Perovskite photovoltaic cell and preparation method thereof, perovskite photovoltaic module and power utilization device

Abstract

The invention provides a perovskite photovoltaic cell and a preparation method thereof, a perovskite photovoltaic module and an electric device. The perovskite photovoltaic cell comprises a first electrode, a second electrode and a cell function layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode. Wherein the second electrode is provided with a lead-out hole, the lead-out hole is provided with a first hole section and a second hole section, the first hole section is closer to the battery functional layer than the second hole section, the first hole section is filled with first butyl rubber, and the second hole section is filled with second butyl rubber; the melting temperature of the first butyl rubber is less than or equal to 120 DEG C, and the water vapor permeability of the second butyl rubber is less than or equal to 0.5 g / (m < 2 >. 24h). The perovskite photovoltaic cell provided by the invention has a better water and oxygen barrier effect, and water and oxygen corrosion at the lead-out hole position can be reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the field of perovskite cell technology, and specifically to a perovskite photovoltaic cell and a preparation method thereof, a perovskite photovoltaic module, and an electrical device. Background Art

[0002] Perovskite photovoltaic cells are photovoltaic cells that use perovskite-type organic metal halide semiconductors as light-absorbing materials. They have excellent photoelectric properties and have brought new space and hope to photovoltaic power generation.

[0003] During the production process of perovskite photovoltaic cells, corrosion problems caused by water and oxygen will occur on the perovskite photovoltaic cells, which seriously affects the production and use of perovskite photovoltaic cells. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The embodiments of the present application provide a perovskite photovoltaic cell and a preparation method thereof, a perovskite photovoltaic module, and an electrical device.

[0005] In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a perovskite photovoltaic cell, comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a battery functional layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode; wherein, an extraction hole is provided on the second electrode, the extraction hole having a first hole segment and a second hole segment, the first hole segment being closer to the battery functional layer than the second hole segment, the first hole segment being filled with a first butyl rubber, and the second hole segment being filled with a second butyl rubber; the melting temperature of the first butyl rubber is ≤120°C, and the water vapor permeability of the second butyl rubber is ≤0.5g / (m 2 ·24h).

[0006] In the embodiment of the present application, by using the first butyl rubber and the second butyl rubber in combination, the first butyl rubber with a lower melting temperature is filled in the lead-out hole as a heat-insulating layer, which can reduce the damage of the second butyl rubber to the functional layer due to the high temperature in the molten state; thereby, the second butyl rubber with a lower water vapor permeability can be heated to a molten state and then filled into the lead-out hole, thereby reducing the filling gap in the lead-out hole, increasing the sealing of the lead-out hole, improving the water-oxygen barrier effect, and thereby reducing the generation of water-oxygen corrosion in the lead-out hole, so that the perovskite photovoltaic cell has better stability and longer service life.

[0007] In some embodiments, the melting temperature of the first butyl rubber is 40° C. to 100° C. The molten first butyl rubber causes less damage to the battery functional layer, and can further reduce the damage to the battery functional layer caused by high temperature.

[0008] In some embodiments, the water vapor permeability of the second butyl rubber is ≤0.3 g / (m 2Limiting the water vapor permeability of the second butyl rubber to the above range can further improve the sealing performance after the lead-out hole is blocked and reduce the occurrence of water and oxygen corrosion.

[0009] In some embodiments, the water vapor permeability of the first butyl rubber is ≤1.0 g / (m 2 Limiting the water vapor permeability of the first butyl rubber to the above range can further improve the sealing performance after the lead-out hole is blocked and reduce the occurrence of water and oxygen corrosion.

[0010] In some embodiments, the melt index of the first butyl rubber measured at 215° C. and 10 kg pressure is less than or equal to 20 cm 3 / 10min.

[0011] In some embodiments, the melt index of the second butyl rubber measured at 215° C. and 10 kg pressure is less than or equal to 10 cm 3 / 10min.

[0012] The melt index of the first butyl rubber and the second butyl rubber is limited to the above range, which has better fluidity and filling properties, can reduce the filling gap in the lead-out hole, and improve the sealing performance.

[0013] In some embodiments, the length H1 of the first hole segment and the length H2 of the second hole segment satisfy the following conditions: 0.01H ≤ H1 ≤ 0.99H, H1 + H2 ≤ H, where H is the length of the outlet hole. By adjusting the lengths of the first and second hole segments, filling combinations with different water and oxygen barrier effects can be obtained.

[0014] In some embodiments, 0.2H≤H1≤0.8H. The filling depth of the first butyl rubber is within this range, and as a heat insulation layer, it can provide a good heat insulation effect, and at the same time, it can have a good water and oxygen barrier effect at the lead-out hole position after plugging.

[0015] In some embodiments, the second electrode has a first region on a side distal from the battery functional layer. A sealing layer surrounding the lead-out hole is disposed in the first region. The sealing layer is made of one or more of a second butyl adhesive, silicone adhesive, polyurethane adhesive, and glass hot-melt adhesive. While adhering and securing the junction box, the sealing layer also provides a certain sealing effect, reducing moisture from entering the lead-out hole, further enhancing the sealing effect at the lead-out hole and reducing the risk of water-oxygen corrosion.

[0016] In some embodiments, the second electrode further comprises a second region on a side away from the battery functional layer, and a bonding layer is provided on the second region. The bonding layer is made of silicone. The bonding layer can provide a stable bonding effect for the junction box, thereby improving the bonding stability of the junction box.

[0017] In some embodiments, the perovskite photovoltaic cell further includes: a bus bar for conducting photocurrent from the cell functional layer, wherein the bus bar passes through the lead-out hole.

[0018] In some embodiments, the battery functional layer includes: an electron transport layer; a hole transport layer; and a perovskite light absorption layer located between the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer; the material of the perovskite light absorption layer includes one or more of an inorganic halide perovskite material, an organic halide perovskite material, and an inorganic-organic hybrid halide perovskite material.

[0019] In some embodiments, at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode.

[0020] In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a method for preparing a perovskite photovoltaic cell, comprising the following steps:

[0021] providing a first electrode;

[0022] forming a battery function layer on the first electrode, and forming a second electrode having a lead-out hole on the battery function layer;

[0023] The first butyl rubber is filled into the lead-out hole to a first depth H1, and then the second butyl rubber is filled to a second depth H2; wherein,

[0024] The first depth H1 and the second depth H2 satisfy the following conditions: 0.01H≤H1≤0.99H, H1+H2≤H, where H is the length of the lead-out hole.

[0025] In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a perovskite photovoltaic module, which includes the perovskite photovoltaic cell of the embodiment of the first aspect of the present application or the perovskite photovoltaic cell obtained by the preparation method of the embodiment of the second aspect of the present application.

[0026] In a fourth aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides an electrical device, comprising the perovskite photovoltaic module of the embodiment of the third aspect of the present application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the following is a brief introduction to the drawings required for use in the embodiments of the present application. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without any creative work.

[0028] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the cross section of a perovskite photovoltaic cell provided in one embodiment of the present application.

[0029] Figure 2 yes Figure 1Top view of a perovskite photovoltaic cell.

[0030] Figure 3 This is a top view of a perovskite photovoltaic cell provided in another embodiment of the present application.

[0031] Figure 4 This is a top view of a perovskite photovoltaic cell provided in another embodiment of the present application.

[0032] Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the structure of the perovskite photovoltaic cell provided in one embodiment of the present application.

[0033] Figure 6 It is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite photovoltaic cell provided in another embodiment of the present application.

[0034] Figure 7 This is a photo of the perovskite photovoltaic cell in Example 1 of the present application after 2000 hours of water and oxygen testing.

[0035] Figure 8 This is a photo of the perovskite photovoltaic cell in Comparative Example 2 of the present application after 2000 hours of water and oxygen testing.

[0036] Explanation of the accompanying drawings: 10, first electrode; 20, second electrode; 21, lead-out hole; 211, first hole segment; 212, second hole segment; 22, first region; 23, second region; 30, battery functional layer; 31, electron transport layer; 32, hole transport layer; 33, perovskite light absorption layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] Below, the embodiments of the battery cell, battery, and electrical device of the present application are described in detail with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings. However, there may be cases where unnecessary detailed descriptions are omitted. For example, there may be cases where detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repeated descriptions of actually the same structure are omitted. This is to avoid the following description from becoming unnecessarily lengthy and to facilitate the understanding of those skilled in the art. In addition, the drawings and the following description are provided for those skilled in the art to fully understand the present application and are not intended to limit the subject matter described in the claims.

[0038] " range " disclosed in the present application is limited in the form of lower limit and upper limit, and given range is limited by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, and the selected lower limit and upper limit define the boundary of special range. The scope limited in this way can be to include end value or not include end value, and can be arbitrarily combined, that is, any lower limit can form a range with any upper limit combination. For example, if the scope of 60-120 and 80-110 is listed for specific parameters, it is understood that the scope of 60-110 and 80-120 is also expected. In addition, if the minimum range value 1 and 2 are listed, and if the maximum range value 3,4 and 5 are listed, then the following range can all be expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4 and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise specified, the numerical range " ab " represents the abbreviation of any real number combination between a and b, wherein a and b are all real numbers. For example, a numerical range of "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" are listed herein, and "0-5" is simply an abbreviation for these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is expressed as an integer ≥ 2, this is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0039] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of the present application can be combined with each other to form new technical solutions, and such technical solutions should be considered to be included in the disclosure of the present application.

[0040] Unless otherwise specified, all steps of the present application may be performed sequentially, randomly, or optionally sequentially. For example, the method includes steps (a) and (b), indicating that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, the method may further include step (c), indicating that step (c) may be added to the method in any order, for example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0041] Unless otherwise specified, the terms "connected" and "connection" in this application should be understood broadly. For example, they can refer to fixed connection, detachable connection, or integral connection; they can refer to direct connection, indirect connection through an intermediate medium, or internal communication between two components. Those skilled in the art will understand the specific meanings of the above terms in this application based on specific circumstances.

[0042] As used herein, the term "multiple" refers to more than two, including two. As used herein, the term "multiple" refers to more than two, including two.

[0043] Perovskite photovoltaic cells generally consist of a perovskite layer, a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, and an electrode layer. The perovskite layer, hole transport layer, and electron transport layer are collectively referred to as the cell's functional layers. The operating process of a perovskite cell primarily involves the generation and separation of excitons, the transport of free carriers, the collection of carriers, and the generation of current. The detailed process is as follows: In a perovskite photovoltaic cell, sunlight is absorbed by the perovskite layer, which absorbs photons and generates excitons. Due to the low Coulomb binding force of the perovskite layer, the excitons then separate into free electrons and holes. The separated free carriers are transported within the perovskite layer and then transported out through the transport layer. The electron transport layer transmits electrons while blocking holes, while the hole transport layer transmits holes while blocking electrons. The electrons and holes transmitted through the transport layer are collected by the electrodes, generating current and voltage, respectively. The carriers generated in the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer are collected by the longitudinal drainage bars and then led out through the bus bar. The bus bar passes through the lead-out hole on the back plate and is connected to the junction box to conduct the photocurrent.

[0044] At the lead-out hole position, the battery functional layer is directly connected to the external environment. Water and oxygen in the external environment will invade the battery functional layer and cause water and oxygen corrosion, damaging the structure of the perovskite battery. At present, the lead-out hole is generally sealed by perforating POE (polyolefin elastomer), but the water vapor permeability of POE itself is high, and the wettability of POE and tinned copper strip is poor, resulting in poor sealing of the sealing position, resulting in a large amount of water vapor permeation at the lead-out hole position. In the related art, there is also a method of using butyl rubber slices to seal the lead-out hole. Butyl rubber has a low water vapor permeability and has a good water vapor barrier effect, which can effectively reduce water and oxygen corrosion caused by water vapor erosion. However, butyl rubber slices are generally solid and have a high melting temperature. The lamination temperature is not enough to completely melt the butyl rubber slices. The unmelted butyl rubber cannot smoothly flow into the gap between the bus bar and the lead-out hole, resulting in the butyl rubber being unable to completely seal the lead-out hole. There is a certain gap in the lead-out hole, and there is still a risk of water and oxygen corrosion. If the temperature is increased to completely melt the base adhesive, the excessively high temperature will damage the perovskite film layer in the perovskite cell, causing damage to the perovskite cell's function or even failure. Furthermore, generally speaking, the lower the water vapor permeability of butyl adhesive, the higher its melting temperature. Therefore, if butyl adhesive with a lower melting temperature is used for filling, its water vapor barrier effect is poor, making it difficult to effectively isolate water and oxygen corrosion.

[0045] In view of the above problems, an embodiment of the present application provides a perovskite photovoltaic cell, which can effectively reduce water and oxygen corrosion at the lead-out hole position by using a first butyl rubber and a second butyl rubber to fill the lead-out hole for sealing.

[0046] The embodiment of the first aspect of the present application provides a perovskite photovoltaic cell, referring to Figure 1 and Figure 2 The perovskite photovoltaic cell includes: a first electrode 10, a second electrode 20, and a battery functional layer 30 located between the first electrode and the second electrode; wherein the second electrode 20 is provided with an extraction hole 21, the extraction hole 21 having a first hole segment 211 and a second hole segment 212, the first hole segment 211 being closer to the battery functional layer 30 than the second hole segment 212, the first hole segment 211 being filled with a first butyl rubber, and the second hole segment 212 being filled with a second butyl rubber;

[0047] The melting temperature of the first butyl rubber is ≤120℃, and the water vapor transmission rate of the second butyl rubber is ≤0.5g / (m 2 ·24h).

[0048] As can be understood by those skilled in the art, the melting temperature is the temperature at which a polymer melts, and refers to the temperature at which a polymer transitions from a solid state to a liquid amorphous state. The melting temperatures of the first butyl rubber and the second butyl rubber can be tested according to the method specified in GB / T 19466.3-2004 "Plastics Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Part 3: Determination of Melting and Crystallization Temperatures and Enthalpies". In the embodiments of the present application, the melting temperature of the first butyl rubber ≤ 120°C means that the temperature at which the first butyl rubber reaches a completely molten state does not exceed 120°C, which corresponds to the extrapolated melting termination temperature T in GB / T 19466.3-2004. efm ≤120℃.

[0049] Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) refers to the mass of water vapor that permeates a unit area of ​​a sample per unit time under specified test conditions. It can be measured using conventional methods in the art. For example, it can be measured using the method specified in GB / T 1037-2021, "Test Method for Water Vapor Permeability of Plastic Film and Sheeting - Cup Weight Gain and Weight Loss Method." In the examples of this application, the WVTR test conditions are 38°C ± 0.5°C and 90% ± 2% relative humidity.

[0050] In the embodiment of the present application, the first butyl rubber has a lower melting temperature and causes less damage to the battery functional layer in the molten state; the second butyl rubber has a lower water vapor permeability and can play an effective water vapor barrier effect. When the lead-out hole is sealed, the molten first butyl rubber is first filled into the lead-out hole to a certain depth (first hole section), and then the molten second butyl rubber (second hole section) is filled into the lead-out hole, and the second butyl rubber is located above the first butyl rubber. Since the melting temperature of the first butyl rubber is relatively low, it has little effect on battery components such as the perovskite functional layer in the perovskite photovoltaic cell in the molten state. Therefore, it can exist as a heat insulation layer to reduce the damage of the upper second butyl rubber to the battery functional layer in the molten state. At the same time, the first butyl rubber can also play a certain water vapor barrier role. The second butyl rubber has an extremely low water vapor permeability and an excellent water-oxygen barrier effect. Filling it into the lead-out hole in the molten state can increase the sealing of the lead-out hole after sealing, thereby reducing the generation of water-oxygen corrosion at the lead-out hole position.

[0051] In the embodiment of the present application, the first butyl rubber and the second butyl rubber are used in combination, and the first butyl rubber with a lower melting temperature is filled in the lead-out hole as a heat insulation layer, thereby allowing the second butyl rubber with an extremely low water vapor permeability to be heated to a molten state and then filled into the lead-out hole, thereby reducing the damage of the second butyl rubber to the perovskite functional layer caused by the high temperature in the molten state. In addition, the molten second butyl rubber can reduce the filling gaps in the lead-out hole when filling, increase the sealing of the lead-out hole, improve the water vapor barrier effect, and thereby reduce the occurrence of water and oxygen corrosion in the lead-out hole, so that the perovskite photovoltaic cell has better stability and longer service life.

[0052] In the embodiment of the present application, the lead-out hole is a through hole. The number of the lead-out holes can be one or two. The shape of the lead-out hole can be a circular hole, a square hole, or other regular or irregular holes, and a circular hole or a square hole can be selected.

[0053] In some embodiments, the melting temperature of the first butyl rubber may be 40°C to 100°C.

[0054] The melting temperature of the first butyl rubber is limited to the above range. The molten first butyl rubber has less impact on the battery functional layer, which can further reduce the damage of high temperature to the battery functional layer. At the same time, the melting temperature of the first butyl rubber is within this range, which can reduce the impact of the operating temperature of the perovskite photovoltaic cell on the filling state of the first butyl rubber and improve the stability of the lead-out hole sealing. Illustratively, the melting temperature of the first butyl rubber may be 40°C-100°C, 40°C-90°C, 40°C-80°C, 40°C-70°C, 40°C-60°C, 40°C-50°C, 50°C-100°C, 50°C-90°C, 50°C-80°C, 50°C-70°C, 50°C-60°C, 60°C-100°C, 60°C-90°C, 60°C-80°C, 60°C-70°C, 70°C-100°C, 70°C-90°C, 70°C-80°C, 80°C-100°C, 80°C-90°C, 90°C-100°C.

[0055] In some embodiments, the water vapor transmission rate of the first butyl rubber is ≤1.0 g / (m 2 ·24h); Optionally, the water vapor permeability of the first butyl rubber is 0.6g / (m 2 24h)-0.8g / (m 2 ·24h).

[0056] The first butyl rubber mainly serves as a heat-insulating layer to reduce the impact of high temperature on the battery functional layer when filling the molten second butyl rubber. At the same time, the first butyl rubber can also play a certain role in blocking the intrusion of water vapor. Limiting the water vapor permeability of the first butyl rubber to the above range can further improve the sealing of the lead-out hole after sealing and reduce the occurrence of water-oxygen corrosion.

[0057] In some embodiments, the melt index of the first butyl rubber measured at 215°C and 10 kg pressure can be less than or equal to 20 cm 3 / 10min; Optionally, the melt index of the first butyl rubber measured at 215°C and 10kg pressure can be 12cm 3 / 10min-18cm 3 / 10min.

[0058] As those skilled in the art will appreciate, melt index, also known as melt flow rate, refers to the rate at which a molten resin is extruded through a die of specified length and inner diameter under specified conditions. It reflects the fluidity of the material in its molten state. A higher melt index indicates better fluidity in the molten state, while a lower melt index indicates poorer fluidity. Melt index can be measured using methods known in the art, such as those specified in GB / T 3682.1-2018.

[0059] The melt index of the first butyl rubber is within this range, and it has better fluidity, which allows for better filling, reduces the filling gaps of the first butyl rubber, and improves sealing.

[0060] In some embodiments, the water vapor transmission rate of the second butyl rubber may be less than or equal to 0.3 g / (m 2 · 24h). The water vapor transmission rate of the second butyl rubber is within the above range, which has a better water and oxygen barrier effect and can further improve the water and oxygen corrosion resistance of the perovskite photovoltaic cell.

[0061] In some embodiments, the water vapor transmission rate of the second butyl rubber is ≤0.3 g / (m 2 ·24h).

[0062] The water vapor permeability of the second butyl rubber is limited to the above range, which can make it have a better water and oxygen barrier effect and further reduce the occurrence of water and oxygen corrosion after the lead-out hole is blocked.

[0063] In some embodiments, the melt index of the second butyl rubber measured at 215°C and 10 kg pressure is less than or equal to 10 cm 3 / 10min; Optionally, the melt index of the second butyl rubber measured at 215°C and 10kg pressure can be 5cm 3 / 10min-8cm 3 / 10min.

[0064] The melt index of the second butyl rubber is within this range, and it has better fluidity, which allows for better filling, reduces the filling gaps of the second butyl rubber, improves sealing, and further reduces the occurrence of water and oxygen corrosion at the lead-out hole.

[0065] In some embodiments, the length H1 of the first hole segment 211 and the length H2 of the second hole segment 212 satisfy the following: 0.01H≤H1≤0.99H, H1+H2≤H, where H is the length of the lead-out hole.

[0066] In the embodiments of the present application, the length of the first hole segment and the length of the second hole segment represent the filling depth of the first butyl rubber in the lead-out hole and the filling depth of the second butyl rubber in the lead-out hole, respectively. The length of the lead-out hole refers to the length of the lead-out hole in the direction of hole extension. Generally, the length H of the lead-out hole can be the thickness of the second electrode. H can have different values ​​depending on the thickness of the second electrode. For example, the value of H can be 1.6 mm to 10 mm, and optionally 3 mm to 9 mm.

[0067] When the first butyl rubber and the second butyl rubber are used to fill the lead-out hole, the lead-out hole can be completely filled (i.e., filled up), in which case H1+H2=H; or the lead-out hole can be partially filled, i.e., there is a certain gap between the upper surface after the second butyl rubber is filled and the upper end of the lead-out hole, in which case H1+H2<H.

[0068] Alternatively, H1+H2=H. Thus, the first butyl rubber and the second butyl rubber are combined to completely fill the lead-out hole, which can further improve the sealing effect and reduce water-oxygen corrosion.

[0069] Optionally, 0.2H≤H1≤0.8H; more preferably, 0.5H≤H1≤0.7H. Therefore, the filling depth of the first butyl rubber is within this range, which can provide a good thermal insulation effect as a thermal insulation layer. At the same time, it can have a good water and oxygen barrier effect at the lead-out hole after plugging, thereby improving the water and oxygen corrosion resistance of the perovskite battery.

[0070] Reference Figure 3 In some embodiments, the second electrode 20 has a first area 22 on a side away from the battery functional layer 30. The first area 22 is provided with a sealing layer surrounding the lead-out hole 21. The material of the sealing layer may include one or more of second butyl glue, silicone glue, polyurethane glue, and glass hot melt glue.

[0071] After exiting the drainage hole, the busbar is connected to the junction box, which is bonded to the surface of the second electrode via a sealing layer. While bonding and securing the junction box, the sealing layer also provides a certain sealing effect, reducing the ingress of moisture into the drainage hole, further enhancing the sealing effect at the drainage hole and reducing the occurrence of water-oxygen corrosion. The sealing layer surrounds the drainage hole, enclosing it. The shape of the sealing layer can be circular, square, or other shapes.

[0072] Reference Figure 4 In some embodiments, the second electrode 20 further has a second region 23 on a side away from the battery functional layer 30 . The second region 23 is provided with an adhesive layer, and the material of the adhesive layer includes silicone.

[0073] An adhesive layer is disposed on the surface of the second electrode, parallel to the sealing layer. The adhesive layer provides a stable bonding effect for the junction box, thereby improving the bonding stability of the junction box. The adhesive layer can be located between the sealing layer and the lead-out hole, or on the side of the sealing layer away from the lead-out hole.

[0074] In some embodiments, the edges of the adhesive layer and the sealing layer may be arranged in contact or non-contact, and may be arranged in contact.

[0075] In some embodiments, the sum of the widths of the adhesive layer and the sealing layer may be 1 mm to 30 mm, optionally 5 mm to 25 mm, and further optionally 8 mm to 20 mm.

[0076] In some embodiments, the width of the sealing layer may account for 10% to 80% of the sum of the widths of the adhesive layer and the sealing layer, optionally 20% to 60%, and further optionally 30% to 50%.

[0077] In some embodiments, the perovskite photovoltaic cell further includes a bus bar for conducting photocurrent from the cell functional layer, and the bus bar passes through the lead-out hole.

[0078] Reference Figure 5 and Figure 6 In some embodiments, the battery functional layer 30 includes: an electron transport layer 31 , a hole transport layer 32 , and a perovskite light absorption layer 33 located between the electron transport layer 31 and the hole transport layer 32 .

[0079] like Figure 5 As shown, in some embodiments, when the perovskite photovoltaic cell is a formal structure, the perovskite photovoltaic cell includes a transparent glass first electrode 10, an electron transport layer 31, a perovskite light absorption layer 33, a hole transport layer 32 and a second electrode 20 stacked in sequence.

[0080] like Figure 6 As shown, in some embodiments, when the perovskite photovoltaic cell is an inverted structure, the perovskite photovoltaic cell includes a transparent glass first electrode 10, a hole transport layer 32, a perovskite light absorbing layer 33, an electron transport layer 31 and a second electrode 20 stacked in sequence.

[0081] The function of the electron transport layer is to efficiently transport the free electrons generated by the perovskite layer, effectively block the passage of free holes, and form an ohmic contact at the interface with the perovskite active layer.

[0082] The electron transport material in the electron transport layer may include but is not limited to one or more of the following materials and their derivatives: imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerenes and their derivatives, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidine (OMeTPA-FA), calcium titanate (CaTiO3), lithium fluoride (LiF), calcium fluoride (CaF2), poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS), poly 3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), triphenylamine with triptycene as the core (H101), 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine (EDO T-OMeTPA), N-(4-phenylamino)carbazole-spirobifluorene (CzPAF-SBF), polythiophene, metal oxide (which can be recorded as the first metal oxide), silicon oxide (SiO2), strontium titanate (SrTiO3), calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, calcium fluoride, cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), etc.; wherein the metal element in the first metal oxide may include one or more of Mg, Ni, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga and Cr.

[0083] In some embodiments, the thickness of the electron transport layer may be 30 nm to 120 nm, optionally 40 nm to 60 nm.

[0084] The function of the hole transport layer is to efficiently transport the free holes generated by the perovskite layer, block the passage of free electrons, and prevent the perovskite active layer from directly contacting the electrode and causing quenching.

[0085] As a non-limiting example, the hole transport material in the hole transport layer may include, but is not limited to, one or more of 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-p-methoxyanilino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidine, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS), poly3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), triphenylamine with triptycene as the core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-phenylamino)carbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, phosphate-based monomers, carbazole-based monomers, sulfonic acid-based monomers, triphenylamine-based monomers, aromatic monomers, metal oxides (which may be recorded as second metal oxides) and cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), wherein the metal elements in the second metal oxide may include one or more of Ni, Mo and Cu.

[0086] In some embodiments, the thickness of the hole transport layer may be 5 nm-50 nm, optionally 5 nm-15 nm.

[0087] In some embodiments, the material of the perovskite light absorbing layer may include one or more of an inorganic halide perovskite material, an organic halide perovskite material, and an inorganic-organic hybrid halide perovskite material.

[0088] In some embodiments, the chemical formula of the material of the perovskite light absorbing layer may be ABX3 or A2CDX6, where:

[0089] A is an inorganic, organic or organic-inorganic mixed cation, which can be methylamino (CH3NH3 + )(MA + ), carboxamidino (HC(NH2)2 + )(FA + ), cesium ions (Cs + ), rubidium (Rb + ) in one or more, further optionally methylamino (CH3NH3 + ) or carboxamidino (HC(NH2)2 + );

[0090] B is an inorganic, organic or organic-inorganic mixed cation, optionally a divalent metal ion Pb2 + and Sn2 + At least one of;

[0091] C is an inorganic, organic or organic-inorganic mixed cation, optionally a monovalent metal ion Ag + wait;

[0092] D is an inorganic, organic or organic-inorganic mixed cation, optionally a trivalent metal ion bismuth cation Bi3 + 、Antimony cation Sb3 + 、Indium cation In3 + wait;

[0093] X is an inorganic, organic or organic-inorganic mixed anion, optionally one or more of a halogen anion and a carboxylate anion, and further optionally a bromide ion (Br - ) or iodide ion (I - ).

[0094] In some embodiments, the material of the perovskite light absorbing layer may include but is not limited to CH3NH3PbI3 (abbreviated as MAPbI3), CH(NH2)2PbI3 (abbreviated as FAPbI3), Cs 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17)3 (abbreviated as CsFAMA), at least one of CsPbI3, CsPbI2Br, and CsPbIBr2.

[0095] In some embodiments, the band gap of the perovskite light-absorbing layer can be 1.20 eV - 2.3 eV.

[0096] In some embodiments, the thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer can be 200 nm - 1000 nm, and optionally 400 nm - 600 nm.

[0097] In some embodiments, at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode.

[0098] In some embodiments, the material of the transparent electrode can include one of ITO (indium tin oxide) conductive glass, FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) conductive glass, AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide) conductive glass, BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide) conductive glass, IZO (indium zinc oxide) conductive glass, and IWO (tungsten-doped indium oxide) conductive glass.

[0099] In some embodiments, the second electrode can include an electrode layer and a backplane layer. The material of the electrode layer can be aluminum, copper, or silver, and the backplane layer can be transparent glass.

[0100] [[ID=1⑧]]The structure of the perovskite photovoltaic cell can be a normal structure or an inverted structure.

[0101] Preparation method of perovskite photovoltaic cell

[0102] Embodiments of the second aspect of the present application provide a preparation method of a perovskite photovoltaic cell, including the following steps:

[0103] S100, provide a first electrode;

[0104] S200, form a cell functional layer on the first electrode, and form a second electrode with a lead-out hole on the cell functional layer;

[0105] S300, fill the lead-out hole with the first butyl glue to a first depth H1, and then fill the second butyl glue to a second depth H2; wherein,

[0106] The first depth H1 and the second depth H2 satisfy: 0.01H ≤ H1 ≤ 0.99H, H1 < H2 ≤ H, where H is the length of the lead-out hole.

[0107] In some embodiments, the first electrode can be a transparent electrode or a non-transparent electrode, and optionally a transparent electrode.

[0108] In some embodiments, step S200 includes:

[0109] S210, prepare a hole transport layer on the first electrode;

[0110] S220, preparing a perovskite light absorbing layer on the hole transport layer;

[0111] S230, preparing an electron transport layer on the perovskite light absorbing layer;

[0112] S240, preparing a second electrode on the electron transport layer, wherein the second electrode is provided with an extraction hole.

[0113] It can be understood that the preparation methods of the above-mentioned layers may include but are not limited to chemical bath deposition, electrochemical deposition, chemical vapor deposition, physical epitaxial growth, thermal evaporation co-evaporation, atomic layer deposition, magnetron sputtering, precursor coating, precursor slit coating, precursor scraping, etc. Those skilled in the art can choose according to actual needs. In addition to the above-mentioned setting method, a mechanical pressing method can also be used to form at least two interconnected functional layers at one time.

[0114] In some embodiments, in step S300, the first butyl rubber and the second butyl rubber are heated to a completely molten state and then filled. As a result, the first butyl rubber and the second butyl rubber can be fully filled in the lead-out hole, reducing the filling gap, thereby improving the sealing of the lead-out hole and reducing the occurrence of water-oxygen corrosion.

[0115] Perovskite photovoltaic modules

[0116] An embodiment of the third aspect of the present application provides a perovskite photovoltaic module, which includes the perovskite photovoltaic cell provided by the embodiment of the first aspect of the present application or the perovskite photovoltaic cell obtained according to the preparation method of the embodiment of the second aspect of the present application.

[0117] Photovoltaic modules refer to solar cell modules, i.e., integrated modules that include multiple perovskite cells. These modules include several cell strings, each of which may include multiple perovskite cells connected in series via connectors such as solder ribbons.

[0118] In a photovoltaic module, in addition to the cell string, it also includes front glass, front packaging film, back packaging film, back glass, etc. As an example, a photovoltaic module includes front glass, front packaging film, cell string, back packaging film and back glass stacked in sequence along the thickness direction.

[0119] Electrical devices

[0120] An embodiment of the fourth aspect of the present application provides an electrical device, including a perovskite photovoltaic component according to the embodiment of the third aspect of the present application.

[0121] Electrical equipment can be in various forms, such as electric cars, ships, spacecraft, solar water heaters, solar energy, etc.

[0122] Example

[0123] Below, the embodiment of the present application is described. The embodiment described below is exemplary and is only used to explain the present application, and is not to be construed as limiting the present application. Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, the techniques or conditions described in the literature in this area or the product specifications are used. Reagents or instruments used that do not specify the manufacturer are conventional products that can be obtained commercially.

[0124] Example 1

[0125] A perovskite photovoltaic cell comprises a transparent substrate layer (first electrode), a hole transport layer, a perovskite light absorption layer, an electron transport layer, and an electrode layer (second electrode) stacked in sequence, wherein an extraction hole is provided on the electrode layer, and the extraction hole is sequentially filled with a first butyl rubber and a second butyl rubber. The perovskite photovoltaic cell is prepared by the following method:

[0126] S100, take a 2cm×2cm ITO conductive glass, remove 1μm of thickness at a distance of 0.35cm from the left and right ends by laser etching to ensure that the glass substrate is exposed; then the surface is cleaned twice with acetone and isopropyl alcohol respectively, and then immersed in deionized water for ultrasonic treatment for 10min, and then dried in a drying oven and placed in a glove box (nitrogen atmosphere) to serve as a transparent substrate

[0127] S200, preparing a hole transport layer: spin-coating a 2 mg / mL PTAA chlorobenzene solution on the ITO conductive glass at a speed of 5000 rpm, and then heating it on a constant temperature stage at 100°C for 10 min to obtain a hole transport layer with a thickness of 20 nm;

[0128] S300, preparing a perovskite light-absorbing layer: spin-coating a 1.5 mol / L MAPbI3 N,N-dimethyldiamide solution on the hole transport layer at a speed of 4000 rpm, then heating it at 100°C on a constant temperature stage for 30 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, a 500 nm thick perovskite light-absorbing layer was obtained;

[0129] S400, preparing an electron transport layer: spin-coating a 20 mg / mL PC61BM chlorobenzene solution on the perovskite light absorbing layer at a speed of 4500 rpm, then heating it at 100°C on a constant temperature table for 10 minutes, and then spin-coating a BCP passivation layer at a speed of 5000 rpm to obtain an electron transport layer; wherein the thickness of the PC61BM layer is 60 nm, and the thickness of the BCP passivation layer is 6 nm;

[0130] S500, placing the device obtained in step S400 into a vacuum coating machine, 4Under vacuum conditions of 1.5 Pa, a 100 nm thick Ag electrode layer was evaporated on the surface of the electron transport layer;

[0131] S600, lead out the positive and negative lead wires on the Ag electrode layer, connect the lead wires to the bus bar, lead the bus bar to the back plate hole, and pass it through the lead hole on the back plate, and then bond the back plate to the surface of the Ag electrode layer;

[0132] S700: First, inject the first butyl rubber heated to completely melt into the outlet hole to a filling depth of H1. After the first butyl rubber cools down, continue to inject the second butyl rubber heated to completely melt into the outlet hole until the outlet hole is completely filled, and then cool naturally. Wherein, H1 = 0.01H, H is the depth of the outlet hole, H = 8mm, and the filling depth of the second butyl rubber is H2 = 0.99H; the melting temperature of the first butyl rubber is 105℃~120℃, and the water vapor transmission rate is 0.3g / (m 2 ·24h), the melt index measured at 215℃ and 10kg pressure is 17.8cm 3 / 10min; the melting temperature of the second butyl rubber is 160℃~185℃, and the water vapor transmission rate is 0.3g / (m 2 ·24h), the melt index measured at 215℃ and 10kg pressure is 7.6cm 3 / 10min.

[0133] S800, a layer of adhesive silicone is coated on the surface of the backplane surrounding the lead-out hole as an adhesive layer, then the junction box is pressed onto the adhesive silicone, and the busbar is welded to the positive and negative poles of the junction box. Subsequently, potting glue is injected and the junction box cover is buckled to make a perovskite photovoltaic cell.

[0134] Examples 2 to 6

[0135] The difference from Example 1 is that the parameters of the first butyl rubber and the second butyl rubber are different, see Table 1 for details, and the rest are consistent with Example 1.

[0136] Example 7

[0137] The difference from Example 1 is that a second butyl rubber layer is also coated on the surface of the backsheet to form a sealing layer. The sealing layer is located between the adhesive layer and the lead-out hole and contacts the edge of the adhesive layer. The width of the sealing layer accounts for 20% of the combined width of the sealing layer and the adhesive layer. All other aspects remain the same as in Example 1.

[0138] Comparative Example 1

[0139] The preparation method of the perovskite photovoltaic cell is the same as that of Example 1, except that: the lead-out hole is only filled with the second butyl rubber heated to a completely molten state, and the filling depth H2 of the second butyl rubber is H, H=8 mm.

[0140] Comparative Example 2

[0141] The preparation method of the perovskite photovoltaic cell is the same as that in Example 1, except that: only the second butyl rubber is filled in the lead-out hole, the second butyl rubber is granular, and the second butyl rubber is melted by the temperature of the subsequent lamination process. The lamination temperature is 120°C, and the filling depth of the second butyl rubber is H2, H=8mm.

[0142] Comparative Example 3

[0143] The preparation method of the perovskite photovoltaic cell is the same as that of Example 1, except that the lead-out hole is filled with only the first butyl rubber, and the filling depth of the first butyl rubber is H1=8 mm.

[0144] Test section

[0145] The perovskite photovoltaic cells prepared in each embodiment and comparative example were subjected to water and oxygen corrosion testing, and the testing method was as follows:

[0146] Refer to the method specified in IEC 61215-2:2001 and the damp heat test (MQT 13) and conduct the damp heat test at 85°C ± 2°C and 85% ± 5% relative humidity. Observe the specimen for signs of water vapor penetration and record the time when the signs of water vapor penetration appear.

[0147] The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0148]

[0149] Combined with the data in Table 1, the use of the first butyl rubber and the second butyl rubber in combination to fill the lead-out holes in the embodiment of the present application can effectively improve the corrosion resistance of the perovskite photovoltaic cell, and the time for the obtained perovskite photovoltaic cell to show signs of water and oxygen corrosion is significantly extended. Figure 7 and Figure 8 The following are photos of the perovskite photovoltaic cells in Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 of the present application after 2000 hours of water and oxygen corrosion testing. It can be seen that Figure 7 The perovskite photovoltaic cell shown has no obvious signs of water and oxygen corrosion. Figure 8 The perovskite photovoltaic cell shown has obvious water and oxygen corrosion points.

[0150] In Comparative Example 1, only the second butyl rubber was used to fill the lead-out hole. During the filling process, the second butyl rubber was heated until completely melted and then injected into the lead-out hole. As can be seen from the data in Table 1, the water-oxygen corrosion resistance of the perovskite photovoltaic cell in Comparative Example 1 is basically the same as that of Example 1. However, the test found that the stability of the perovskite photovoltaic cell in Comparative Example 1 was poor. This may be because the high temperature of the second butyl rubber in the molten state caused certain damage to the functional layer of the perovskite photovoltaic cell, resulting in its performance and stability being reduced.

[0151] Although the present application has been described with reference to alternative embodiments, various modifications may be made thereto and components may be substituted with equivalents without departing from the scope of the present application. In particular, the various technical features described in the various embodiments may be combined in any manner as long as there are no structural conflicts. The present application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, but encompasses all technical solutions within the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A perovskite photovoltaic cell, characterized in that: include: a first electrode; a second electrode; as well as a battery functional layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode; in, The second electrode is provided with a lead-out hole, the lead-out hole having a first hole segment and a second hole segment, the first hole segment being closer to the battery functional layer than the second hole segment, the first hole segment being filled with a first butyl rubber, and the second hole segment being filled with a second butyl rubber; The melting temperature of the first butyl rubber is ≤120°C, and the water vapor transmission rate of the second butyl rubber is ≤0.5g / (m 2 ·24h).

2. The perovskite photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, characterized in that The melting temperature of the first butyl rubber is 40° C.-100° C., and / or; The water vapor permeability of the second butyl rubber is ≤0.3g / (m 2 ·24h).

3. The perovskite photovoltaic cell according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The perovskite photovoltaic cell satisfies at least one of the following requirements: The water vapor permeability of the first butyl rubber is ≤1.0g / (m 2 24 hours); The melt index of the first butyl rubber measured at 215°C and 10kg pressure is less than or equal to 20cm 3 / 10min; The melt index of the second butyl rubber measured at 215°C and 10kg pressure is less than or equal to 10cm 3 / 10min.

4. The perovskite photovoltaic cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The length H1 of the first hole segment and the length H2 of the second hole segment satisfy the following conditions: 0.01H≤H1≤0.99H, H1+H2≤H, where H is the length of the lead-out hole.

5. The perovskite photovoltaic cell according to claim 4, characterized in that: 0.2H≤H1≤0.8H.

6. The perovskite photovoltaic cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The second electrode has a first area on a side away from the battery functional layer. The first area is provided with a sealing layer surrounding the lead-out hole. The material of the sealing layer includes one or more of second butyl adhesive, silicone adhesive, polyurethane adhesive, and glass hot melt adhesive.

7. The perovskite photovoltaic cell according to claim 6, characterized in that: The second electrode further has a second region on a side away from the battery functional layer. The second region is provided with an adhesive layer. The material of the adhesive layer includes silica gel.

8. The perovskite photovoltaic cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: The perovskite photovoltaic cell further includes a bus bar for conducting photocurrent from the cell functional layer, wherein the bus bar passes through the lead-out hole.

9. The perovskite photovoltaic cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that: The battery functional layer includes: electron transport layer; a hole transport layer; and A perovskite light-absorbing layer is located between the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer; the material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer includes one or more of an inorganic halide perovskite material, an organic halide perovskite material, and an inorganic-organic hybrid halide perovskite material.

10. The perovskite photovoltaic cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: At least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode.

11. A method for preparing a perovskite photovoltaic cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that: include: providing a first electrode; forming a battery function layer on the first electrode, and forming a second electrode having a lead-out hole on the battery function layer; The first butyl rubber is filled into the lead-out hole to a first depth H1, and then the second butyl rubber is filled to a second depth H2; wherein, The first depth H1 and the second depth H2 satisfy the following conditions: 0.01H≤H1≤0.99H, H1+H2≤H, where H is the length of the lead-out hole.

12. A perovskite photovoltaic module, characterized in that: A perovskite photovoltaic cell comprising the perovskite photovoltaic cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10 or a perovskite photovoltaic cell prepared according to the method of claim 11.

13. An electrical device, characterized in that: Including the perovskite photovoltaic module according to claim 12.

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