Charging pile contact current safety control system and method

Abstract

The invention discloses a safety control system and method for contact current of a charging pile, and aims to overcome the defect that electric leakage detection of the charging pile is slow in the prior art. The system comprises a contact current detection unit, a logic judgment unit, an abnormal execution unit and a fault uploading unit, and all the units work cooperatively to achieve data monitoring, analysis and judgment, instruction execution and information uploading. According to the method, a complete process is formed through data acquisition, analysis, instruction execution and information uploading. Through close cooperation and efficient connection, contact current abnormity is rapidly identified, judged and responded, the electric leakage detection response period is shortened, the problems of processing link dispersion and response lag are avoided, and the safety protection efficiency of the charging pile is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of charging system control, and in particular to a charging pile contact current safety control system and method. Background Art

[0002] With the increasing popularity of new energy vehicles, the construction of charging infrastructure has accelerated, and many charging stations are adopting unmanned operation to improve operational efficiency and reduce maintenance costs. Currently, charging piles typically use traditional leakage protectors (RCDs) to detect leakage. Traditional RCDs primarily detect leakage current to determine if a circuit is experiencing a leakage fault. When the leakage current exceeds a set threshold, the protector disconnects the circuit to protect equipment and personnel. Their core function is to monitor leakage and respond promptly when a leakage is detected to prevent the fault from escalating.

[0003] Traditional leakage protectors (LRDs) are slow to respond in unmanned charging stations, making it difficult to detect contact current faults in a timely manner and failing to meet the rapid response requirements. Furthermore, they only determine leakage based on a fixed threshold and lack real-time monitoring and analysis of contact current, making them prone to misjudgments or missed detections. This makes it difficult to accurately reflect the actual situation, posing a risk to the safe operation of charging stations.

[0004] Contact current refers to the electrical current that can flow through the human body during normal operation or during a fault condition. Changes in contact current can more sensitively reflect the insulation condition and potential leakage risk of a charging station. Especially in the early stages of a fault, abnormal fluctuations in contact current may precede noticeable leakage. Unlike traditional leakage protectors (RCDs), which focus solely on leakage current, contact current monitoring can proactively detect abnormal device conditions. It not only detects leakage but also issues an alarm at the first sign of contact current anomalies, enabling earlier and more accurate fault warnings. This effectively mitigates the slow response and inaccurate judgments of traditional RCDs.

[0005] Therefore, in order to ensure the safe operation of unmanned charging stations and protect the lives and property of users, it is necessary to study a control strategy for the contact current safety of charging piles. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The object of the present invention is to provide a charging pile contact current safety control system and method to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art in slow detection of charging pile leakage.

[0007] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions: In a first aspect, the present invention provides a charging pile contact current safety control system, comprising: The contact current detection unit monitors the contact current of the charging pile in real time and transmits the contact current data to the logic judgment unit; The logic judgment unit receives the contact current data transmitted by the contact current detection unit, analyzes and judges it, and sends corresponding instructions to the abnormal execution unit according to the judgment result; The exception execution unit receives the instruction of the logic judgment unit and performs corresponding actions according to the instruction of the logic judgment unit; The fault uploading unit is connected to the remote terminal for communication and uploads the charging pile fault information to the remote terminal.

[0008] The contact current detection unit is pre-set with a contact current threshold, a normal detection interval, a detection interval when the threshold is exceeded, and a retry detection interval under abnormal conditions, and can switch the detection frequency according to the instructions of the logic judgment unit.

[0009] The judgment logic of the logic judgment unit includes: When the contact current value is less than the threshold, it is determined to be in normal state; When the contact current value is equal to the threshold, it is judged as a normal state but an alarm needs to be triggered; When the contact current value is greater than the threshold, high-frequency detection is started, and it is further determined whether the threshold is exceeded continuously within the preset time. If it is exceeded continuously, it is determined to be a serious fault. If it is not exceeded continuously, it is necessary to determine the relationship between the current current value and the threshold again to decide whether to resume regular detection or re-time high-frequency detection.

[0010] When the logic judgment unit determines that a serious fault occurs, the fault uploading unit uploads the fault information of the charging pile to the remote terminal.

[0011] The fault uploading unit uploads the fault elimination information when the device returns to normal state.

[0012] The execution actions of the exception execution unit include: Warning prompt processing; Warning prompts are eliminated; Set the device to an abnormal and unavailable state; Resolve abnormal and unavailable status of the device; Control the detection start and stop and frequency switching of the contact current detection unit.

[0013] After the abnormal execution unit executes to put the device into an abnormal unavailable state, the contact current detection unit stops regular detection and performs retry detection under the abnormal state.

[0014] The logic judgment unit sends a state retention or release instruction to the abnormal execution unit according to the retry detection result.

[0015] During initial startup, the contact current detection unit performs detection at preset intervals, and the logic judgment unit determines by default that the device is in a normal state.

[0016] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for safely controlling contact current of a charging pile, comprising: The contact current detection unit obtains the contact current data of the charging pile and transmits it to the logic judgment unit; The logic judgment unit receives the contact current data transmitted by the contact current detection unit, analyzes and judges it, and sends corresponding instructions to the abnormal execution unit according to the judgment result; After receiving the instruction from the logic judgment unit, the exception execution unit performs the corresponding action according to the instruction of the logic judgment unit; The fault uploading unit uploads the charging pile fault information to the remote terminal.

[0017] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial technical effects: First, the present invention provides a charging pile contact current safety control system. Through real-time monitoring and instant data transmission of the contact current detection unit, the logic judgment unit can obtain current change information in the first place, avoiding detection delays caused by data lags. After receiving the data, the logic judgment unit quickly analyzes and generates instructions, shortening the interval from data acquisition to instruction generation without relying on the accumulation of multiple detection cycles. The abnormal execution unit responds directly and quickly to the instructions, and can complete operations such as warning activation or status switching in a short time, avoiding slow instruction execution. The real-time communication between the fault upload unit and the remote terminal realizes the instant transmission of fault information, reducing remote response delays. Each unit is closely connected and responds quickly, forming a complete and fast link from current monitoring to abnormality handling, fundamentally overcoming the problems of independent detection links and long response cycles in the existing technology, making the contact current safety control of the charging pile more timely and reliable.

[0018] On the second aspect, the present invention provides a charging pile contact current safety control method, which obtains data through the contact current detection unit and transmits it immediately, the logic judgment unit analyzes and generates instructions immediately after receiving the data, the abnormal execution unit quickly executes the corresponding action after receiving the instruction, and the fault upload unit uploads the information to the remote terminal immediately after the fault is determined, forming an efficient processing flow of data acquisition, logic judgment, instruction execution and information uploading, reducing the time difference and loss between data acquisition and analysis, instruction transmission and execution, information reporting and response, avoiding judgment delays and processing delays caused by multiple detections, complex algorithms, and manual intervention, forming a fast channel from data acquisition to remote response, and making charging pile leakage detection and processing more rapid and effective. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of a charging pile contact current safety control system in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0020] Figure 2Schematic diagram of a charging pile contact current safety control method according to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] With the increasing popularity of new energy vehicles, the construction of charging infrastructure has accelerated, and many charging stations are adopting unmanned operation to improve operational efficiency and reduce maintenance costs. Currently, charging piles typically use traditional leakage protectors (RCDs) to detect leakage. Traditional RCDs primarily detect leakage current to determine if a circuit is experiencing a leakage fault. When the leakage current exceeds a set threshold, the protector disconnects the circuit to protect equipment and personnel. Their core function is to monitor leakage and respond promptly when a leakage is detected to prevent the fault from escalating.

[0022] Traditional leakage protectors (LRDs) are slow to respond in unmanned charging stations, making it difficult to detect contact current faults in a timely manner and failing to meet the rapid response requirements. Furthermore, they only determine leakage based on a fixed threshold and lack real-time monitoring and analysis of contact current, making them prone to misjudgments or missed detections. This makes it difficult to accurately reflect the actual situation, posing a risk to the safe operation of charging stations.

[0023] Contact current refers to the electrical current that can flow through the human body during normal operation or during a fault condition. Changes in contact current can more sensitively reflect the insulation condition and potential leakage risk of a charging station. Especially in the early stages of a fault, abnormal fluctuations in contact current may precede noticeable leakage. Unlike traditional leakage protectors (RCDs), which focus solely on leakage current, contact current monitoring can proactively detect abnormal device conditions. It not only detects leakage but also issues an alarm at the first sign of contact current anomalies, enabling earlier and more accurate fault warnings. This effectively mitigates the slow response and inaccurate judgments of traditional RCDs.

[0024] Therefore, in order to ensure the safe operation of unmanned charging stations and protect the lives and property of users, it is necessary to study a control strategy for the contact current safety of charging piles.

[0025] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] Reference Figure 1 The figure shows a specific embodiment of the charging pile contact current safety control system provided by the present invention, including: The contact current detection unit monitors the contact current of the charging pile in real time and transmits the contact current data to the logic judgment unit; The logic judgment unit receives the contact current data transmitted by the contact current detection unit, analyzes and judges it, and sends corresponding instructions to the abnormal execution unit according to the judgment result; The exception execution unit receives the instruction of the logic judgment unit and performs corresponding actions according to the instruction of the logic judgment unit; The fault uploading unit is connected to the remote terminal for communication and uploads the charging pile fault information to the remote terminal.

[0027] The contact current detection unit serves as the data collection source of the system. It pre-configures the contact current threshold, regular detection interval, detection interval when exceeding the threshold, and retry detection interval under abnormal conditions. When the charging pile is initially started, it starts to detect the contact current according to the preset regular interval, and continuously transmits the real-time collected contact current data to the logic judgment unit. After receiving the data, the logic judgment unit will analyze and judge the data according to the built-in judgment logic, and send corresponding instructions to the abnormal execution unit according to different judgment results.

[0028] When the logic judgment unit determines that the contact current value is less than the threshold, it will determine that the equipment is in a normal state. At this time, the abnormal execution unit does not perform additional actions, and the contact current detection unit continues to detect and transmit data at regular intervals; when the contact current value is determined to be equal to the threshold, the equipment remains in a normal state, but the logic judgment unit will instruct the abnormal execution unit to perform a warning prompt, and the detection frequency of the contact current detection unit remains unchanged; when the contact current value is determined to be greater than the threshold, the logic judgment unit will instruct the abnormal execution unit to perform a warning prompt on the one hand, and on the other hand instruct the contact current detection unit to switch to the detection interval when the threshold is exceeded for detection.

[0029] After that, the logic judgment unit will further judge whether the contact current exceeds the threshold continuously within the preset time. If it exceeds continuously, it will be judged as a serious fault. At this time, the logic judgment unit instructs the abnormal execution unit to set the equipment to an abnormal and unavailable state. At the same time, the contact current detection unit stops routine detection and performs retry detection under the abnormal state, and the fault upload unit will upload the fault information to the remote terminal; if the contact current does not exceed the threshold continuously within the preset time, the logic judgment unit will judge the relationship between the contact current value at the next moment after not exceeding the threshold and the threshold for a second time. If it is less than or equal to the threshold, the logic judgment unit instructs the contact current detection unit to restore the normal detection interval time and restart the logic detection, and at the same time instruct the abnormal execution unit to eliminate the warning prompt; if it is still greater than the threshold, the contact current detection unit is instructed to re-detect according to the detection interval time when the threshold is exceeded from that moment on. If the contact current continuously exceeds the threshold within the preset time, it is also judged as a serious fault, and the same abnormal processing and fault upload operations as above are performed.

[0030] When the device is in an abnormal and unavailable state due to a serious fault, the contact current detection unit will perform detection according to the retry detection interval in the abnormal state and transmit the data to the logic judgment unit. The logic judgment unit will send an instruction to the abnormal execution unit based on the retry detection result. If the contact current value is still greater than the threshold, the abnormal execution unit will maintain the abnormal and unavailable state of the device and continue to issue a warning prompt. The fault upload unit will also continue to report the fault information. If the contact current value is less than or equal to the threshold, the abnormal execution unit will release the abnormal and unavailable state of the device and eliminate the warning prompt. The fault upload unit will simultaneously eliminate the fault information and upload information that the device has returned to normal. The entire system achieves safe control of the contact current of the charging pile through this cyclic interaction of data transmission, logic judgment, instruction execution and information feedback between each unit, ensuring that the device can make corresponding and reasonable responses under different contact current conditions to ensure the safe operation of the charging pile.

[0031] In another specific embodiment of the present invention, a charging pile contact current safety control method is also provided, comprising: The contact current detection unit obtains the contact current data of the charging pile and transmits it to the logic judgment unit; The logic judgment unit receives the contact current data transmitted by the contact current detection unit, analyzes and judges it, and sends corresponding instructions to the abnormal execution unit according to the judgment result; After receiving the instruction from the logic judgment unit, the exception execution unit performs the corresponding action according to the instruction of the logic judgment unit; The fault uploading unit uploads the charging pile fault information to the remote terminal.

[0032] After the system is started, the contact current detection unit first completes the initial parameter configuration, including setting the contact current threshold, regular detection interval, detection interval when exceeding the threshold, and retry detection interval under abnormal conditions, and then enters the regular detection stage.

[0033] The contact current detection unit samples the contact current of the charging pile at regular intervals, and transmits the acquired current data to the logic judgment unit after each sampling. The logic judgment unit immediately analyzes and judges the data after receiving it. At this time, if the current value is less than the contact current threshold, the logic judgment unit determines that the device is in a normal state and does not send special instructions to the abnormal execution unit. The contact current detection unit continues to perform detection at regular intervals, and the entire process remains in a loop.

[0034] If the current value is equal to the contact current threshold, the logic judgment unit determines that the device is still in normal state, but will send a warning prompt instruction to the abnormal execution unit. After receiving the instruction, the abnormal execution unit starts the warning prompt, and the contact current detection unit still performs detection at regular intervals. The logic judgment unit continues to execute judgments on the newly collected data.

[0035] If the current value is greater than the contact current threshold, the logic judgment unit determines that it has entered a fault warning state. On the one hand, it sends a warning prompt instruction to the abnormal execution unit, and on the other hand, it instructs the contact current detection unit to switch to the detection interval when the threshold is exceeded for high-frequency sampling. The contact current detection unit continues to collect current data at the new interval and transmits it to the logic judgment unit. The logic judgment unit starts timing and counts the number of times the threshold is exceeded continuously within 1 minute.

[0036] When the number of times the threshold is exceeded continuously within 1 minute reaches the set value, the logic judgment unit determines it as a serious fault and immediately sends an instruction to the abnormal execution unit to set the device to an abnormal and unavailable state. The abnormal execution unit executes the instruction, cuts off the charging circuit and locks the device. At the same time, the contact current detection unit stops routine detection and instead performs detection according to the retry detection interval under the abnormal state. The fault upload unit then uploads the serious fault information to the remote terminal.

[0037] If the contact current does not exceed the threshold continuously within 1 minute, the logic judgment unit will again judge the relationship between the current current value and the threshold after detecting that the threshold is not exceeded. If the current value is less than or equal to the threshold at this time, the logic judgment unit will instruct the contact current detection unit to restore the normal detection interval and restart the logic judgment process, and at the same time instruct the abnormal execution unit to eliminate the warning prompt.

[0038] If the current value is still greater than the threshold at this time, the logic judgment unit will instruct the contact current detection unit to re-sample according to the threshold interval from this moment on, and count the number of consecutive threshold values ​​exceeded within 1 minute again. If the set number is reached, the serious fault handling process will be triggered, otherwise the above judgment process will be repeated.

[0039] When the device is in an abnormal and unavailable state, the contact current detection unit collects current data at the retry detection interval and transmits it to the logic judgment unit after each collection. The logic judgment unit compares the data with the threshold. If the current value is still greater than the threshold, it is determined that the fault has not been eliminated. The abnormal execution unit maintains the abnormal state of the device and the warning prompt, and the fault upload unit continues to report the fault information; if the current value is less than or equal to the threshold, it is determined that the fault has been eliminated. The logic judgment unit instructs the abnormal execution unit to release the abnormal state of the device and eliminate the warning prompt. The fault upload unit uploads the fault elimination information to the remote terminal, the equipment resumes normal operation, and the contact current detection unit performs detection again at regular intervals.

[0040] The entire method realizes a complete closed loop from current detection, logical judgment to exception handling through the orderly connection of each step. It not only ensures a rapid response to contact current anomalies, but also reduces misoperation through a multi-level judgment mechanism, ensuring the safety and reliability of charging pile operation.

[0041] In order to make the solution provided in this application easier to understand, a specific implementation method is provided below in combination with actual scenarios.

[0042] Starting from the initial settings when the system starts, the contact current detection unit will pre-complete various parameter configurations, including setting the contact current threshold, the normal contact current interval detection time is 5 minutes, and the interval detection time is 10 seconds when the contact current is greater than the threshold. The charging pile enters the normal state directly after the initial startup and will not trigger any protection mode. At this time, the contact current detection unit continuously reads the contact current value at intervals of 5 minutes and transmits the real-time data to the contact current logic judgment unit for processing.

[0043] After receiving the data, the contact current logic judgment unit will make different judgments based on the relationship between the current value and the threshold. 接触电流 <I 接触电流阈值 When the device remains in normal state, the detection unit continues to read data at 5-minute intervals; when the read I 接触电流 =I 接触电流阈值 When the device is in normal condition, the abnormal contact current execution unit will start a warning prompt, such as lighting a yellow warning light or displaying a slight abnormality message on the display screen, and the detection will still be carried out at the original interval.

[0044] Once I read 接触电流 >I 接触电流阈值 , the contact current abnormal execution unit immediately issues a warning prompt. At this time, the detection interval is switched to 10s. The contact current logic judgment unit will closely monitor the current changes within 1 minute. If the contact current exceeds the threshold continuously within 1 minute, the contact current abnormal execution unit will set the charging pile to an abnormal and unusable state, the detection unit will stop reading the current information, and the contact current fault upload unit will report this fault information to the remote terminal; if the contact current does not exceed the threshold continuously within 1 minute, the system will judge the current value again at the next moment after detecting that it does not exceed the threshold. If I 接触电流 If the value is less than or equal to the threshold, the detection interval is restored to 5 minutes, and the logic detection is restarted. At the same time, the abnormal execution unit eliminates the warning prompt; if I 接触电流 If the current is still greater than the threshold, the current is read again at 10-second intervals from that moment on. If the current exceeds the threshold continuously within the next minute, the device will become abnormal and unavailable, stop detection, and report the fault.

[0045] When the device is in an abnormal unavailable state due to a contact current fault, the system will adjust to read the contact current value every 30 minutes and compare it with the threshold. 接触电流 >I 接触电流阈值 , the device remains in an abnormal and unavailable state, continues to issue warning reminders, and keeps reporting fault information; if I 接触电流≤I 接触电流阈值 The abnormal and unavailable state of the equipment is immediately eliminated, the warning reminder and fault information are also cleared, the equipment resumes normal use, and the contact current detection unit resumes detection at 5-minute intervals.

[0046] The charging pile contact current safety control system and method provided by this invention fundamentally solves the problem of delayed leakage detection in existing charging piles through systematic technical optimization. A dynamic adjustment mechanism for the detection frequency allows the system to flexibly switch detection rhythms based on current conditions. Under normal conditions, the system maintains a stable detection interval, but immediately switches to high-frequency detection mode if an abnormality occurs. This avoids the potential for missed detection windows in fixed-interval detection and allows for more timely capture of current changes.

[0047] The close integration of logical judgment and execution response further improves processing efficiency. When the current exceeds the threshold, the system no longer relies on the cumulative results of multiple long-interval detections. Instead, it uses continuous monitoring in short intervals to quickly confirm whether the risk persists. This significantly shortens the time from anomaly detection to fault determination and avoids the risk of spreading due to long judgment cycles.

[0048] The automatic recovery detection mechanism under fault conditions reduces reliance on manual intervention. The equipment can automatically detect the current status according to the set cycle without waiting for manual operation. Once it is confirmed that the risk has been eliminated, it can resume normal operation in a timely manner. This not only ensures the rigor of fault handling, but also avoids the inconvenience caused by excessive detection interruption time.

[0049] The graded warning system initiates intervention at the early stage of the risk, and issues a warning signal when the current reaches the threshold. Although the equipment operation is not interrupted at this time, the current changes are closely tracked, allowing potential risks to enter the monitoring field of view before escalation, avoiding the situation of passively responding after the risk develops into a serious fault.

[0050] These designs work together to form a complete closed loop from abnormality discovery to risk confirmation, from fault handling to automatic recovery, which qualitatively improves the response speed and processing efficiency of leakage detection, realizes the transformation of safety protection from passive response to active early warning, and comprehensively improves the safety of charging pile use.

[0051] The above shows and describes the basic principles, main features, and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. The above embodiments and descriptions are merely preferred examples of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Various changes and improvements may be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Such changes and improvements fall within the scope of the present invention. The scope of protection claimed in the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A charging pile contact current safety control system, characterized in that: include: The contact current detection unit monitors the contact current of the charging pile in real time and transmits the contact current data to the logic judgment unit; The logic judgment unit receives the contact current data transmitted by the contact current detection unit, analyzes and judges it, and sends corresponding instructions to the abnormal execution unit according to the judgment result; The exception execution unit receives the instruction of the logic judgment unit and performs corresponding actions according to the instruction of the logic judgment unit; The fault uploading unit is connected to the remote terminal for communication and uploads the charging pile fault information to the remote terminal.

2. A charging pile contact current safety control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The contact current detection unit is pre-set with a contact current threshold, a normal detection interval, a detection interval when the threshold is exceeded, and a retry detection interval under abnormal conditions, and can switch the detection frequency according to the instructions of the logic judgment unit.

3. A charging pile contact current safety control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The judgment logic of the logic judgment unit includes: When the contact current value is less than the threshold, it is determined to be in normal state; When the contact current value is equal to the threshold, it is judged as a normal state but an alarm needs to be triggered; When the contact current value is greater than the threshold, high-frequency detection is started, and it is further determined whether the threshold is exceeded continuously within the preset time. If it is exceeded continuously, it is determined to be a serious fault. If it is not exceeded continuously, it is necessary to determine the relationship between the current current value and the threshold again to decide whether to resume regular detection or re-time high-frequency detection.

4. A charging pile contact current safety control system according to claim 3, characterized in that: When the logic judgment unit determines that a serious fault occurs, the fault uploading unit uploads the fault information of the charging pile to the remote terminal.

5. A charging pile contact current safety control system according to claim 4, characterized in that: The fault uploading unit uploads the fault elimination information when the device returns to normal state.

6. The charging pile contact current safety control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The execution actions of the abnormal execution unit include: Warning prompt processing; Warning prompts are eliminated; Set the device to an abnormal and unavailable state; Resolve abnormal and unavailable status of the device; Control the detection start and stop and frequency switching of the contact current detection unit.

7. A charging pile contact current safety control system according to claim 6, characterized in that: After the abnormal execution unit executes to put the device into an abnormal unavailable state, the contact current detection unit stops regular detection and performs retry detection under the abnormal state.

8. A charging pile contact current safety control system according to claim 7, characterized in that: The logic judgment unit sends a state retention or release instruction to the abnormal execution unit according to the retry detection result.

9. A charging pile contact current safety control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: During initial startup, the contact current detection unit performs detection at preset intervals, and the logic judgment unit determines by default that the device is in a normal state.

10. A charging pile contact current safety control method, characterized in that: include: The contact current detection unit obtains the contact current data of the charging pile and transmits it to the logic judgment unit; The logic judgment unit receives the contact current data transmitted by the contact current detection unit, analyzes and judges it, and sends corresponding instructions to the abnormal execution unit according to the judgment result; After receiving the instruction from the logic judgment unit, the exception execution unit performs the corresponding action according to the instruction of the logic judgment unit; The fault uploading unit uploads the charging pile fault information to the remote terminal.

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