (12), wherein a pH-responsive adhesive is added to the interface between the main body (11) and the embedded part (12), wherein the pH-responsive adhesive contains acid-responsive microcapsules, wherein the pH-responsive adhesive component comprises a dynamic borate bond prepolymer, wherein the dynamic borate bond in the borate bond prepolymer triggers recombination when the electrolyte acid erodes, and the microcapsule shell is in the H + When the concentration is >0.15mmol / L, it selectively breaks and releases repair monomers to quickly fill the interface microcracks, achieving interface self-repair.

8. The combined single lead-acid battery according to claim 7, characterized in that: The amount of negative plate alloy used is 0.665-0.845 g / cm 3 .

9. The combined single-unit lead-acid battery according to claim 7, characterized in that: The positive plate alloy dosage is 0.569-0.853 g / cm 3 .

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