109 results about "Geometric error" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of numerical control machining, in particular to a CAM post-optimization method and system for geometric error compensation of a multi-axis linkage numerical control machine tool. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, carrying out kinematics analysis and geometric error modeling on a target machine tool, and deploying the target machine tool in a CAM post-optimization module; then actual state parameters of the target machine tool in the machining process are collected in real time through a laser interferometer; a motion instruction of a target machine tool and a detection result of a laser interferometer are synchronously obtained through a CAM post-optimization module, and then geometric errors of a linear axis and a rotating axis in the operation process of the target machine tool are calculated in real time through a kinematic model and a geometric error model. According to the method, different linear axis compensation modes are adopted for different instructions; and a cutter shaft attitude vector error and a cutter cutting point position error are calculated in combination with inverse kinematics, and are corrected step by step. The problem that the error compensation precision of a controller in an existing numerical control machine tool is insufficient can be solved.

The invention discloses a multi-dimensional real-time coupling error compensation method for a five-axis numerical control machine tool. The method comprises the following steps: (1) acquiring geometric error, thermal error, dynamic error and coupling error data of the five-axis machine tool in real time by utilizing a sensor network arranged on key parts of the machine tool; (2) by constructing a five-axis linkage nonlinear error compensation model, performing traceability analysis on errors generated in the machining process by adopting a reverse error propagation algorithm, and dynamically optimizing the compensation amount according to error sources; (3) establishing a causal relationship and a probability distribution model of each error source based on a Bayesian network, updating joint distribution of the error sources by using real-time sensor data, predicting a comprehensive error through Bayesian reasoning, and adjusting motion parameters of each axis; through the real-time, multi-dimensional and intelligent error compensation technology, the machining precision, efficiency and adaptability of the five-axis numerical control machine tool are remarkably improved, the production cost is reduced, the product quality is improved, and the five-axis numerical control machine tool has higher competitiveness in the complex and high-end manufacturing field.

The invention discloses an optical performance-oriented key geometric error identification method for a large aspheric element multi-axis numerical control machine tool. According to the method, a tool setting point is used as a key node to establish a surface shape error model, geometric errors and surface shape errors of a machine tool are accurately associated, multi-error coupling analysis is simplified, and targeted compensation, online monitoring and real-time correction are achieved. On the basis, a machine tool space error model is constructed in combination with a multi-body system theory, a mapping relation between a surface shape error and wavefront aberration is established by utilizing a ray tracing theory, the wavefront aberration is fitted through a Zernike polynomial, and the contribution degree of each geometric error to the aberration is quantified by means of principal component analysis, so that a key geometric error is identified and compensation is implemented. According to the method, the machining error and the final optical performance are directly associated, and the machining precision and the performance quality of the large aspheric element can be improved. The method is suitable for the manufacturing field of large complex optical elements machined by a multi-axis numerical control machine tool.

A quality prediction and adaptive compensation method and apparatus for curved surface assembly are provided. The method includes: inputting a geometric error function and a thermal error function into a spatial error model, to obtain a machining error prediction model; superimposing obtained machining errors on a theoretical surface of an assembly surface, to obtain a predicted machining surface; calculating, according to an assembly median plane determined based on the assembly surface, shape errors and assembly gap errors, and predicting curved surface assembly quality of a part by using the shape errors and the assembly gap errors; calculating an adaptive compensation amount of each assembly plane of the assembly surface based on the shape errors, the assembly gap errors, and the machining errors, when the curved surface assembly quality does not meet a preset assembly quality requirement, and compensating the corresponding assembly plane by using the adaptive compensation amount.

A method and a device for identifying geometric errors of a numerical control (NC) machine tool based on a modified nine-line method. Motion errors between a plurality of rigid bodies of the NC machine tool is superimposed to construct a comprehensive error model based on multibody system kinematics theory and a topological structure of the NC machine tool. Optimization is performed based on the comprehensive error model and a preset fitness function to predict six optimal measurement positions. Six linear measurement trajectories are established respectively at the six optimal measurement positions. The six linear measurement trajectories are each parallel to one of an X-axis, a Y-axis, and a Z-axis. error terms for each of the six linear measurement trajectories are measured to establish a first equation set having six first equations. Geometric error simulation and identification for the NC machine tool are performed based on the first equation set.

The invention discloses a face gear worm grinding machine error compensation method based on sensitivity analysis and a multi-source error mapping model, which comprises the following steps of: 1, constructing a multi-source error-tooth surface error mapping model based on a vector decomposition and truncation function method, the truncation function method is used for quantitatively describing propagation mechanisms of geometric errors and thermal errors in a machining chain and influences of the propagation mechanisms on tooth surface deviation, and high-order error terms are eliminated to improve calculation efficiency; 2, responding to the output of the mapping model, applying an improved Morris sensitivity analysis method, distributing a weighting coefficient higher than a geometric error component for a thermal error component, and calculating a weighting sensitivity coefficient so as to identify a key error component which has the greatest influence on the tooth surface precision; and 3, based on the key error component, a motion axis compensation value is generated through an error compensation model, and the compensation value is input into a machine tool control system to adjust the relative position of the worm grinding wheel and the workpiece, so that the tooth surface error is reduced.

The invention relates to an improved rotating shaft position-independent geometric error identification method based on a ball bar, which is applied to a five-axis machine tool and comprises the following steps of: setting an original point of a machine tool coordinate system at an intersection point OM of an A-axis axis and a C-axis axis in an ideal state, and overlapping the original point of the A-axis coordinate system with the original point of the machine tool coordinate system, the original point of a workpiece coordinate system is arranged at the center OW of a rotary table of a workbench, the original point of a C-axis coordinate system coincides with the original point of the workpiece coordinate system, and the vertical height between OM and OW is ZCA; respectively establishing PIGEs error matrixes of the A axis and the C axis based on a spinor theory; a rotating shaft position irrelevant geometric error model and a ball rod length model are established by adopting a spinor theory, and a measured shaft is controlled by using a single-shaft control method to complete measurement in a preset mode. According to the method, identification of eight PIGEs of the rotating shaft can be completed only by installing the ball bar for two times, in the aspect of simplicity and convenience, the installation frequency is reduced, and operation is simpler and more convenient; in the aspect of identification accuracy, introduction of additional errors is reduced, and identification precision is improved.

The invention discloses an error compensation method for a double-end driving gantry machine tool. The method comprises the following steps: 1, establishing a theoretical transformation matrix of a double-end driving gantry machine tool cutter end, and comparing the theoretical transformation matrix with an actual transformation matrix to obtain an error transmission model of the cutter end; 2, instructions are applied to the two ends of the double-end-drive gantry machine tool at the same time, and a double-drive X-axis, a Y-axis and a Z-axis are driven to move; 3, installing a laser interferometer probe and a reflector at a specified position of each shaft, and measuring by an interferometer to obtain a geometric error; 4, substituting the measured geometric error into the error transfer model, and calculating to obtain a cutter end error; and 5, performing error compensation on the cutter end according to the calculated cutter end error. According to the method, the influence of the double-end driving error on the positioning precision of the tail end of the cutter can be quantitatively evaluated through the error transfer model, the position error is compensated, the machining precision of the double-end driving gantry machine tool is improved, and the problem that the machining precision is insufficient in actual machining is solved.

The invention relates to the technical field of five-axis numerical control machining error detection, in particular to a high-precision geometric error detection method and system for five-axis numerical control machining, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a height error value and a height error matrix of a measurement point on the surface of a workbench through a laser interferometer; determining the final possibility that the height error matrix deforms in a corresponding area on the surface of the workbench; determining the deformation quantity of the surface of the workbench measured each time; determining the most recently measured deformation quantity change rate of the surface of the workbench; determining the final deformation quantity of the position of the workpiece on the surface of the workbench at each moment; and compensating the five-axis numerical control machine tool according to the final deformation quantity. The dynamic influence that the surface deformation of the workbench is gradually increased along with time accumulation and the influence of the self weight of the workpiece on the surface of the workbench are reduced, and the overall machining performance of the five-axis numerical control machine tool is improved.

The invention discloses a geometric error identification and compensation system and method for a numerical control machine tool, and belongs to the technical field of numerical control machine tools, and the method comprises the steps: collecting the position, temperature and cutting force data of the machine tool in real time, and calculating the components of a position error, a thermally induced equivalent error and a force induced equivalent error to construct a multi-dimensional state vector; according to the method, a compensation value is calculated through a dynamic compensation model, the core of the method is that a dynamic modulation factor is introduced, the factor integrates the heat effect, the force effect and the multi-axis coupling effect to dynamically adjust the compensation weight, in addition, a grading trigger compensation strategy based on comprehensive error amplitude evaluation is designed, and the compensation accuracy is improved. The reconstruction compensation can update model parameters on line to cope with long-term changes of the system, intelligent distribution of compensation resources and self-adaptive adjustment of system changes are achieved, time-varying errors are effectively restrained, and precision, efficiency and robustness are taken into consideration.

The invention discloses a spiral bevel gear tooth surface error compensation method considering machine tool geometric errors, which relates to the technical field of machining, and comprises the following steps: step 1, establishing an initial machine tool space error model, establishing a tooth surface equation, and establishing a tooth surface error model; establishing a mapping relation from a geometric error to a tooth surface error according to the initial space error model and the tooth surface equation; 2, compensating the tool pose error based on a Jacobian matrix method, and calculating a tooth surface error after compensating the tool pose error; and 3, calculating a compensation value based on a particle swarm algorithm, compensating the tooth surface error obtained in the step 2, and outputting the compensated tooth surface. The compensation efficiency and accuracy during machining of the spiral bevel gear machine tool can be improved.

The invention relates to an R-test-based linkage rotating shaft geometric error identification method of a tool axis non-orthogonal five-axis machine tool, and belongs to the technical field of numerical control machine tools. Secondly, an R-test is installed on a workbench, after the RTCP function is started, the measuring track is within the range of the R-test, and the stroke of each feed shaft needs to be as large as possible, R-test data is extracted, namely, the actual tool nose position error is obtained; and finally, the position-independent geometric error and the position-related geometric error of the AB rotating shaft are identified through the actual tool nose position error. According to the method, the geometric error of the linkage rotating shaft of the tool-axis non-orthogonal five-axis machine tool is quickly identified, and the method has the advantages of high efficiency, accuracy, simplicity and convenience.

The invention relates to a geometric error measuring method for a machine tool rotating shaft, standard balls are mounted on a rotating shaft workbench of a machine tool, a probe is mounted on a machine tool spindle, and the method comprises the following steps: rotating the rotating shaft workbench to obtain sphere center coordinates of a plurality of groups of standard balls; selecting the center coordinates of one group of standard balls, and calculating an optimal fitting plane; according to the optimal fitting plane and the center coordinates of the other groups of standard balls, position-independent errors are obtained; constructing a transformation matrix, and obtaining a coordinate system after the position-independent error is eliminated; obtaining a matrix equation by combining the center coordinates of the plurality of groups of standard balls, the transformation matrix and the coordinate system; and solving the matrix equation to obtain a position correlation error. The measuring method is based on a numerical control machine tool rotating shaft geometric error model, influences of position-independent errors on the center position of a standard ball at the initial position are considered, four position-independent errors and six position-related errors of the rotating shaft are obtained through step-by-step calculation, and comprehensive measurement of ten errors of the rotating shaft is achieved.

A method for identifying geometric errors in a machine tool includes the steps of: positioning a reference sphere so as to align its center with a centerline of a tool spindle; attaching a position measuring device having a gauge head to a rotation unit so as to direct the gauge head toward a rotation centerline of the rotation unit; acquiring displacement data relative to the center of the reference sphere by measuring positions of the reference sphere with the gauge head while rotating a rotation target (the swivel unit or the rotation unit) with the gauge head directed toward the center of the reference sphere, the displacement data being dependent on rotation angles of the rotation target; and identifying the geometric errors by least squares method using a mathematical expression having terms containing the geometric errors and representing displacement dependent on the rotation angles, and the displacement data.

The application discloses a kind of geometric error parameterization fast modeling methods for multi-configuration five-axis machine tool.The method comprises the following steps: constructing the parameterized general transfer vector table of the five-axis machine tool of target type;The parameter set of five-axis machine tool is input into general transfer vector table, and general transfer vector table generates the transfer vector of each geometric error term of five-axis machine tool, to construct geometric error model;Geometric error term and five-axis coordinate are input into model, and model outputs the position deviation and attitude deviation of tool, to be used for the geometric error compensation of tool of five-axis machine tool.The transfer vector table constructed by the application can be reused, and the geometric error model constructed can be suitable for most conventional configuration machine tools;The application can realize the parameterization fast modeling of five-axis machine tool geometric error, can reduce the experience requirement of research and operator, and provides convenience for the accuracy design, error compensation research of various conventional five-axis machine tools and the transverse comparison research between various machine tool configurations and layouts.

The present invention relates to an apparatus and to a method for compensation of errors of a numerically controlled machine tool, which has at least one controllable machine axis for relative positioning of at least one workpiece relative to one or more machining devices. The method comprises detecting actual measured values of at least one input variable describing a state of the machine tool by means of sensors on the machine tool, providing at least one compensation parameter to be utilized by a control device of the machine tool on the control device of the machine tool and compensating errors on the machine tool on the basis of the compensation parameter provided to the control device. The compensation comprises the compensation of thermal errors, the compensation of geometric errors and the compensation of errors on the basis of the dynamics of the machine.

The invention discloses a trigger type measuring head pre-stroke error compensation method based on an error transfer theory, and belongs to the field of machine tool on-machine measurement and error compensation. According to the trigger type measuring head pre-stroke error compensation method, in calibration work before machine measurement, according to the transfer chain theory of geometric errors of workpieces in actual work of a machine tool, a geometric error chain model is established by adopting non-coaxial secondary coordinate transformation between forming gear grinding machine tools, and a pre-stroke error expression formula of a trigger type measuring head is established in a combined mode; the pre-stroke error of the compensation trigger type measuring head is calibrated and compensated more accurately and specifically through the error transfer accumulation effect in the on-machine measurement process.

The invention relates to the technical field of geometric error evaluation of hole and shaft parts in the field of machinery, and discloses a hole and shaft part action boundary discrimination method, which comprises the following steps of: deriving a motion coefficient vector for describing radius change of each measuring point based on a tiny rigid body motion model of a surface measuring point set of a measured part; and the motion coefficients are combined into a motion coefficient matrix. Furthermore, the method establishes a discriminant inequality group based on a mutual exclusion proposition. The judgment process is realized by analyzing the rank of the motion coefficient matrix and iteratively solving an equation set formed by the maximum linear independent matrix of the motion coefficient matrix, and finally, whether the fitting cylinder is the action boundary or not is determined by judging whether the inequality set has a feasible solution or not. According to the method, the problems of complicated geometric discrimination conditions, lack of universality and the like in the existing evaluation method can be solved, and a reliable basis which is easy to realize in a stylization manner is provided for determining the action boundary of the hole-shaft part.

A five-axis machine tool rotary axis geometric error identification method based on machining testing includes: 1. Design of a feature workpiece; 2. Machining of the feature workpiece: machining two identical arc surfaces and two identical rectangular grooves on the same side of the workpiece; 3. On-machine measurement of the workpiece: after machining the feature workpiece, the machine tool is cooled to room temperature, and the data of each arc surface and each rectangular groove of the workpiece at room temperature is measured using the machine tool's on-machine measurement system; 4. Identification of the machine tool rotary axis geometric error: processing the data detected in step 3 to obtain three position error models and three direction error models, thereby identifying the position-independent geometric error of the rotary axis. The present invention has a simple identification mode and high identification efficiency, thereby improving the machining accuracy of the five-axis CNC machine tool.

The process adaptability pilot test verification evaluation method and system for the aviation structural part machining machine tool comprises the steps that the comprehensive geometric error, the motion linkage error and the machining process dynamic error of the machine tool are obtained, and a comprehensive precision evaluation model of the machine tool is established; based on a comprehensive precision evaluation model, processing efficiency adaptability evaluation is carried out on the machine tool; establishing a thermal characteristic model of the machine tool through heat source analysis, temperature field monitoring and thermally induced error modeling; establishing a resonance characteristic model of the machine tool through modal test of the whole machine and key parts and resonance characteristic evolution analysis in a processing space; and performing comprehensive process adaptability evaluation on the machine tool by combining the comprehensive precision evaluation model, the thermal characteristic model of the machine tool and the resonance characteristic model of the machine tool, and performing process adaptability pilot test verification on the machine tool based on an evaluation result.

An online measurement gear precision evaluation method considering geometric errors of a large-specification gear making machine tool is characterized in that a measurement path is planned based on the large-specification machine tool which is provided with an online measurement system and contains X, Y, Z and C axes, an online measurement system geometric error model is established, the influence of the geometric errors on a measurement result is analyzed, and the precision of the large-specification gear making machine tool is evaluated. And obtaining a theoretical comparison position corresponding to the actual measurement point, and evaluating the processed measurement result. A measurement path is planned according to an involute helical gear measurement principle and shaft configuration characteristics of a large-specification gear making machine tool; establishing a geometric error model in combination with the measurement path; and analyzing the influence of the geometric error on the measurement result, correcting the measurement result, and evaluating the corrected measurement result. According to the invention, the online measurement evaluation accuracy of the large-specification gear making machine tool is improved.

The present application relates to a kind of five-axis machine tool rotation axis geometric error detection and identification method based on ball bar measurement, comprising: establishing five-axis machine tool geometric error model;Determine the axis of rotation of two points, and respectively determine the installation position of ball bar X direction, Y direction, Z direction at the two points;Get the reading of ball bar at different installation positions when rotation axis rotates;According to the two groups of readings of ball bar and the coordinates of fixed ball when ball bar X direction, Y direction, Z direction is installed, 3 three-dimensional spherical surfaces are established respectively, the intersection point is a point on the axis of rotation, the axis expression of rotation axis is determined by two different space points;Compare actual axis and ideal axis when rotation axis rotates, determine all 10 geometric errors of rotation axis by means of corresponding geometric error identification formula.The present application is suitable for different types of five-axis machine tool rotation axis error detection scene, only need rotation axis to participate in rotation when measuring, principle is correct, convenient and simple, measurement is convenient, identification efficiency and identification precision are high.

The application discloses a forming gear grinding machine sensitive geometric error identification method for gear evaluation error, which comprises the following steps: establishing a grinding wheel rotary surface parameter model based on gear parameters to be machined; establishing a quantitative mapping analytical model of machine tool geometric error-gear tooth profile / helical line deviation; and identifying sensitive geometric errors affecting the evaluation deviation of the gear tooth profile / helical line. The application can identify key errors affecting the gear surface precision, provide a theoretical basis for subsequent machining compensation, and improve the forming gear grinding error compensation efficiency.

The invention relates to the technical field of high-efficiency face milling cutter machining error analysis, and discloses a high-efficiency face milling cutter machined surface geometric error distribution characteristic identification method, a milling experiment is carried out on a numerical control milling machine XK7124, and the instantaneous cutting poses of a face milling cutter and cutter teeth of the face milling cutter are calculated by analyzing the time-frequency characteristics of milling vibration. A milling machining surface morphology is constructed, and a reference plane of a machining surface is identified. On the basis, machining errors are solved, and influence factors of dynamic distribution of the machining errors are analyzed. Through a grey relative correlation analysis method, the influence degree of each factor on the machining error is determined, and the machining error dynamic distribution characteristics of different process schemes are compared. Finally, the invention provides an efficient processing error dynamic distribution characteristic identification method, and the effectiveness of the method is verified through simulation and experiments. The method provides important technical support for improving the milling precision and stability.

The invention discloses a high-fidelity rapid modeling method and system for the assembly surface of a motor core stamping die; the method is as follows: First, establish a simulation ideal model of a concave template and an insert, and generate a mesh; collect the point cloud data of the assembly surface of the concave template and the insert. Second, respectively fit and establish a curved surface according to the point cloud data of the assembly surface of the concave template and the insert. Third, offset the surface mesh nodes of the simulation ideal model of the concave template and the insert to the corresponding curved surfaces established in the second step, and correspondingly offset the internal mesh nodes of the model to obtain an actual assembly model. The invention offsets the surface mesh nodes of the simulation model to the NURBS precise contact surface generated by the point cloud data, fully considers the geometric error of the assembly surface, makes the simulation closer to the actual situation, can accurately predict the deformation of the hole center after the die assembly, and provides an effective guidance for the die assembly.

The invention discloses a method for identifying geometric errors of a C shaft of a numerical control forming gear grinding machine based on a ball bar. The geometric error generation mechanism is analyzed according to the structure and transmission chain characteristics of the C-axis rotary table of the numerical control forming gear grinding machine, and a geometric error identification model of the C-axis rotary table is established based on the homogeneous coordinate transformation principle. The method comprises the following steps: building a geometric error measurement system, reasonably selecting a measurement range and an overtravel, generating an operation program, measuring to obtain a variation H delta of a ball rod, inputting a geometric error identification equation, and obtaining and separating five geometric errors delta x, delta y, delta z, epsilon x and epsilon y of a C-axis turntable under different installation modes by using the ball rod. Compared with an existing measurement method which is complex, low in stability and precision and the like, the method has the advantages that an identification model is simplified, coupling interference of other error sources is reduced, a measurement system is quickly and simply built, five motion geometric errors of the C-axis turntable can be accurately separated, and the geometric error measurement and compensation precision of the C-axis turntable of the numerical control forming gear grinding machine is improved.

The invention relates to a geometric accuracy forward design method for a tool magazine and a tool changer. The geometric accuracy forward design method comprises the steps that S1, movement of the tool magazine and the tool changer is solved for all links of the tool magazine and the tool changer, and a movement matrix is established; s2, introducing an error term, constructing a tool magazine and tool changer full-link component geometric error transmission model, and establishing an error composite mapping model of a tool changer complete transmission chain; s3, determining specific numerical values or expressions of all motion items and error items based on rigid body hypothesis; s4, substituting the true value into the refined and simplified error transfer model, and guiding the subsequent assembly tolerance optimization design of the tool changer; and S5, carrying out sensitivity analysis on the optimized error transfer model to obtain a key geometric error term which greatly influences the accuracy of the tail end of the tool changer. The stability and machining precision of the tool magazine and the tool changing device in the machining process are improved, and the blank of an efficient and high-precision geometric precision design method in the tool magazine field is filled up.

The present invention discloses a collaborative digital precision machining method for warm forming of a large rotor integral forging shaft. In the present invention, a training data set and a verification data set obtained through cutting simulation experiments by a cutting simulation model are used to train and verify a geometric error transfer law model. During machining, the geometric errors of the workpiece are predicted based on various machining parameters, the temperature field of the machining area detected in real time, and the geometric error transfer law model. When the prediction results do not meet the preset requirements, the machining parameters are optimized. The key geometric structures of the workpiece are obtained through calculation and analysis of the training data set and the verification data set. The dynamic balance performance simulation experiment is carried out on the workpiece geometric model introducing the geometric errors of the key geometric structures after workpiece machining, so as to realize the prediction of the dynamic balance performance after workpiece machining. The present invention can realize the in-machine prediction and control of the machining geometric errors of the large rotor integral forging shaft, and can realize the prediction of the dynamic balance performance of the large rotor integral forging shaft.

The present invention discloses a method and device for predicting and repairing and compensating the quality of curved surface assembly, and relates to the technical field of precision machining of numerically controlled machine tools. A specific implementation of the method includes: inputting a geometric error function and a thermal error function into a spatial error model to obtain a machining error prediction model; superimposing the acquired machining error on a theoretical surface of the assembly surface to obtain a predicted machining surface; calculating the shape error and assembly gap error of the assembly surface according to the assembly mid-plane determined by the assembly surface, and using the shape error and assembly gap error to predict the curved surface assembly quality of the part; when the curved surface assembly quality does not meet the preset assembly quality requirements, calculating the repair compensation amount of each assembly surface in the assembly surface based on the shape error, assembly gap error and machining error, and using the repair compensation amount to compensate the corresponding assembly surface. This implementation can ensure the assembly quality of the product.

The application discloses a numerical control machine tool precision distribution method from geometric error to manufacturing tolerance, comprising: using small deformation hypothesis and superposition principle to obtain the influence coefficient matrix of manufacturing tolerance to position related geometric error, and combining with the machine tool motion chain to establish a manufacturing tolerance-geometric error-space error three-layer mapping model; adopting Sobol total effect sensitivity analysis of the overall workspace characteristic trajectory to obtain the total effect sensitivity index of each manufacturing tolerance; establishing a manufacturing cost evaluation model, and combining with the total effect sensitivity index to construct a cost sensitivity index; taking the minimum manufacturing cost as the target, comprehensively considering the tolerance definition domain constraint, the sorting constraint and the space error confidence constraint, and using an optimization algorithm to realize precision distribution. The application traces the precision distribution from the abstract geometric error level to the part manufacturing tolerance level, and can further realize the collaborative optimization of machine tool precision design and manufacturing cost.