Building engineering progress real-time monitoring and risk early warning method and system based on BIM and Internet of Things

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of building engineering monitoring, in particular to a building engineering progress real-time monitoring and risk early warning method and system based on BIM and the Internet of Things. Comprising the following steps: step 1, binding a construction progress plan, a resource allocation scheme and a BIM three-dimensional model component to form a 5D-BIM reference model data value with a time dimension and a resource attribute; 2, constructing an Internet of Things sensing layer, and collecting personnel positioning data, a mechanical operation state, material entering information and data values of environmental parameters in real time; according to the method, the progress analysis is simultaneously carried out by utilizing multiple dimensions of space, time and resources, so that the decision-making efficiency is improved. Real-time monitoring is carried out from multiple angles of personnel, equipment and materials, monitoring dead angles are avoided, and when the materials are monitored, the materials are tracked from entering to receiving and inventory states, so that the utilization rate of the materials is ensured.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of construction project monitoring, and in particular relates to a method and system for real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk warning based on BIM and the Internet of Things. Background Art

[0002] BIM, or Building Information Modeling, is a core digital technology that has been widely applied in building design, construction, and maintenance. IoT technology, through sensor networks, enables real-time data collection and transmission of physical entities, providing technical support for intelligent management of building construction.

[0003] After searching, the cited publication number is CN120047119A, the publication date is May 27, 2025, and the patent document is titled "A BIM-based Bridge Construction Progress Monitoring Method and System", which includes: Step S101, obtaining an observation matrix based on the BIM model data and sensor monitoring data of the target bridge; wherein each row of the observation matrix corresponds to the BIM planned progress, measured progress, stress ratio and environmental index at the corresponding timestamp.

[0004] First, the raw data of BIM model data and sensor data are obtained, and then a fixed time window is set (i.e., a preset time period). For example, the time window can be 15 minutes or one hour. The size of the time window can be selected according to the computing power, and different types of raw data are collected and aligned according to the time window. For each time window, a corresponding timestamp is given in chronological order, and the observation matrix used for Kalman filtering can be obtained. It can be understood that each timestamp of the observation matrix corresponds to four types of observation values: BIM planned progress, actual progress, stress ratio and environmental index.

[0005] However, the above embodiment still has the following defects:

[0006] Traditional BIM models mainly focus on the expression of three-dimensional geometric information and lack the integrated management of dynamic factors such as construction progress and resource consumption. In addition, when IoT devices are gradually introduced into construction site scenarios such as personnel positioning, equipment monitoring, and environmental monitoring, data is scattered and systems are isolated. There is a lack of a unified data fusion and analysis platform, which leads to reduced decision-making efficiency and material utilization. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To address the above issues, the present invention provides a method for real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk warning based on BIM and the Internet of Things, comprising the following steps:

[0008] Step 1: Bind the construction schedule, resource allocation plan, and BIM 3D model components to form a 5D-BIM benchmark model data value with time dimension and resource attributes;

[0009] Step 2: Build the IoT perception layer and collect data on personnel location, machinery operation status, material delivery information, and environmental parameters in real time;

[0010] Step 3: Compare the collected data values ​​with the 5D-BIM benchmark model data values, calculate the completion and deviation values ​​of each construction item, and build a digital twin dashboard for the construction site;

[0011] Step 4: Establish a risk warning model and generate multiple warning levels by comprehensively considering schedule deviation, resource matching and environmental impact factors.

[0012] Furthermore, the step 1 includes:

[0013] Break down the overall schedule into several schedule nodes and simultaneously build models in the BIM model;

[0014] Classify and quantify on-site resources, and create unique codes for each type of allocated resource to facilitate quick association with BIM model components;

[0015] Add a unique identifier to each component in the BIM model and complete the attribute information.

[0016] Furthermore, the step 1 further includes:

[0017] The estimated on-site resources consumed at each schedule node, their relative codes and quantities, are bound one by one to the corresponding BIM component identifiers; the standard working hours and resource consumption benchmark values ​​for each schedule node are obtained in the BIM model.

[0018] Furthermore, the step 2 includes:

[0019] Establish an indoor positioning network to track the location of people and equipment in real time;

[0020] An intelligent device terminal with integrated vibration, temperature, and oil pressure monitoring functions collects construction machinery operation data.

[0021] Furthermore, the step 2 further includes:

[0022] Establish a material tracking network to record material arrival, issuance and inventory status;

[0023] Establish a real-time micro-environment monitoring network to collect the temperature, humidity, and PM2.5 parameter values ​​of the engineering environment in real time.

[0024] Furthermore, the step three includes:

[0025] Calculate the completion degree of each construction item. The completion degree is expressed as follows:

[0026]

[0027] in, Representative The completion percentage of each construction item; k Represents the weight coefficient of the kth engineering quantity indicator and satisfies v a,k Represents the actual completion amount of the Kth indicator; v p,k represents the planned completion amount of the kth indicator; n represents the total number of engineering quantity indicators involved in the calculation;

[0028] The deviation value is calculated based on the completion degree of each construction item.

[0029] Furthermore, the step three further includes:

[0030] Construct a dynamic digital twin, the construction expression is:

[0031] DT(t+Δ t )=F(DT(t),Δ D )

[0032] Where DT(t) represents the state of the digital twin at time t, F represents the state update function, and Δ t Represents duration; Δ D Represents the amount of state change;

[0033] Build a virtual-reality fusion rendering model to generate a 3D visualization dashboard.

[0034] Furthermore, the step 4 includes:

[0035] Calculate the comprehensive risk index. The calculation method of the comprehensive risk index is:

[0036] R=w1·f(β)+w2·g(Ψ)+w3·h(Δ E )

[0037] Among them, β represents the progress deviation value, Ψ represents the resource matching degree, Δ E represents the environmental deviation coefficient; w1+w2+w3=1 is the weight.

[0038] Furthermore, the step 4 further includes:

[0039] Set up multi-level warning triggering rules, which are divided into four levels: normal, attention, warning and emergency;

[0040] The current warning level is determined by comparing the obtained risk index R with the threshold set for each level.

[0041] A real-time monitoring and risk warning system for construction project progress based on BIM and the Internet of Things, including:

[0042] BIM data binding unit, including schedule binding, which associates WBS nodes in the construction schedule with BIM model components through unique identifiers, and resource allocation binding, which associates the planned allocation of human resources, material resources, and mechanical resources for each BIM component;

[0043] BIM data integration unit, including data import interface, support for multiple BIM formats, and baseline model management, namely: version control, data verification and model lightweight processing;

[0044] The IoT monitoring unit includes a personnel positioning system that tracks the location and movement of construction personnel in real time; a material management system that records the arrival, storage, and use of materials; a machinery status monitoring system that collects the operating parameters of construction machinery; and an environmental parameter collection system that detects in real time the impact of environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and noise on construction.

[0045] The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0046] By integrating the time and resource dimensions of the 5D-BIM benchmark model, the construction schedule is integrated with the 3D model, making the construction sequence and resource requirements of each component clearer. The digital twin dashboard then reflects actual progress and plan deviations in real time, allowing for simultaneous progress analysis across multiple dimensions, including space, time, and resources, to improve decision-making efficiency. Real-time monitoring of personnel, equipment, and materials is conducted from multiple perspectives to avoid blind spots. Material monitoring is also tracked from arrival to receipt and inventory status to ensure material utilization.

[0047] At the same time, the comprehensive risk index is calculated in real time through monitoring results, and then four levels of status are established: normal, attention, warning and emergency. The comprehensive risk index is compared with the four levels of status in real time, so that the comprehensive risk of the construction site can be adjusted in real time. This not only ensures the risk control level of the construction site, but also allows for faster on-site repairs and the return of construction personnel after the risk is eliminated, thereby ensuring the smoothness and safety of construction.

[0048] Other features and advantages of the present invention will be described in the following description, and in part will become apparent from the description, or will be understood by practicing the present invention. The purpose and other advantages of the present invention can be realized and obtained by the structures pointed out in the description, claims and drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0049] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following is a brief introduction to the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0050] Figure 1 A flow chart of a monitoring and risk warning method according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0051] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more clear, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts shall fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0052] The embodiment of the present invention provides a method for real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk warning based on BIM and the Internet of Things. For example, Figure 1 , including the following steps:

[0053] Step 1: Bind the construction schedule, resource allocation plan, and BIM 3D model components to form a 5D-BIM benchmark model data value with time dimension and resource attributes;

[0054] Step 2: Build the IoT perception layer and collect data on personnel location, machinery operation status, material delivery information, and environmental parameters in real time;

[0055] Step 3: Compare the collected data values ​​with the 5D-BIM benchmark model data values, calculate the completion and deviation values ​​of each construction item, and build a digital twin dashboard for the construction site;

[0056] Step 4: Establish a risk warning model and generate multiple warning levels by comprehensively considering schedule deviation, resource matching and environmental impact factors.

[0057] Exemplarily, the step 1 includes:

[0058] Break down the overall schedule into several schedule nodes and simultaneously build models in the BIM model;

[0059] Furthermore, the specific decomposition includes decomposing the overall schedule into several nodes and calculating the weight of each node, wherein the calculation formula is:

[0060]

[0061] Among them, w j Represents the comprehensive weight at the jth node, t j represents the planned duration of the jth node, T represents the total duration, C j Represents the number of BIM constructions associated with the j-th node.

[0062] Classify and quantify on-site resources, and create unique codes for each type of allocated resource to facilitate quick association with BIM model components;

[0063] Furthermore, when classifying and quantifying on-site resources, labor, equipment, and materials should be considered, and each category should be divided into a major category, with each major category having the same initial letter;

[0064] Add a unique identifier to each component in the BIM model and complete the attribute information.

[0065] Assume: labor is X; equipment is Y; material is Z, then the set of resource categories R = X, Y, Z; then each type of resource is assigned a unique code:

[0066]

[0067] Among them, Code k Represents a unique code, ProjectID represents a project unique identifier, Type represents the resource type, such as Y for equipment, and SeqNo represents the serial number of the same type of resource. Represents a concatenation character.

[0068] Bind the estimated on-site resources consumed at each schedule node, their relative codes and quantities, and the corresponding BIM component identifiers one by one;

[0069] Obtain the standard working hours and resource consumption benchmark values ​​for each schedule node in the BIM model;

[0070] When binding, it is important to consider the industry standard material loss factor, for example, the factor for steel structures is 1.05, which gives:

[0071] R=A*1.05*1

[0072] Where R is the actual total demand and A is the design theoretical usage.

[0073] Exemplarily, the step 2 includes:

[0074] Establish an indoor positioning network to track the location of people and equipment in real time;

[0075] The indoor positioning network includes several positioning devices to ensure that personnel and equipment are equipped with positioning devices. The positioning devices can upload the specific location to the Internet of Things in real time, making it easier to grasp the specific real-time location of each person and each device.

[0076] Preferably, the brand model of the positioning device is MYH-SU7 small GPS tracker, which is easy to carry and install.

[0077] Intelligent device terminals with integrated vibration, temperature, and oil pressure monitoring functions collect construction machinery operation data;

[0078] Furthermore, vibration sensors, temperature sensors and oil pressure sensors are installed on each construction machinery and equipment. The vibration sensor adopts a six-axis vibration detector with a range of 0-10g, the temperature sensor adopts a high-precision temperature sensor with an error within the range of ±0.1℃, and the oil pressure sensor adopts a pressure sensor with a range of 0-10KPa.

[0079] Among them, the brand model of the high-precision temperature sensor is sinomeasure-SIN-WZP-PT100, the brand model of the six-axis vibration detector is MEL-8511, and the brand model of the oil pressure sensor is HE80A.

[0080] Establish a material tracking network to record material arrival, issuance and inventory status;

[0081] Specifically, material entry management includes:

[0082] Before the supplier ships the goods, the material list is uploaded through the system, which includes but is not limited to batch number, quantity and specifications;

[0083] The system automatically finds the coding data based on the material and synchronizes it to the corresponding components of the BIM model;

[0084] After the goods arrive, the arrival information will be automatically compared with the list, and if qualified, a warehousing permission instruction will be generated;

[0085] After the materials are put into storage, the inventory status is automatically updated and the material location is marked in the BIM model.

[0086] Specifically, material collection and inventory status management includes:

[0087] The construction team submits a material requisition according to the code in the BIM construction and indicates the purpose;

[0088] The system compares the material quantity and material collection time in the material collection request list with the planned quantity, with a maximum error of ±5%;

[0089] After the comparison is qualified, the project manager approves the material requisition application through the system;

[0090] After the application is approved, the warehouse manager will issue the materials according to the application and scan them out of the warehouse;

[0091] After scanning, the system automatically updates the material consumption data value.

[0092] Establish a real-time environmental monitoring network to collect the temperature, humidity, and PM2.5 parameter values ​​of the engineering environment in real time.

[0093] Exemplarily, the step three includes:

[0094] Calculate the completion degree of each construction item. The completion degree is expressed as follows:

[0095]

[0096] in, Representative The completion percentage of each construction item; k Represents the weight coefficient of the kth engineering quantity indicator and satisfies v a,k Represents the actual completion amount of the Kth indicator; v p,k represents the planned completion amount of the kth indicator; n represents the total number of engineering quantity indicators involved in the calculation;

[0097] The deviation value is calculated based on the completion degree of each construction item. The expression formula of the deviation value is:

[0098]

[0099] in, represents the progress deviation rate of the i-th construction item, t a,j Represents the actual time consumed, t p,i Represents the planned time, and max(0, x) represents the non-negative constraint function.

[0100] Furthermore, when x<0, it is set to 0 to avoid negative deviation caused by the advance progress.

[0101] Construct a dynamic digital twin, the construction expression is:

[0102] DT(t+Δ t )=F(DT(t),Δ D )

[0103] Where DT(t) represents the state of the digital twin at time t, F represents the state update function, and Δ t Represents duration; Δ D Represents the amount of state change;

[0104] Furthermore, in the above expression, ΔD is a four-dimensional vector, which includes the completion degree change Δ α , Deviation rate change Δ β , resource fluctuation vector Δ R , environmental parameter change Δ E , from which we can get:

[0105] Δ D =Δ α , Δ β , Δ R , Δ E

[0106] Among them, resource fluctuation vectors include changes in labor, equipment and materials, and environmental parameter changes include changes in environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and wind speed.

[0107] Specifically, the quantitative formula for the change in environmental factors is:

[0108]

[0109] Where T represents the real-time temperature, preferably 28°C, H represents the real-time humidity, and W represents the real-time wind speed. σ(x) represents the sigmoid function, tanh(x) represents the hyperbolic tangent function, and ReLU(x) represents the linear rectification function.

[0110] Build a virtual-reality fusion rendering model to generate a 3D visualization dashboard;

[0111] Furthermore, the expression for constructing the virtual-reality fusion rendering model is:

[0112] I disp =λ·I bim +(1-λ)·I real

[0113] Among them, I disp Represents the final display image, I bim Represents the BIM model rendering image, I real represents the actual scene image, and λ represents the virtual-real fusion weight coefficient.

[0114] Exemplarily, the step 4 includes:

[0115] Calculate the comprehensive risk index. The calculation method of the comprehensive risk index is:

[0116] R=w1·f(β)+w2·g(Ψ)+w3·h(Δ E )

[0117] Among them, β represents the progress deviation value, Ψ represents the resource matching degree, Δ Erepresents the environmental deviation coefficient; w1+w2+w3=1 is the weight;

[0118] Set up multi-level warning triggering rules, which are divided into four levels: normal, attention, warning and emergency;

[0119] The multi-level warning trigger colors are: normal (green), attention (yellow), warning (orange), emergency (red);

[0120] The current warning level is determined by comparing the obtained risk index R with the threshold set for each level;

[0121] Assume that when the comprehensive risk index R≤0.3, it is a normal state and the early warning system automatically triggers the green indicator light;

[0122] When the comprehensive risk index is 0.3<R≤0.6, it is in a state of concern. The early warning system automatically triggers the yellow indicator light and sends a concern signal to the monitoring personnel and the staff in the area at the same time.

[0123] When the comprehensive risk index is 0.6<R≤0.8, it is in warning state, the early warning system automatically triggers the orange indicator light, and sends a warning signal to the monitoring personnel and the staff in the area at the same time;

[0124] When the comprehensive risk index R>0.8, it is an emergency state. The early warning system automatically triggers the red indicator light and sends an emergency signal to the monitoring personnel and the staff in the area at the same time; and at the same time sends a signal to the on-site emergency repair personnel to enable them to quickly reach the emergency location; at the same time, an evacuation notice is sent to the on-site non-emergency repair personnel to ensure the clearance of the construction environment.

[0125] Furthermore, when the warning level reaches an emergency state, construction workers can only return to the site after it returns to normal for more than 1 hour and the on-site repair personnel send a confirmation signal.

[0126] The above embodiment has the following beneficial effects:

[0127] By integrating the time and resource dimensions of the 5D-BIM benchmark model, the construction schedule is integrated with the 3D model, making the construction sequence and resource requirements of each component clearer. The digital twin dashboard then reflects actual progress and plan deviations in real time, allowing for simultaneous progress analysis across multiple dimensions, including space, time, and resources, to improve decision-making efficiency. Real-time monitoring of personnel, equipment, and materials is conducted from multiple perspectives to avoid blind spots. Material monitoring is also tracked from arrival to receipt and inventory status to ensure material utilization.

[0128] At the same time, the comprehensive risk index is calculated in real time through monitoring results, and then four levels of status are established: normal, attention, warning and emergency. The comprehensive risk index is compared with the four levels of status in real time, so that the comprehensive risk of the construction site can be adjusted in real time. This not only ensures the risk control level of the construction site, but also allows for faster on-site repairs and the return of construction personnel after the risk is eliminated, thereby ensuring the smoothness and safety of construction.

[0129] In addition, based on the above-mentioned method for real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk warning based on BIM and the Internet of Things, an embodiment of the present invention further proposes a real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk warning system based on BIM and the Internet of Things, including:

[0130] BIM data binding unit, including schedule binding, which associates WBS nodes in the construction schedule with BIM model components through unique identifiers, and resource allocation binding, which associates the planned allocation of human resources, material resources, and mechanical resources for each BIM component;

[0131] BIM data integration unit, including data import interface, support for multiple BIM formats, and baseline model management, namely: version control, data verification and model lightweight processing;

[0132] IoT monitoring unit, including a personnel positioning system, which tracks the location and movement of construction personnel in real time;

[0133] Furthermore, it also includes a material management system, which includes recording the material entry, storage and use;

[0134] Furthermore, it also includes a machinery status monitoring system, through which the operation parameters of the construction machinery are collected in real time;

[0135] Furthermore, it also includes an environmental parameter collection system, which detects in real time the impact of environmental factors such as humidity, temperature and noise on construction.

[0136] In addition, when the above modules are executed, they are also used to implement other steps of the above-mentioned method for real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk warning based on BIM and the Internet of Things, which will not be repeated here.

[0137] In addition, the present invention also provides a terminal device. The real-time monitoring and risk warning method of construction project progress based on BIM and the Internet of Things involved in this embodiment is mainly applied to the terminal device, which can be a PC, portable computer, mobile terminal, and other devices with display and processing functions.

[0138] Specifically, a terminal device may include a processor (e.g., a CPU), a communication bus, a user interface, a network interface, and a memory. The communication bus is used to enable communication between these components; the user interface may include a display and an input unit such as a keyboard; the network interface may optionally include a standard wired interface or a wireless interface (e.g., a Wi-Fi interface); and the memory may be high-speed RAM or non-volatile memory, such as a disk drive. The memory may also be a storage device independent of the processor.

[0139] It will be understood that a computer-readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can hold and store instructions used by an instruction execution device. Computer-readable storage media can be, for example, but not limited to, an electrical storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination thereof. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of computer-readable storage media include: a portable computer disk, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanical encoding device, such as a punch card or a raised structure in a groove on which instructions are stored, and any suitable combination thereof. As used herein, a computer-readable storage medium is not to be construed as a transient signal per se, such as a radio wave or other freely propagating electromagnetic wave, an electromagnetic wave propagating through a waveguide or other transmission medium (e.g., a light pulse through a fiber optic cable), or an electrical signal transmitted through an electrical wire.

[0140] Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or make equivalent replacements for some of the technical features therein; and these modifications or replacements do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk early warning based on BIM and the Internet of Things, characterized by: The following steps are involved: Step 1: Bind the construction schedule, resource allocation plan, and BIM 3D model components to form a 5D-BIM benchmark model data value with time dimension and resource attributes; Step 2: Build the IoT perception layer and collect data on personnel location, machinery operation status, material delivery information, and environmental parameters in real time; Step 3: Compare the collected data values ​​with the 5D-BIM benchmark model data values, calculate the completion and deviation values ​​of each construction item, and build a digital twin dashboard for the construction site; Step 4: Establish a risk warning model and generate multiple warning levels by comprehensively considering schedule deviation, resource matching and environmental impact factors.

2. The method for real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk early warning based on BIM and the Internet of Things according to claim 1 is characterized by: The step one comprises: Break down the overall schedule into several schedule nodes and simultaneously build models in the BIM model; Classify and quantify on-site resources, and create unique codes for each type of allocated resource to facilitate quick association with BIM model components; Add a unique identifier to each component in the BIM model and complete the attribute information.

3. The method for real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk early warning based on BIM and the Internet of Things according to claim 2 is characterized by: The step one further comprises: The estimated on-site resources consumed at each schedule node, their relative codes and quantities, are bound one by one to the corresponding BIM component identifiers; the standard working hours and resource consumption benchmark values ​​for each schedule node are obtained in the BIM model.

4. The method for real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk early warning based on BIM and the Internet of Things according to claim 3 is characterized by: The second step includes: Establish an indoor positioning network to track the location of people and equipment in real time; An intelligent device terminal with integrated vibration, temperature, and oil pressure monitoring functions collects construction machinery operation data.

5. The method for real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk early warning based on BIM and the Internet of Things according to claim 4 is characterized by: The second step also includes: Establish a material tracking network to record material arrival, issuance and inventory status; Establish a real-time micro-environment monitoring network to collect the temperature, humidity, and PM2.5 parameter values ​​of the engineering environment in real time.

6. The method for real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk early warning based on BIM and the Internet of Things according to claim 5 is characterized by: The step three includes: Calculate the completion degree of each construction item. The completion degree is expressed as follows: in, Representative The completion percentage of each construction item; k Represents the weight coefficient of the kth engineering quantity indicator and satisfies v a,k represents the actual completion amount of the Kth indicator; v p,k represents the planned completion amount of the kth indicator; n represents the total number of engineering quantity indicators involved in the calculation; The deviation value is calculated based on the completion degree of each construction item.

7. The method for real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk early warning based on BIM and the Internet of Things according to claim 6 is characterized by: The step three also includes: Construct a dynamic digital twin, the construction expression is: DT(t+Δ t )=F(DT(t),Δ D ) Where DT(t) represents the state of the digital twin at time t, F represents the state update function, and Δ t Represents duration; Δ D Represents the amount of state change; Build a virtual-reality fusion rendering model to generate a 3D visualization dashboard.

8. The method for real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk early warning based on BIM and the Internet of Things according to claim 7 is characterized by: The fourth step includes: Calculate the comprehensive risk index. The calculation method of the comprehensive risk index is: R=w1·f(β)+w2·g(Ψ)+w3·h(Δ e ) Among them, β represents the progress deviation value, Ψ represents the resource matching degree, Δ E represents the environmental deviation coefficient; w1+w2+w3=1 is the weight.

9. The method for real-time monitoring of construction project progress and risk early warning based on BIM and the Internet of Things according to claim 8, characterized in that: The step 4 further includes: Set up multi-level warning triggering rules, which are divided into four levels: normal, attention, warning and emergency; The current warning level is determined by comparing the obtained risk index R with the threshold set for each level.

10. A real-time monitoring and risk warning system for construction project progress based on BIM and the Internet of Things, characterized by: include: BIM data binding unit, including schedule binding, which associates WBS nodes in the construction schedule with BIM model components through unique identifiers, and resource allocation binding, which associates the planned allocation of human resources, material resources, and mechanical resources for each BIM component; BIM data integration unit, including data import interface, support for multiple BIM formats, and baseline model management, namely: version control, data verification and model lightweight processing; The IoT monitoring unit includes a personnel positioning system that tracks the location and movement of construction personnel in real time; a material management system that records the arrival, storage, and use of materials; a machinery status monitoring system that collects the operating parameters of construction machinery; and an environmental parameter collection system that detects in real time the impact of environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and noise on construction.

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