Arc detection

Abstract

An apparatus (30) for detecting an electric arc (24a, 24b, 24c) in an electrical system (10) is provided. The device facilitates positioning the position of the arc, for example, on the level of the component. The apparatus includes a sensor interface circuit (32) and one or more processors (34). The sensor interface circuit is configured to receive a signal originating from at least one sensor disposed at one or more locations in the electrical system to detect current. The one or more processors are configured to analyze the received signals to determine a direction of the current at one or more locations in the electrical system, and determine an origin of the arc in the electrical system based on the direction of the current.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] One aspect of the present disclosure relates to an apparatus for detecting an arc in an electrical system. A system, a method, and a sensor kit for use in detecting an arc in an electrical system are also disclosed. Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a monitoring apparatus for determining the origin of an arc event in an X-ray imaging system. Background Art

[0002] The high-voltage component chain in a medical imaging system (such as an electrical system) includes active components and passive components. For example, the so-called "generator-cable-tube" system used in an X-ray imaging system includes a high-voltage "HV" generator, one or more cables, and an X-ray tube. Over time, the components in such systems may deteriorate, and this deterioration can cause arcs to occur in the components. After an arc occurs, it is very important to identify the component in which the arc occurred. In some cases, the performance of the component may need to be verified. In other cases, service operations or repair operations may need to be performed on the component. For example, it may be necessary to verify the function of the component and / or it may be necessary to repair or replace the component. A known solution to this problem is to identify the component in which an arc occurs by equipping the component with expensive monitoring equipment that measures current and voltage at a high time resolution.

[0003] The article "DC Arc Fault Detection method for DC microgrid Using Branch Monitoring" by Lee, KJ. et al. proposes a method for detecting the location of an arc fault by monitoring the power flow in a DC system.

[0004] Document US2011 / 121969A1 relates to a medical imaging device that uses electromagnetic or acoustic information to generate patient images for remote maintenance. A set of operating characteristics of the device is maintained by a maintenance system located away from the device. Data from sensors located locally at the device is received at the maintenance system via a network. A set of parameter measurement results is derived from the received data and compared with a set of operating characteristics for analysis to identify a predicted fault in a component of the device. Thus, the maintenance system is able to initiate repair of the medical imaging device by generating an alarm in response to the identification of a predicted fault. Summary of the Invention

[0005] It may be necessary to locate the origin of an arc in an electrical system, for example, at the component level.

[0006] This need is addressed in the subject matter of the independent claims. Further examples are incorporated in the dependent claims. It should be noted that the following aspects of the present disclosure are equally applicable to an apparatus, a system, a method, and a sensor kit for detecting an arc in an electrical system.

[0007] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus for detecting an arc in an electrical system. The apparatus includes a sensor interface circuit and one or more processors. The sensor interface circuit is configured to receive signals from at least one sensor disposed at one or more locations in the electrical system for detecting current. The one or more processors are configured to analyze the received signals to determine the direction of the current at one or more locations in the electrical system and to determine the origin of the arc in the electrical system based on the direction of the current.

[0008] As described above, the ability to detect an arc is an important aspect of the monitoring of electrical systems, such as medical imaging systems. For example, in an X-ray imaging system, the ability to locate an arc within the HV component chain is very important because it enables, for example, the verification of the functionality of components or components to be replaced in a time-efficient manner. However, it is not straightforward to correctly identify the arc component in the X-ray generation chain at once. Thus, in practice, components that may cause an arc in an X-ray imaging system, such as an X-ray tube and an HV generator, are typically replaced sequentially until no more arcs occur. Thereafter, any components that were unnecessarily replaced may be removed, which is time-consuming, or, to save time, they may simply be left in the X-ray imaging system.

[0009] To this end, the present disclosure proposes an apparatus, system and method for determining the origin of an arc by determining the direction of the current at one or more locations in a power system. The origin of the arc can be determined as a location relative to one or more locations in the electrical system. For example, the origin can be identified as a component within the electrical system. The direction of the current can be determined in a straightforward manner, and this has several advantages over using expensive measurement equipment. In some examples, it is considered sufficient to detect whether the current at one or more locations in the electrical system temporarily reverses. This detection can also be performed during normal operation of the electrical system. One or more low-cost detectors may be sufficient to locate the component where the arc occurs. Thus, it is beneficial to verify the arc component in a time-efficient manner and, if necessary, perform repairs or replacements, and also avoid the complexity of known arc detection systems. Reference will be made to Figure 2 、 4 and the examples shown in 5 to describe the apparatus.

[0010] According to an example of the present disclosure, the one or more processors are configured to analyze the received signals to determine the magnitude of the current at one or more locations in the electrical system. The one or more processors are further configured to determine the origin of the arc in the electrical system based on the magnitude of the current.

[0011] In some cases, the magnitude of the current change can also provide information in addition to the sign of the current to determine the source of the component where the arc occurs. For example, in an electrical component network, the plurality of sensors can detect that an arc has occurred based on the sign of the current. Additional information indicating the magnitude of the current detected by each sensor can be used to determine the hierarchical position of the arc component within the electrical component network and thereby locate the position of the arc with higher accuracy. This will be explained below, particularly for Figure 5 the example shown in

[0012] According to an example of the present disclosure, the one or more processors are configured to determine a period during which the current reverses its direction at one or more locations in the electrical system during operation of the electrical system, determine the integral of the current during the determined period, and determine the arc intensity of the arc based on the determined integral. The one or more processors are configured to also determine the origin of the arc in the electrical system based on the magnitude of the current.

[0013] The integral of the reverse current (i.e., discharge current) can be tracked as a measure of the arc intensity, which is related to the damage caused by the arc. Potentially, if the tube voltage and stray capacitance are known, it can also give additional clues more precisely about the location where the arc occurs. For example, this is very valuable for distinguishing an arc in the cathode-side HV connector of an X-ray imaging system from a cathode-GND arc in the tube vacuum.

[0014] According to an example of the present disclosure, one or more processors are configured to compare the measured current with a defined threshold to determine the severity of the arc.

[0015] Using the known stray capacitance of the tube and cables, system-specific thresholds for the reverse current can be set, and a simple circuit such as a comparator or trigger circuit can be used to detect whether these thresholds have been exceeded, thereby indicating the severity of the arc. For example, the severity of the arc may include minor, moderate, and strong.

[0016] According to an example of the present disclosure, in response to determining that the severity of the arc exceeds a defined threshold, the one or more processors are configured to trigger an action to mitigate the severity of the arc.

[0017] For example, a severe event can be used to trigger an action to mitigate the arc severity, such as suppressing tube operation.

[0018] According to an example of the present disclosure, in response to determining that the severity of the arc is below a defined threshold, the one or more processors are configured to record information related to the arc.

[0019] Small arc events (e.g., arc events that do not immediately damage the performance of the X-ray tube) may allow the component to continue operating. Such arc events can simply be counted to collect statistics about the arcs. It can be performed: according to the magnitude of the current change relative to a defined threshold, binning the detected arc events into two or more types, such as minor, medium, and strong, in order to provide such statistics. The correlation of these statistics with the operating mode may provide clues to the root cause of the arcs and thus how to prevent arcs in the future.

[0020] According to an example of the present disclosure, the sensor interface circuit is configured to receive at least two signals from at least two sensors arranged at at least two positions in the electrical system for detecting current. The one or more processors are configured to determine the origin of the arc by comparing the at least two received signals.

[0021] This will be explained below, particularly for Figure 4 and Figure 5 the examples shown in

[0022] According to an example of the present invention, the device further includes an output circuit. The one or more processors are configured to provide information related to the arc via the output circuit.

[0023] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the electrical system includes an X-ray tube, a high-voltage generator, and a cable connecting the X-ray tube and the high-voltage generator.

[0024] According to an example of the present disclosure, the electrical system includes a high-power transmitting radio device.

[0025] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a system for detecting an arc in an electrical system, the system comprising:

[0026] at least one sensor; and

[0027] the device according to any one of the preceding claims,

[0028] wherein the at least one sensor is removably mounted at one or more positions in the electrical system for detecting current in the electrical system; and

[0029] wherein the device is configured to receive signals from at least one sensor and detect an arc in the electrical system.

[0030] This will be explained in detail below, particularly for Figure 2 、 4 and the examples shown in 5.

[0031] According to an example of the present disclosure, the at least one sensor includes a current sign detector for detecting the direction of a current.

[0032] Examples of the current sign detector may include, but are not limited to, resistors, capacitively or inductively coupled components, and Hall sensors.

[0033] According to an example of the present disclosure, the system further includes a monitoring device configured to provide local or remote analysis of information related to an electric arc provided by the device.

[0034] In some examples, the monitoring device may be a local workstation or server.

[0035] In some other examples, the monitoring device may be a cloud-based service provider.

[0036] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for detecting an electric arc in an electrical system, the method comprising:

[0037] Receiving a signal from at least one sensor disposed at one or more locations in the electrical system for detecting a current;

[0038] Analyzing the received signal to determine the direction of the current at one or more locations in the electrical system; and

[0039] Determining the origin of the electric arc in the electrical system based on the direction of the current.

[0040] This will be explained in detail below, particularly with respect to Figure 7 the examples shown in

[0041] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a sensor kit for detecting an electric arc in an electrical system, the sensor kit including a plurality of sensors for detecting a current.

[0042] In some examples, the sensor kit may include one or more sensors configured to measure the direction of a current.

[0043] In some examples, the sensor kit may include one or more sensors configured to measure the magnitude of an electric current.

[0044] This will be explained in detail below, particularly with respect to Figure 6 the examples shown in

[0045] According to another aspect, there is provided a computer program for controlling the apparatus according to the first aspect, which when executed by a processor is configured to perform the method according to the third aspect, and / or there is provided a computer program for controlling the system according to the second aspect, which when executed by a processor is configured to perform the method according to the fourth aspect.

[0046] According to another aspect, there is provided a computer-readable medium storing program units.

[0047] Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a monitoring device for determining the origin of an arc event in an X-ray imaging system. As described above, arc events can occur in different components of an X-ray imaging system. For example, an arc event can occur in a voltage generator, an X-ray tube, or a cable connecting the X-ray tube and the generator. Arc events can also occur in different media of these components. For example, an arc event can occur in media such as vacuum, air, coolant, oil, vacuum in these components. Arc events also release energy in the form of different types of radiation. For example, an arc event can emit energy in the form of radio frequency "RF" radiation, (ultra)sonic radiation, and optical radiation. Some of these types of emitted radiation, such as ultrasonic radiation, also cause vibrations when they interact with matter. The inventors have observed that the medium in which the arc event occurs and any shielding that may surround the medium affect the amount of different types of radiation that can be detected after the arc event. Therefore, the origin of the arc event can be determined by detecting different types of radiation emitted by the arc event.

[0048] In this regard, there is provided a monitoring device 60 for determining the origin of an arc event 24d in an X-ray imaging system, the X-ray imaging system including an X-ray tube 12 having a vacuum containment housing 62, a liquid cooling circuit 64 for cooling the X-ray tube, and a voltage generator 16 configured to power the X-ray tube. The monitoring device 60 includes:

[0049] a plurality of sensors 661, 662; and

[0050] one or more processors 34;

[0051] wherein the plurality of sensors includes: a first sensor 661 configured to detect radio frequency RF radiation generated by the arc event; and a second sensor 662 configured to detect vibrations and / or ultrasonic radiation generated by the arc event; and

[0052] wherein the one or more processors 34 are further configured to:

[0053] Receive signals generated by a first sensor 661 and a second sensor 662 in response to detecting an arc event; and

[0054] Based on the received signals, selectively identify the origin of the arc event as one of the following: within the vacuum containment housing 62, within the liquid cooling circuit 64, within the voltage generator 16.

[0055] This aspect is described with reference to Figures 8 - 11 the following observations: Based on the RF radiation generated by the arc event and the vibration and / or acoustic radiation generated by the arc event, the origin of the arc event can be assigned to one of the following: within the vacuum containment housing 62, within the liquid cooling circuit 64, and within the voltage generator 16. For example, an arc generated within the vacuum containment housing 62 typically generates relatively strong detectable RF radiation and relatively weak detectable or non-detectable vibration and / or acoustic radiation. In contrast, an arc generated within the liquid cooling circuit 64 typically generates relatively strong detectable RF radiation and relatively strong detectable vibration and / or acoustic radiation. In contrast, an arc generated within the voltage generator typically generates relatively weak, difficult-to-detect or non-detectable RF radiation and relatively strong detectable vibration and / or acoustic radiation. As described in more detail below, this is because the vacuum containment housing 62 cannot transmit vibration and / or acoustic radiation and the high RF shielding provided by the RF generator, thus reducing the transmission of vibration and / or acoustic radiation and RF radiation respectively.

[0056] As described above, the ability to determine the origin of the arc event helps to verify, repair or replace the affected components in an efficient manner. In addition, the ability to distinguish the origin of the arc event between the vacuum containment housing, the liquid cooling circuit and the voltage generator can facilitate the repair of components rather than replacing the entire component. For example, if it is determined that the origin of the arc event is within the liquid cooling circuit, the coolant can be replaced instead of replacing the entire X-ray tube. Similarly, if it is determined that the origin of the arc event is within the vacuum containment housing, it can be repaired by "readjusting" the X-ray tube or performing a "tube degassing" process on the X-ray tube rather than replacing it.

[0057] In a related example, one or more processors 34 of the monitoring device 60 are further configured to:

[0058] Perform a spectral analysis on the signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the second sensor 662 to generate corresponding first and second spectra;

[0059] Determine the similarity between each of the first and second spectra and one or more reference spectra, where the reference spectra represent signals respectively generated by the first sensor 661 and the second sensor 662 in one or more of the vacuum containment housing 62, the liquid cooling circuit 64, and the voltage generator 16; and

[0060] wherein one or more processors 34 are configured to also selectively identify the origin of the arc event based on the similarity.

[0061] This example is based on the following observation: The RF radiation generated by an arc event, as well as the vibration and / or acoustic radiation generated by an arc event, have characteristic signals that can be used to identify their source. For example, the RF spectrum generated in response to an arc event within the vacuum containment housing 62 is different from the RF spectrum generated in response to an arc event within the liquid cooling circuit 64. Thus, by performing spectral analysis on the signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the second sensor 662 to generate the corresponding first and second spectra, the spectra can be compared with reference spectra respectively characterizing the characteristics of the signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the second sensor 661. The reference spectra can be generated, for example, within the vacuum containment housing 62, the liquid cooling circuit 64, and the voltage generator 16. If the detected spectrum is similar to the reference spectrum, the origin of the reference spectrum can be assigned to the detected spectrum. This provides enhanced confidence in the origin of the arc event.

[0062] In another related example, the plurality of sensors of the monitoring device 60 includes a third sensor 663 configured to detect radio frequency (RF) radiation generated by an arc event, and a fourth sensor 664 configured to detect vibration and / or acoustic radiation generated by an arc event. In this example, the one or more processors 34 are further configured to:

[0063] Receive signals generated by the third sensor 663 and the fourth sensor 664 in response to detecting an arc event; and

[0064] Use the signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the third sensor 663 to estimate the location of the origin of the arc event based on the detected RF radiation generated by the arc event; and

[0065] Use the signals generated by the second sensor 662 and the fourth sensor 664 to estimate the location of the origin of the arc event based on the detected vibration and / or acoustic radiation generated by the arc event; and

[0066] wherein one or more processors 34 are configured to also selectively identify the origin of the arc event based on the location of the origin of the arc event estimated based on the detected RF radiation and / or the location of the origin of the arc event estimated based on the detected vibration and / or acoustic radiation.

[0067] Thus, in this example, the signals generated by the third sensor 663 and the fourth sensor 664 are used in combination with the signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the second sensor 662, respectively, to determine the origin of the arc event. In this example, the operation of estimating the location of the origin of the arc event can generally be performed by comparing the times, phases, or amplitudes of the signals detected by the first sensor 661 and the third sensor 663, and similarly can be performed by comparing the times, phases, or amplitudes of the signals detected by the second sensor 662 and the fourth sensor 664. For example, in one technique, the times of the detected signals can be compared to determine that the origin of the arc event is closer to the sensor that generates an earlier signal in response to the arc event. Similarly, in another technique, the amplitudes of the detected signals can be compared to determine that the origin of the arc event is closer to the sensor that generates a signal with a relatively larger amplitude in response to the arc event. Similarly, in another technique, the phases of the detected signals can be compared to determine that the origin of the arc event is closer to the sensor that generates a signal with a relatively earlier specified phase angle in response to the arc event.

[0068] In another technique, a triangulation operation is performed. In this technique, the operation of estimating the location of the origin of the arc event based on the detected RF radiation generated by the arc event can include performing a triangulation operation on the signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the third sensor 663 to provide an estimated location of the origin of the arc event based on the detected RF radiation. Similarly, the operation of estimating the location of the origin of the arc event based on the detected RF radiation generated by the arc event can include performing a triangulation operation on the signals generated by the second sensor 662 and the fourth sensor 664 to provide an estimated location of the origin of the arc event based on the detected vibration and / or acoustic radiation.

[0069] Triangulation can be performed by comparing the times, phases, or amplitudes of the signals detected by the first sensor 661 and the third sensor 663, and similarly triangulation can be performed by comparing the times, phases, or amplitudes of the signals detected by the second sensor 662 and the fourth sensor 664. According to this technique, by providing two sensors to detect each type of radiation (e.g., RF radiation or vibration and / or acoustic radiation), one or more processors can perform a triangulation operation to estimate the location of the origin of the arc event as anywhere on an arc of rotation along an axis connecting the two sensors. By providing three sensors to detect each radiation, one or more processors can perform a triangulation operation to estimate the location of the origin of the arc event as a point in space. This assumes that the three sensors are arranged in a non - collinear manner. The additional spatial information provided about the origin of the arc event according to this example increases the confidence in determining the origin.

[0070] In another related example, the monitoring device 60 includes at least one current sensor 681, 682. The at least one current sensor 681, 682 is configured to detect current flowing into or returning from at least one of the following: an X-ray tube, a voltage generator, and cables 701, 702 that couple the X-ray tube to the voltage generator. One or more processors 34 are also configured to receive signals generated by the at least one current sensor 681, 682 in response to an arc event. The one or more processors 34 are configured to also selectively identify the origin of the arc event based on the signals generated by the at least one current sensor 681, 682.

[0071] The (one or more) current sensors in this example detect current flowing into or from one or more of the following: an X-ray tube, a voltage generator, and cables 701, 702. An arc event may cause a perturbation (e.g., a spike) in the current so detected, depending on the origin of the arc event. For example, an arc event originating within the vacuum containment housing of the X-ray tube may cause a relatively large perturbation in the current flowing into or returning from the X-ray tube compared to an arc event originating from a liquid cooling circuit. Thus, the additional information provided by the detected current can be utilized to identify the origin of the arc event with increased confidence. The current sensors can also be used to selectively identify the origin of an arc event within cables 701, 702 based on the received signals generated by the at least one current sensor 681, 682. For example, an arc event originating within a cable may cause a smaller magnitude perturbation than an arc event originating within the X-ray tube.

[0072] In another related example, one or more processors 34 of the monitoring device 60 are configured to determine the direction of the current detected by the at least one current sensor 681, 682. The one or more processors are configured to also selectively identify the origin of the arc event based on the direction of the current detected by the at least one current sensor 681, 682. This example operates in the manner described above with reference to Figure 1 – Figure 7 described. In other words, the direction of the current generated in response to an arc event can indicate on which side of the current sensor the arc event occurred.

[0073] In another related example, one or more processors 34 of the monitoring device 60 are also configured to automatically generate a service ticket 72 based on the received signals generated by the first sensor and / or the second sensor in response to detecting an arc event. The service ticket includes information representing the origin of the identified arc event.

[0074] Accordingly, the service work order enables the service engineer to verify the operation of the vacuum containment housing 62, the liquid cooling circuit 64, and the voltage generator 16 as needed in a time-efficient manner.

[0075] In another related example, an X-ray imaging system including the above-described monitoring device 60 is provided.

[0076] It should be understood that all combinations of the above concepts and additional concepts discussed in more detail below (assuming these concepts are not mutually inconsistent) are expected to be part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. In particular, all combinations of the subject matter of the claims are expected to be part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein.

[0077] These and other aspects of the present disclosure will become apparent and be set forth with reference to the example(s) described below. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0078] In the drawings, like reference numerals generally refer to like parts in different views. Also, the drawings are not necessarily to scale, but rather emphasis is placed on illustrating the principles of the present disclosure.

[0079] Figure 1 An example of an electrical system is illustrated.

[0080] Figure 2 An example of a system according to an example of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0081] Figure 3 A Spice model of an X-ray tube component chain is illustrated.

[0082] Figure 4 Another example of a system according to an example of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0083] Figure 5 Yet another example of a system according to an example of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0084] Figure 6 An example of a sensor suite for detecting an arc in an electrical system is illustrated.

[0085] Figure 7 A flowchart illustrating an example of a method for detecting an arc in an electrical system is illustrated.

[0086] Figure 8 FIG. is a schematic diagram of a first example of a monitoring device 60 for determining the origin of an arc event 24d in an X-ray imaging system according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0087] Figure 9FIG. is a schematic diagram of a second example of a monitoring device 60 for determining the origin of an arc event 24d in an X-ray imaging system in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0088] Figure 10 FIG. is a schematic diagram of a third example of a monitoring device 60 for determining the origin of an arc event 24d in an X-ray imaging system in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0089] Figure 11 FIG. is a schematic diagram of a fourth example of a monitoring device 60 for determining the origin of an arc event 24d in an X-ray imaging system in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0090] In the following description, reference is made to a device for detecting an arc in an electrical system. Electrical systems typically employ high voltages, i.e., voltages greater than 0.1 kV, or greater than 1 kV, or greater than 10 kV, and arcs can occur in such systems due to the degradation of components in the system over time. Reference is made to an example in which the electrical system is a medical imaging system (e.g., an X-ray or CT imaging system). However, it should be understood that the devices, methods, systems, and sensor suites described above and below can be applied to general electrical systems. For another example, the devices, methods, systems, and sensor suites can be used in high-power transmitting radio equipment. In this context, high power refers to an intractable consumption greater than 0.1 kW, greater than 1 kW, or greater than 10 kW.

[0091] Figure 1 An example of an electrical system 10 is illustrated. In this example, the electrical system 10 is a so-called "generator-cable-tube" system, including an X-ray tube 12, a cable 14, and an HV generator 16. Figure 1 The multi-component high-voltage system 10 shown in FIG. can be implemented in an X-ray imaging system (not shown). Examples of X-ray imaging systems can include, but are not limited to, projection X-ray imaging systems, such as X-ray C-arm based imaging systems or digital X-ray radiography "DXR" imaging systems, or computed tomography "CT" imaging systems. The following discussion of the multi-component high-voltage system 10 is merely an example of such an implementation and is not intended to be limited to a particular type of X-ray imaging system.

[0092] The X-ray tube 12 is configured to generate X-rays. Generally speaking, the energy or energy range of the X-rays is approximately between 30 keV and 200 keV. The X-ray tube typically includes a vacuum tube, an anode, and a cathode. In use, the cathode is heated while an electric field is applied between the anode and the cathode. The electric field releases electrons from the cathode and accelerates them toward the anode, where the electrons are stopped and emit bremsstrahlung radiation. An example of one type of X-ray tube 12 is a glass tube surrounded by a metal chassis (typically, but not necessarily). In this example, the area between the glass tube and the metal chassis can be filled with a liquid cooling medium such as oil.

[0093] like Figure 1 As shown in FIG, the X-ray tube 12 is removably coupled to the cable 14 at a tube-cable interface 18. The cable 14 is removably coupled to the HV generator 16 at a generator-cable interface 20. The HV generator 16 provides high voltage for operating the X-ray tube 12.

[0094] Component defects and aging can cause arcing. Arcing can be caused by a variety of factors, such as ionization of residual particles within the glass tube. Arcing can interfere with the X-ray generation process, which is detrimental for imaging inspections that rely on a continuous supply of X-rays. Arcing cannot be completely avoided, but reliable detection can help improve maintenance procedures.

[0095] For efficient maintenance and repair procedures of imaging systems (such as the above-mentioned X-ray imaging systems), it is very important to be able to locate the position of the arc at the component level. One known solution to this problem is to identify the component where the arc occurs by equipping the components in the electrical system with expensive monitoring equipment (which measures the current and voltage in the electrical system with high time resolution).

[0096] To overcome the complexity of known monitoring devices, the present disclosure proposes a direct method to monitor the direction of current.

[0097] Figure 2 An example of a system 10 according to an example of the present disclosure is illustrated. The example system 100 includes an electrical system 10 and a system 110 for detecting an arc in the electrical system 10. The system 110 includes a sensor 22 and an apparatus 30 for detecting an arc in the electrical system 10.

[0098] exist Figure 2 In the example shown, the electrical system 10 is as follows Figure 1 Generator-cable-tube system shown. Figure 2 Zhongyu Figure 1 Items with the same marks in the figure represent the same items, and descriptions of the same items will not be repeated.

[0099] The inventors have found that during normal operation, the current on the high-voltage rail has a specific direction, i.e., a sign. This applies to both DC and AC currents, and the sign of the latter current changes twice per cycle during normal operation. Components in the circuit may also have stray capacitance, which will be charged over time. Arcing in electrical components causes an instantaneous reduction in their impedance. Therefore, if arcing occurs during component operation, the current source may not be able to supply the arcing current. In this case, the capacitance of the current source starts to discharge, causing the voltage on its power terminals to decrease. The discharge current directly points to the arcing component. From the perspective of the current source, the current flowing in the component will change direction "after the arc", as seen from the current source, until the arc ends. Regarding Figure 3 the Spice model shown in will be explained in detail.

[0100] Figure 3 The figure shows the Spice model of the X-ray tube component chain. In this example, it is assumed that an arcing event occurs near the HV generator 16.

[0101] The X-ray tube 12, the cable 14, and the HV generator 16 have capacitance and resistance, which may depend on the operating state of the X-ray tube (e.g., the bias voltage applied to the X-ray tube). For example, as Figure 3 shown, the X-ray tube 12 can be modeled as a capacitor C1 and a resistor R3 in parallel with the capacitor C1. The cable 14 can be modeled using a thick cable model and is represented by an inductor L2, a resistor R2, and a capacitor C2. The HV generator 16 can be modeled as a voltage generator V1, a resistor R7, and a capacitor C3 in parallel with the voltage generator V1.

[0102] Figure 3 The capacitance shown in is charged to a high voltage by the HV generator V1. In use, the X-ray tube draws a positive current through the chain, and the current can be detected by a sensor 18, such as Figure 3 the detection resistor R1 shown.

[0103] An arcing event occurring near the HV generator 16 (such as Figure 3 the arc 24a shown in the figure) can be simulated by a voltage generator V4, a resistor R9, and a switch S2. It is worth noting that Figure 3 the voltage generator V4, the resistor R9, and the switch S2 shown are illustrated to simulate the arc 24a in a simulation or descriptive environment, and thus they are not part of the electrical system 10 (e.g., Figure 3Nor are they the physical components of the tube-cable-generator system shown in []. Nor are they the physical components of the circuits presented in this disclosure. During an arc event, the impedance seen by the HV generator 16 drops instantaneously. The HV generator 16 cannot maintain the high voltage, and thus the stray capacitance discharges. The discharge of capacitors C1 and C2 causes a negative current to pass through R1.

[0104] Such a change in sign can be detected by a known comparator or trigger circuit. If the detection circuit is placed at the interface of the components in the electrical system, such as at the tube-cable interface 18 or at the generator-cable interface 20, the origin of the arc can be more accurately identified.

[0105] In another example, returning to Figure 2 , a sensor 22 (such as, Figure 2 the sensor 22a shown in []) is provided and removably mounted at the generator cable interface 20 to monitor the current. As described above and with reference to Figure 3 the Spice model of the X-ray tube component chain shown in [], the operation of the X-ray tube causes a positive current to pass through the chain, and this current flows to the X-ray tube 12. When an arc event occurs near the HV generator 16, such as Figure 2 the arc 24a shown in [], the HV generator 16 will not be able to supply current, and thus the stray capacitance discharges, which results in a negative current and a drop in the voltage phase across the terminals of the HV generator 16. The change in the sign of the current can be detected by the sensor 22a. It is noted that in order to detect the sign of the current, it is only necessary to detect whether the current between the generator and the cable instantaneously reverses during normal operation. Using the known stray capacitance of the tube and the cable, system-specific thresholds for the reverse current can be set, and a simple circuit such as a comparator or a trigger circuit can be used to detect whether these thresholds have been exceeded, thereby indicating whether there is an arc near the detected current. Examples of the sensor 22 can include, but are not limited to, resistors, capacitively coupled components, inductively coupled components, and Hall sensors.

[0106] The sensor 22a can include a transmitter configured to transmit sensor data to the device 30 via a signal via a wired (e.g., cable) connection or via a wireless (e.g., Bluetooth) connection. Figure 2 The device 30 shown in [] includes a sensor interface circuit 30, one or more processors 34, and an output circuit 36.

[0107] Generally, device 30 may include various physical and / or logical components for transmitting and manipulating information, which may be implemented as hardware components (e.g., computing devices, processors, logic devices), executable computer program instructions executed by various hardware components (e.g., firmware, software), or any combination thereof, as required by a given set of design parameters or performance constraints. Although Figure 2 a limited number of components may be shown by way of example, it will be understood that more or fewer components may be employed for a given implementation.

[0108] For example, device 30 may be embodied or implemented in a device or apparatus, such as a server, workstation, or mobile device. Examples of mobile devices may include, but are not limited to, tablet computers, laptop computers, mobile phones, etc. Device 30 may include one or more microprocessors or computer processors that run appropriate software. One or more processors 34 of device 30 may be embodied by one or more of these processors. The software may have been downloaded and / or stored in a corresponding memory, e.g., a volatile memory such as RAM or a non-volatile memory such as flash memory. The software may include instructions for configuring one or more processors to perform the functions described herein.

[0109] It is noted that device 30 may be implemented as a combination of dedicated hardware for performing some functions and one or more processors (e.g., one or more programmed microprocessors and associated circuitry) for performing other functions. For example, the functional units of device 30 (e.g., sensor interface circuit 32, one or more processors 34, and output circuit 36) may be implemented in a device or apparatus in the form of logic units or programmable logic (e.g., field programmable gate array (FPGA)). Sensor interface circuit 32 and output circuit 36 may be implemented through corresponding interfaces of the device. Generally, each functional unit of the device may be implemented in the form of a circuit.

[0110] Device 30 may be implemented in a variety of ways. In some examples, device 30 may be an integral part (e.g., a designed-in part) of electrical system 10. Alternatively, device 30 may be merely a separate part of the system. Device 30 may even be retrofitted. For example, device 30 may be designed as an independent sensor system that has, for example, its own power supply and its own communication interface through which the determined origin of the arc is output. In one example, device 30 may be provided in the form of a mobile device, such as a laptop computer, a tablet computer, etc.

[0111] As Figure 2As shown, the sensor interface circuit 34 of the device 30 may include hardware and / or software to enable the device 30 to receive sensor data from the sensor 22a via a wired connection or via a wireless connection. The sensor interface circuit 34 provides the received sensor data to one or more processors 34.

[0112] One or more processors 34 of the device 30 may execute instructions to perform the methods described herein. As previously described, one or more processors 34 are configured to analyze the received signals including the sensor data to determine the direction of the current. Based on the direction of the current, one or more processors 34 are configured to determine the origin of the arc in the electrical system. This will be further described with reference to Figure 4 and Figure 5 the examples shown in

[0113] The output circuit 36 of the device 30 may include hardware and / or software to enable the device 30 to communicate with other electronic devices (e.g., a display, a storage device, etc.) and / or a network (LTE, LAN, wireless LAN, etc.) to provide information related to the detected arc event, such as the origin of the arc event.

[0114] Although Figure 2 the example shown in

[0115] Figure 4 includes a single sensor 22a, it should be understood that in some implementations, multiple sensors 22 may be provided. The multiple sensors 22 may be arranged at two or more locations in the electrical system 10 for detecting the direction of the current at the respective locations. In this case, the device 30 may receive the corresponding signals from each sensor via the sensor interface circuit. One or more processors 34 of the device 30 may be configured to determine the origin of the arc by comparing at least two received signals. Figure 4 The example system 10 shown is similar to Figure 2 the example system 10 shown, except that additional sensors 22 are provided, such as Figure 4 the sensor 22b shown in Figure 4 In Figure 2 items with the same markings as in

[0116] Figure 4 the example shown, the sensor 22b is removably mounted at the tube - cable interface 18 to monitor the current at that location. As previously described, during normal operation of the components in Figure 4 the current flows towards the X - ray tube 12. In the case of an arc event, such as Figure 4The arc 24b in the cable 14 as shown. The charge stored in the X-ray tube 12 will flow towards the origin of the arc 24b. This causes the direction of the current at the tube-cable interface 18 to reverse. Thus, a simple current-sign detector can be implemented as the sensor 22b. By employing two sensors 22a and 22b located at different positions, as in this example, the arc event 24b in the cable can be distinguished from the arc event 24a near or within the HV generator. As described above, if an arc 24b occurs in the cable, the charge stored in the tube will flow towards the arc, resulting in a reversed current direction at the tube-cable interface 18, which can be detected by the sensor 22b. On the other hand, in the case of an arc event (such as Figure 2 the arc near or within the HV generator 16 as shown), both the current detectors 22a and 22b will detect a change in the direction of the current (i.e., the sign). Thus, if both sensors 22a and 22b detect a changing signal, the device 10 can determine that an arc event has occurred near or within the HV generator 16. On the other hand, if only the sensor 22b detects a changing sign, the device 10 can determine that an arc event has occurred in the cable.

[0117] Figure 5 Another example of the system 10 according to the present disclosure is illustrated. Figure 5 The example system 10 shown is similar to Figure 4 the example system 10 shown, except that another sensor 22, such as Figure 5 the sensor 22c shown, is provided. Figure 5 Items with the same markings in Figure 4 represent the same items and the description of the same items will not be repeated.

[0118] As described above, sensors 22a and 22b can be direct current direction or sign detectors for locating the origin of an arc event in cable 14 and HV generator 16. However, in the case of an arc event 24, such as arc event 24c in X-ray tube 12, the direction of the current does not change. Only the magnitude of the current changes. Therefore, to locate the origin of an arc event (such as arc 24c) in X-ray tube 12, another sensor 22 (such as sensor 22c) is provided. Sensor 22c can be removably mounted at the tube-cable interface 18 to monitor the magnitude of the current to determine if an arc has occurred in the X-ray tube. Sensors 22a, 22b, and 22c provide the acquired sensor data to device 30 via a wired connection or wirelessly. If sensor 22c detects a change in the magnitude of the current while sensors 22a and 22b do not detect any signs of change, device 30 can determine that an arc 24, such as arc 24c, has occurred in the X-ray tube. If both sensors 22a and 22b detect a changing signal, device 10 can determine if an arc event has occurred near or within HV generator 16. On the other hand, if only sensor 22b detects a change in the direction or sign of the current, device 10 can determine that an arc event has occurred in cable 14. Thus, as this example shows, the combination of direct current sign detectors (such as sensors 22a and 22b) and current magnitude detectors (such as sensor 22c) can locate the origin of an arc event in any of the cable, generator, or X-ray tube in the illustrated generator-cable-tube system 10.

[0119] As described above, the magnitude of the current detected by each sensor can be used in combination with the detected current direction to determine the hierarchical position of the arc component in the network of electrical components, thereby locating the position of the arc with higher accuracy. For example, the magnitude can indicate the position of the arc along the cable. If multiple sensors are provided, detecting a current with a relatively high magnitude at one sensor can be considered to indicate that the origin of the arc is closer to that sensor compared to the sensor detecting a current with a relatively low magnitude. Similarly, knowledge of the position of the sensors within the network and the potential origin of the arc event can be used to simulate the possible location of the arc based on the magnitude of the detected current.

[0120] Due to the low power consumption of device 30 described above, long-life battery mode operation or energy harvesting can be used to power the device. This eliminates the need to provide an external power source to sensors 22 (such as Figure 2 , 4 and sensors 22a, 22b, and 22c as shown in 5). For example, some energy may be provided to the filament of the X-ray tube by a power source, or alternatively, some energy may be provided by a cooling pump power source.

[0121] As a further example, in the case where the X-ray tube is a bipolar X-ray tube, two sensors (such as two current sign detectors) can also be used to detect the current sign to each bipolar power supply terminal leading to the X-ray tube. The information provided by the two current sign detectors can be used to distinguish the effects on the X-ray tube anode and the ground "GND", or to distinguish the effects on the cathode and the ground "GND" on the X-ray tube side and the HV generator side. In this way, the arc event between the anode and the cathode of the X-ray tube can be distinguished from the arc events between the anode and the ground "GND" and between the cathode and the ground "GND". This information can be used to correlate the arc data with tube usage, thus supporting the search for root causes and potential arc prevention measures.

[0122] Similar to the bipolar X-ray tube example described above, in a system with an HV generator that includes, for example, two power blocks, the localization of the arc can also benefit from at least two direct current signal detectors.

[0123] In some examples, the integral of the reverse current (i.e., the discharge current) can be tracked, for example, by Figure 5 the sensor 22c shown in, as a measure of the arc intensity or severity, which can be correlated with the damage caused by the arc. Potentially, if the tube voltage and the stray capacitance are known, it can also give additional clues about the location of the arc occurrence more precisely. This can be valuable, for example, for distinguishing an arc in the high-voltage connector on the cathode side from an arc in the cathode-ground "GND" in the vacuum of the X-ray tube.

[0124] In some examples, at least two sensors (e.g., current, voltage sensors) can be used to provide redundancy or backup. Rules can also be set where the origin of the arc event is assigned to a predetermined location based on the current measured by at least two sensors. The average current or the current with the maximum amplitude from at least two sensors can be used to determine the origin of the arc event based on the rules. If the currents detected by at least two sensors differ by more than a predetermined threshold, the sensors can be recalibrated, or it can be determined that the sensors have failed. For example, both sensors can be sampled by a nearby microcontroller or an optical transducer.

[0125] In some implementations, the device 30 can locally store information representing the detected events for reading at a later time point. In some implementation manners, such as Figure 5As shown, the apparatus 30 can communicate with a network (e.g., LTE, LAN, wireless LAN, etc.) via the output circuit 36 to provide information related to the detected arc event to the monitoring device 40 for local or remote analysis. Examples of information related to the detected arc event can include, but are not limited to, the possible component(s) that need to be verified, repaired, or replaced; intermediate results of data processing; and raw data from the sensor(s).

[0126] The detection of an arc event, or the arc event itself, can be used to trigger various service actions. The service actions can mitigate the impact of the arc. In some cases, the operation of the X-ray tube may be inhibited. In some examples, a remote service application can be executed in the monitoring device 40 to generate a cloud-based service ticket. The generation of the cloud-based service ticket can be based on sensor-based fault information provided by the apparatus 30. The service ticket may include an automatic service dispatch for a field service engineer, a service team, etc. For example, the service ticket may include an automatic order for replacement parts for the components believed to be near failure. In some examples, the service ticket may include suggestions for adjusting the hospital workflow in response to the detected action event. A preventive maintenance plan can be recommended to reduce the risk of component downtime. This may help reduce the downtime of the medical imaging device.

[0127] In some examples, minor arc events that do not immediately damage the X-ray tube can simply be counted to collect statistical information about the arcs. It can be performed: binning the detected arc events into two or more types, such as minor, medium, and strong, according to the magnitude of the current change relative to a defined threshold, in order to provide such statistical information. The correlation of these statistics with the operating mode (e.g., tube voltage, tube age, etc.) may provide clues about the root cause of the arcs and thus about how to prevent arcs in the future.

[0128] Figure 6 Illustrated is an example of a sensor suite 50 for use in detecting arcs in an electrical system such as Figure 2 , 4 and the electrical system 10 shown in FIG. 5. The example sensor suite 50 includes a plurality of sensors 22 for monitoring current. For example, as Figure 6As shown in , an exemplary sensor suite 50 includes sensors 22a, 22b, 22c, ..., 22n, where n is an integer greater than or equal to 2. In some examples, the sensor suite 50 may include one or more current sign detectors, such as resistors, capacitively or inductively coupled components, and Hall sensors. In some examples, the sensor suite 50 may include one or more current sensors for measuring the magnitude of the current. In some examples, the sensor suite 50 may include (one or more) current sign detectors and (one or more) sensors for measuring the magnitude of the current.

[0129] In some examples, some sensors 22 in sensor suite 50 may have different sensitivities. Doubling the sensor sensitivity may help quantify arc events and thereby be used to identify trends or arc events that become stronger over time.

[0130] In some examples, some sensors 22 in the sensor suite 50 may be configured for different X-ray tube, HV generator, and cable setups. Adjustable / adjustable sensor selection may facilitate adjusting to different tube, generator, and cable setups in a modular manner.

[0131] Figure 7 A flow chart describing an example of a method 200 for detecting an electrical arc in an electrical system is illustrated. The method 200 may be implemented as a device, module, or related component in a set of logic instructions stored in a non-transitory machine or computer readable storage medium (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), firmware, flash memory, etc.), in configurable logic (e.g., a programmable logic array (PLA), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD)), in fixed function hardware logic using circuit technology (e.g., application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), or transistor transistor logic (TTL) technology), or any combination thereof. For example, computer program code that performs the operations shown in the method 200 may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including object-oriented programming languages (e.g., JAVA, SMALLTALK, C++, Python, etc.) and traditional procedural programming languages (e.g., the "C" programming language or similar programming languages). For example, the example method may be implemented as Figure 2 、 Figure 4 and Figure 5 The example apparatus 30 shown in FIG.

[0132] In step 210 , method 200 includes the step of receiving a signal originating from at least one sensor disposed at one or more locations in the electrical system for detecting electrical current.

[0133] For example, Figure 2 and 4 the device 30 shown in and 5 can receive signals from at least one sensor 22 (such as sensors 22a, 22b, and 22c) for detecting current.

[0134] In step 220, method 200 includes the step of analyzing the received signals to determine the direction of the current.

[0135] In step 230, method 200 includes the step of determining the origin of the arc in the electrical system based on the direction of the current.

[0136] For example, as described above with respect to Figure 4 if an arc 24b occurs in the cable, the charge stored in the tube will flow towards the arc, resulting in a reversed current direction at the tube-cable interface 18, which can be detected by sensor 22b. On the other hand, in the case of an arc event (such as Figure 2 the arc shown near or in the HV generator 16), both current detectors 22a and 22b will detect a changed signal. Thus, if both sensors 22a and 22b detect a changed signal, device 10 can determine that an arc event has occurred near or within the HV generator 16. On the other hand, if only sensor 22b detects a changed signal, device 10 can determine that an arc event has occurred in the cable.

[0137] Optionally, method 200 may include the steps of determining the magnitude of the current based on the received signals and determining the origin of the arc in the power system based on the determined magnitude of the current in addition to the direction of the current. For example, as described in connection with Figure 5 if sensor 22c detects a change in the magnitude of the current while sensors 22a and 22b do not detect any signs of change, device 30 can determine that an arc 24 has occurred in the X-ray tube, such as arc 24c. If both sensors 22a and 22b detect a changed signal, device 10 can determine that an arc event has occurred near or within the HV generator 16. On the other hand, if only sensor 22b detects a changed signal, device 10 can determine that an arc event has occurred in the cable 14. Thus, the combination of direct current sign detectors (such as sensors 22a and 22b) and current magnitude detectors (such as sensor 22c) can locate the origin of the arc event in all components of the illustrated generator-cable-tube system 10.

[0138] Optionally, the integral of the reverse current (i.e., the discharge current) can be tracked, for example, by Figure 5The sensor 22c shown in can be related to the damage caused by an arc as a measure of the arc intensity or severity. Potentially, if the tube voltage and stray capacitance are known, it can also give additional clues about the location where the arc occurs more precisely. This can be valuable, for example, for differentiating an arc in the high-voltage connector on the cathode side from an arc in the cathode-GND in the X-ray tube vacuum. Method 200 can also include the step of determining the origin of an arc in a particular component (e.g., an X-ray tube) based on the integration of the reverse current.

[0139] In another example of the present disclosure, a computer program or a computer program unit is provided, characterized in that it is adapted to execute the method steps of a method according to one of the foregoing examples on a suitable system.

[0140] The computer program unit can thus be stored on a computing unit, which can also be part of an example of the present disclosure. The computing unit can be adapted to execute the steps of the above method or cause the execution of the steps of the above method. In addition, it can be adapted to operate the components of the above device. The computing unit can be adapted to automatically operate and / or execute the commands of a user. The computer program can be loaded into the working memory of a data processor. The data processor can thus be equipped to implement the method of the present disclosure.

[0141] This example of the present disclosure superimposes a computer program that has used the present disclosure from the very beginning and a computer program that transforms an existing program into a program using the present invention by means of an update.

[0142] Furthermore, the computer program unit can be capable of providing all the necessary steps of a process for implementing an example of the method as described above.

[0143] According to another example of the present disclosure, a computer-readable medium, such as a CD-ROM, is proposed, wherein the computer-readable medium has a computer program unit stored thereon, and the computer program unit is described in the previous part.

[0144] The computer program can be stored and / or distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium that is provided together with other hardware or as part of other hardware, but the computer program can also be distributed in other forms, such as via the Internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems.

[0145] However, the computer program can also be provided via a network such as the World Wide Web and can be downloaded from such a network into the working memory of a data processor. According to a further example of the present disclosure, a medium for making a computer program unit available for download is provided, and the computer program unit is arranged to execute one of the previously described examples of the present disclosure.

[0146] As described above, another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a monitoring device for determining the origin of an arc event in an X-ray imaging system. As described above, arc events can occur in different components of an X-ray imaging system. For example, arc events can occur in a voltage generator, an X-ray tube, or a cable connecting the X-ray tube and the generator. Arc events can also occur in different media of these components. For example, arc events can occur in media such as vacuum, air, coolant, oil, and vacuum in these components. Arc events also release energy in the form of different types of radiation. For example, arc events can emit energy in the form of radio frequency "RF" radiation, (ultra)sonic radiation, and optical radiation. Some of these types of emitted radiation, such as ultrasonic radiation, also cause vibrations when they interact with matter. The inventors have observed that the medium in which an arc event occurs and any shielding that may surround the medium affect the amount of different types of radiation that can be detected after the arc event. Therefore, the origin of an arc event can be determined by detecting different types of radiation emitted by the arc event.

[0147] In this regard, there is provided a monitoring device 60 for determining the origin of an arc event 24d in an X-ray imaging system, the X-ray imaging system including an X-ray tube 12 having a vacuum containment housing 62, a liquid cooling circuit 64 for cooling the X-ray tube, and a voltage generator 16 configured to supply power to the X-ray tube. The monitoring device 60 includes:

[0148] a plurality of sensors 661, 662; and

[0149] one or more processors 34;

[0150] wherein the plurality of sensors includes: a first sensor 661 configured to detect radio frequency (RF) radiation generated by an arc event; and a second sensor 662 configured to detect vibrations and / or ultrasonic radiation generated by an arc event; and

[0151] wherein the one or more processors 34 are further configured to:

[0152] receive signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the second sensor 662 in response to detecting an arc event; and

[0153] based on the received signals, selectively identify the origin of the arc event as one of the following: inside the vacuum containment housing 62, inside the liquid cooling circuit 64, inside the voltage generator 16.

[0154] This aspect refers to Figures 8 - 11is described and is based on the following observations: Based on the RF radiation generated by an arc event and the vibration and / or acoustic radiation generated by the arc event, the origin of the arc event can be assigned to one of the following: within the vacuum containment enclosure 62, within the liquid cooling circuit 64, and within the voltage generator 16.

[0155] Table 1 below summarizes various observations related to the RF radiation, vibration, and / or acoustic radiation amplitudes detected in an X-ray imaging system in response to arc events for different reasons.

[0156] Detection of RF radiation Detection of vibration and / or acoustic radiation Arc origin in the vacuum containment housing Strong Weak / undetectable Arc origin in the liquid cooling circuit Strong Strong Arc origin in the voltage generator Weak / undetectable Strong

[0157] Table 1

[0158] As shown in Table 1, arcs generated within the vacuum containment enclosure 62 typically generate relatively strong detectable RF radiation and relatively weak detectable or non-detectable vibration and / or acoustic radiation. In contrast, arcs generated within the liquid cooling loop 64 typically generate relatively strong detectable RF radiation and relatively strong detectable vibration and / or acoustic radiation. In contrast, arcs generated within the voltage generator typically generate relatively weak, difficult-to-detect, or non-detectable RF radiation and relatively strong detectable vibration and / or acoustic radiation. This is because the vacuum containment enclosure 62 cannot transmit vibration and / or acoustic radiation and the high RF shielding provided by the RF generator, thus reducing the transmission of vibration and / or acoustic radiation and RF radiation, respectively. Thus, as can be seen from Table 1, by measuring the RF radiation, vibration, and / or acoustic radiation emitted by an arc event, the origin of the arc event can be selectively identified as one of the following: within the vacuum containment enclosure 62, within the liquid cooling loop 64, and within the voltage generator 16.

[0159] More specifically, based on the relative amplitudes of the signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the second sensor 662 in response to detecting an arc event, the origin of the arc event can be selectively identified as one of these locations. As indicated in Table 1, detecting a relatively strong signal compared to the normalized value of the first sensor 661 by the first sensor 661 and a relatively weak signal compared to the normalized value of the second sensor 662 by the second sensor 662 indicates that the origin of the arc event is within the vacuum containment enclosure 62. Detecting a relatively strong signal compared to the normalized value of the first sensor 661 by the first sensor 661 and a relatively strong signal compared to the normalized value of the second sensor 662 by the second sensor 662 indicates that the origin of the arc event is within the liquid cooling loop 64. Detecting a relatively weak signal compared to the normalized value of the first sensor 661 by the first sensor 661 and a relatively strong signal compared to the normalized value of the second sensor 662 by the second sensor 662 indicates that the origin of the arc event is within the voltage generator 16.

[0160] As described above, the ability to determine the origin of an arc event helps to verify, repair, or replace affected components in an efficient manner. Additionally, the ability to distinguish the origin of an arc event between a vacuum containment housing, a liquid cooling circuit, and a voltage generator can facilitate the repair of components rather than replacing the entire component. For example, if it is determined that the origin of the arc event is within the liquid cooling circuit, the coolant can be replaced instead of replacing the entire X-ray tube. Similarly, if it is determined that the origin of the arc event is within the vacuum containment housing, it can be repaired by "readjusting" the X-ray tube or performing a "tube degassing" process on the X-ray tube rather than replacing it.

[0161] Figure 8 FIG. is a schematic diagram showing a first example of a monitoring device 60 for determining the origin of an arc event 24d in an X-ray imaging system according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Referring Figure 8 , a first sensor 661 is configured to detect radio frequency (RF) radiation generated by the arc event, and a second sensor 662 is configured to detect vibration and / or acoustic radiation generated by the arc event.

[0162] Figure 8 The first sensor 661 shown can be provided in the form of an antenna, as Figure 8 shown. Various types of antennas can be used to achieve this purpose, including dipole antennas, stripline antennas, coil antennas, etc. Directional antennas can also be used to provide relatively high sensitivity towards a desired direction and thus towards components in the X-ray imaging system. Its size and type can be selected based on the frequency response of the antenna. In some cases, arcs originating from the vacuum containment housing are observed to have frequencies exceeding 500 MHz. The first sensor 661 can also include a sensor interface circuit ( Figure 8 not shown in FIG.). The sensor interface circuit can include an amplifier and / or detection circuit for amplifying and transforming the detected RF radiation into a signal that is then input into one or more processors 34, respectively. The sensor interface circuit can include a filter for filtering out signals with frequencies outside the desired range of interest. The sensor interface circuit can include a digital-to-analog converter "DAC" to digitize the signal before inputting it into one or more processors 34. The signal generated by the first sensor 661 can be transmitted to one or more processors 34 via any form of data communication, including via wired, wireless, and optical communication.

[0163] Figure 8 The second sensor 662 shown in FIG. can be provided in the form of a microphone or a vibration sensor. The second sensor 662 can also include a sensor interface circuit ( Figure 8(not shown in the figure). The sensor interface circuit may include amplifiers and / or detection circuits for amplifying and converting the detected vibrations and / or acoustic emissions into signals that are then input into one or more processors 34, respectively. The sensor interface circuit may include filters for filtering out signals having frequencies outside the desired range of interest. The sensor interface circuit may include a digital-to-analog converter "DAC" to digitize the signal before inputting it into one or more processors 34. Signals generated by the second sensor 662 may be transmitted to one or more processors 34 via any form of data communication, including via wired, wireless, and optical communication.

[0164] Figure 8 The first sensor 661 and the second sensor 662 shown in the figure may be arranged near the X-ray tube. The first sensor 661 and the second sensor 662 may be arranged to provide a direct and unobstructed path to the X-ray tube. For example, they may be arranged such that there is no or only minimal acoustic or RF shielding between the sensors and the X-ray tube. If the second sensor 662 is provided in the form of a vibration sensor, the vibration sensor may be mechanically coupled to the X-ray tube. The vibration sensor may be directly or indirectly coupled to the X-ray tube. For example, the vibration sensor may be coupled to the housing of the X-ray tube, or may be coupled to the gantry of a CT imaging system using the X-ray tube, or may be coupled to an element (such as a pump or a fluid connector) in the liquid cooling circuit of the X-ray tube.

[0165] In this example, one or more processors may, based on the received signals, selectively identify the source of the arc event as one of the following by determining the amplitude of the detected signals and applying the decision logic described in Table 1: within the vacuum containment housing 62, within the liquid cooling circuit 64, and within the voltage generator 16. To facilitate the application of this decision logic, a threshold may be applied to the detected signals to determine whether they represent "weak / undetectable signals" or "strong" signals. The threshold depends on the relative position of the sensor with respect to the origin of the arc event. The threshold may be set based on experimentally measured levels or based on modeled levels of signals generated by the arc event.

[0166] In a related example, one or more processors 34 of the monitoring device 60 are further configured to:

[0167] perform a spectral analysis on the signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the second sensor 662 to generate corresponding first and second spectra;

[0168] determine the similarity between each of the first and second spectra and one or more reference spectra, the reference spectra representing signals generated within one or more of the vacuum containment housing 62, the liquid cooling circuit 64, and the voltage generator 16 by the first sensor 661 and the second sensor 662, respectively; and

[0169] One or more processors 34 are configured to also selectively identify the origin of an arc event based on similarity.

[0170] This example is based on the observation that the RF radiation generated by an arc event, as well as the vibration and / or acoustic radiation generated by an arc event, have characteristic signals that can be used to identify their source. For example, the RF spectrum generated in response to an arc event within the vacuum containment enclosure 62 is different from the RF spectrum generated in response to an arc event within the liquid cooling loop 64. Thus, by performing spectral analysis on the signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the second sensor 662 to generate corresponding first and second spectra, the spectra can be compared to reference spectra that respectively characterize the characteristics of the signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the second sensor 661. The reference spectra can be generated, for example, within the vacuum containment enclosure 62, the liquid cooling loop 64, and the voltage generator 16. If the detected spectrum is similar to the reference spectrum, the origin of the reference spectrum can be assigned to the detected spectrum. This provides increased confidence in the origin of the arc event.

[0171] In this example, spectral analysis can include performing a Fourier transform on the signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the second sensor 662 to generate corresponding first and second spectra. This can be implemented by one or more processors 34 using known signal processing techniques. For each of the first sensor 661 and the second sensor 661, a reference spectrum representing the signals generated within the vacuum containment enclosure 62, the liquid cooling loop 64, and the voltage generator 16 can be generated by empirically measuring these signals. For example, the signals can be recorded over a period of time sufficient to capture an arc event. After a retrospective analysis of the X-ray tube travel to determine the origin of the arc event, the spectrum can be labeled as characteristic of the arc event of that particular origin. For example, one or more processors can determine a measure of the similarity between each of the first and second spectra and the reference spectrum by performing a cross-correlation between the spectra. If the result of determining the similarity between the spectra is higher than a predetermined threshold, the origin of the arc event can be attributed to that origin. Thus, this example provides determined or more detailed information about the origin of the arc event and thereby provides increased confidence in determining the origin of the arc event.

[0172] In another related example, the plurality of sensors of the monitoring device 60 includes a third sensor 663 configured to detect radio frequency (RF) radiation generated by an arc event, and a fourth sensor 664 configured to detect vibration and / or acoustic radiation generated by an arc event. In this example, the one or more processors 34 are further configured to:

[0173] Receive signals generated by a third sensor 663 and a fourth sensor 664 in response to detecting an arc event; and

[0174] Use the signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the third sensor 663 to estimate the location of the origin of the arc event based on the detected RF radiation generated by the arc event; and

[0175] Use the signals generated by the second sensor 662 and the fourth sensor 664 to estimate the location of the origin of the arc event based on the detected vibration and / or acoustic radiation generated by the arc event; and

[0176] Wherein, one or more processors 34 are configured to also selectively identify the origin of the arc event based on the location of the origin of the arc event estimated based on the detected RF radiation and / or the location of the origin of the arc event estimated based on the detected vibration and / or acoustic radiation.

[0177] Reference Figure 9 Describes the example, which is a schematic diagram illustrating a second example of a monitoring device 60 for determining the origin of an arc event 24d in an X-ray imaging system according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 9 Items shown in have the same markings as Figure 8 Items in refer to the same items, and the description of the items is not repeated for the sake of brevity. Except Figure 8 Items shown in Figure 9 The example shown in also includes a third sensor 663 and a fourth sensor 664.

[0178] Therefore, in this example, the signals generated by the third sensor 663 and the fourth sensor 664 are respectively combined with the signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the second sensor 662 to determine the origin of the arc event. In this example, the operation of estimating the location of the origin of the arc event can generally be performed by comparing the time, phase or amplitude of the signals detected by the first sensor 661 and the third sensor 663, and similarly can be performed by comparing the time, phase or amplitude of the signals detected by the second sensor 662 and the fourth sensor 664. For example, in one technique, the time of the detected signals can be compared to determine that the origin of the arc event is closer to the sensor that generates an earlier signal in response to the arc event. Similarly, in another technique, the amplitude of the detected signals can be compared to determine that the origin of the arc event is closer to the sensor that generates a signal with a relatively larger amplitude in response to the arc event. Similarly, in another technique, the phase of the detected signals can be compared to determine that the origin of the arc event is closer to the sensor that generates a signal with a relatively earlier specified phase angle in response to the arc event.

[0179] In this example, the time of signals detected by the same type of sensors (i.e., the first sensor 661 and the third sensor 663, or the second sensor 662 and the fourth sensor 664) can be determined by applying a threshold to the detected signals and measuring the time to reach the threshold. As described above, the relative time of the detected signals can be used to determine that the origin of the arc event is closer to the sensor that first detected the radiation. Similarly, the amplitude or phase of the detected signals can be determined and used to simply determine that the origin of the arc event is closer to the sensor that detected the radiation with a larger amplitude or an earlier phase. In this example, the phase can be determined by adding a phase detector in the above-mentioned sensor interface circuit(s).

[0180] In another technique, a triangulation operation is performed. In this technique, the operation of estimating the location of the origin of the arc event based on the detected RF radiation generated by the arc event may include performing a triangulation operation on the signals generated by the first sensor 661 and the third sensor 663 to provide an estimated location of the origin of the arc event based on the detected RF radiation. The operation of estimating the location of the origin of the arc event based on the detected RF radiation generated by the arc event may include performing a triangulation operation on the signals generated by the second sensor 662 and the fourth sensor 664 to provide an estimated location of the origin of the arc event based on the detected vibration and / or acoustic radiation.

[0181] Triangulation can be performed by comparing the time, phase, or amplitude of the signals detected by the first sensor 661 and the third sensor 663, and similarly, triangulation can be performed by comparing the time, phase, or amplitude of the signals detected by the second sensor 662 and the fourth sensor 664. According to this technique, by providing two sensors to detect each type of radiation (e.g., RF radiation or vibration and / or acoustic radiation), one or more processors can perform a triangulation operation that estimates the location of the origin of the arc event as anywhere on an arc of rotation along the axis connecting the two sensors. By providing three sensors that detect each radiation, one or more processors can perform a triangulation operation that estimates the location of the origin of the arc event as a point in space. This assumes that the three sensors are arranged in a non-collinear manner.

[0182] The additional spatial information provided about the origin of the arc event according to this example provides an increased confidence in the determined origin.

[0183] If triangulation is used on the signals generated by the second sensor 662 and the fourth sensor 664, the time when RF radiation is detected by the first sensor 661 or the second sensor 662 can be used as an additional timestamp, from which the path length of the vibration / sound radiation propagating between the origin of the arc event and the second and fourth sensors 662, 664 can be calculated. Since the speed of vibration / sound propagation is slower than that of RF radiation, if RF radiation is detected by the first and / or third sensors 661, 663, the time when RF radiation is detected by these sensors can be used as an additional timestamp, from which the path length of the vibration / sound radiation propagating between the origin of the arc event and the second and fourth sensors 662, 664 can be calculated.

[0184] In another related example, the monitoring device 60 includes at least one current sensor 681, 682. The at least one current sensor 681, 682 is configured to detect the current flowing into or returning from at least one of the following: an X-ray tube, a voltage generator, and the cables 701, 702 that couple the X-ray tube to the voltage generator. One or more processors 34 are also configured to receive the signals generated by the at least one current sensor 681, 682 in response to an arc event. The one or more processors 34 are configured to also selectively identify the origin of the arc event based on the signals generated by the at least one current sensor 681, 682.

[0185] Reference Figure 10 describes this example, which is a schematic diagram illustrating a third example of a monitoring device 60 for determining the origin of an arc event 24d in an X-ray imaging system according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 10 shown has the same Figure 8 markings as those in Figure 8 and items with the same markings refer to the same items, and the description of such items will not be repeated for the sake of brevity. Except for Figure 10The example shown also includes current sensors 681 and 682. The (one or more) current sensors in this example detect the current flowing into or returning from one or more of the following: the X-ray tube, the voltage generator, and the cables 701, 702. In the example shown, two current sensors are depicted. Current sensor 681 is used to detect the current returning from the X-ray tube. Current sensor 682 is used to detect the current flowing into the X-ray tube. Generally, there may be one or more current sensors. An arc event may cause a perturbation (such as a spike) in the current thus detected, depending on the origin of the arc event. For example, an arc event originating within the vacuum containment housing of the X-ray tube may cause a relatively larger perturbation in the current flowing into or returning from the X-ray tube compared to an arc event originating from the liquid cooling circuit. Thus, the additional information provided by the detected current can be utilized to identify the origin of the arc event with increased confidence. The current sensors can also be used to selectively identify the origin of an arc event within the cables 701, 702 based on the received signals generated by at least one of the current sensors 681, 682. For example, an arc event originating within a cable may cause a perturbation with a smaller amplitude than an arc event originating within the X-ray tube.

[0186] In this example, at least one of the current sensors 681, 682 can be provided by a coil. The coil can be wound around or positioned in the vicinity of the relevant conductor for which the current is to be measured. The former case is as shown Figure 10 here. Such a coil may also be referred to as a Rogowski coil. A Rogowski coil does not contain a metallic core. However, a current sensor provided in the form of a coil may also include a metallic (usually iron-based) core. Other types of current sensors can be used as current sensors 681, 682, as described above. For example, current sensors 681, 682 can include resistors, where the current flowing through the resistor is determined by measuring the voltage drop across the resistor. Other types of current sensors can be used, including capacitively or inductively coupled current sensors and Hall sensors, as described above.

[0187] In this example, one or more processors 34 may be configured to also selectively identify the origin of an arc event using various techniques based on signals generated by at least one of current sensors 681, 682. For example, in some examples, the presence of current at the location of current sensors 681, 682 is sufficient to confirm that an arc has occurred at or near the location where the current is measured. For example, if the magnitude of a current spike detected using a current sensor exceeds a predetermined threshold, the current spike may be considered to indicate that an arc event has occurred at or near the location of the measured current spike. In another example, multiple current sensors are used, and if a current spike is detected at one location and not at another location, an arc event may be considered to be indicated at one location and not at the other.

[0188] In another related example, one or more processors 34 of monitoring device 60 are configured to determine the direction of current detected by at least one of current sensors 681, 682. The one or more processors are configured to also selectively identify the origin of an arc event based on the direction of the current detected by at least one of current sensors 681, 682. This example operates in the manner described above with reference Figure 1 – Figure 7 described. In other words, the direction of the current generated in response to an arc event may indicate on which side of the current sensor the arc event occurred.

[0189] In another related example, one or more processors 34 of monitoring device 60 are also configured to automatically generate a service ticket 72 based on received signals generated by the first sensor and / or the second sensor in response to detecting an arc event. The service ticket includes information indicating the origin of the identified arc event.

[0190] Reference Figure 11 describes this example, which is a schematic diagram illustrating a fourth example of a monitoring device 60 for determining the origin of an arc event 24d in an X-ray imaging system according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 11 shown having the same markings as in Figure 8 refers to the same items, and the description of the items is not repeated for the sake of brevity. Except for Figure 8 the items shown in Figure 10 the example shown in

[0191] Accordingly, the service work order enables the service engineer to verify the operation of the vacuum containment housing 62, the liquid cooling circuit 64, and the voltage generator 16 as needed in a time-efficient manner.

[0192] In another related example, an X-ray imaging system including a monitoring device 60 is provided. The X-ray imaging system can be, for example, a projection X-ray imaging system, such as an X-ray C-arm based imaging system or a digital X-ray radiography "DXR" imaging system, or a computed tomography "CT" imaging system.

[0193] This aspect of the present disclosure relating to the monitoring device is described in the embodiments listed below:

[0194] Example 1. A monitoring device (60) for determining the origin of an arc event (24d) in an X-ray imaging system, the X-ray imaging system comprising: an X-ray tube (12) having a vacuum containment housing (62), a liquid cooling circuit (64) for cooling the X-ray tube, and a voltage generator (16) configured to power the X-ray tube, the monitoring device (60) comprising:

[0195] a plurality of sensors (661, 662); and

[0196] one or more processors (34);

[0197] wherein the plurality of sensors includes: a first sensor (661) configured to detect radio frequency (RF) radiation generated by the arc event; and a second sensor (662) configured to detect vibration and / or acoustic radiation generated by the arc event; and

[0198] wherein the one or more processors (34) are further configured to:

[0199] receive signals generated by the first sensor (661) and the second sensor (662) in response to detecting the arc event; and

[0200] based on the received signals, selectively identify the origin of the arc event as one of the following: within the vacuum containment housing (62), within the liquid cooling circuit (64), and within the voltage generator (16).

[0201] Example 2. The monitoring device according to Example 1, wherein the one or more processors (34) are further configured to:

[0202] perform a spectral analysis on the signals generated by the first sensor (661) and the second sensor (662) to generate a corresponding first spectrum and second spectrum;

[0203] Determine the similarity between each of the first spectrum and the second spectrum and one or more reference spectra, where the reference spectra represent signals generated by the first sensor (662) and the second sensor (662) respectively within one or more of the following: the vacuum containment housing (62), the liquid cooling circuit (64), and the voltage generator (16); and

[0204] wherein, the one or more processors (34) are further configured to selectively identify the origin of the arc event based on the similarity.

[0205] Example 3. The monitoring device according to Example 1, wherein the plurality of sensors further includes: a third sensor (663) configured to detect radio frequency (RF) radiation generated by the arc event; and a fourth sensor (664) configured to detect vibration and / or acoustic radiation generated by the arc event; and

[0206] wherein, the one or more processors (34) are further configured to:

[0207] Receive signals generated by the third sensor (663) and the fourth sensor (664) in response to detecting the arc event;

[0208] Use the signals generated by the first sensor (661) and the third sensor (663) to estimate the location of the origin of the arc event based on the detected RF radiation generated by the arc event; and

[0209] Use the signals generated by the second sensor (662) and the fourth sensor (664) to estimate the location of the origin of the arc event based on the detected vibration and / or acoustic radiation generated by the arc event; and

[0210] wherein, the one or more processors (34) are configured to selectively identify the origin of the arc event further based on the location of the origin of the arc event estimated based on the detected RF radiation and / or the location of the origin of the arc event estimated based on the detected vibration and / or acoustic radiation.

[0211] Example 4. The monitoring device according to any one of Examples 1-3, further comprising at least one current sensor (681, 682);

[0212] wherein, the at least one current sensor (681, 682) is configured to detect the current flowing into at least one of the following or returning from at least one of the following: the X-ray tube, the voltage generator, and the cables (701, 702) coupling the X-ray tube to the voltage generator. And

[0213] Wherein, the one or more processors (34) are further configured to receive a signal generated by the at least one current sensor (681, 682) in response to the arc event. And

[0214] Wherein, the one or more processors (34) are configured to further selectively identify the origin of the arc event based on the signal generated by the at least one current sensor (681, 682).

[0215] Example 5. The monitoring device according to Example 4, wherein the one or more processors (34) are further configured to selectively identify the origin of the arc event within the cable (701, 702) based on the received signal generated by the at least one current sensor (681, 682).

[0216] Example 6. The monitoring device according to Example 4 or Example 5, wherein the one or more processors (34) are configured to determine the direction of the current detected by the at least one current sensor (681, 682); and

[0217] Wherein, the one or more processors are configured to further selectively identify the origin of the arc event based on the direction of the current detected by the at least one current sensor (681, 682).

[0218] Example 7. The monitoring device according to any one of Examples 1-6, wherein the one or more processors (34) are further configured to automatically generate a service order (72) based on the received signal generated by the first sensor and / or the second sensor in response to detecting the arc event; and

[0219] Wherein, the service order includes information indicating the origin of the identified arc event.

[0220] Example 8. An X-ray imaging system, comprising the monitoring device according to any one of Examples 1-7.

[0221] Those skilled in the art can understand and implement other variations of the disclosed examples by studying the drawings, the disclosure, and the claims. In the claims, the word "comprising" does not exclude other elements or steps, and the words "a" or "an" do not exclude a plurality. A single processor or other unit can perform the functions of several items recited in the claims. Although specific measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims, this does not indicate that the combination of these measures cannot be used advantageously. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.

Claims

1. An apparatus (30) for detecting arcs (24a, 24b, 24c) in an electrical system (10), the apparatus comprising: A sensor interface circuit (32); And One or more processors (34); Wherein, the sensor interface circuit is configured to receive signals (22a, 22b, 22c) from at least one sensor disposed at one or more locations (18, 20) in the electrical system to detect current; and Wherein, the one or more processors are configured to analyze the received signals to determine the direction of the current at one or more locations in the electrical system, and to determine the origin of the arc in the electrical system based on the direction of the current.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, Among them, The one or more processors are configured to analyze the received signals to determine the magnitude of the current at one or more locations in the electrical system; And Wherein, the one or more processors are further configured to determine the origin of the arc in the electrical system based on the magnitude of the current.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, Among them, The one or more processors are configured to: determine a period during which the current reverses its direction at one or more locations in the electrical system during operation of the electrical system, determine the integral of the current during the determined period, and determine the arc intensity of the arc based on the determined integral; And Wherein, the one or more processors are further configured to determine the origin of the arc in the electrical system based on the magnitude of the current.

4. The apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, Among them, The one or more processors are configured to compare the measured current with a defined threshold to determine the severity of the arc.

5. The apparatus according to claim 4, Among them, In response to determining that the severity of the arc exceeds the defined threshold, the one or more processors are configured to trigger an action to mitigate the severity of the arc.

6. The apparatus according to claim 4, Among them, In response to determining that the severity of the arc is below the defined threshold, the one or more processors are configured to record information related to the arc.

7. The apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, Among them, The sensor interface circuit is configured to receive at least two signals from at least two sensors disposed at at least two locations in the electrical system to detect the current; And Wherein, the one or more processors are configured to determine the origin of the arc by comparing the at least two received signals.

8. The apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising: An output circuit (36); Wherein, the one or more processors are configured to provide information related to the arc via the output circuit.

9. The apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, Among them, The electrical system includes: an X-ray tube, a high voltage generator, and a cable connecting the X-ray tube and the high voltage generator.

10. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 8, Among them, wherein the electrical system includes a high-power transmitting radio device.

11. A system (110) for detecting arcs (24a, 24b, 24c) in an electrical system (10), the system comprising: at least one sensor; and the device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one sensor is removably mounted at one or more locations in the electrical system for detecting current in the electrical system; and wherein the device is configured to receive a signal from the at least one sensor and detect an arc in the electrical system.

12. The system according to claim 11, Among them, wherein the at least one sensor includes a current sign detector for detecting the direction of the current.

13. The system according to claim 11 or 12, further comprising: a monitoring device (40) configured to provide a local or remote analysis of the information related to the arc provided by the device.

14. A method (200) for detecting arcs (24a, 24b, 24c) in an electrical system (10), the method comprising: receiving (210) a signal from at least one sensor arranged at one or more locations in the electrical system to detect current; analyzing (220) the received signal to determine the direction of the current at the one or more locations in the electrical system; and and determining (230) the origin of the arc in the electrical system based on the direction of the current.

15. A monitoring device (60) for determining the origin of an arc event (24d) in an X-ray imaging system, the X-ray imaging system comprising: An X-ray tube (12) having a vacuum-containing housing (62), a liquid cooling circuit (64) for cooling the X-ray tube, and a voltage generator (16) configured to supply power to the X-ray tube, the monitoring device (60) comprising: a plurality of sensors (661, 662); and one or more processors (34); wherein the plurality of sensors includes: a first sensor (661) configured to detect radio frequency (RF) radiation generated by the arc event; and a second sensor (662) configured to detect vibration and / or acoustic radiation generated by the arc event; and wherein the one or more processors (34) are configured to: receive signals generated by the first sensor (661) and the second sensor (662) in response to detecting the arc event; and based on the received signals, selectively identify the origin of the arc event as one of the following: within the vacuum-containing housing (62), within the liquid cooling circuit (64), and within the voltage generator (16).

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