The invention relates to a time-domain ground-air electromagnetic detection system and a calibration method, in particular to a system consisting of an induction signal recording device connected with a ground recording device global position system (GPS) synchronization unit, a closed abnormal ring and a data quality evaluation system, and a calibration method for the time-domain ground-air electromagnetic detection system. The closed abnormal ring and the induction signal recording device are adopted, the induction current and induction voltage are simultaneously recorded, and the 24-bit 200Hz sampling rate, a bandwidth of 0-13KHz and a dynamic range of an amplifier of 160dB are achieved. Moreover, the system is synchronous with a ground transmitter and an air receiver GPS, and during measurement, by removing earth background field data, a pure closed abnormal ring electromagnetic signal containing a geometric error is extracted, is input into the data quality evaluation system, andis compared and fitted with the computed closed abnormal ring theoretical value, the system error, the geometric parameter error and the detection resolution of the time-domain ground-air electromagnetic detection system are determined, and the performance of the electromagnetic detection system is tested and calibrated.