Numerical control CD (Compact Disc) pattern turning machine and turning method

Abstract

The invention provides a numerical control CD pattern turning machine and a turning method. The pattern turning machine comprises an X-axis moving mechanism, a Y-axis moving mechanism arranged above the X-axis moving mechanism and a Z-axis moving mechanism installed on the Y-axis moving mechanism. The X-axis moving mechanism comprises a tool table, a moving seat connected to the bottom of the tool table and a first driving device, the tool table is used for installing a clamping tool, and the first driving device is used for driving the moving seat to move in the X-axis direction; the Y-axis moving mechanism comprises a second driving device used for driving the Z-axis moving mechanism to move in the Y-axis direction. The Z-axis moving mechanism comprises a third driving device, a tool apron is arranged on the Z-axis moving mechanism, and the third driving device is used for driving the tool apron to move in the Z-axis direction. The graining machine can move the cutter in the horizontal and vertical directions and can also finely adjust the workpiece in the third dimension so as to assist the cutter to realize accurate positioning.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of numerical control machining, in particular to a numerical control CD turning machine and a turning method. Background Art

[0002] A CD graining machine, also known as a CD patterning machine or CD flower lathe, is a device specifically designed for producing continuous circular patterns on cylindrical workpieces. Featuring high-speed rotation, automated operation, and precise control, this machine moves a polishing head or machining tool along a predetermined trajectory, thereby incising a fine CD grain pattern on the surface of the object. CD grain refers to a radial, concentric circular pattern cut into metal or plastic surfaces through precision machining (typically using a CNC lathe or a dedicated graining machine). It gets its name from its visual resemblance to the reflective texture of a CD disc.

[0003] In most current CNC graining machines, tool positioning utilizes a dual-axis, two-dimensional machining structure. Cutting the workpiece is accomplished by moving the tool horizontally and vertically. However, over time, the transmission mechanism can wear out due to factors such as wear, leading to a decrease in tool positioning accuracy and, consequently, poor machining quality. For example, long-term axial stress can cause microcracks on the ball contact surface, increasing backlash and causing backlash in the tool's radial feed (X-axis), resulting in uneven CD grain spacing. Metal debris can enter the guide rails, disrupting the lubricating oil film and increasing friction, leading to creep during Z-axis feed and fluctuations in grain depth. High-frequency reciprocating motion can reduce ball diameter and cause excessive straightness errors. Furthermore, heat generated during the cutting process causes the ball screw to expand, further exacerbating axial errors and significantly compromising the precision of the resulting CD grains. Therefore, addressing these issues and improving tool positioning accuracy in CNC CD graining machines has become a pressing technical challenge for those skilled in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present application aims to solve at least one of the above-mentioned technical defects. In view of this, the present application provides a CNC CD turning machine and a turning method to solve the technical defect of insufficient positioning accuracy of the dual-axis machining tool positioning structure in the prior art.

[0005] A CNC CD graining machine comprises an X-axis moving mechanism, a Y-axis moving mechanism disposed above the X-axis moving mechanism, and a Z-axis moving mechanism mounted on the Y-axis moving mechanism;

[0006] The X-axis moving mechanism includes a tooling table, a moving base connected to the bottom of the tooling table, and a first driving device, wherein the tooling table is used to install the clamping tool, and the first driving device is used to drive the moving base to move along the X-axis direction;

[0007] The Y-axis moving mechanism includes a second driving device for driving the Z-axis moving mechanism to move along the Y-axis direction;

[0008] The Z-axis moving mechanism includes a third driving device, and a tool holder is provided on the Z-axis moving mechanism. The third driving device is used to drive the tool holder to move along the Z-axis direction.

[0009] The X-axis moving mechanism is responsible for carrying and moving the workpiece, while the Y- and Z-axis moving mechanisms are located above the X-axis moving mechanism to facilitate workpiece cutting operations. Within the X-axis moving mechanism, a first drive unit is connected to the moving base, precisely controlling its stable reciprocating motion along the X-axis. A workpiece-carrying fixture is secured to the top of the moving base, facilitating the installation and removal of clamping fixtures to accommodate a wide variety of workpiece types.

[0010] In the Y-axis movement mechanism, the second drive unit is connected to the Z-axis movement mechanism to achieve precise control of the Z-axis movement mechanism in the Y-axis direction. Furthermore, within the internal structure of the Z-axis movement mechanism, the third drive unit is responsible for driving the tool holder along the Z-axis direction, ensuring that the tool on the tool holder can perform axial displacement operations, thereby smoothly approaching and contacting the workpiece firmly clamped by the clamping fixture.

[0011] This design means that in actual operation, users only need to simply install the corresponding tools and workpieces. With the synergy of these three moving mechanisms, they can easily achieve coordination between the workpiece and the tool, offset the loss of precision during the processing process, and thus ensure the precise positioning of the tool to meet high-precision processing requirements.

[0012] Preferably, the X-axis moving mechanism, the Y-axis moving mechanism and the Z-axis moving mechanism each include a fixing member, a slide rail and a lead screw, one end of each of the three lead screws is fixed to the driving ends of the first drive device, the second drive device and the third drive device respectively, the slide rail is arranged parallel to the lead screw, and the fixing member is fixed to the nut of the lead screw;

[0013] The fixed part of the X-axis moving mechanism is connected to the moving seat, and the moving seat is also slidably connected to the slide rail of the X-axis moving mechanism; the fixed part of the Y-axis moving mechanism is connected to the Z-axis moving mechanism, and the slide rail of the Y-axis moving mechanism is slidably connected to the Z-axis moving mechanism; the fixed part and the slide rail of the Z-axis moving mechanism are both connected to the tool holder.

[0014] Among them, since the nut in the lead screw is rotatably connected to the lead screw shaft, the fixed part can obtain the ability of linear displacement by being fixed to the nut. At this time, the moving seat is connected to the fixed part and the slide rail at the same time, and the rotation of the nut is limited by the cooperation between the moving seat and the slide rail and the connection of the moving seat to the fixed part, and the first drive device is connected to one end of the lead screw shaft in the lead screw, so that under the drive of the first drive device, the fixed part drives the moving seat to complete the reciprocating displacement in the X-axis direction. For the Y-axis moving mechanism, its principle of controlling the Z-axis moving mechanism is similar to that of the aforementioned X-axis moving mechanism, which is mainly achieved through the transmission of the nut in the lead screw and the fixed part. Specifically, the Z-axis moving mechanism is used to connect the fixed part and the slide rail to limit the rotation of the nut, thereby converting the rotational motion of the lead screw shaft into the linear motion of the Z-axis moving mechanism. This process is driven by the second drive device to achieve radial displacement of the Z-axis moving mechanism. Similarly, in the Z-axis moving mechanism, the third drive device drives the lead screw shaft, which drives the tool holder to move through the transmission of the nut and the fixed part.

[0015] Preferably, the Z-axis moving mechanism includes a base connected to the second driving device, a slide rail fixed on the base, and a slide matching the slide rail on the base, the slide is connected to the third driving device, and the tool holder is fixed on the slide;

[0016] A telescopic cavity is enclosed between the slide platform and the base, and the slide rail on the base is located in the telescopic cavity.

[0017] Among them, the slide rail is arranged on the base along the Z-axis direction, and the fixed part is connected to the slide rail through the slide to limit the rotation of the nut. In this way, when the third drive device drives the screw, it can ensure that the fixed part moves along the Z-axis direction. Secondly, the slide equipped with the tool holder slides on the slide rail, and by installing the tool on the tool holder, the displacement movement is finally transmitted to the tool, thereby realizing the precise positioning of the tool. In addition, the telescopic cavity is a semi-enclosed cavity enclosed by the slide and the base, in which the slide rail, fixed parts and screw are provided, which effectively prevent cutting debris from entering the structural gap, avoid affecting the transmission accuracy, and protect the safety of the aforementioned structures.

[0018] Preferably, the CNC CD turning machine also includes a workpiece clamping mechanism, which includes a dividing plate, a clamping chuck installed on the top surface of the dividing plate, and an adjustable positioning bracket located on the outside of the clamping chuck. The dividing plate and the adjustable positioning bracket are both installed on the workbench, and the adjustable positioning bracket is used to assist in fixing the workpiece on the clamping chuck.

[0019] Among them, the dividing plate can be divided into 360 degrees at will, which is used to adjust the processing angle of the workpiece. Multi-faceted processing can be achieved through rotary indexing, which reduces manual intervention, thereby improving processing accuracy and efficiency and meeting the needs of large-scale processing. The jaw chuck uses its jaw structure to complete the clamping and loosening actions, and the adjustable positioning bracket abuts the outside of the workpiece to achieve auxiliary fixation. Furthermore, the jaw chuck and the adjustable positioning bracket both adopt a modular design, and the shape and structure can be customized according to actual needs, and can be easily disassembled and assembled on the workbench and dividing plate respectively. This design not only makes the loading and unloading of the workpiece more convenient, but also ensures the stability of the workpiece, while improving the flexibility of clamping to adapt to workpieces of different shapes and sizes.

[0020] Preferably, the tool holder includes a boss fixed on the surface of the Z-axis moving mechanism and a tool column connected to the top of the boss, an operating hole is provided on the boss, and an insertion interface is provided through the tool column.

[0021] The boss is fixed to the mounting surface. The way it is secured to the Z-axis movement enhances overall rigidity, reduces tool vibration during displacement, and improves machining stability. The provision of an access hole facilitates the operator's installation and adjustment of the boss's rotation angle. The plug-in interface at the top of the tool column allows for quick tool replacement via a standardized interface, compatibility with a variety of tool types, and enhanced process adaptability. The plug-in interface, which extends through the tool column, further optimizes tool force distribution, ensuring a more even transfer of cutting force to the Z-axis movement, minimizing precision loss caused by localized stress concentration and reducing machining errors due to tool runout. Furthermore, the access hole allows the operator to use their fingers to grip the tool for quick disassembly or fine-tuning, enhancing operational convenience and significantly improving tool change and calibration efficiency. This simplified design reduces redundant connections between components, simplifies the assembly process, reduces manufacturing costs and maintenance, and improves the reliability and long-term stability of the equipment.

[0022] Preferably, the X-axis moving mechanism, the Y-axis moving mechanism and the Z-axis moving mechanism are all provided with displacement sensors, which are used to detect and feedback the tool position in real time; the tool holder is provided with a vibration sensor, which is used to detect the vibration of the tool in real time.

[0023] Among them, displacement sensors provide data support for dynamically compensating for position errors caused by mechanical thermal deformation, screw backlash, or servo lag. The full coverage layout of multi-axis displacement sensors can accurately capture the real-time position changes of the tool in three-dimensional space, effectively eliminating the positioning blind spots caused by traditional single-axis or dual-axis detection, and significantly improving the path accuracy of multi-axis linkage machining. Compared with traditional equipment that relies solely on external vibration monitoring, the integration of vibration sensors on the tool holder can directly obtain tiny vibration signals in the contact area between the tool and the workpiece, and identify abnormal vibration patterns caused by cutting chatter, resonance, or tool wear in real time. After multi-sensor data fusion, the vibration characteristics can be combined with displacement deviations for correlation analysis to achieve adaptive adjustment of the machining state.

[0024] Preferably, a limiting frame is provided on the driving end surface of the first driving device, the second driving device and the third driving device, and the limiting frame is sleeved on the shaft of the lead screw.

[0025] Among them, the limit frame is directly fixed to the driving end face, forming a rigid coaxial fit with the axis of the screw shaft, which can effectively limit the radial runout of the screw during operation, reduce the vibration caused by the cantilever support or insufficient end fixation of the screw in traditional equipment, and significantly improve the movement stability. Moreover, since the overhang length of the screw is shortened, the flexural deformation of the screw due to gravity or cutting force can be reduced, and the accumulation of positioning errors can be reduced.

[0026] A turning method, applied to any one of the aforementioned CNC CD turning machines, the method comprising:

[0027] Clamping the workpiece onto a tooling table, and moving the tooling table until the tool abuts against the workpiece surface;

[0028] Set processing parameters, generate X, Y, and Z axis movement paths based on the processing parameters, and construct a three-dimensional movement path;

[0029] According to the three-dimensional moving path, the workpiece is moved in the X-axis direction, and the tool is moved in conjunction with the Y-axis and Z-axis directions to turn the workpiece;

[0030] During machining, the tool displacement and vibration, as well as the temperature of the Y and Z axis moving mechanisms and other data are detected in real time. Based on the real-time data, dynamic displacement compensation is introduced in the X axis direction, and the workpiece displacement is adjusted according to the dynamic displacement compensation.

[0031] Among them, this method adopts an innovative motion mode of moving the workpiece on the X-axis and linking the tool on the Y / Z-axis. It can process complex curved surfaces and special-shaped contours with greater process flexibility. Its three-axis linkage enables more accurate tool positioning capabilities. Furthermore, this method constructs a closed-loop control system of perception-decision-execution by detecting multiple source data such as displacement, temperature, and vibration in real time and introducing dynamic displacement compensation in the X-axis direction. Compared with traditional static compensation or single sensor compensation methods, this method realizes multi-physical field coupling compensation, fast dynamic response, and high compensation accuracy, significantly suppressing the accuracy attenuation problem caused by factors such as thermal deformation and tool wear in traditional turning.

[0032] Preferably, the introducing of dynamic displacement compensation in the X-axis direction based on real-time data comprises:

[0033] Based on real-time temperature data, a mapping relationship between temperature characteristics and X-axis compensation is established to obtain the corresponding X-axis compensation. Based on real-time vibration and displacement data, a nonlinear mapping relationship between vibration frequency domain characteristics and X-axis compensation is established to obtain the corresponding X-axis compensation.

[0034] The X-axis compensation amounts are vector-superimposed in the X-axis direction to obtain the dynamic displacement compensation amount introduced in the X-axis direction.

[0035] Among them, this step has the following advantages: 1. The multi-dimensional compensation mechanism can eliminate positioning errors caused by thermal deformation, tool chatter and mechanical clearance, improve the dimensional consistency and surface quality of the workpiece, and solve the problem of insufficient accuracy of traditional static compensation; 2. The compensation algorithm can match parameter changes in high-speed machining in real time, effectively suppress the influence of vibration and thermal deformation, and overcome the problem of unstable accuracy of traditional equipment in high-speed and high-precision machining; 3. Thermal compensation can slow down the attenuation of component accuracy, and at the same time, compensation data supports process optimization, reduces debugging time, and improves equipment utilization rate and processing economy.

[0036] Preferably, the clamping of the workpiece to the tooling table includes: performing a return to zero operation to move each moving mechanism to the mechanical origin; cleaning the tool holder, and using the corresponding tool according to the processing requirements, inserting the tool into the tool holder and tightening the screws, and clamping the workpiece.

[0037] First, performing the zero return operation to return each moving mechanism to the mechanical origin can ensure that the coordinate system of the processing equipment is in a unified and accurate reference state, thereby providing a reliable reference for subsequent tool path calculation and workpiece positioning, and avoiding processing errors caused by mechanical offset; secondly, eliminating tool holder residues, such as chips or oil stains, ensures the stability of tool installation. Tightening the screws when installing the tool can increase the rigidity of the tool when it is subjected to force and prevent the tool from loosening.

[0038] As can be seen from the technical solutions described above, the embodiments of the present application provide a CNC CD graining machine, which includes an X-axis moving mechanism, a Y-axis moving mechanism disposed above the X-axis moving mechanism, and a Z-axis moving mechanism mounted on the Y-axis moving mechanism. The X-axis moving mechanism includes a workbench, a moving base connected to the bottom of the workbench, and a first drive device. The workbench is used to mount a clamping tool, and the first drive device is used to drive the moving base to move along the X-axis. The X-axis moving mechanism of existing graining machines uses a traditional integrated design, causing the drive system to directly bear the cutting load, which can easily cause premature wear of transmission components. The overall rigidity is also insufficient, which can easily cause vibration when machining large-pitch or hard-material threads, affecting the workpiece surface quality. Furthermore, the machine lacks modular expansion capabilities, making upgrades and modifications difficult. The present application, however, utilizes a separate structure for the workbench and moving base. By configuring the two with differentiated materials, such as vibration-damping or pressure-resistant materials, the impact of cutting loads can be reduced, significantly improving rigidity and effectively suppressing cutting vibration. The modular design enables rapid changeovers, facilitating replacement of corresponding components during upgrades or maintenance.

[0039] Furthermore, the Y-axis moving mechanism includes a second drive device for driving the Z-axis moving mechanism to move along the Y-axis direction; the Z-axis moving mechanism includes a third drive device, and a tool holder is provided on the Z-axis moving mechanism, and the third drive device is used to drive the tool holder to move along the Z-axis direction. Traditional turning machines usually lack the Y-axis function or rely on manual adjustment, resulting in the inability to achieve complex processes such as end face threading and eccentric processing, and the accuracy is difficult to guarantee; traditional Z-axis structures mostly use an integral slide, resulting in a limited tool adjustment range. However, this design uses an independent second drive device to drive the Z-axis moving mechanism to move along the Y-axis as a whole, which not only realizes automated precision control, but also enables the tool to be radially offset, expanding the composite processing capabilities such as end face milling and eccentric turning. In addition, an independent tool holder is provided on the Z-axis moving mechanism and driven by the third drive device, realizing lightweight and fast positioning of the tool. At the same time, the modular tool holder supports fast tool change, and multi-angle cutting can be achieved in conjunction with Y-axis movement.

[0040] It can be seen that the present application combines an independent X-axis moving mechanism and a linked Y-axis moving mechanism and Z-axis moving mechanism to provide solutions from the following two aspects for the direct problem of insufficient positioning accuracy of dual-axis machining tools and the indirect problem of insufficient positioning accuracy of the dual-axis machining tool positioning structure due to various factors: first, a Cartesian coordinate system is constructed to achieve precise positioning of the workpiece through precise coordination of the three-axis linkage, thereby solving the shortcoming of insufficient dual-axis positioning accuracy; secondly, the tool movement is driven by the coordinated operation of the Y-axis and Z-axis moving mechanisms, and the workpiece displacement is achieved in conjunction with the X-axis moving mechanism to assist the tool in precise workpiece positioning, thereby introducing precision compensation in the third dimension, effectively correcting the precision attenuation problem caused by structural limitations of traditional dual-axis turning machines, and significantly improving the stability of machining quality. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0041] Figure 1 It is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of a CNC CD graining machine provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0042] Figure 2 2 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the X-axis moving mechanism provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0043] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the structure of the X-axis moving mechanism provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0044] Figure 4 This is a schematic structural diagram of a CNC CD graining machine provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0045] Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the structure of the Y-axis moving mechanism provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0046] Figure 6 It is a structural schematic diagram of the Z-axis moving mechanism provided in an embodiment of the present application.

[0047] Reference numerals:

[0048] 1. X-axis moving mechanism; 11. First driving device; 12. Workbench; 13. Moving seat;

[0049] 2. Y-axis moving mechanism; 21. Second driving device;

[0050] 3. Z-axis moving mechanism; 31. Third driving device; 32. Base; 33. Slide;

[0051] 4. Knife holder; 41. Boss; 411. Operation hole; 42. Knife column; 421. Plug interface;

[0052] 5. Fixing parts;

[0053] 6. Slide rail;

[0054] 7. Lead screw;

[0055] 8. Limit frame. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0056] The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Although preferred embodiments of the present invention are shown in the accompanying drawings, it should be understood that the present invention can be implemented in various forms and should not be limited by the embodiments described herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided to make the present invention more thorough and complete and to fully convey the scope of the present invention to those skilled in the art.

[0057] In the description of the present invention, the directions or positional relationships indicated by the terms "up", "down", "left" and "right" are based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and do not require that the present invention must be constructed and operated in a specific direction. Therefore, they should not be understood as limitations on the present invention.

[0058] The terms used in this invention are for the purpose of describing specific embodiments only and are not intended to limit the invention. The singular forms "a," "an," and "the" used in this invention and the appended claims are also intended to include plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It should also be understood that the term "and / or" as used herein refers to and includes any or all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0059] A CD graining machine, also known as a CD patterning machine or CD flower lathe, is a device specifically designed for producing continuous circular patterns on cylindrical workpieces. Featuring high-speed rotation, automated operation, and precise control, this machine moves a polishing head or machining tool along a predetermined trajectory, thereby incising a fine CD grain pattern on the surface of the object. CD grain refers to a radial, concentric circular pattern cut into metal or plastic surfaces through precision machining (typically using a CNC lathe or a dedicated graining machine). It gets its name from its visual resemblance to the reflective texture of a CD disc.

[0060] In most current CNC graining machines, tool positioning utilizes a dual-axis, two-dimensional machining structure. Cutting the workpiece is accomplished by moving the tool horizontally and vertically. However, over time, the transmission mechanism can wear out due to factors such as wear, leading to a decrease in tool positioning accuracy and, consequently, poor machining quality. For example, long-term axial stress can cause microcracks on the ball contact surface, increasing backlash and causing backlash in the tool's radial feed (X-axis), resulting in uneven CD grain spacing. Metal debris can enter the guide rails, disrupting the lubricating oil film and increasing friction, leading to creep during Z-axis feed and fluctuations in grain depth. High-frequency reciprocating motion can reduce ball diameter and cause excessive straightness errors. Furthermore, heat generated during the cutting process causes the ball screw to expand, further exacerbating axial errors and significantly compromising the precision of the resulting CD grains. Therefore, addressing these issues and improving tool positioning accuracy in CNC CD graining machines has become a pressing technical challenge for those skilled in the art.

[0061] To this end, the applicant has developed a CNC CD graining machine. This machine utilizes a three-axis, three-dimensional machining structure that not only moves the tool horizontally and vertically but also allows for fine-tuning of the workpiece in the third dimension to aid in precise tool positioning. This design not only improves machining accuracy but also facilitates precision compensation, resulting in a more refined and uniform CD grain, meeting the demands of high-precision machining.

[0062] The following combination Figure 1 and 2 , introduces the CNC CD graining machine given in the embodiment of the present application, which may include an X-axis moving mechanism 1, a Y-axis moving mechanism 2 and a Z-axis moving mechanism 3.

[0063] In the graining machine, tool positioning has the defect that the processing accuracy is affected by tool wear, material properties (hardness, toughness, thermal conductivity) and reduced mechanical accuracy. At the same time, the force deformation and thermal deformation of the process system will also reduce the positioning accuracy, resulting in unclear texture or dimensional deviation.

[0064] To this end, the present application may provide an X-axis moving mechanism 1 , a Y-axis moving mechanism 2 disposed above the X-axis moving mechanism 1 , and a Z-axis moving mechanism 3 installed on the Y-axis moving mechanism 2 .

[0065] See also Figure 2 and 3 As shown, the X-axis moving mechanism 1 includes a tooling table 12, a moving base 13 connected to the bottom of the tooling table 12, and a first driving device 11. The tooling table 12 is used to install the clamping tool, and the first driving device 11 is used to drive the moving base 13 to move along the X-axis direction; the Y-axis moving mechanism 2 includes a second driving device 21, which is used to drive the Z-axis moving mechanism 3 to move along the Y-axis direction; the Z-axis moving mechanism 3 includes a third driving device 31, and a tool holder 4 is provided on the Z-axis moving mechanism 3, and the third driving device 31 is used to drive the tool holder 4 to move along the Z-axis direction.

[0066] See also Figure 3 、 5 6, the X-axis moving mechanism 1, the Y-axis moving mechanism 2 and the Z-axis moving mechanism 3 each include a fixing member 5, a slide rail 6 and a lead screw 7. One end of the three lead screws 7 is fixed to the driving ends of the first drive device 11, the second drive device 21 and the third drive device 31 respectively. The slide rail 6 is arranged parallel to the lead screw 7, and the fixing member 5 is fixed to the nut of the lead screw 7.

[0067] The fixed part 5 of the X-axis moving mechanism 1 is connected to the moving seat 13, and the moving seat 13 is also slidably connected to the slide rail 6 of the X-axis moving mechanism 1; the fixed part 5 of the Y-axis moving mechanism 2 is connected to the Z-axis moving mechanism 3, and the slide rail 6 of the Y-axis moving mechanism 2 is slidably connected to the Z-axis moving mechanism 3; the fixed part 5 and the slide rail 6 of the Z-axis moving mechanism 3 are both connected to the tool holder 4.

[0068] Specifically, the tooling table 12 can use a large-sized metal plate as the installation table for clamping the tooling, which can provide comprehensive support. The movable seat 13 can be a concave movable seat 13, which is through in the middle and open at both ends. Its bottom is recessed upward to form an upper concave surface, and sliders are symmetrically fixed on both sides of the upper concave surface, while its top surface and front and rear side surfaces are all flat. Therefore, the top plane of the movable seat 13 can be used to install the tooling table 12 through a fixing structure such as bolts, and its upper concave surface can be connected to the fixing part 5 of the X-axis moving mechanism 1. In this embodiment, two X-axis slide rails 6 are used, and the upper concave surface can be connected to the double slide rails 6 on both sides by using sliders. Furthermore, the two ends of the two X-axis slide rails 6 can be fixed by two supports, with a screw seat provided on the left support and a first drive device 11 installed on the right support. The left and right ends of the screw shaft are respectively connected to the screw seat and the first drive device 11, thereby mounting the screw shaft; at the same time, the nut is rotatably connected to the screw shaft, and the fixing member 5 is fixed to the top of the nut, and the top of the fixing member 5 is connected to the upper concave surface of the movable seat 13. As an improved embodiment, a protective plate can also be set on the two supports and passed through the movable seat 13 to cover the upper concave surface, the slide rail 6, and the fixing member 5, thereby isolating the gap between metal debris and the screw 7, the slide rail 6 and other structures. It can be seen that the X-axis moving mechanism 1 is composed of the above structure to form an independent workpiece moving platform.

[0069] The graining machine includes a frame, and the X-axis moving mechanism 1 is fixed on the working surface of the frame through a support, perpendicular to the Y-axis moving mechanism 2. The second drive device 21 is fixed horizontally on the frame, and is located above the X-axis moving mechanism 1. A screw seat is installed on the frame, located on the left side of the second drive device 21. The screw shaft is set up through the screw seat and the second drive device 21, and the screw shaft is rotated and installed by the nut to realize the arrangement of the transmission structure. The slide rail 6 of the Y-axis moving mechanism 2 is arranged parallel to the screw shaft and installed on the frame. At the same time, a slider is fixed on the back of the Z-axis moving mechanism 3, and the sliding setting of the Z-axis moving mechanism 3 is realized by connecting the slide rail 6 through the slider. The front of the nut is fixed to the fixing part 5, and the Z-axis moving mechanism 3 is fixed by the fixing part 5 on the front. The fixing part 5 is connected to the slide rail 6 through the Z-axis moving mechanism 3. Through this design, when the second drive device 21 is in operation, the fixing part 5 can drive the Z-axis moving mechanism 3 as a whole to move along the Y-axis direction on the frame. Furthermore, the third driving device 31 realizes Z-axis transmission through the screw 7 and the fixing member 5, and the tool holder 4 is connected to the fixing member 5 and the slide rail 6, so that the tool holder 4 can move in the Z axis.

[0070] In summary, the X-axis position adjustment of the workpiece is achieved through the X-axis moving mechanism 1, the lateral displacement of the Z-axis moving mechanism 3 is achieved through the Y-axis moving mechanism 2, and the vertical lifting of the tool holder 4 is controlled by the Z-axis moving mechanism 3. The pattern turning machine realizes three-axis tool positioning, which not only improves the processing accuracy and solves the shortcomings of insufficient dual-axis positioning accuracy, but also introduces the third dimension of precision compensation to solve the defects of reduced positioning accuracy caused by various factors in workpiece processing, and significantly improves the stability of processing quality.

[0071] Further, see Figure 6 As shown, the Z-axis moving mechanism 3 includes a base 32 connected to the second driving device 21, a slide rail 6 fixed to the base 32, and a slide 33 matching the slide rail 6 on the base 32. The slide 33 is connected to the third driving device 31, and the tool holder 4 is fixed on the slide 33.

[0072] A telescopic cavity is enclosed between the slide 33 and the base 32 , and the slide rail 6 on the base 32 is located in the telescopic cavity.

[0073] Specifically, the slide 33 can be provided with a U-shaped base cover on the front of the base 32, and a telescopic cavity that runs through the top and bottom is formed between the two; the back of the base 32 is fixed with a slider and a fixing member 5 connected to the Y-axis moving mechanism 2, and the front of the base 32 is fixed with a slide rail 6 along the Z-axis direction. Since the slide rail 6 is located in the telescopic cavity, the slide 33 is fixed with a slider in the telescopic cavity, which can slide with the slide rail 6. The third drive device 31 is fixed to the top of the base 32, and its driving end is connected to the lead screw 7, and the lead screw 7 is arranged in the telescopic cavity, so that the fixing member 5 and the nut are both located in the telescopic cavity, and the fixing member 5 is connected to the bottom of the slide 33. In addition, the tool holder 4 is located at the top of the slide 33 outside the telescopic cavity, which can facilitate the installation of the tool. It can be seen that the telescopic cavity provides a protective place for structures such as the lead screw 7, the fixing member 5, the slide rail 6 and the slider, effectively preventing cutting debris from invading the structural gap, thereby preventing further aggravation of structural wear.

[0074] Furthermore, the CNC CD turning machine also includes a workpiece clamping mechanism, which includes a dividing plate, a clamping chuck installed on the top surface of the dividing plate, and an adjustable positioning bracket located outside the clamping chuck. The dividing plate and the adjustable positioning bracket are both installed on the workbench 12, and the adjustable positioning bracket is used to assist in fixing the workpiece on the clamping chuck.

[0075] Specifically, the workbench 12 can be constructed of upper and lower double-layer plywood, with a hollow interlayer disposed between the two layers. The upper plywood is provided with multiple through-holes, the hollow interlayer communicating with the multiple through-holes. A copper elbow is mounted on one side of the workbench 12, connecting the multiple through-holes through the hollow interlayer. The gripper chuck can be a pneumatic gripper, adaptively connected to one or more through-holes via a short tube. In this case, the multiple through-holes in the workbench 12 and the copper elbow thereon facilitate connection to an air source, thereby eliminating the need for redundant air pipes. A servo motor can be mounted on the upper plywood of the workbench 12 through the through-holes, which drives the indexing plate to rotate. A through-hole is also reserved for the pneumatic gripper to connect. The bottom of the adjustable positioning bracket can also be secured to the upper plywood of the workbench 12 through the through-holes, further limiting the workpiece held by the pneumatic gripper by contacting the outer side of the workpiece, thereby achieving an auxiliary fixation effect.

[0076] Further, see Figure 6 As shown, the tool holder 4 includes a boss 41 fixed on the surface of the Z-axis moving mechanism 3 and a tool column 42 connected to the top of the boss 41 . An operating hole 411 is provided on the boss 41 , and an insertion port 421 is provided through the tool column 42 .

[0077] The boss 41 is an alloy disc. An arc-shaped through hole can be provided on the boss 41 in a centrally symmetrical manner as an operating hole 411. The operating hole 411 can be used as a clamping portion when moving or installing the boss 41, which is convenient for the operator to grasp. It can also be used as a fulcrum for disassembling and assembling the tool, which helps to improve the convenience of operation and significantly improves the efficiency of tool changing and calibration. The tool column 42 is perpendicular to the surface of the boss 41, and its axis passes through the center of the boss 41. The side of the tool column 42 is provided with an insertion port 421, and a locking hole is drilled on its top surface, which is connected to the inner side of the insertion port 421. At this time, a tool with a corresponding locking hole can be used according to actual needs. Through the above structure, the tool can be portable and inserted into the tool holder 4, and the tool can be further fixed to the tool column 42 by using bolts passing through the two locking holes.

[0078] Furthermore, the X-axis moving mechanism 1, the Y-axis moving mechanism 2 and the Z-axis moving mechanism 3 are all provided with displacement sensors, which are used to detect and feedback the tool position in real time; the tool holder 4 is provided with a vibration sensor, which is used to detect the vibration of the tool in real time.

[0079] In actual use, a grating ruler can be used as a displacement sensor. A grating ruler is a high-precision displacement measuring device primarily used to: measure linear or angular displacement, output digital pulse signals, and have a wide detection range and high accuracy. It is used to detect tool and workpiece coordinates in CNC machine tools; monitor motion errors, such as tool path deviation, in real time, and compensate for tool motion errors through a feedback system to improve machining accuracy; and achieve precise positioning and automatic control, making it suitable for use in automated production lines, robotics, and other scenarios. Placing a grating ruler on the X, Y, and Z axis moving mechanism 3 enables real-time acquisition of tool position information and comprehensive coverage of the tool's trajectory. By combining the grating ruler with a closed-loop control system, tool positioning accuracy of ±0.002mm is achieved, and CD groove pitch error is controlled within ±0.01mm, significantly improving machining accuracy compared to traditional equipment. Furthermore, a piezoelectric accelerometer can be used as a vibration sensor. Piezoelectric accelerometers are primarily used for vibration measurement and condition monitoring, capturing mechanical vibration signals to enable equipment health assessments and fault warnings. The piezoelectric acceleration sensor provided on the tool holder 4 can monitor the vibration amplitude, frequency and other parameters of the tool, and then the closed-loop control system can realize parameter acquisition and vibration analysis.

[0080] Further, see Figure 3 、 5 As shown in 6 , a limit frame 8 is provided on the driving end surface of the first driving device 11 , the second driving device 21 and the third driving device 31 , and the limit frame 8 is sleeved on the shaft of the lead screw 7 .

[0081] Specifically, the limit frame 8 is connected to the driving end face of the first driving device 11, the second driving device 21 or the third driving device 31 through two pillars. A through hole is provided on the top thereof for the screw shaft to pass through. By being installed in conjunction with the screw 7, the vibration of traditional equipment caused by the cantilever support or insufficient end fixation of the screw 7 is reduced.

[0082] It can be seen from the technical solution introduced above that the CNC CD graining machine provided in the embodiment of the present application completes the precise positioning of the workpiece through the precise coordination of the X-axis moving mechanism 1, the Y-axis moving mechanism 2 and the Z-axis moving mechanism 3, thereby solving the shortcoming of insufficient dual-axis positioning accuracy; the tool movement is driven by the coordinated operation of the Y-axis and Z-axis moving mechanisms 3, and the workpiece displacement is achieved in conjunction with the X-axis moving mechanism 1 to assist the tool in precise workpiece positioning, thereby introducing precision compensation in the third dimension, effectively correcting the precision attenuation problem caused by structural limitations of traditional dual-axis graining machines, and significantly improving the stability of processing quality.

[0083] The turning method provided in an embodiment of the present application is described below. The turning method may include:

[0084] Step S101 , clamping a workpiece onto a tooling table, and moving the tooling table until a tool abuts against a surface of the workpiece.

[0085] Specifically, through the precise positioning and fixation of the workbench, the displacement and vibration of the workpiece during the processing are limited, and the relative position of the tool and the workpiece is accurate, thereby achieving high-precision grain processing, while avoiding the deterioration of surface roughness or dimensional error caused by the shaking of the workpiece. The tool abuts the surface of the workpiece so that the tool can accurately cut according to the preset path, reducing idle travel.

[0086] Step S102 , setting processing parameters, generating X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis movement paths according to the processing parameters, and constructing a three-dimensional movement path.

[0087] Specifically, parameters are used to control the coordinates, speed, and depth of the tool path, ensuring that the pattern meets design requirements and avoiding manual errors. Adjusting these parameters can control cutting forces, reduce vibration and burrs, and improve surface finish. Generating the shortest path based on these parameters reduces idle travel time and improves cutting efficiency, making it particularly suitable for complex surfaces or batch processing. Furthermore, the three-dimensional path can accommodate patterns of various shapes, such as spirals and grids, enabling complex contour processing through multi-axis linkage.

[0088] In step S103 , the workpiece is moved in the X-axis direction according to the three-dimensional moving path, and the tool is moved in the Y-axis direction and the Z-axis direction in a linked manner to turn the workpiece.

[0089] Specifically, the workpiece and tool move separately in order to achieve complex surface processing through multi-axis collaborative control, improve processing efficiency and precision, adapt to the needs of diverse parts, and optimize cutting parameters to reduce vibration and burrs. This is specifically reflected in breaking through the limitations of single tool movement, improving processing efficiency, ensuring precision and surface quality, and meeting diverse processing needs.

[0090] In step S104, the displacement and vibration of the tool, as well as the temperature of the Y-axis and Z-axis moving mechanisms, are detected in real time during processing. Based on the real-time data, a dynamic displacement compensation amount is introduced in the X-axis direction, and the workpiece displacement is adjusted according to the dynamic displacement compensation amount.

[0091] Specifically, in order to address the problem of precision loss caused by factors such as thermal deformation, vibration, and mechanical errors during the machining process, dynamic compensation is implemented to ensure machining accuracy and stability. Specifically, temperature changes can cause thermal expansion or contraction of the moving structure, resulting in a shift in the relative position of the tool and the workpiece. Real-time detection of the temperature data of the Y and Z axis moving mechanisms and calculation of the thermal deformation amount are performed. Introducing the X-axis dynamic displacement compensation amount can offset the impact of thermal errors on machining accuracy. Vibration during the turning process, such as the slight vibration of the tool caused by the cutting force, can cause the actual cutting trajectory to deviate from the theoretical path. By real-time monitoring of the tool's vibration data and generating compensation, dynamic adjustment of the workpiece displacement can effectively suppress the negative impact of vibration on surface quality and dimensional accuracy. Mechanical errors such as slide wear and lead screw backlash will accumulate over machining time, resulting in deviations in the relative position of the tool and workpiece. Real-time detection of the tool's displacement data and calculation of the compensation amount in combination with the error model can correct the accumulated deviations caused by these mechanical errors in real time, ensuring the consistency of precision during long-term machining. In addition, material properties such as differences in thermal expansion coefficients, or changes in cutting parameters such as feed rate and cutting depth will also affect the actual displacement during the machining process. Through real-time monitoring and dynamic compensation of multiple parameters, it is possible to adapt to the precision requirements under different working conditions and avoid machining errors caused by a single factor. Ultimately, through this dynamic displacement compensation mechanism based on real-time data, the dimensional accuracy, surface quality and stability of turning machining can be significantly improved.

[0092] Furthermore, introducing a dynamic displacement compensation includes: establishing a mapping relationship between temperature characteristics and X-axis compensation amounts based on real-time temperature data to obtain a corresponding X-axis compensation amount; establishing a nonlinear mapping relationship between vibration frequency domain characteristics and X-axis compensation amounts based on real-time vibration and displacement data to obtain a corresponding X-axis compensation amount; and vector superposition of each X-axis compensation amount in the X-axis direction to obtain a dynamic displacement compensation amount introduced in the X-axis direction.

[0093] Specifically, a temperature signature is constructed based on the real-time temperature data of the Y- and Z-axis motion mechanisms. This signature is then mapped to a high-precision X-axis compensation model, such as a polynomial fit or neural network algorithm, to obtain the precise X-axis thermal deformation compensation under the current temperature field. The temperature signature can include the temperature rise rate and the temperature gradient distribution. The frequency domain characteristics of the tool's real-time vibration signal, such as the main frequency component, are simultaneously extracted. A vibration-displacement coupling model is constructed in conjunction with the tool's displacement data. A nonlinear mapping relationship between the vibration frequency domain signature and the X-axis dynamic compensation is established, and the X-axis micro-displacement compensation caused by vibration is calculated. Finally, the temperature compensation, vibration compensation, and other potential error sources, such as mechanical clearance and X-axis displacement compensation corresponding to material deformation, are vector-synthesized to form a comprehensive compensation instruction that drives the X-axis motion mechanism to correct the workpiece position in real time, thereby ensuring that the machining trajectory always maintains high-precision consistency with the theoretical path.

[0094] Furthermore, before clamping the workpiece to the tooling table, it includes: performing a return to zero operation to move each moving mechanism to the mechanical origin; cleaning the tool holder, and using the corresponding tool according to the processing requirements, inserting the tool into the tool holder and tightening the screws, and clamping the workpiece.

[0095] Specifically, a return-to-zero operation is performed to move each moving mechanism to the mechanical origin to establish a unified coordinate reference. The tool holder is then thoroughly cleaned to remove impurities such as residual chips, coolant or oil. According to the current processing task requirements, a suitable tool is selected from the tool library, the selected tool is accurately inserted into the tool holder, and the screws are tightened with the specified torque to ensure the tool clamping rigidity. At the same time, the workpiece clamping and positioning are completed, and finally the tool and workpiece are ensured to be in the initial state where the processing program can be executed, laying the foundation for subsequent high-precision processing.

[0096] As can be seen from the technical solutions described above, the method provided in the embodiments of this application achieves high-precision turning through a four-step collaborative process: first, clamping the workpiece and initially contacting the tool to establish a precise datum; then, generating an X / Y / Z three-axis linkage path based on parameters to support complex surface machining; during machining, the X-axis moves the workpiece and the Y / Z axes link the tool to achieve efficient cutting; and simultaneously, real-time monitoring of displacement, temperature, and vibration data to dynamically compensate for X-axis displacement errors. Initial tool setting ensures datum accuracy, multi-axis linkage improves complex contour machining efficiency, and dynamic compensation eliminates errors such as thermal deformation and vibration, ultimately achieving high-precision, high-stability precision turning, meeting the high-consistency production requirements for complex parts.

[0097] The foregoing description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that various modifications and variations of the present invention are possible. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, or improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention are intended to be within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A CNC CD engraving machine, characterized by: It comprises an X-axis moving mechanism (1), a Y-axis moving mechanism (2) arranged above the X-axis moving mechanism (1), and a Z-axis moving mechanism (3) installed on the Y-axis moving mechanism (2); The X-axis moving mechanism (1) comprises a tooling table (12), a moving seat (13) connected to the bottom of the tooling table (12), and a first driving device (11), wherein the tooling table (12) is used to install a clamping tool, and the first driving device (11) is used to drive the moving seat (13) to move along the X-axis direction; The Y-axis moving mechanism (2) includes a second driving device (21) for driving the Z-axis moving mechanism (3) to move along the Y-axis direction; The Z-axis moving mechanism (3) includes a third driving device (31), and a knife seat (4) is provided on the Z-axis moving mechanism (3). The third driving device (31) is used to drive the knife seat (4) to move along the Z-axis direction.

2. The CNC CD graining machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The X-axis moving mechanism (1), the Y-axis moving mechanism (2) and the Z-axis moving mechanism (3) all include a fixing member (5), a slide rail (6) and a lead screw (7), one end of each of the three lead screws (7) is fixed to the driving ends of the first drive device (11), the second drive device (21) and the third drive device (31), respectively; the slide rail (6) is arranged parallel to the lead screw (7), and the fixing member (5) is fixed to the nut of the lead screw (7); The fixing member (5) of the X-axis moving mechanism (1) is connected to the moving seat (13), and the moving seat (13) is also slidably connected to the slide rail (6) of the X-axis moving mechanism (1); the fixing member (5) of the Y-axis moving mechanism (2) is connected to the Z-axis moving mechanism (3), and the slide rail (6) of the Y-axis moving mechanism (2) is slidably connected to the Z-axis moving mechanism (3); the fixing member (5) and the slide rail (6) of the Z-axis moving mechanism (3) are both connected to the tool holder (4).

3. The CNC CD graining machine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The Z-axis moving mechanism (3) includes a base (32) connected to the second driving device (21), a slide rail (6) fixed on the base (32), and a slide table (33) matching the slide rail (6) on the base (32), the slide table (33) is connected to the third driving device (31), and the tool holder (4) is fixed on the slide table (33); A telescopic cavity is enclosed between the slide (33) and the base (32), and the slide rail (6) on the base (32) is located in the telescopic cavity.

4. The CNC CD graining machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The CNC CD turning machine also includes a workpiece clamping mechanism, which includes a dividing plate, a clamping chuck mounted on the top surface of the dividing plate, and an adjustable positioning bracket located outside the clamping chuck. The dividing plate and the adjustable positioning bracket are both mounted on the workbench (12), and the adjustable positioning bracket is used to assist in fixing the workpiece on the clamping chuck.

5. The CNC CD engraving machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The knife seat (4) comprises a boss (41) fixed on the surface of the Z-axis moving mechanism (3) and a knife column (42) connected to the top of the boss (41); an operating hole (411) is provided on the boss (41); and an insertion interface (421) is provided through the knife column (42).

6. The CNC CD graining machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The X-axis moving mechanism (1), the Y-axis moving mechanism (2) and the Z-axis moving mechanism (3) are all provided with displacement sensors, which are used to detect and feedback the position of the tool in real time; the tool holder (4) is provided with a vibration sensor, which is used to detect the vibration of the tool in real time.

7. The CNC CD graining machine according to claim 2, characterized in that: A limiting frame (8) is provided on the driving end faces of the first driving device (11), the second driving device (21) and the third driving device (31), and the limiting frame (8) is sleeved on the shaft of the lead screw (7).

8. A turning method, applied to the CNC CD graining machine according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: Clamping the workpiece onto a tooling table, and moving the tooling table until the tool abuts against the workpiece surface; Set processing parameters, generate X, Y, and Z axis movement paths based on the processing parameters, and construct a three-dimensional movement path; According to the three-dimensional moving path, the workpiece is moved in the X-axis direction, and the tool is moved in conjunction with the Y-axis and Z-axis directions to turn the workpiece; During machining, the tool displacement and vibration, as well as the temperature of the Y and Z axis moving mechanisms and other data are detected in real time. Based on the real-time data, dynamic displacement compensation is introduced in the X axis direction, and the workpiece displacement is adjusted according to the dynamic displacement compensation.

9. The turning method according to claim 8, characterized in that The introduction of dynamic displacement compensation in the X-axis direction based on real-time data includes: Based on real-time temperature data, a mapping relationship between temperature characteristics and X-axis compensation is established to obtain the corresponding X-axis compensation. Based on real-time vibration and displacement data, a nonlinear mapping relationship between vibration frequency domain characteristics and X-axis compensation is established to obtain the corresponding X-axis compensation. The X-axis compensation amounts are vector-superimposed in the X-axis direction to obtain the dynamic displacement compensation amount introduced in the X-axis direction.

10. The turning method according to claim 8, characterized in that Before clamping the workpiece to the tooling table, the steps include: performing a return to zero operation to move each moving mechanism to the mechanical origin; cleaning the tool holder, using a corresponding tool according to processing requirements, inserting the tool into the tool holder and tightening the screws, and clamping the workpiece.

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