Modulating tones in long training fields

Abstract

A method includes obtaining a transmission to be transmitted via a transmission channel. The method also includes identifying at least one symbol included in the transmission. The at least one symbol may include a plurality of tones. The method also includes performing a first modulation on a first subset of the plurality of tones. The method also includes performing a second modulation on a second subset of the plurality of tones.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This U.S. patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 386,840, filed on December 9, 2022, entitled “EXTREMELY HIGH THROUGHPUT (EHT)–LONG TRAINING FIELD (LTF) (EHT-LTF) FOR TRAINING AND DATA TRANSMISSION,” the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications and, more particularly, to modulating tones in long training fields. Background Art

[0004] Unless otherwise indicated herein, the materials described herein are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.

[0005] The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard includes protocols for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) communications, including Wi-Fi.

[0006] The subject matter claimed in this disclosure is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages or that operate only in environments such as those described above. Rather, this background is only provided to illustrate one example technology area where some implementations described in this disclosure may be practiced. Summary of the Invention

[0007] In an example embodiment, a method may include obtaining a transmission to be transmitted via a transmission channel. The method may also include identifying at least one symbol contained in the transmission. The at least one symbol may include a plurality of tones. The method may also include performing a first modulation on a first subset of the plurality of tones. The method may also include performing a second modulation on a second subset of the plurality of tones.

[0008] In another embodiment, a method may include obtaining a transmission transmitted from a transmitting device via a transmission channel. The method may also include identifying at least one symbol contained in the transmission. The at least one symbol may include a plurality of tones. The method may also include determining a first channel estimate associated with a first subset of the plurality of tones. The method may also include determining a second channel estimate associated with a second subset of the plurality of tones based on the first channel estimate. The method may also include using the second channel estimate to obtain data associated with the second subset of the plurality of tones.

[0009] The objects and advantages of the embodiments will be realized and attained by at least the elements, features, and combinations particularly pointed out in the claims.

[0010] Both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are presented by way of example and are explanatory rather than restrictive of the invention, as claimed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] Example implementations will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail using the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0012] Figure 1 An example wireless communication system is shown that is operable to modulate a tone in a long training field (LTF);

[0013] Figure 2 An example training signal for LTF is shown;

[0014] Figure 3 A flow chart illustrating an example method of transmitting an LTF having a modulated frequency tone;

[0015] Figure 4 A flow chart illustrating an example method of receiving an LTF having a modulated frequency tone; and

[0016] Figure 5 A diagram of a machine in the example form of a computing device implementing frequency-tuned modulation in LTF is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] An extremely high throughput (EHT) transmission (e.g., an IEEE 802.11be transmission) may include a preamble containing extremely high throughput-long training field (EHT-LTF) symbols, wherein the data tone of each EHT-LTF symbol may be multiplied by an entry of a matrix to enable channel estimation at a receiver. When a single-stream pilot is used in the EHT-LTF, the pilot subcarriers of each EHT-LTF symbol may be multiplied by an entry of the matrix to allow the receiver to track phase and / or frequency offset during MIMO channel estimation using the EHT-LTF.

[0018] The subcarrier spacing in IEEE 802.11ax and IEEE 802.11be is 78.125kHz, which is one-quarter the 312.5kHz tone spacing used in earlier Wi-Fi generations. The motivation for changing the tone spacing is the desire to have longer orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. Longer OFDM symbols can reduce the relative overhead of the guard interval (GI) and can allow for approximately 10% efficiency gains. Other advantages may include the ability to increase the absolute length of the GI without affecting the relative overhead, which can help align multi-user transmissions and can be used for communications in highly dispersed channels.

[0019] Because data symbols are now four times longer than previous generations of Wi-Fi, the duration of high-efficiency (HE) / EHT-LTF training symbols increases proportionally. Each HE / EHT-LTF symbol is now also four times longer (e.g., compared to very high throughput (VHT)-LTF or high throughput (HT)-LTF). Thus, given the reduction in frequency-interval spacing, the duration of HE / EHT-LTF symbols may also be reduced, allowing IEEE 802.11ac and / or IEEE 802.11be to support half-symbol duration and / or quarter-symbol duration. In this disclosure, full symbol duration may be referred to as 4x LTF or 4x HE / EHT-LTF, half symbol duration may be referred to as 2xLTF or 2xHE / EHT-LTF, and quarter symbol duration may be referred to as 1x LTF or 1x HE / EHT-LTF.

[0020] Some existing methods may use the shortened HE / EHT-LTF symbol duration for channel estimation, as interpolation between HE / EHT-LTF symbols can complete the channel estimation. In some cases, existing methods may limit the number of transmitted HE / EHT-LTF symbols at the expense of including additional information in the transmitted HE / EHT-LTF symbols and / or preamble portion.

[0021] Some aspects of the present disclosure may address at least some shortcomings of existing approaches or alternative implementations by modulating a portion of the tones included in the HE / EHT-LTF symbols to include data, such that additional data can be included in each transmitted HE / EHT-LTF symbol while still providing a receiving device with sufficient tones to perform channel estimation. Thus, according to some aspects of the present disclosure, because a portion of the tones can be modulated to include additional preamble data (e.g., while another portion of the tones can retain signaling characteristics to complete channel estimation as needed) without affecting the quality of the channel estimation, the preamble associated with a transmission between a transmitting device and a receiving device can include more preamble content than the duration of 2x HE / EHT-LTF and / or 1x LTF or 1x HE / EHT-LTF symbols. Alternatively or additionally, in addition to the HE / EHT-LTF symbols used for channel estimation, the preamble according to some aspects of the present disclosure can experience a modest increase in length (e.g., approximately eight microseconds per HE / EHT-LTF symbol) to accommodate the data transmission therein. On the other hand, because data can be modulated into the frequency tone of the HE / EHT-LTF symbol, so that a different data field is not required as part of the transmission, the communication between the transmitting device and the receiving device can be shortened.

[0022] Figure 1 An example wireless communication system 100 ("system 100") is shown that is operable to modulate tones in a long training field (LTF) in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. System 100 may include a transmitting device 105, a receiving device 110, and a transmission channel 115.

[0023] The system 100 can be used to perform wireless transmissions between at least a transmitting device 105 and a receiving device 110, for example, via a transmission channel 115. The system 100 can implement and / or use an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 protocol, such as IEEE 802.11be (which may be referred to as Extreme High Throughput (EHT) and / or Wi-Fi 7). The system 100 can support frequency tone (e.g., subcarrier) spacing in transmissions that can be shorter than that of previous generations of IEEE 802.11 (e.g., IEEE 802.11ac and / or earlier generations). For example, the frequency tone spacing in IEEE 802.11be can be approximately 78.125 kHz, while the frequency tone spacing in IEEE 802.11ac can be approximately 312.5 kHz.

[0024] Transmitting device 105 may include any device operable to modulate and / or transmit data within system 100. For example, transmitting device 105 may include a router, access point, and / or other device. Receiving device 110 may include any device operable to receive transmitted data within system 100. For example, receiving device 110 may include a consumer device (e.g., a mobile phone, a laptop computer, etc.), an access point (e.g., receiving from a router device), and / or other device. Although referred to as transmitting device 105 and receiving device 110, it should be understood that these devices may perform other operations, such as receiving (transmitting device 105) and sending (receiving device 110), respectively.

[0025] Transmission channel 115 may be a wireless medium for facilitating transmissions from transmitting device 105 to receiving device 110. In the present disclosure, the term "transmission" or "packet(s)" may include various elements that may be grouped and / or sent from transmitting device 105 to receiving device 110. For example, a transmission (or packet) may include data / data packets, symbols, training field information, etc. Transmission channel 115 may support various frequency bands as part of a transmission, such as 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz, etc., where each frequency band may include one or more channels disposed therein.

[0026] The transmission channel 115 may include channel state information, which may describe one or more properties associated with the transmission channel 115 and / or the transmission of packets via the transmission channel 115. The channel state information may include, but is not limited to, scattering, attenuation, power attenuation with respect to distance, noise and associated noise effects, and / or other characteristics that may affect the propagation of a signal (e.g., a signal of a transmission packet) from the transmitting device 105 to the receiving device 110.

[0027] The transmitting device 105 is operable to obtain one or more packets to be transmitted to the receiving device 110, for example, via the transmission channel 115. For example, the transmitting device 105 may obtain a stream of packets (e.g., data) to be transmitted, and the transmitting device 105 may perform one or more operations on the packets to prepare the packets for transmission. In the present disclosure, the transmitting device 105 may include one or more components therein, and these components may individually perform operations that may be collectively referred to as being performed by the transmitting device 105, unless otherwise specified. For example, the transmitting device 105 may include a first component that receives a packet, a second component that identifies various aspects of the packet, a third component that performs modulation on the packet, and so on, all of which are collectively referred to as being performed by the transmitting device 105.

[0028] The transmitting device 105 may identify one or more symbols individually included in the packet, where these symbols may encode data and / or be used to train the receiving device 110. For example, the IEEE 802.11 protocol may specify that a portion of a packet frame include an LTF. If the packet is part of the IEEE 802.11be protocol, the IEEE 802.11be protocol may specify that the packet include high efficiency (HE) and very high throughput (EHT) LTF (HE / EHT-LTF) symbols.

[0029] The HE / EHT-LTF symbol may include one or more tones that may convey data and / or training information from the transmitting device 105 to the receiving device 110 via packets transmitted in the transmission channel 115. In some cases, in response to a change in tone spacing (e.g., where the tone spacing associated with IEEE 802.11be is approximately one-quarter the tone spacing associated with IEEE 802.11ac), the duration of a transmitted symbol (e.g., a HE / EHT-LTF symbol) may be reduced without incurring an equivalent loss of performance, e.g., by the receiving device 110 receiving the packet from the transmitting device 105 and / or the receiving device 110 using the received packet to determine a channel estimate. For example, IEEE 802.11be may support 4x LTF (e.g., full symbol duration), 2x LTF (e.g., half symbol duration), and / or 1x LTF (e.g., quarter symbol duration), where IEEE 802.11be HE / EHT-LTF symbols may be shorter and / or may include a coarser granularity relative to IEEE 802.11ac symbols.

[0030] In response to a decrease in symbol duration (e.g., a symbol duration associated with a HE / EHT-LTF symbol), the transmitting device 105 may modulate the tones included in the HE / EHT-LTF symbol such that a first portion of the tones may be modulated to carry a training signal and a second portion of the tones may be modulated to carry data. For example, even tones included in the symbol may have a first modulation that may be a scaling factor and / or a training matrix, while odd tones included in the symbol may have a second modulation that includes a digital modulation.

[0031] As described, the first modulation (e.g., of the first portion of the tones, e.g., the even tones) may be a scaling factor and / or a phase modulation, which may include a value of plus or minus one (e.g., each even tone included in the symbol maintains its value and / or includes a phase adjustment). Alternatively or additionally, the scaling factor may include a training signal, e.g. Figure 21 and 2. As shown, the training signal 200, represented as a matrix, may include a series of values ​​(e.g., ±1 and 0) that may appear as a sequence of pseudo-random values. Using the training signal 200 to modulate the even tones in a symbol may enable the receiving device 110 to use the training data associated with the even tones of the symbol to perform channel estimation (e.g., when receiving a packet from the transmitting device 105).

[0032] In some embodiments, a training signal (e.g., such as training signal 200) may be associated with a particular bandwidth that may be associated with the transmission of packets and / or packets by a transmitting device. For example, training signal 200 may be a HE / EHT-LTF training signal for an 80 MHz bandwidth. Other training signals may be implemented to be associated with other bandwidths used as part of the transmission of packets from transmitting device 105 to receiving device 110. For example, the bandwidths may include contiguous channels such as 160 MHz and 320 MHz, and / or non-contiguous channels such as 80+80 MHz and 160+80 MHz channels, and various training signals may be used for bandwidths having contiguous and / or non-contiguous channels.

[0033] The second modulation (e.g., to the second portion of the frequency tones, such as the odd frequency tones) can be a digital modulation that can be applied to the odd frequency tones. The odd frequency tones can be modulated to include data to be transmitted from the transmitting device 105 to the receiving device 110. In this way, in various applications of the present disclosure, more information can be transmitted from the transmitting device 105 to the receiving device 110. For example, in the first application, the amount of information that can be included in the preamble may be limited. For example, the universal signal field (U-SIG) of the EHT packet frame can carry 42 bits of information, while the HE / EHT-LTF for 80MHz bandwidth can include 996 frequency tones. In the case where half of the frequency tones are modulated, assuming a coding rate of R=1 / 2, each HE / EHT-LTF symbol has approximately 250 bits available to carry information. In this case, bits may be used for preamble signaling, which may allow more data to be included in the preamble (e.g., richer preamble content), which may introduce a modest increase in the preamble length (e.g., approximately 8 microseconds per HE / EHT-LTF symbol) to accommodate the data transmission therein and / or may not significantly impact the quality of the channel estimate.

[0034] In a second application, additional bits (e.g., as described above) may be modulated to include data that may be communicated from the transmitting device 105 to the receiving device 110. For example, where a small amount of data (e.g., a few bytes) is to be transmitted from the transmitting device 105 to the receiving device 110, the data may be modulated onto the tones of the HE / EHT-LTF symbols such that the data field is not included in the transmission (e.g., the payload of the message may be contained within the HE / EHT-LTF symbols, thereby reducing the amount of data transmitted and / or reducing the number of transmissions in the communication system).

[0035] In some embodiments, the second modulation may be binary phase shift key (BPSK) modulation. Alternatively or additionally, the second modulation may be other forms of digital modulation, such as, but not limited to, quadrature phase shift key (QPSK) modulation, differential phase shift key (DPSK) modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), phase shift key (PSK) modulation, frequency shift key (FSK) modulation, and / or other number of phase shift key modulations (e.g., 8-PSK).

[0036] The modulation scheme of the frequency modulation amplitude contained in the symbol can be expressed as:

[0037]

[0038] where α k can be the amplitude of the kth tone in the symbol, and Q k It can be a digital modulation applied to the kth odd frequency tone, such as BPSK. In this way, the frequency tone can include an adjustment of plus or minus one (e.g., ±1), which can represent a phase modulation of the frequency tone. In some cases, the digital modulation (Q k ) can include data modulated into a frequency tone, as described herein. For example, the data can be associated with a preamble in a transmission between the transmitting device 105 and the receiving device 110, wherein the data can enrich the preamble to include additional content. The additional content can include customer-specific information, future standard requirements, and / or other information. In another example, the data can be a data payload (e.g., in the case of a transmission of a small amount of data, such as a few bytes), such that typical data fields in the transmission may not be included in the transmission.

[0039] In some cases, channel conditions may make it difficult for the receiving device 110 to perform interpolation (as described herein) and / or receive data from the modulated frequency tones. For example, attenuation in the wireless channel may cause unexpected noise, making it difficult for the receiving device 110 to obtain a channel estimate and / or obtain data from the modulated frequency tones (e.g., including through interpolation). In some cases, the transmitting device 105 may be configured to perform an encoding operation and / or an interleaving operation on the data before the data is mapped to the modulated frequency tones. In cases where the data is encoded and / or interleaved, the receiving device 110 may be configured to perform a deinterleaving operation, which may disperse any errors introduced due to the noisy channel. In such cases, the receiving device 110 may have a higher chance of recovering the data relative to a case where the data is not encoded and / or interleaved.

[0040] The transmitting device 105 may be configured to transmit a packet, which may include symbols and / or modulation tones, to the receiving device 110 via a transmission channel 115. The receiving device 110 may be configured to receive the transmitted packet and use the HE / EHT-LTF symbol(s) to perform channel estimation and / or obtain data included by the HE / EHT-LTF symbol(s) in the packet (e.g., a packet stream), as described herein.

[0041] The receiving device 110 may be configured to obtain transmitted packets (which may be one or more packets included in a packet stream) from the transmitting device 105 via the transmission channel 115. As described herein, the receiving device 110 may be configured to identify the HE / EHT-LTF symbol(s) in the transmitted packet and / or the tones included in the HE / EHT-LTF symbol(s).

[0042] The tones contained in the HE / EHT-LTF symbols received by the receiving device 110 may be used to determine channel state information. In some cases, the channel estimated directly on the received tones may be expressed as:

[0043]

[0044] Among them H k may be the over-the-air channel for the kth tone, and Q k There may be a digital modulation applied by the transmitting device 105 to the odd kth tone (which may be unknown to the receiving device 110).

[0045] The receiving device 110 may be configured to determine a first channel estimate associated with a first subset of tones, where the first subset of tones (e.g., even-numbered tones) may have been modulated by the transmitting device 105 to train the receiving device 110 to obtain channel state information for use in a channel estimation operation. For example, the even-numbered tones (e.g., which may have been modulated by the transmitting device 105 using a scaling factor such as a value of 1) may be used to determine a channel estimate for each of the even-numbered tones. The first channel estimate may be obtained using the even-numbered tones:

[0046]

[0047] Among them H 2k can be an air channel for the kth even-numbered frequency modulation, and It can be the channel estimate for each of the kth even tone. The even tone can be obtained from the HE / EHT-LTF symbol.

[0048] Receiving device 110 may be configured to determine a second channel estimate associated with a second subset of tones. In some cases, the second channel estimate associated with the second subset of tones may be determined by interpolating values ​​obtained for the first subset of tones. The second subset of tones may be odd-numbered tones, which may be obtained using interpolation of even-numbered tones, for example, by:

[0049]

[0050] in can be the channel estimate for the kth odd tone, and and The air channel may be two different k-th even-numbered tones. In some cases, all tones may be sent, where a portion of the tones may be used for channel estimation and another portion of the tones may be used to transmit other data, as described herein. Depending on the symbol duration, the number of available tones for channel estimation may vary. For example, a 4x HE / EHT-LTF symbol with modulation (as described herein) (e.g., a full-duration symbol) may have an equal number of tones available for channel estimation relative to a 2x HE / EHT-LTF symbol without modulation (e.g., a half-duration symbol). In another example, a 2x HE / EHT-LTF symbol with modulation may have an equal number of tones available for channel estimation relative to a 1x HE / EHT-LTF symbol without modulation (e.g., a quarter-duration symbol).

[0051] Using a second subset of received tones (e.g., received odd tones (H 2k+1), obtained by interpolation), the second channel estimate can be obtained directly from the received frequency tone (e.g., without interpolation). The second channel estimate can be expressed as:

[0052]

[0053] in can be the channel estimate for each of the kth odd-numbered tones, and H 2k+1 may be the kth odd-numbered tone over-the-air channel (as determined using interpolation and as described herein), and Q 2k+1 It can be a digital modulation applied to the kth odd frequency tone.

[0054] An estimate of the digital modulation applied to the odd tones can be obtained by dividing the direct channel estimate for each of the kth odd tones and the interpolated over-the-air channel for the kth odd tone, which can be expressed as:

[0055]

[0056] Estimation of digital modulation (e.g. The HE / EHT-LTF symbols (e.g., channel state information) may be recovered signals and / or data sent by the transmitting device 105 to the receiving device 110. Thus, according to aspects of the present disclosure, the HE / EHT-LTF symbols included in the transmitted packets may be used to convey data and / or training symbols (e.g., channel state information) between the transmitting device 105 and the receiving device 110, as opposed to training symbols that may only be used for channel estimation.

[0057] Modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to the system 100 without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, the designation of the various elements in the manner described is intended to help explain the concepts described herein and is not intended to be limiting. Furthermore, the system 100 may include any number of other elements or may be implemented in other systems or environments than those described. For example, Figure 1 Any components may be divided into additional or combined into fewer components.

[0058] Figure 3 A flow chart illustrating an example method 300 of transmitting an LTF having a modulated tone in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present disclosure is shown.

[0059] At block 302, a transmission to be transmitted via a transmission channel may be obtained. In some embodiments, the transmission may conform to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 protocol, such as IEEE 802.11be.

[0060] At block 304, at least one symbol included in the transmission may be identified. The at least one symbol may include a plurality of tones. In some embodiments, the at least one symbol may be a High Efficiency / Extremely High Throughput Long Training Field (HE / EHT-LTF) symbol. The at least one symbol may be used to facilitate channel estimation associated with the transmission channel by a receiving device, for example, by using a first subset of the plurality of tones.

[0061] At block 306, a first modulation may be performed on a first subset of the plurality of tones. In some embodiments, the first modulation includes applying a scaling factor and / or a phase factor to the first subset of the plurality of tones. The scaling factor may include a training signal, and the training signal may include a plurality of values ​​associated with a particular bandwidth associated with the transmission.

[0062] At block 308, a second modulation may be performed on a second subset of the plurality of tones. In some embodiments, the second modulation may include modulating the second subset of the plurality of tones with data to be transmitted to the receiving device. The second modulation may be binary phase shift keying applied to the second subset of the plurality of tones. In some embodiments, the data may be included in a preamble of the transmission. For example, the data in the transmission preamble may replace additional data in a data field of the transmission.

[0063] Modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to method 300 without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.For example, a transmission channel may be used to transmit packets to a receiving device.

[0064] In another example, designating different elements in the described manner is intended to help explain the concepts described herein and is not limiting. Furthermore, method 300 may include any number of other elements or be implemented in other systems or environments than those described.

[0065] Figure 4 A flow chart illustrating an example method 400 for receiving an LTF having a modulated frequency tone in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Method 300 and / or method 400 may be performed by processing logic that may comprise hardware (circuitry, dedicated logic, etc.), software (e.g., software running on a general purpose computer system or a dedicated machine), or a combination of both, which may be included in any computer system or device, such as Figure 1 The transmitting device 105 and / or receiving device 110 of the present invention may also be implemented on an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or a programmable hardware device (e.g., an OFPGA) or a graphics processing unit (GPU), using dedicated hardware or a mixture of software and hardware or entirely in software.

[0066] To simplify the explanation, the methods described herein are depicted and described as a series of actions. However, the actions according to the present disclosure may occur in various orders and / or simultaneously, and may occur together with other actions not presented and described herein. In addition, not all of the actions shown may be used to implement the methods according to the disclosed subject matter. In addition, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that these methods may alternatively be represented as a series of related states by state diagrams or events. In addition, the methods disclosed in this specification can be stored on articles such as non-transitory computer-readable media to facilitate the transmission and transfer of these methods to computing devices. The term "article" used herein is intended to include computer programs accessible from any computer-readable device or storage medium. Although illustrated as discrete blocks, various blocks may be divided into additional blocks, combined into fewer blocks, or eliminated depending on the desired implementation.

[0067] A transmission from a transmitting device may be obtained via a transmission channel at block 402. The transmission may conform to an IEEE 802.11 protocol, such as IEEE 802.11be.

[0068] At block 404, at least one symbol included in the transmission may be identified. The at least one symbol may include a plurality of tones. In some embodiments, the at least one symbol may be a HE / EHT-LTF symbol.

[0069] At block 406, a first channel estimate associated with the first subset of the plurality of tones may be determined. In some embodiments, the first channel estimate may be determined using over-the-air channel values ​​for the first subset of the plurality of tones.

[0070] At block 408, a second channel estimate associated with a second subset of the plurality of tones may be determined based on the first channel estimate. In some embodiments, the second channel estimate may be determined in part by interpolating between values ​​obtained as part of the first channel estimate. The interpolation may be based on a duration of at least one symbol. Alternatively or additionally, the second channel estimate may be determined using interpolated values ​​of the second subset of the plurality of tones and digital modulation applied to the interpolated values.

[0071] Data associated with a second subset of the plurality of tones may be obtained using the second channel estimate, at block 410. In some embodiments, the data may be obtained by a ratio of the second channel estimate relative to the interpolated value.

[0072] Without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, method 400 may be modified, added to, or omitted. For example, the various elements are designated in the manner described to help explain the concepts described herein and are not intended to be limiting. Furthermore, method 400 may include any number of other elements or may be implemented in other systems or environments than those described.

[0073] Figure 5 A diagram of a machine in the form of an example of a computing device 500 is shown, in which a set of instructions can be executed for causing the machine to perform any one or more methods discussed herein. The computing device 500 may include a mobile phone, a smart phone, a netbook computer, a rack server, a router computer, a server computer, a personal computer, a mainframe computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a desktop computer, etc., wherein a set of instructions can be executed for causing the machine to perform any one or more methods discussed herein. In an alternative embodiment, the machine can be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines in a LAN, an intranet, an extranet, or the Internet. The machine can operate with the capacity of a server machine in a client-server network environment. The machine may include a personal computer (PC), a set-top box (STB), a server, a network router, a switch, or a bridge, or any machine that can perform a set of instructions (sequential or other) specifying the action to be taken by the machine. In addition, although only a single machine is shown, the term "machine" may also include any machine collection that performs a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more methods discussed herein, either individually or in combination.

[0074] The example computing device 500 includes a processing device 502 (e.g., a processor), a main memory 504 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)), a static memory 506 (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM)), and a data storage device 516, which communicate with each other via a bus 508.

[0075] The processing device 502 represents one or more general-purpose processing devices, such as a microprocessor, a central processing unit, or the like. More specifically, the processing device 502 may include a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, a very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, or a processor that implements other instruction sets or a combination of instruction sets. The processing device 502 may also include one or more special-purpose processing devices, such as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), a network processor, or the like. The processing device 502 is configured to execute instructions 526 for performing the operations and steps discussed herein.

[0076] The computing device 500 may also include a network interface device 522 that can communicate with the network 518. The computing device 500 may also include a display device 510 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), an alphanumeric input device 512 (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device 514 (e.g., a mouse), and a signal generating device 520 (e.g., a speaker). In at least one embodiment, the display device 510, the alphanumeric input device 512, and the cursor control device 514 may be combined into a single component or device (e.g., an LCD touch screen).

[0077] The data storage device 516 may include a computer-readable storage medium 524 having stored thereon one or more sets of instructions 526 embodying any one or more of the methods or functionality described herein. During execution by the computing device 500, the instructions 526 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 504 and / or the processing device 502, which also constitute computer-readable media. The instructions may also be transmitted or received over the network 518 via the network interface device 522.

[0078] Although computer-readable storage medium 524 is shown as a single medium in the example embodiment, the term "computer-readable storage medium" may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database and / or associated caches and servers) that store one or more sets of instructions. The term "computer-readable storage medium" may also include any medium that can store, encode, or carry a set of instructions to be executed by a machine and cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methods of the present disclosure. Therefore, the term "computer-readable storage medium" may include, but is not limited to, solid-state memories, optical media, and magnetic media.

[0079] A number of embodiments have been described. However, it will be appreciated that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

[0080] As is customary, the various features shown in the drawings may not be drawn to scale. The illustrations presented in this disclosure are not intended to be actual views or methods of any particular device (e.g., equipment, system, etc.), but are merely idealized representations used to describe various embodiments of the present disclosure. Therefore, for the sake of clarity, the sizes of various features may be arbitrarily expanded or reduced. In addition, for the sake of clarity, some drawings may be simplified. Therefore, the drawings may not depict all components of a given device (e.g., equipment) or all operations of a particular method.

[0081] The terms used in this disclosure, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., the bodies of the appended claims), are generally considered to be “open-ended terms” (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including, but not limited to”).

[0082] Furthermore, if a specific number of claim recitations is intended to be introduced, such intent will be expressly stated in the claim, and in the absence of such statement, no such intent exists. For example, to aid understanding, the following appended claims may contain the use of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that a claim recitation introduced by the indefinite article "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to including only one embodiment of such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and an indefinite article such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and / or "an" should be construed to mean "at least one" or "one or more"); the same applies to the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations.

[0083] Furthermore, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is expressly recited, one skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the number recited (e.g., the simple recitation of "two recitations" without other modifiers means at least two recitations, or more than two recitations). Furthermore, where a convention like "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." or "one or more of A, B, and C, etc." is used, generally such interpretation is intended to include A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B, C together, etc.

[0084] In addition, any disjunctive word or phrase preceding two or more alternative terms, whether in the specification, claims, or drawings, should be understood to include the possibility of one term, one term, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" should be understood to include the possibility of "A" or "B" or "A and B."

[0085] Additionally, the use of the terms "first," "second," "third," etc., herein are not necessarily intended to imply a specific order or number of elements. Typically, the terms "first," "second," "third," etc., are used to distinguish different elements as generic identifiers. Where the terms "first," "second," "third," etc., are not indicated to imply a specific order, these terms should not be understood to imply a specific order. Additionally, where the terms "first," "second," "third," etc., are not indicated to imply a specific number of elements, these terms should not be understood to imply a specific number of elements. For example, a first component may be described as having a first side, and a second component may be described as having a second side. The use of the term "second side" with respect to the second component may be intended to distinguish this side of the second component from the "first side" of the first component, rather than to imply that the second component has two sides.

[0086] All examples and conditional language cited in this disclosure are intended for teaching purposes to help readers understand the present disclosure and the concepts contributed by the inventors to advance the art, and should be interpreted as not being limited to these specific cited examples and conditions. Although the embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail, various changes, substitutions, and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A method comprising: obtaining a transmission to be transmitted via a transmission channel; identifying at least one symbol contained in the transmission, the at least one symbol comprising a plurality of tones; performing a first modulation on a first subset of the plurality of tones; as well as A second modulation is performed on a second subset of the plurality of tones.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising transmitting the transmission to a receiving device using the transmission channel.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein The at least one symbol is a High Efficiency / Extreme High Throughput Long Training Field (HE / EHT-LTF) symbol.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein The at least one symbol is operable to facilitate a receiving device performing channel estimation associated with the transmission channel using a first subset of the plurality of tones.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein The first modulation comprises applying a scaling factor or a phase factor to a first subset of the plurality of tones.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein: The scaling factor includes a training signal.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein: The training signal includes a plurality of values ​​associated with a particular bandwidth associated with the transmission.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein The second modulation includes modulating a second subset of the plurality of frequency tones with data to be transmitted to a receiving device.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein The second modulation is binary phase shift keying applied to a second subset of the plurality of frequency tones.

10. The method according to claim 8, wherein The data is contained in a preamble of the transmission.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein: The data in the preamble of the transmission instead includes additional data in the data field of the transmission.

12. A system for wireless communication, comprising: Data processing hardware; as well as Memory hardware in communication with the data processing hardware, the memory hardware storing instructions that, when executed on the data processing hardware, cause the data processing hardware to perform operations comprising: obtaining a transmission to be transmitted via a transmission channel; identifying at least one symbol contained in the transmission, the at least one symbol comprising a plurality of tones; performing a first modulation on a first subset of the plurality of tones; and A second modulation is performed on a second subset of the plurality of tones.

13. The system according to claim 12, wherein: The operations also include transmitting the transmission to a receiving device using the transmission channel.

14. The system according to claim 12, wherein: The at least one symbol is a High Efficiency / Extreme High Throughput Long Training Field (HE / EHT-LTF) symbol.

15. The system according to claim 12, wherein: The at least one symbol is operable to facilitate a receiving device performing channel estimation associated with the transmission channel using a first subset of the plurality of tones.

16. The system of claim 12, wherein: The first modulation comprises applying a training signal to a first subset of the plurality of tones.

17. The system according to claim 16, wherein: The training signal includes a plurality of values ​​associated with a particular bandwidth associated with the transmission.

18. The system of claim 12, wherein: The second modulation includes modulating a second subset of the plurality of frequency tones with data to be transmitted to a receiving device.

19. The system according to claim 18, wherein The second modulation is binary phase shift keying applied to a second subset of the plurality of frequency tones.

20. The system of claim 18, wherein: The data is contained in a preamble of the transmission.

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