Vehicle windshield and preparation method thereof, vehicle windshield assembly and automobile

Abstract

The invention relates to a vehicle windshield and a preparation method thereof, a vehicle windshield assembly and an automobile. The vehicle windshield sequentially comprises a vehicle window glass substrate, a metal micro-wall structure network and a polyurethane wear-resistant layer. The metal microwall structure network comprises a metal network and a conductive network which are sequentially stacked on the vehicle window glass substrate, the metal network is deposited on the vehicle window glass substrate in a direct current sputtering deposition mode, and the conductive network is deposited on the metal network in an electrochemical deposition mode. The metal microwall structure network designed by the invention has excellent electrical conductivity and light transmission, the sheet resistance is lower than 0.6 omega / sq, the transmittance is more than 85%, and on the premise of not influencing the driving sight, the rapid and uniform switching between a heating, defrosting and demisting main function and an electromagnetic shielding main function can be realized by controlling electrifying heating or electrifying conduction, so that the driving safety is improved. The technical problem that the defrosting and demisting functions, the glass permeability and the appearance attractiveness of a traditional vehicle windshield cannot be highly coordinated is solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of automobile accessories, specifically to a vehicle windshield, and more particularly to an intelligent vehicle windshield, a method for preparing the vehicle windshield, a car using the vehicle windshield for heating, defrosting, defogging and / or electromagnetic shielding, and a vehicle windshield assembly using the vehicle windshield for heating, defrosting, defogging and / or electromagnetic shielding. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid growth of vehicle ownership and the advancement of intelligent driving technology, vehicle windshields, such as the front windshield, not only provide basic visibility but are also becoming crucial vehicles for information exchange and safety. In cold and humid environments, temperature fluctuations can easily cause fogging or frost on the windshield surface, severely impacting the driver's vision and reducing driving safety. Therefore, fast, efficient, and intelligent defogger and defrost solutions have become critical components in the design of intelligent vehicle systems.

[0003] Currently, mainstream defogging methods include hot air circulation systems and electrically heated films. Hot air circulation relies on air conditioning systems to heat the glass surface, but this method suffers from uneven heating, slow response, and high energy consumption. In cold weather, it often causes a significant temperature difference between the inside and outside of the glass, exacerbating fog formation. Meanwhile, electrically heated films typically use metal wires or transparent conductive films (such as ITO and AZO) as heating elements. However, the former affects the transparency and appearance of the glass, while the latter suffers from insufficient conductivity, poor flexibility, and complex and costly manufacturing processes, making them difficult to meet the multiple requirements of modern vehicles for aesthetics, energy efficiency, and intelligent compatibility. Furthermore, with the widespread adoption of in-vehicle wireless communication systems, autonomous driving radar systems, and high-frequency electronic modules in electric vehicles, vehicles are facing increasingly serious electromagnetic interference issues. Traditional glass structures lack effective shielding, which can easily lead to communication failures, radar signal attenuation, and even misjudgment of critical systems. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the technical challenges of conventional vehicle windshields in achieving a high degree of harmony between defrosting and defogging functions and glass transparency and aesthetically pleasing appearance, the present invention provides a novel vehicle windshield and a method for manufacturing the same. The present invention also provides an automobile utilizing the aforementioned vehicle windshield for heating, defrosting, defogging, and / or electromagnetic shielding, and a vehicle windshield assembly utilizing the aforementioned vehicle windshield for heating, defrosting, defogging, and / or electromagnetic shielding.

[0005] The present invention is implemented using the following technical solution: a vehicle windshield comprising: a window glass substrate; a metal micro-wall structure network located on the window glass substrate; and a polyurethane wear-resistant layer covering the window glass substrate and encapsulating the metal micro-wall structure network. The metal micro-wall structure network comprises a metal network and a conductive network stacked sequentially on the window glass substrate. The metal network is deposited on the window glass substrate via DC sputtering, and the conductive network is deposited on the metal network via electrochemical deposition. By controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be electrically heated or electrically conductive, the vehicle windshield can be switched between a primary function of heating, defrosting, and defogging and a primary function of electromagnetic shielding.

[0006] As a further improvement of the above solution, the vehicle windshield also includes a transparent conductive oxide protective layer stacked on the metal micro-wall structure network; by controlling the transparent conductive oxide protective layer to be energized and conductive, the vehicle windshield can also be switched to the main electromagnetic shielding function.

[0007] As a further improvement of the above solution, the vehicle windshield also includes a transparent conductive oxide protective layer covering the window glass substrate and embedding the metal micro-wall structure network therein; by controlling the transparent conductive oxide protective layer to be energized and conductive, the vehicle windshield can also be switched to the main electromagnetic shielding function.

[0008] As a further improvement of the above solution, the material of the metal network is any one of silver, gold, copper, platinum, chromium, nickel, aluminum and titanium.

[0009] As a further improvement of the above solution, the material of the conductive network is any one of gold, silver, copper, nickel, aluminum and platinum.

[0010] As a further improvement of the above solution, the material of the transparent conductive oxide protective layer is any one of indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, and indium gallium zinc oxide.

[0011] The present invention also provides a method for preparing a vehicle windshield, which comprises the following steps: Step 1: providing a window glass substrate; Step 2: spin-coating at least one layer of the resin mixed filtrate on the surface of the vehicle window glass substrate, and vacuum-drying the vehicle window glass substrate to dry and solidify the resin mixed filtrate, so as to form a crack template having a network of cracks on the corresponding surface of the vehicle window glass substrate; Step 3: depositing metal 1 in the network-like cracks on the crack template by DC sputtering deposition to form a metal network, and continuing to deposit metal 2 on the surface of the metal network by electrochemical deposition without removing the crack template to form a conductive network, and the metal network and the conductive network are stacked in sequence to form a metal micro-wall structure network; Step 4: Remove the crack template; Step 5: constructing a polyurethane wear-resistant layer covering a metal micro-wall structure network on a vehicle window glass substrate to form the vehicle windshield.

[0012] As a further improvement of the above scheme, the preparation method also includes: before removing the crack template, depositing a transparent conductive oxide protective layer on the surface of the metal microwall structure network; wherein the thickness of the crack template is greater than the sum of the thicknesses of the metal microwall structure network and the transparent conductive oxide protective layer.

[0013] As a further improvement of the above solution, after removing the crack template, a transparent conductive oxide protective layer is deposited. At this time, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer covers the window glass substrate, and the metal micro-wall structure network is embedded in the transparent conductive oxide protective layer.

[0014] As a further improvement of the above solution, in step 1, the window glass substrate is cleaned: the window glass substrate is placed in a plasma cleaning machine, oxygen is introduced, the cleaning power is 40 W, and the cleaning time is 10 minutes.

[0015] As a further improvement of the above solution, in step 2, the resin mixed filtrate is obtained by mixing acrylic acid and crack paint in a concentration volume ratio of 1:1 to 2:3.

[0016] As a further improvement of the above solution, in step 2, after mixing the acrylic acid and the crackle paint, magnetic stirring is performed, ultrasonic treatment is performed, and then filtering is performed, and the mixture is stored overnight before being used for spin coating.

[0017] As a further improvement of the above solution, in step 2, the spin coating speed is between 600 rpm and 4000 rpm, and the number of coating layers is between 2 and 7 layers.

[0018] As a further improvement of the above solution, in step 2, the thickness of the crack template is between 20 μm and 40 μm.

[0019] As a further improvement of the above solution, in step 2, the density and thickness of the crack template are controlled by regulating the spin coating speed and coating thickness.

[0020] As a further improvement to the above scheme, in step 2, the method for controlling the density and thickness of the crack template includes the following steps: determining the spin coating speed according to the target coverage of the crack template; determining the spin coating time and number of layers according to the spin coating speed and the target thickness of the crack template by a target formula, wherein the target formula is: ,in, H is the target thickness of the crack template, N is the number of spin-coated layers, h 0The thickness of the resin mixed filtrate added once when it covers the entire window glass substrate. k is the spin coating coefficient, n is the spin coating speed, t is the spin coating time; based on t 、 N and n The resin mixed filtrate is used to spin-coat a vehicle window glass substrate.

[0021] As a further improvement of the above solution, in step three, the metal network is deposited on the surface of the crack template by using one of the physical vapor deposition methods including vacuum evaporation coating, electron beam evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, DC magnetron sputtering, and molecular beam epitaxy.

[0022] As a further improvement of the above solution, the material of the metal network is any one of silver, gold, copper, platinum, chromium, nickel, aluminum and titanium.

[0023] As a further improvement of the above solution, the material of the conductive network is any one of gold, silver, copper, nickel, aluminum and platinum.

[0024] As a further improvement of the above solution, in step four, the window glass substrate with the metal micro-wall structure network is immersed in a debonding solution and ultrasonically treated to remove the crack template.

[0025] The present invention also provides a vehicle windshield assembly, which includes a vehicle windshield and an intelligent control system for controlling the vehicle windshield to switch functions; the vehicle windshield is any one of the above-mentioned vehicle windshields, or a vehicle windshield prepared using the preparation method of any of the above-mentioned vehicle windshields; the intelligent control system is used to: switch the vehicle windshield between the main functions of heating, defrosting and defogging and the main function of electromagnetic shielding by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered on for heating or powered on.

[0026] As a further improvement of the above scheme, the intelligent control system includes: a sensing detection device, which is used to detect the temperature of the vehicle windshield during the main function of heating, defrosting and defogging; and is also used to detect the transmittance of electromagnetic signals to the vehicle windshield during the main function of electromagnetic shielding; an MCU control unit, which is used to determine whether the temperature is lower than the set temperature, and if so, controls the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered on and heated until the temperature is not lower than the set temperature; and is also used to determine whether the transmittance is higher than the set transmittance, and if so, controls the metal micro-wall structure network to maintain power on and conduction until the transmittance is not higher than the set transmittance.

[0027] The present invention also provides an automobile comprising a vehicle windshield and an onboard system for controlling the functional switching of the vehicle windshield. The vehicle windshield is any of the above-described vehicle windshields, or a vehicle windshield produced using any of the above-described vehicle windshield production methods. The onboard system is configured to switch the vehicle windshield between a primary function of heating, defrosting, and defogging and a primary function of electromagnetic shielding by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be electrically heated or electrically conductive.

[0028] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the vehicle-mounted system includes: a sensing detection device, which is used to detect the temperature of the vehicle windshield during the main function of heating, defrosting and defogging; and is also used to detect the transmittance of electromagnetic signals through the vehicle windshield during the main function of electromagnetic shielding; an MCU control unit, which is used to determine whether the temperature is lower than the set temperature, and if so, controls the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered on and heated until the temperature is not lower than the set temperature; and is also used to determine whether the transmittance is higher than the set transmittance, and if so, controls the metal micro-wall structure network to maintain power on and conduction until the transmittance is not higher than the set transmittance.

[0029] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) The present invention proposes an intelligent vehicle windshield based on a highly transparent conductive metal micro-wall network and a method for preparing the same. A micron-scale metal micro-wall network structure is prepared by combining crack template photolithography with electrochemical vertical localized deposition, replacing the traditional metal wire heating or transparent conductive oxide film defogging and deicing methods, effectively solving the problems of low heating efficiency, severe visual obstruction, poor flexibility, and high preparation cost. The metal micro-wall structure network designed in the present invention has excellent conductivity and light transmittance, with a sheet resistance of less than 0.6Ω / sq and a transmittance of more than 85%. It can achieve fast and uniform electric heating defrosting and deicing functions without affecting the driver's line of sight, solving the technical problem that traditional vehicle windshields are difficult to achieve with high harmony between defrosting and defogging functions and glass transparency and aesthetic appearance.

[0030] (2) The metal micro-wall network structure can also serve as an electromagnetic shielding layer to shield electromagnetic interference from the outside of the vehicle and ensure the stable operation of the vehicle system. The average electromagnetic shielding effectiveness in the X-band is not less than 40 dB. A protective coating is further introduced on the surface of the structure to improve wear resistance and chemical stability, adapting to complex climates and long-term use. By integrating an intelligent control system, the intelligent control system can include sensor detection equipment, voice recognition modules and Bluetooth communication modules, which can realize automatic or remote control of the defogging process. It is easy to operate, responds quickly, and has a good user interaction experience. The overall system has low energy consumption, high aesthetics, and strong functional integration. It is suitable for all types of smart electric vehicles, especially for the safety and comfort requirements of future autonomous driving scenarios.

[0031] (3) The vehicle windshield can be used to produce new cars with a high degree of harmony between defrosting and defogging functions, glass transparency, and aesthetic appearance. The vehicle windshield can also be used to upgrade old cars. By replacing the windshield of the old car and upgrading the control system of the old car, the existing car can also achieve a high degree of harmony between defrosting and defogging functions, glass transparency, and aesthetic appearance. Whether it is a new car or an old car, the technology of the present invention can be well applied. Therefore, the present invention is easy to promote and apply, and has high technical transformation value and commercial prospects.

[0032] (4) The metal micro-wall structure network is heated by electricity to bring about the defogger and defrost function. At this time, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer assists the conductive path, improves the current uniformity, and can enhance the heating defogger and defrost performance. When the metal micro-wall structure network is electrically connected, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer is also turned on, thereby assisting in synergistically enhancing the "reflective shielding" and improving the electromagnetic impedance matching characteristics of the vehicle windshield. When the main heating defogger and defrost function is turned on, a high voltage / current (such as >5 V) is applied to both ends of the metal micro-wall structure network / transparent conductive oxide protective layer to generate Joule heat heating, thereby bringing about the defogger and defrost function (the transparent conductive oxide protective layer assists in the conductive path, improves the current uniformity, and can enhance the heating defogger and defrost performance). When the main electromagnetic shielding function is turned on, only low power (such as 0.5 V-1 V, only forming conduction) is required to control the metal micro-wall structure network / transparent conductive oxide protective layer to achieve the electromagnetic shielding function of the vehicle windshield (the transparent conductive oxide protective layer assists in synergistically enhancing the "reflective shielding" and improves the electromagnetic impedance matching characteristics of the entire structure). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the structure of the vehicle windshield provided in Example 1 of the present invention.

[0034] Figure 2 1 is a schematic diagram of the module structure of the intelligent control system used in conjunction with the vehicle windshield of Example 1 of the present invention.

[0035] Figure 3 4 is a flow chart of a method for preparing a vehicle windshield according to Example 1 of the present invention.

[0036] Figure 4 yes Figure 3 Flowchart of a method for controlling density and thickness of a crack template in a method for preparing a vehicle windshield.

[0037] Figure 5 yes Figure 1 SEM images of the metal network and metal microwall structure network.

[0038] Figure 6 yes Figure 1Test results of sheet resistance and light transmittance (visible light range) of vehicle windshield.

[0039] Figure 7 yes Figure 1 The electrothermal performance test curve of the intelligent vehicle windshield.

[0040] Figure 8 These are the test results of the electromagnetic shielding performance of X-band smart vehicle windshields.

[0041] Figure 9 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a vehicle windshield provided in Example 2 of the present invention.

[0042] Figure 10 yes Figure 9 Test results of electrothermal performance of intelligent vehicle windshield.

[0043] Figure 11 yes Figure 9 Test results of electromagnetic shielding performance of smart vehicle windshield in the mid-X band. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0044] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0045] It should be noted that when a component is referred to as being "mounted on" another component, it may be directly on the other component or there may be a central component. When a component is considered to be "set on" another component, it may be directly set on the other component or there may be a central component. When a component is considered to be "fixed to" another component, it may be directly fixed to the other component or there may be a central component.

[0046] It should be understood that the terms "length", "width", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", etc., indicating the orientation or position relationship, are based on the orientation or position relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation on this application.

[0047] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. The terms used herein in the specification of the present invention are for the purpose of describing specific embodiments only and are not intended to limit the present invention. The term "or / and" as used herein includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0048] Example 1 This embodiment will introduce a car in detail, wherein the car includes a car body structure and a vehicle windshield assembly mounted on the car body structure. The vehicle windshield assembly includes a vehicle windshield (its main components are as follows Figure 1 as shown) and intelligent control system (its main components are as shown Figure 2 The vehicle windshield is installed on the main structure of the vehicle. For example, the vehicle windshield is installed in front of the cab of the main structure of the vehicle and is used as the front windshield of the vehicle. Of course, the vehicle windshield can also be installed on the doors of the main structure of the vehicle and be used as the window glass on the left and right sides of the vehicle. It can also be installed behind the main structure of the vehicle and be used as the rear windshield of the vehicle.

[0049] Please continue reading Figure 1 The vehicle windshield comprises four main components, which, from the outside to the inside of the vehicle, are: a polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1, a transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2, a metal micro-wall structure network 3, and a window glass substrate 4. The transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is grown directly on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network 3. If the metal micro-wall structure network 3 is energized, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 will also be energized. Compared to a single metal micro-wall structure network 3, the presence of the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 not only serves as a protective layer, but also enhances electromagnetic shielding and heating, defrosting, and defogging functions. Therefore, in other embodiments, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 may be omitted.

[0050] The polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1 has excellent flexibility and wear resistance, and can effectively resist external scratches, gravel impacts, and mechanical wear during cleaning, thereby increasing the service life of the overall structure. The metal micro-wall structure network 3 is the core functional layer: core heating and electromagnetic shielding. The transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 can prevent the metal layer, i.e., the metal micro-wall structure network 3, from being directly exposed to the air and oxidized or corroded. At the same time, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 itself has good electrical conductivity and can participate in the current distribution during the power-on heating process of the metal micro-wall structure network 3, thereby helping to improve the electrothermal uniformity and heating efficiency of the metal micro-wall structure network 3, as well as enhance the reflection capability of electromagnetic signals. The material of the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 can be any one of indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, and indium gallium zinc oxide. The window glass substrate 4 is the base layer, providing a stable bearing surface for the entire functional layer.

[0051] The metal micro-wall structure network 3 and the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 are stacked in sequence on the vehicle window glass substrate 4 and covered by the polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1. The metal micro-wall structure network 3 is formed by stacking the metal network 31 and the conductive network 32 in sequence on the vehicle window glass substrate 4. The energized metal micro-wall structure network 3 can achieve efficient reflection of electromagnetic signals. At the same time, due to its strong structural conductivity and concentrated current density, the heating efficiency is significantly enhanced.

[0052] The metal network 31 can be formed by depositing metal 1 on the vehicle window glass substrate 4 via direct current sputtering deposition, and the conductive network 32 can be formed by depositing metal 2 on the metal network 31 via electrochemical deposition. Metal 1 and metal 2 can be made of the same raw material, but the deposition methods for metal 1 and metal 2 must be different, and metal 1 must be deposited first, followed by metal 2 on metal 1. The material of the metal network 31 can be any metal selected from the group consisting of silver, gold, copper, platinum, chromium, nickel, aluminum, and titanium, and the material of the conductive network 32 can be any metal selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, copper, nickel, aluminum, and platinum. In this embodiment, silver is used as an example for both the metal network 31 and the conductive network 32. Since the primary purpose of the present invention is to obtain a highly conductive intelligent vehicle windshield, silver, with its excellent conductivity, is preferably used as the material for the metal micro-wall structure network 3.

[0053] Here, a transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is grown directly on the surface of the metal microwall network 3. The two are in direct contact, forming a stacked conductive system. The metal microwall network 3 and the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 can share a pair of electrodes and cannot be driven independently. The heating and electromagnetic shielding functions primarily rely on the metal microwall structure, with the transparent conductive oxide protective layer primarily providing auxiliary reinforcement (enhancing shielding and improving heating uniformity). In heating defogging and deicing mode, applying power to a high voltage / current (e.g., >5 V) generates Joule heating, enabling the primary heating defogging and defrosting function. In electromagnetic shielding mode, power is applied immediately (e.g., 0.5 V to 1 V, merely achieving conduction). Low voltage operation is also possible, without causing significant temperature changes, but sufficient to reflect / absorb electromagnetic waves.

[0054] Please combine Figure 3 The method for preparing the vehicle windshield mainly includes the following five steps: Step 1: providing a vehicle window glass substrate 4; Step 2: preparing a crack template on the window glass substrate 4; Step 3: preparing a metal micro-wall structure network 3 with the help of a crack template; Step 4: preparing a transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 on the metal micro-wall structure network 3; Step 5: Remove the crack template; Step 6: Prepare the polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1.

[0055] Next, each step is described in detail.

[0056] Step 1: Provide a window glass substrate 4. Since the metal microwall structure network 3 will be fabricated on a window glass substrate 4, the window glass substrate 4 must first be prepared. Before proceeding with subsequent processes, it is best to clean the window glass substrate 4. For example, the window glass substrate 4 can be placed in a plasma cleaner, with oxygen flowing in. The cleaning power can be 40 W, and the cleaning time can be 10 minutes.

[0057] Step 2: Prepare a crack template on the window glass substrate 4: Coat a crack template with controllable shrinkage stress on the transparent window glass substrate 4. Specifically, at least one layer of resin mixed filtrate is spin-coated on the surface of the window glass substrate 4, and the window glass substrate 4 is vacuum-dried to dry and solidify the resin mixed filtrate to form a crack template with a network of cracks on the corresponding surface of the window glass substrate 4. For example, 2 to 7 layers of resin mixed filtrate are spin-coated on the surface of the window glass substrate 4, and then placed in a vacuum drying oven to dry and solidify the resin mixed filtrate to form a crack template with a network of cracks on the surface of the window glass substrate 4. During the experimental stage, the crack template is preferably prepared by spin coating to achieve precise control of film thickness and crack density. For large-sized or special-shaped window glass substrates, spraying, scraping or other methods suitable for large-area film formation can be used as an alternative.

[0058] The resin mixture filtrate can be obtained by mixing acrylic acid and crackle paint at a target ratio (concentration by volume: concentration at equal volume), preferably between 1:1 and 2:3. The resin mixture filtrate is applied by spin coating, preferably at a speed between 600 rpm and 4000 rpm, and the number of applied layers is preferably between 2 and 7. A detailed analysis is provided herein based on the importance of the composition of the resin mixture filtrate, the parameters used in spin coating, and the coating thickness. The present invention uses the filtrate obtained by mixing acrylic acid and crackle paint as the resin mixture filtrate. The two solutions are mixed at a specific concentration ratio and then magnetically stirred (for example, the target concentration by volume ratio can be 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1, or 2:3). Ultrasonic treatment is then performed to thoroughly mix the mixture, which is then filtered through a filter. The resulting filtrate (resin mixture filtrate) is sealed and stored overnight. Finally, the resin mixture filtrate is spin-coated onto the surface of the vehicle window glass substrate 4. Different spin-coating speeds produce crack templates with varying coverage, subsequently producing a metal microwall structure network 3 with corresponding coverage. For example, the spin-coating speed can be 600 rpm, 800 rpm, 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3000 rpm, 3500 rpm, 4000 rpm, etc. When the resin mixture filtrate is added dropwise, it is sufficient to completely cover the substrate surface (i.e., the outer surface of the vehicle window glass substrate 4). To ensure the subsequent crack pattern and crack depth, the number of filtrate spin-coating layers can be selectively increased, such as 1-6 layers, for a total of 2-7 layers of filtrate. The vehicle window glass substrate 4 coated with the resin mixture filtrate is then vacuum-dried, causing the resin mixture filtrate to spontaneously generate a uniform and highly connected crack network, resulting in a crack template with a network of cracks.

[0059] The uniform crack template formed by the aforementioned curing process will serve as the foundation for constructing the metal microwall structure network 3 in subsequent steps. By adjusting the spin coating speed and coating thickness, the density and thickness of the crack template can be precisely controlled, resulting in an adjustable crack coverage range of 11% to 30%. This coverage also determines the distribution density of the subsequent metal microwall structure network 3. The crack width of the crack template can be adjusted by the spin coating speed and is controllable within a range of 1μm to 50μm. The crack pathways are highly connected and uniform, with consistent crack width and no significant height fluctuations. Furthermore, there are no residual impurities within the cracks, effectively avoiding problems such as incomplete cracking and residual particulate impurities in the cracks during the drying and curing process, thereby ensuring the cleanliness and integrity of the crack structure. This optimized crack template lays a solid foundation for the subsequent construction of a high-performance metal microwall structure network 3 with high connectivity, uniform distribution, and structural integrity.

[0060] As can be seen from the above description, different spin coating speeds will produce crack templates with different coverage rates. Therefore, before spin coating, the spin coating speed can be determined based on the target coverage rate (desired coverage rate) of the crack template. At the same time, the spin coating speed has an impact on the thickness of the crack template. In order to ensure that the thickness of the crack template meets the requirements (i.e., reaching the target thickness, which is between 20μm and 40μm and can be set according to actual conditions, it is necessary to ensure that it is greater than the sum of the thicknesses of the metal microwall structure network and the transparent conductive oxide), it is necessary to determine the spin coating time and number of layers based on the spin coating speed and the target thickness of the crack template. Therefore, the present invention can control the density and thickness of the crack template by regulating the spin coating speed and coating thickness.

[0061] Please combine Figure 4 , the method for controlling the density and thickness of the crack template may include the following steps.

[0062] First, the spin coating speed is determined based on the target coverage of the crack template. Under conditions where the resin mixture filtrate concentration is fixed, the spin coating speed has a significant impact on the target coverage of the crack template. As the spin coating speed increases, the coating thickness gradually decreases. During drying, shrinkage stress is not easily relieved through the thickness layer, but is concentrated and propagated laterally within the surface. The greater in-plane tensile stress drives the coating to crack more frequently, resulting in an increased crack density and a high degree of interconnected, densely distributed crack network. In contrast, at lower spin coating speeds, due to the thicker film, the shrinkage stress generated during drying in the thick coating can be relieved along the thickness direction. This makes it difficult for stress to accumulate within the surface to a level sufficient to trigger frequent cracking, thereby reducing the number of cracks. However, it should be noted that if the spin coating speed exceeds 4000 rpm, the coating may be too thin, with the coating thickness below the threshold for crack formation. Although such a thin layer shrinks during drying, the accumulated stress is insufficient to overcome the inherent fracture toughness of the material, thus failing to trigger effective cracking, resulting in discontinuous cracks or no cracks at all. Therefore, the coverage of the crack template can be precisely adjusted by controlling the spin coating speed. Currently, there is no specific formula to explain this process, and the speed of spin coating can only be controlled through experience.

[0063] Secondly, according to the spin coating speed and the target thickness of the crack template, the spin coating time and number of layers are determined by a target formula, which is: in, H is the target thickness of the crack template, N is the number of spin-coated layers, h 0 The thickness of the resin mixed filtrate added once when it covers the entire window glass substrate (can be the initial thickness at t=0), k is the spin coating coefficient, n is the speed of spin coating (the speed of spin coating is generally represented by the rotation speed), t is the spin coating time.

[0064] Then, based on t 、 N and n The resin mixed filtrate is used to perform spin coating on a vehicle window glass substrate.

[0065] parameter k It is related to the viscosity and density of the liquid. Multiple tests can be conducted in advance and the parameters can be obtained by fitting the test data. k The curing process of the crack template should be carried out in a vacuum drying environment with constant temperature and humidity as much as possible to ensure the formation of a uniform crack template. In addition, the curing time and curing temperature should also be adjusted according to the spin coating thickness of the resin mixed filtrate.

[0066] Step three: prepare a metal micro-wall structure network 3 with the help of a crack template: deposit metal 1 in the network-like cracks on the crack template by DC sputtering deposition to form a metal network 31; without removing the crack template, continue to deposit metal 2 on the surface of the metal network 31 by electrochemical deposition to form a conductive network 32; the metal network 31 and the conductive network 32 are stacked in sequence to form a metal micro-wall structure network 3.

[0067] After drying to form a crack network, metal is further deposited by magnetron sputtering or electrochemical deposition without removing the crack template, significantly improving the conductivity of the metal micro-wall structure network 3. Taking into account the physical and chemical properties of the crack template and the window glass substrate 4 itself, the method adopted for depositing the metal network 31 on the crack template surface in the present embodiment is physical vapor deposition. Specifically, a layer of metal is deposited on the crack template surface by one of the physical vapor deposition methods, such as vacuum evaporation, electron beam evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, DC magnetron sputtering, and molecular beam epitaxy, thereby forming a metal seed layer. The metal seed layer is the metal network 31. The thickness of the metal seed layer can be controlled by controlling the distance between the metal source and the crack template, as well as parameters such as deposition power, time, and gas flow. The material selection for the metal network 31 can be optimized based on specific practical needs, such as silver, gold, copper, platinum, chromium, nickel, aluminum, titanium, and other metal materials. The present invention is primarily intended to produce a highly conductive smart vehicle windshield. Therefore, in the preferred embodiment, silver, due to its excellent conductivity, is used as the material for the metal micro-wall structure network 3. The metal material is silver, copper, aluminum or their alloys, and the conductivity and mechanical stability are enhanced through a subsequent electrochemical deposition process.

[0068] It should also be noted that after depositing the metal seed layer on the crack template surface, the crack template does not need to be removed. The crack template is insoluble in the electrolyte solution. During the subsequent electrochemical deposition of metal, the crack template can limit the lateral growth of the metal network 31, significantly increasing the thickness of the metal network 31 while substantially maintaining the width of the metal network 31. This solves the contradiction between the conductivity and light transmittance of the metal network 31. In other words, the conductivity of the metal network 31 increases, but the light transmittance remains essentially unchanged.

[0069] After the metal network 31 is formed in the cracks of the crack template, metal 2 continues to grow in the cracks and on the basis of the metal network 31 (which can be understood as increasing the thickness of the metal network), thereby improving the conductivity of the metal network 31. The conductive material of the conductive network 32 is also a metal, and a conductive network 32 of equal width is formed on the metal network 31 (metal 2 is trapped in the cracks of the crack template to form a conductive network 32 on the metal network 31). The material of the conductive network 32 can be gold, silver, copper, nickel, aluminum, or platinum. Taking into account the metal color and conductivity of the metal microwall structure network 3, metallic silver, which is consistent with the metal seed layer, can be used as the deposition material for the conductive network 32 to significantly improve the optoelectronic performance of the metal network 31.

[0070] In this embodiment, taking into account factors such as deposition accuracy, deposition rate, manufacturing cost, the maximum temperature to which the window glass substrate 4 can withstand, and the quality of the deposited metal, electrochemical deposition is preferably used to continue depositing the metal material on the basis of the metal seed layer / crack template structure. During deposition, the composition of the electrolyte solution, the content of each component, the deposition current density, and the deposition time need to be controlled. This allows for the deposition of a high-quality conductive network 32 on the surface of the metal network 31 at low temperatures, significantly improving the conductivity of the metal network 31 without sacrificing transmittance. This method also reduces manufacturing costs and allows for large-scale fabrication. Ultimately, a metal microwall structure network 3 with high optoelectronic performance can be obtained.

[0071] Step 4: Prepare a transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 on the metal microwall structure network 3. The thickness of the crack template is greater than the combined thickness of the metal microwall structure network 3 and the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2. After metal deposition, a transparent conductive oxide thin film is deposited on this layer as a protective layer for the metal microwall structure network 3. The transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is prepared as thick as possible because, compared to a single metal microwall structure network 3, its presence not only serves as a protective layer but also enhances electromagnetic shielding and heating, defrosting, and defogging functions.

[0072] To further enhance the stability of the metal network 31 and the conductive network 32 and prevent oxidation reactions with airborne substances, a transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is deposited on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network 3. This layer, inherently conductive, contributes to current distribution during heating, contributing to uniformity in electrical heating. It also further enhances the smart vehicle windshield's ability to reflect electromagnetic waves, improving its electromagnetic shielding effectiveness.

[0073] Depositing a transparent conductive oxide protective layer on the surface of the metal microwall structure network can be accomplished by depositing a transparent conductive oxide on the surface of the crack template to form a protective layer on the metal microwall structure network 3. The transparent conductive oxide can be deposited by electrochemical deposition, radio frequency sputtering, atomic layer deposition, pulsed laser deposition, reactive sputtering, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), or chemical vapor deposition. Therefore, the transparent conductive oxide can be prepared by electrochemical deposition, radio frequency sputtering, atomic layer deposition (ALD), pulsed laser deposition (PLD), reactive sputtering, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Depositing a transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 on the surface of the metal microwall structure network 3 / crack template effectively protects the metal microwall structure network 3 from the effects of corrosive substances such as air, moisture, and acids and alkalis. Optional transparent conductive oxide materials include indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), and indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO). The specific material selection can be optimized based on application requirements. When depositing the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2, the crack template does not need to be removed, allowing the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to cover only the metal microwall structure network 3, avoiding the formation of an additional coating in non-conductive areas. This not only effectively enhances the stability of the metal microwall structure network 3, but also minimizes the impact on light transmittance, ensuring excellent optoelectronic performance. The metal network 31 exhibits a regular or irregular polygonal pattern structure to balance light transmittance, uniform heating, and electromagnetic shielding. The metal microwall structure network 3 is fabricated using crack template photolithography, which features uniform distribution, good continuity, and controllable pattern scale.

[0074] Step 5: Remove the crack template. The template is removed and the structure is optimized to obtain a continuous, pattern-controlled metal microwall network 3. Electrodes and an intelligent control system are connected to realize the intelligent functions of the vehicle windshield: defrosting, defogging, and electromagnetic shielding.

[0075] The window glass substrate 4 with the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 can be immersed in a degumming solution and ultrasonically treated to remove the crack template. In some embodiments, the crack template is removed by solvent dissolution combined with ultrasonic vibration. When selecting the solvent, it is necessary to consider factors such as the solvent's solubility in the crack template, its corrosiveness to metal, and its toxicity and volatility. Therefore, the solvents that can be used include deionized water, ethanol solution, isopropyl alcohol solution, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, acetone, chloroform, and KOH. In a preferred embodiment, a mixed solution of acetone and KOH is selected as the solvent for removing the crack template. The crack template is washed away using the above solvents, resulting in a smart vehicle windshield with a transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 and a metal micro-wall structure network 3.

[0076] Step 6: Prepare a polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1: Construct a polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1 on a vehicle window glass substrate 4, encapsulating a metal microwall structure network 3 and a transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2. For example, a polyurethane wear-resistant layer of 100-200 nm thick is deposited on the entire upper surface of the glass.

[0077] To enhance the wear resistance and environmental stability of the vehicle windshield's overall structure, a highly transparent, flexible, and scratch-resistant polyurethane (PU) wear layer is constructed on the surface of the metal microwall network 3 and the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2. As the outermost protective interface, the PU wear layer 1 effectively prevents external friction, mechanical damage during cleaning, chemical corrosion, and aging degradation, ensuring the service life and optical clarity of the entire smart vehicle windshield.

[0078] A polyurethane (PU) wear-resistant layer can be constructed on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 using methods such as spin coating, blade coating, and spray coating. The specific method used should be determined by the properties of the actual substrate itself. Here, considering the curved surface and irregular structure of the window windshield, we use spraying to prepare the polyurethane (PU) wear-resistant layer. Depending on the type of polyurethane used, the following curing methods can be used: thermal curing (baking at 60–120°C for 30–60 minutes), UV curing (using a 365nm wavelength ultraviolet lamp with a dose of approximately 300–500mJ / cm 2 ), moisture curing (natural drying and curing in a temperature and humidity environment for 12-24 hours).

[0079] Please refer again Figure 2The intelligent control system is used to control the vehicle windshield 20. This intelligent control system can be a standalone system or a subsystem embedded in the vehicle's main structure. The vehicle windshield intelligent control system includes a power management module 21, an MCU control unit 22, a sensor detection device 23, a voice recognition module 24, a Bluetooth communication module 25, an external control terminal (such as a mobile phone app 26 or an in-vehicle system 27), an external circuit driver 28, and a regulator 29. The intelligent control system is used to implement automatic defogger control and wirelessly connect to the vehicle system. The MCU control unit 22 determines whether to activate the defogger function based on temperature sensor signals, the voice recognition module 24 receives user commands to control the heating status, and the Bluetooth communication module 25 is used to communicate with the in-vehicle system.

[0080] The vehicle windshield 20, a window glass containing a metal micro-wall structure network 3, is a core component. Utilizing a highly conductive metal micro-wall structure network 3, it achieves dual functions: heating, defrosting, and defogging, as well as electromagnetic shielding. A voice recognition module 24 recognizes and transcodes voice commands into standard digital signals, which are then sent to the MCU control unit 22 to control the operating status of subsequent circuits. Users can intelligently control the vehicle windshield 20 by issuing voice control commands (such as "start defogger," "turn off heating," "turn on shielding," etc.). A regulator 29 allows users to preset the temperature detected by the sensor detection device 23 or the electromagnetic shielding strength range of the sensor detection device 23, providing "adjustable freedom" for the intelligent control system or vehicle-mounted system. The MCU control unit 22 is the core of the entire intelligent control system, receiving voice commands, Bluetooth control commands, and sensor data, executing logical judgments (e.g., whether heating should continue or electromagnetic shielding should be enabled). It can also provide feedback to the terminal via the Bluetooth communication module 25 on the current status. The Bluetooth communication module 25, serving as a wireless communication interface, enables pairing of the entire intelligent control system with the mobile app 26 or the in-vehicle system 27. It not only receives remote control commands and transmits them to the MCU control unit 22 and regulator 29, but also transmits system operating data (such as temperature, electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, and operating status) back to the user end in real time, supporting functions such as remote monitoring, status feedback, and user command transmission. The sensor detection device 23 is used to detect the temperature of the vehicle window surface (i.e., the surface of the vehicle windshield 20) and the electromagnetic signal transmittance of the window interior (i.e., the vehicle windshield 20 itself), and transmits this data to the MCU control unit 22 via a signal output port. It is a key module for implementing closed-loop feedback control in the intelligent control system. The external circuit driver 28 serves as the "drive execution unit" between the MCU control unit 22 and the vehicle windshield 20. It converts the control signals from the MCU control unit 22 into electrical power output capable of driving the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2. This acts as an "amplifier" or "actuator," ensuring stable system operating current and voltage and rapid response. It also functions as a switch, turning electromagnetic shielding on and off by controlling the on / off state of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2. The power management module 21, under the control of the MCU control unit 22, primarily drives the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 and provides power for the operation of the MCU control unit 22. Alternatively, the power management module 21 may simply have voltage conversion capabilities, eliminating the need for its own power storage function. Instead, it may directly connect to the vehicle's power supply system and convert the power to the required voltage for the various components of the vehicle windshield 20.

[0081] The output of the power management module 21 is electrically connected to the electrode of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 and the input of the MCU control unit 22. The output of the external circuit driver 28 is electrically connected to the electrode of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2, and the control output of the MCU control unit 22 is electrically connected to the control input of the external circuit driver 28. The output of the voice recognition module 24 is electrically connected to the input of the MCU control unit 22 and the input of the regulator 29. The input of the regulator 29 is electrically connected to the output of the Bluetooth communication module 25 and the output of the voice recognition module 24, and the corresponding output is electrically connected to the input of the sensor detection device 23. The two inputs of the sensor detection device 23 can be electrically connected to a temperature sensor probe and an electromagnetic signal detector, respectively, to collect data such as temperature changes of the vehicle windshield 20 and the transmittance of electromagnetic signals. The output of the sensor detection device 23 is electrically connected to the input of the MCU control unit 22. The input of the Bluetooth communication module 25 is electrically connected to the vehicle system 27 and the mobile app 26 for receiving signals from external terminals. Its output is electrically connected to the input of the MCU control unit 22, the mobile app 26, the vehicle system 27 (for providing real-time feedback of vehicle windshield 20 operating data to the user and the vehicle system 27), and the sensor system regulator 29. The input of the MCU control unit 22 is electrically connected to the output of the Bluetooth communication module 25, the output of the voice recognition module 24, the output of the sensor detection device 23, and the output of the power management module 21. The output of the MCU control unit 22 is electrically connected to the input of the external circuit driver 28 and the input of the Bluetooth communication module 25. The entire system supports closed-loop control (sensor feedback), multi-channel input (voice + Bluetooth + regulation), and intelligent logic judgment (processed uniformly by the MCU).

[0082] In this intelligent control system, if a user discovers that the vehicle's windshield 20 is fogged or iced, or encounters electromagnetic signal interference while driving at high speed, they can click the defogger / electromagnetic shielding button through the vehicle's onboard console (i.e., the vehicle system 27) or the remote mobile app 26. Alternatively, the user can speak control commands, such as "activate defogger" or "activate electromagnetic shielding," which are transmitted to the MCU control unit 22 via the voice recognition module 24 / Bluetooth communication module 25. Based on the input commands, the MCU control unit 22 invokes internal control logic to determine whether to activate the heating function of the metal microwall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 or whether to activate the electromagnetic signal shielding function of the metal microwall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2. Simultaneously, the MCU control unit 22 can obtain real-time feedback from the sensor detection device 23 for dynamic adjustment. Subsequently, the external circuit driver 28, upon receiving the signal from the MCU control unit 22, controls the power circuit on or off, thereby adjusting the heating current of the metal microwall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 and controlling the electromagnetic shielding access. Ultimately, the vehicle's windshield 20 reaches the set temperature and activates the electromagnetic shielding function. When the defogging of the vehicle windshield 20 is completed or there is no electromagnetic signal interference, the user can turn off the above function in the same way. If the preset heating temperature does not meet the requirements of deicing and defogging due to environmental reasons, the user can set the surface temperature of the vehicle windshield 20 through the mobile phone App 26, or can directly speak a command through the voice recognition module 24, such as "heat to xxxx℃". After the signal is transmitted to the MCU control unit 22 through the voice recognition module 24 / Bluetooth communication module 25, the heating is controlled by the external circuit driver 28, and the sensor detection device 23 measures the surface temperature of the vehicle windshield 20 in real time. If the temperature set by the user is reached, the signal will be transmitted to the MCU control unit 22, and the MCU control unit 22 will give the driver module a command to stop heating, and finally terminate the heating process. The entire system also supports real-time monitoring and feedback of the vehicle's windshield 20 window status. When the system is operating, the relevant detection head of the sensor detection device 23 will monitor the surface temperature changes of the vehicle windshield 20 and the transmittance of the electromagnetic signal of the window in real time. The monitoring results are uploaded to the MCU control unit 22 in real time through the sensor detection device 23. Finally, the feedback is sent to the user's mobile phone app 26 or the display screen of the vehicle system 27 via the Bluetooth communication module 25, allowing the user to monitor the operating status of the vehicle windshield 20 in real time, ensuring real-time response and efficient data exchange. The user can also adjust the monitoring range of the sensor detection device 23 through the vehicle system 27, mobile phone app 26, or voice recognition module 24. The signal can be transmitted to the regulator 29 via Bluetooth communication 25 / voice recognition module 24, thereby controlling the monitoring range of the sensor detection device 23.Finally, the system also supports intelligent scene linkage mode. When the user starts the car, the power management module 21 will supply power to the entire intelligent control device. At this time, the sensor detection device 23 will work quickly to detect the temperature of the surface of the vehicle windshield 20 or the transmittance of the electromagnetic signal. If the surface temperature of the vehicle windshield 20 is lower than the set threshold / the transmittance of the electromagnetic signal is higher than the set threshold, the sensor detection device 23 will feed back the signal to the MCU control unit 22. The MCU control unit 22 will process and analyze the signal and transmit it to the external circuit driver 28 to control the activation of the heating / shielding function of the vehicle windshield 20.

[0083] In summary, the present invention has constructed a high-performance intelligent vehicle windshield system that integrates heating and defogging, electromagnetic shielding, and intelligent control. By employing crack template lithography and electrochemical deposition, a metal micro-wall structure network 3 with high light transmittance and high conductivity is fabricated. This system integrates voice recognition, Bluetooth communication, temperature sensing, and MCU control, creating an intelligent vehicle windshield defogging and electromagnetic shielding system capable of intelligent judgment, autonomous adjustment, and remote control. Compared to traditional hot air drying or wire heating methods, this system offers significant advantages: fast response, uniform heating, low power consumption, and no obstruction of vision. Furthermore, the metal micro-wall structure network 3 also provides electromagnetic shielding, effectively suppressing external interference signals and improving the stability and safety of vehicle communications and autonomous driving systems. The system's structural design balances flexibility, transparency, and functional integration, resulting in excellent mechanical durability and environmental adaptability, making it suitable for complex climates and diverse scenarios. With its low cost, high compatibility, and intelligent control capabilities, this technology provides an efficient, stable, and scalable solution for the next generation of intelligent automotive windshield systems.

[0084] The preparation of the vehicle windshield 20 can be summarized as follows.

[0085] First, the resin mixed filtrate is spin-coated on the surface of the cleaned window glass substrate 4. During the experimental stage, the crack template is preferably prepared by spin coating to achieve precise control of the film thickness and crack density. For large-sized or special-shaped window glass substrates, spraying, scraping or other methods suitable for large-area film formation can be used instead, and a highly connected and uniform crack template is formed after drying and curing. Subsequently, a metal seed layer is deposited by DC sputtering, and the metal layer is further thickened by electrochemical deposition. The crack template plays a precise limiting role in the deposition process, allowing only vertical growth of the metal and avoiding lateral expansion, thereby significantly improving the conductive performance while maintaining high transmittance. After depositing the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network 3, the crack template is removed, and finally a polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1 is prepared on the top of the entire window glass by scraping to effectively prevent external friction, mechanical damage during cleaning, as well as chemical corrosion and aging degradation, to ensure the service life and optical clarity of the entire smart vehicle windshield. The vehicle windshield as a whole is composed of four layers (from inside to outside), namely, the window glass substrate 4 (base), the metal micro-wall structure network 3 (core functional layer), the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 (protective layer, functional layer), and the polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1 (protective layer, wear-resistant layer).

[0086] As follows, the effectiveness of the above-mentioned smart vehicle windshield is verified through some experimental data and experimental phenomena.

[0087] Figure 5 This is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a metal network structure constructed using crack template lithography and electrochemical deposition technology in the present invention, wherein: Figure 5 (a) shows a metal network 31 constructed using crack template photolithography combined with metal sputtering. Observations show that by manipulating the crack distribution in the crack template, a highly regular, uniform, and connected metal network 31 can be obtained on the window substrate surface. This structure uses DC magnetron sputtering to deposit metal atoms in the crack regions, forming a preliminary conductive path. The metal network 31 has a small line width and large network voids (areas without metal coverage), exhibiting good light transmittance and providing an excellent conductive path foundation for subsequent vertically oriented metal deposition. Figure 5(b) shows a metal microwall structure network 3 formed by growing a conductive metal layer on the metal network 31 through an electrochemical deposition process without removing the crack template. Retaining the crack template during the electrochemical deposition process effectively inhibits lateral metal growth and limits metal growth to the vertical direction, forming a "metal microwall" structure with micron-level thickness. While retaining the original grid pattern, this structure significantly increases the thickness of the metal wires while keeping the width of the metal wires essentially unchanged. This improves the overall conductivity and mechanical stability of the network. The microwall structures retain a high porosity and optical transparency, balancing excellent conductivity and transparency, providing a structural foundation for the construction of smart vehicle windshields.

[0088] Figure 6 The optical transmittance and conductive properties (sheet resistance) of the prepared metal microwall structure network 3 under different electrochemical deposition time conditions are shown, including: Figure 6 (a) shows the sheet resistance statistics of the metal microwall network 3 at different electrochemical deposition times. Observations show that as the electrochemical deposition time increases, the metal continues to grow vertically within the conductive path defined by the crack template, gradually increasing the thickness of the metal wires and the conductive cross-sectional area. This significantly enhances the overall conductivity of the network structure, as evidenced by a continuous decrease in the sheet resistance (Rs). From 30 to 110 seconds of deposition, the sheet resistance drops from an initial 0.6 Ω / sq to 0.08 Ω / sq, demonstrating that the microwall network maintains continuity while significantly improving conductivity. Figure 6 (b) corresponds to the light transmittance curve of the sample in the visible light band (400-800 nm) at different deposition times. In the visible light band (400-800 nm), the light transmittance of the sample remains basically unchanged with the increase of deposition time, and is consistently maintained at a level higher than 87%. This is entirely due to the vertical localized growth under the restriction of the crack template. It has good optical transparency and is suitable for the preparation needs of vehicle windshields.

[0089] Figure 7The thermal response behavior of the vehicle windshield constructed in accordance with the present invention under different voltages is demonstrated. As can be seen from the figure, the glass surface temperature rises rapidly with increasing applied voltage, exhibiting typical Joule heating characteristics. At a voltage of 2 V, the surface temperature reaches approximately 42°C within tens of seconds; at a voltage of 10 V, the steady-state temperature exceeds 90°C, significantly accelerating the thermal response. The entire heating process exhibits good controllability and stability. The steady-state temperature plateaus corresponding to different voltages are uniformly distributed, demonstrating that the conductive network structure possesses excellent in-plane current uniformity and thermal expansion consistency. Under all test conditions, no abnormalities such as hotspot concentration or localized overheating were observed on the glass surface, verifying the structural connectivity and thermal uniformity of the metal microwall structure network 3 of the present invention. Furthermore, the figure further demonstrates that the heating layer constructed by the metal microwall structure network 3 of the present invention possesses excellent low-voltage drive capability, achieving rapid heating with voltages as low as 2–10 V. This provides a solution for low-power vehicle defogging and defrosting, meeting the practical needs of scenarios such as smart cars and low-energy systems.

[0090] Figure 8 The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the vehicle windshield constructed by the present invention within the X-band frequency range was demonstrated. Observations revealed that the metal microwall structure network 3, prepared by electrochemical deposition, exhibited excellent shielding performance throughout the entire X-band, maintaining a shielding effectiveness between 46 and 30 dB. As the coverage of the metal microwall structure network 3 gradually increased, the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness increased accordingly, reaching a maximum average electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of 41 dB, demonstrating significant broadband, strong attenuation, and high stability. This performance improvement is attributed to the microwall structure's superior conductivity, increased connectivity, and improved three-dimensional structural closure effect, which effectively reflects and absorbs incident electromagnetic waves, significantly reducing the strength of penetrating signals.

[0091] The vehicle windshield 20 can be used to produce a new automobile that has a highly balanced defrosting and defogging function, glass transparency, and aesthetic appearance. The new automobile includes the vehicle windshield 20 and an onboard system. The onboard system is configured to achieve the primary heating, defrosting, and defogging function of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be electrically heated when the primary heating, defrosting, and defogging function is enabled. When the electromagnetic shielding function is switched on, the onboard system is configured to achieve the primary electromagnetic shielding function of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be electrically conductive and conductive. That is, the onboard system switches the vehicle windshield 20 between the primary heating, defrosting, and defogging function and the primary electromagnetic shielding enhancement function by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be electrically heated, or by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be electrically conductive and conductive and conductive. The main features are as follows: (1) the sensing detection device 23 of the vehicle-mounted system detects the temperature of the vehicle windshield 20 when the main function of heating, defrosting and defogging is turned on, and detects the transmittance of the electromagnetic signal to the vehicle windshield 20 when the main function of electromagnetic shielding is turned on; (2) the MCU control unit 22 of the vehicle-mounted system is used to determine whether the temperature is lower than the set temperature, and if so, controls the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be powered on and heated until the temperature is not lower than the set temperature; and is also used to determine whether the transmittance is higher than the set transmittance, and if so, controls the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / electrically transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to remain powered on and conductive until the transmittance is not higher than the set transmittance.

[0092] The vehicle windshield 20 can also be used to upgrade old cars. By replacing the vehicle windshield of the old car and upgrading the control system of the old car, the existing car can also achieve a high degree of coordination between the defrosting and defogging functions and the glass transparency and appearance aesthetics. The old car needs to be installed with a vehicle windshield assembly, and the vehicle windshield assembly includes a vehicle windshield 20 and an intelligent control system. The vehicle windshield of the old car is replaced with the vehicle windshield 20 of the present invention, and the intelligent control system is loaded into the vehicle system. The intelligent control system is used to realize the main function of heating, defrosting and defogging of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the power supply of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to heat when the main function of heating, defrosting and defogging is turned on, and realize the main function of electromagnetic shielding of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the power supply of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 when the main function of electromagnetic shielding is switched on. That is, the intelligent control system is used to switch the vehicle windshield 20 between the main function of heating, defrosting and defogging and the main function of electromagnetic shielding enhancement by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be powered on and heated, or controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to be powered on and turned on. This is mainly reflected in the following aspects: (1) the sensor detection device 23 of the intelligent control system detects the temperature of the vehicle windshield 20 when the main function of heating, defrosting and defogging is turned on, and also detects the transmittance of the electromagnetic signal to the vehicle windshield 20 when the main function of electromagnetic shielding is turned on; (2) the MCU control unit of the intelligent control system is used to determine whether the temperature is less than the set temperature, and if so, controls the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be powered on and heated until the temperature is not less than the set temperature; and is also used to determine whether the transmittance is greater than the set transmittance, and if so, controls the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to remain powered on and turned on until the transmittance is not greater than the set transmittance.

[0093] The technology of this invention can be effectively applied to both new and used vehicles, making it easy to promote and apply, and possessing high technological transformation value and commercial prospects. Therefore, combined with the above discussion, it can be seen that this invention effectively solves existing problems such as uneven windshield defrosting, high energy consumption, poor aesthetics, and electromagnetic interference. It offers advantages such as energy efficiency, transparency, aesthetics, and practicality, making it suitable for large-scale promotion in the smart car original equipment market.

[0094] Example 2: This embodiment is an optimization based on Example 1, aiming to further enhance the uniformity of the electrothermal response and the continuity of electromagnetic shielding of the windshield structure. Unlike Example 1, in which the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is only partially deposited on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network 3, in this embodiment, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 adopts a full-coverage structural design, that is, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is continuously deposited on the entire surface of the vehicle window glass substrate 4, thereby giving the structure a more comprehensive and efficient synergistic conductive and shielding enhancement function (see Figure 9 ).

[0095] In this structure, the fully covered transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 not only serves as a surface protective layer for the metal microwall network 3, enhancing its oxidation resistance and chemical stability, but also forms an interface structure similar to a "cap-shaped conductive layer." This layer enables lateral potential regulation and current bridging between the metal microwall networks 3, acting as a "voltage-shaping layer" or "bridging conductive path." This effectively improves current distribution between the microwalls, significantly enhancing the electrothermal response and heating uniformity of the entire conductive structure. Furthermore, the continuous coverage of the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 effectively fills the gaps between the metal microwall networks 3, reducing the "leakage windows" of electromagnetic waves formed in non-conductive areas, thereby improving high-frequency reflection shielding efficiency and enhancing the overall electromagnetic interference suppression capability of the structure. In particular, when shielding high-frequency, high-power electromagnetic signals, this structure effectively overcomes the "window effect" caused by conductive gaps in traditional metal mesh structures. The thickness of the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is preferably controlled within the range of 100–200 nm, balancing excellent conductivity with high visible light transmittance, enabling multi-functional integration without significantly compromising glass transparency.

[0096] Please combine Figure 9 The method for preparing the vehicle windshield mainly includes the following five steps: Step 1: providing a vehicle window glass substrate 4; Step 2: preparing a crack template on the window glass substrate 4; Step 3: preparing a metal micro-wall structure network 3 with the help of a crack template; Step 4: Remove the crack template; Step 5: preparing a transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 on the metal micro-wall structure network 3; Step 6: Prepare the polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1.

[0097] It should be noted that, aside from some adjustments to the order of individual steps, the experimental procedures in Example 2 are essentially identical to those in Example 1. Specifically, in Example 2, the order of steps 4 and 5 in Example 1 is swapped: the crack template is first removed, and then a fully covered transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is deposited on the surface of the metal microwall structure network 3. Therefore, to avoid redundancy, this example will not describe all steps one by one; the relevant experimental conditions can refer to those in Example 1.

[0098] As follows, the effectiveness of the above-mentioned smart vehicle windshield is verified through some experimental data and experimental phenomena.

[0099] exist Figure 10In the experiment, the surface temperature of the smart window glass rose rapidly under a driving voltage of 10.0 V, and the steady-state temperature reached about 110°C in about 60 seconds, and gradually cooled down after the power was turned off. This shows that the structure has excellent heating response speed and steady-state temperature maintenance ability. Compared with the temperature rise curve of the smart window glass in Example 1, under the same voltage, the steady-state temperature reached by the smart window glass in Example 2 is significantly higher than that in Example 1, indicating that its overall thermal resistance is smaller and the electrothermal conversion efficiency is higher. In Example 2, a fully covered transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is introduced, which not only participates in the heating process, but also forms a "voltage-equalizing bridge" between the micro-walls, promoting uniform current distribution, thereby making the heat more evenly diffused, reducing local overheating or hot spot effects, making the conductive path more uniform, and the gap area between the micro-wall network can also participate in heating.

[0100] Figure 11 The following are the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness test results for the smart window glass in Example 2. Compared to Example 1, Example 2, by introducing a fully covered transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2, achieves a stable shielding effectiveness exceeding 47dB in the X-band (8.2–12GHz), with minimal fluctuation across the entire frequency band (shielding effectiveness remains relatively stable in the high-frequency band). The curve is nearly flat, demonstrating excellent broadband electromagnetic interference suppression capabilities. This is primarily attributed to the full coverage of the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2, which fills the structural gaps and synergistically enhances the multiple reflection mechanism, effectively overcoming the "window leakage" problem in metal network shielding, ensuring that the glass substrate maintains high transmittance while maintaining stable and efficient electromagnetic shielding capabilities.

[0101] By using the vehicle windshield 20, a new automobile can be produced that has a highly balanced defrosting and defogging function with glass transparency and aesthetically pleasing appearance. The new automobile includes the vehicle windshield 20 and an onboard system. The onboard system is configured to achieve the primary heating, defrosting, and defogging function of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be electrically heated when the heating, defrosting, and defogging function is enabled. When the electromagnetic shielding function is switched on, the onboard system is configured to achieve the primary electromagnetic shielding function of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be electrically conductive to the transparent conductive oxide layer 2. That is, the onboard system switches the vehicle windshield 20 between the primary heating, defrosting, and defogging functions and the primary electromagnetic shielding function by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be electrically heated, or by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be electrically conductive to the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2. The main features are as follows: (1) the sensing detection device 23 of the vehicle-mounted system detects the temperature of the vehicle windshield 20 when the main function of heating, defrosting and defogging is turned on, and detects the transmittance of the electromagnetic signal to the vehicle windshield 20 when the main function of electromagnetic shielding is turned on; (2) the MCU control unit 22 of the vehicle-mounted system is used to determine whether the temperature is lower than the set temperature, and if so, controls the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be powered on and heated until the temperature is not lower than the set temperature; and is also used to determine whether the transmittance is higher than the set transmittance, and if so, controls the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / electrically transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to remain powered on and conductive until the transmittance is not higher than the set transmittance.

[0102] The vehicle windshield 20 can also be used to upgrade old cars. By replacing the vehicle windshield of the old car and upgrading the control system of the old car, the existing car can also achieve a high degree of coordination between the defrosting and defogging functions and the glass transparency and appearance aesthetics. The old car needs to be installed with a vehicle windshield assembly, and the vehicle windshield assembly includes a vehicle windshield 20 and an intelligent control system. The vehicle windshield of the old car is replaced with the vehicle windshield of the present invention, and the intelligent control system is loaded into the vehicle system. The intelligent control system is used to realize the main function of heating, defrosting and defogging of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the power supply of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to heat when the main function of heating, defrosting and defogging is turned on, and realize the main function of electromagnetic shielding of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the power supply of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide layer 2 when the main function of electromagnetic shielding is switched on. That is, the intelligent control system is used to switch the vehicle windshield 20 between the main function of heating, defrosting and defogging and the main function of electromagnetic shielding enhancement by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be powered on and heated, or controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to be powered on and turned on. This is mainly reflected in the following aspects: (1) the sensor detection device 23 of the intelligent control system detects the temperature of the vehicle windshield 20 when the main function of heating, defrosting and defogging is turned on, and also detects the transmittance of the electromagnetic signal to the vehicle windshield 20 when the main function of electromagnetic shielding is turned on; (2) the MCU control unit of the intelligent control system is used to determine whether the temperature is less than the set temperature, and if so, controls the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered on and heated until the temperature is not less than the set temperature; and is also used to determine whether the transmittance is greater than the set transmittance, and if so, controls the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer to remain powered on and turned on until the transmittance is not greater than the set transmittance.

[0103] The technical features of the above-mentioned embodiments can be combined arbitrarily. In order to make the description concise, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above-mentioned embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0104] The above-described embodiments merely illustrate several implementations of the present invention, and while their descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the patent. It should be noted that a person skilled in the art would be able to make numerous variations and improvements without departing from the spirit of the present invention, all of which fall within the scope of protection of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of protection of the patent for this invention shall be determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A vehicle windshield, comprising: Car window glass substrate; A network of metal micro-wall structures located on a car window glass substrate; A polyurethane wear-resistant layer covering the window glass substrate and encapsulating a metal micro-wall structure network; It is characterized in that the metal micro-wall structure network includes a metal network and a conductive network stacked in sequence on the vehicle window glass substrate, the metal network is deposited on the vehicle window glass substrate by DC sputtering deposition, and the conductive network is deposited on the metal network by electrochemical deposition; by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered on for heating or powered on, the vehicle windshield is switched between the main functions of heating, defrosting and defogging and the main function of electromagnetic shielding.

2. The vehicle windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that The vehicle windshield also includes a transparent conductive oxide protective layer stacked on the metal micro-wall structure network; by controlling the power supply of the transparent conductive oxide protective layer, the vehicle windshield can also be switched to the main electromagnetic shielding function; Alternatively, the vehicle windshield also includes a transparent conductive oxide protective layer covering the window glass substrate and embedding a metal micro-wall structure network therein; by controlling the transparent conductive oxide protective layer to be energized and conductive, the vehicle windshield can also be switched to the main electromagnetic shielding function.

3. The vehicle windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that The material of the metal network is any one of silver, gold, copper, platinum, chromium, nickel, aluminum, and titanium; and / or the conductive network is made of any one of gold, silver, copper, nickel, aluminum, and platinum; And / or, the material of the transparent conductive oxide protective layer is any one of indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, and indium gallium zinc oxide.

4. A method for preparing a vehicle windshield, characterized in that: It includes the following steps: Step 1: providing a vehicle window glass substrate; Step 2: spin-coating at least one layer of the resin mixed filtrate on the surface of the vehicle window glass substrate, and vacuum-drying the vehicle window glass substrate to dry and solidify the resin mixed filtrate, so as to form a crack template having a network of cracks on the corresponding surface of the vehicle window glass substrate; Step 3: depositing metal 1 in the network-like cracks on the crack template by DC sputtering deposition to form a metal network, and continuing to deposit metal 2 on the surface of the metal network by electrochemical deposition without removing the crack template to form a conductive network, and the metal network and the conductive network are stacked in sequence to form a metal micro-wall structure network; Step 4: Remove the crack template; Step 5: constructing a polyurethane wear-resistant layer covering a metal micro-wall structure network on a vehicle window glass substrate to form the vehicle windshield.

5. The method for preparing a vehicle windshield according to claim 4, wherein: The preparation method further comprises: before removing the crack template, depositing a transparent conductive oxide protective layer on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network; wherein the thickness of the crack template is greater than the sum of the thicknesses of the metal micro-wall structure network and the transparent conductive oxide protective layer; Alternatively, after removing the crack template, a transparent conductive oxide protective layer is deposited. At this time, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer covers the window glass substrate, and the metal micro-wall structure network is embedded in the transparent conductive oxide protective layer.

6. The method for preparing a vehicle windshield according to claim 4, wherein: In step 1, the window glass substrate is cleaned by placing the window glass substrate in a plasma cleaning machine, introducing oxygen, and cleaning at a power of 40 W for 10 minutes. And / or, in step 2, the resin mixed filtrate is obtained by mixing acrylic acid and crack paint in a concentration volume ratio of 1:1 to 2:3; and / or, in step 2, the acrylic acid and crackle paint are mixed, magnetically stirred, ultrasonically treated, filtered, and stored overnight before being used for spin coating; and / or, in step 2, the spin coating speed is between 600 rpm and 4000 rpm, and the number of coating layers is between 2 and 7; and / or, in step 2, the crack template has a thickness between 20 μm and 40 μm; and / or, in step 2, controlling the density and thickness of the crack template by regulating the spin coating speed and coating thickness; And / or, in step 2, the method for controlling the density and thickness of the crack template includes the following steps: determining the spin coating speed according to the target coverage of the crack template; determining the spin coating time and number of layers according to the spin coating speed and the target thickness of the crack template using a target formula, wherein the target formula is: ,in, H is the target thickness of the crack template, N is the number of spin-coated layers, h 0 The thickness of the resin mixed filtrate added once when it covers the entire window glass substrate. k is the spin coating coefficient, n is the spin coating speed, t is the spin coating time; based on t 、 N and n Using the resin mixed filtrate to perform spin coating on a vehicle window glass substrate; and / or, in step three, depositing the metal network on the surface of the crack template using one of the physical vapor deposition methods selected from vacuum evaporation coating, electron beam evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, DC magnetron sputtering, and molecular beam epitaxy; and / or the material of the metal network is any one of silver, gold, copper, platinum, chromium, nickel, aluminum, and titanium; And / or, the material of the conductive network is any one of gold, silver, copper, nickel, aluminum, and platinum; And / or, in step four, the window glass substrate with the metal micro-wall structure network is immersed in a debonding solution and ultrasonically treated to remove the crack template.

7. A vehicle windshield assembly comprising: Vehicle windshields; Intelligent control system, which is used to control the vehicle windshield to switch functions; It is characterized in that the vehicle windshield is a vehicle windshield as described in any one of claims 1 to 3, or a vehicle windshield prepared by the method for preparing a vehicle windshield as described in any one of claims 4 to 6; the intelligent control system is used to: switch the vehicle windshield between the main functions of heating, defrosting and defogging and the main function of electromagnetic shielding by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered on for heating or powered on.

8. The vehicle windshield assembly according to claim 7, wherein: The intelligent control system comprises: Sensing detection equipment, which is used to detect the temperature of the vehicle windshield when the main function is heating, defrosting and defogging; it is also used to detect the transmittance of electromagnetic signals through the vehicle windshield when the main function is electromagnetic shielding; The MCU control unit is used to determine whether the temperature is lower than the set temperature. If so, it controls the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered on and heated until the temperature is no lower than the set temperature; and is also used to determine whether the transmittance is higher than the set transmittance. If so, it controls the metal micro-wall structure network to remain powered on and heated until the transmittance is no higher than the set transmittance.

9. An automobile, comprising: Vehicle windshields; Vehicle-mounted system, which is used to control the vehicle windshield to switch functions; It is characterized in that the vehicle windshield is a vehicle windshield as described in any one of claims 1 to 3, or a vehicle windshield prepared by the method for preparing a vehicle windshield as described in any one of claims 4 to 6, and the on-board system is used to: switch the vehicle windshield between the main functions of heating, defrosting and defogging and the main function of electromagnetic shielding by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be electrically heated or electrically conductive.

10. The automobile according to claim 9, characterized in that The vehicle-mounted system includes: Sensing detection equipment, which is used to detect the temperature of the vehicle windshield when the main function is heating, defrosting and defogging; it is also used to detect the transmittance of electromagnetic signals through the vehicle windshield when the main function is electromagnetic shielding; The MCU control unit is used to determine whether the temperature is lower than the set temperature. If so, it controls the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered on and heated until the temperature is no lower than the set temperature; and is also used to determine whether the transmittance is higher than the set transmittance. If so, it controls the metal micro-wall structure network to remain powered on and heated until the transmittance is no higher than the set transmittance.

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