Filtrate reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid as well as preparation method and application of filtrate reducer

Abstract

The invention provides a filtrate reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid as well as a preparation method and application of the filtrate reducer, and belongs to the technical field of Antarctic drilling. The preparation method of the filtrate reducer for the Antarctic drilling fluid comprises the following steps: (1) adding layered silicate into deionized water, stirring and hydrating to obtain a suspension; (2) adjusting the pH value of the suspension obtained in the step (1) to 7.5-8.5, adding a quaternary ammonium salt solution, and reacting to obtain a reaction solution; (3) adding a (3-(oxirane-2-yl methoxy) propyl) triethoxy silane aqueous solution into the reaction solution obtained in the step (2), and reacting; and after the reaction is completed, centrifuging, drying and crushing to obtain the filtrate reducer for the Antarctic drilling fluid. The filtrate reducer provided by the invention not only can improve the technical problem of large filter loss of the drilling fluid in an ice layer and an ice rock interlayer, but also can improve the ultralow-temperature rheological property of the drilling fluid.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid and a preparation method and application thereof, belonging to the technical field of Antarctic drilling. Background Art

[0002] Antarctica boasts abundant energy resources, including oil, natural gas, and uranium. However, the ultra-low temperatures and complex geological conditions of Antarctica place high demands on drilling technology. Drilling fluid is a crucial component of drilling operations. When drilling through Antarctic ice, warm ice, and ice-rock interlayers, wellbore instability is a common, complex downhole accident, which can directly lead to drilling failure. Fluid loss additives are a core component of drilling fluid treatment, enabling the drilling fluid to form a thin, dense filter cake on the wellbore surface, thereby improving wellbore stability.

[0003] Currently, significant progress has been made in the research and development of conventional oil-based drilling fluid fluid loss reducers. For example, Chinese patent document CN118620137A discloses a fluid loss reducer for oil-based drilling fluids. This fluid loss reducer is prepared using monomers (NMAN and MAA), an initiator (ammonium persulfate), a long-chain alkyl ester compound containing an olefinic bond (lauryl methacrylate), and a crosslinker (divinylbenzene). This fluid loss reducer offers stable performance and strong adaptability, meeting the drilling requirements of various complex well conditions and exhibiting good biodegradability. Chinese patent document CN118562031A discloses a cyclodextrin nanosponge temperature-resistant fluid loss reducer for oil-based drilling fluids. This fluid loss reducer uses environmentally friendly, easily degradable, and temperature-resistant cyclodextrin as a raw material. A cross-linked polymerization reaction occurs under the catalysis of an organic base to produce a nanosponge cross-linked polymer fluid loss reducer. This nanosponge cross-linked polymer fluid loss reducer significantly reduces drilling fluid loss under high-temperature conditions while maintaining minimal impact on the fluid's rheological properties. Chinese patent document CN118440674A discloses a long-chain oil-soluble resin fluid loss additive for oil-based drilling fluids. The additive is made from EVA resin emulsion, styrene methyl methacrylate resin, and 800-mesh calcium carbonate powder. After aging at 240°C for 16 hours, the fluid loss of the drilling fluid containing the fluid loss additive remains between 6 and 11 mL, demonstrating good performance.

[0004] However, there are no reports on low-temperature drilling fluid loss reducers suitable for the Antarctic region. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop ultra-low-temperature drilling fluid loss reducers suitable for the Antarctic region to improve wellbore stability and drilling fluid rock-carrying performance. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies and the lack of low-temperature-resistant fluid loss reducers for drilling fluids in the Antarctic region, the present invention provides a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluids, as well as its preparation method and application. This fluid loss reducer can alleviate the high fluid loss problem of drilling fluids in Antarctic ice layers and ice-rock interlayers while also improving the ultra-low-temperature rheological properties of drilling fluids.

[0006] The technical solutions of the present invention are as follows: A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid comprises the following steps: (1) Adding layered silicate to deionized water, stirring and hydrating to obtain a suspension; (2) adjusting the pH of the suspension obtained in step (1) to 7.5-8.5, adding a quaternary ammonium salt solution, and reacting to obtain a reaction solution; (3) Adding an aqueous solution of (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane to the reaction solution obtained in step (2) to carry out a reaction; after the reaction is completed, centrifuging, drying, and crushing to obtain a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid.

[0007] According to the present invention, preferably, the layered silicate in step (1) is lithium magnesium silicate or montmorillonite.

[0008] According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the stirring and hydration temperature in step (1) is room temperature, and the stirring and hydration time is 1 to 2 hours.

[0009] According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mass concentration of the suspension in step (1) is 3-5 wt%.

[0010] Preferably, according to the present invention, in step (2), a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution with a mass fraction of 20-30% is used to adjust the pH of the suspension to 7.5-8.5.

[0011] According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the quaternary ammonium salt in step (2) is methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride or (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride; and the mass concentration of the quaternary ammonium salt solution is 2-3 wt%.

[0012] Preferably, according to the present invention, the mass ratio of the quaternary ammonium salt in the quaternary ammonium salt solution to the layered silicate in the suspension in step (2) is 1:2.2-3.5.

[0013] Preferably, according to the present invention, the reaction temperature in step (2) is 70-80° C., and the reaction time is 3-5 h.

[0014] According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mass concentration of the (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane aqueous solution in step (3) is 1.5-2.5 wt%.

[0015] According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mass ratio of (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane in the (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane aqueous solution to the layered silicate in the suspension in step (3) is 1:7-10.5.

[0016] According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the reaction temperature in step (3) is 80-90° C., and the reaction time is 1-3 h.

[0017] According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the drying in step (3) is vacuum drying at 50-60° C. for 10-15 hours.

[0018] The present invention provides a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid, which is prepared by adopting the above-mentioned preparation method.

[0019] According to the present invention, the use of the above-mentioned Antarctic drilling fluid fluid loss reducer in Antarctic drilling fluid, the Antarctic drilling fluid includes a base oil, a surfactant and the above-mentioned Antarctic drilling fluid fluid loss reducer, the base oil is obtained by mixing No. 4 aviation kerosene and No. 5 white oil in a volume ratio of 8:2, the surfactant is sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, the mass of the surfactant is 2-4% of the mass of the base oil, and the mass of the Antarctic drilling fluid fluid loss reducer is 1-3% of the mass of the base oil; the Antarctic drilling fluid is used in the drilling process of Antarctic ice layers and ice-rock interlayers.

[0020] Room temperature in the present invention has a well-known meaning, which refers to 25±5°C.

[0021] The technical features and beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: 1. The preparation method of the present invention is simple, and the obtained fluid loss reducer is safe, environmentally friendly, and has no irritating odor.

[0022] 2. The monomers used in the preparation of the fluid loss additive of the present invention are optimally combined in specific types and specific proportions, and their combined effect achieves the excellent effect of the present invention.

[0023] 3. The fluid loss additive of the present invention is prepared from a quaternary ammonium salt, (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane, and a layered silicate. First, the quaternary ammonium salt intercalates into the silicate interlayers, causing cation exchange and increasing the interlayer spacing. Simultaneously, the lipophilic long chains of the quaternary ammonium salt significantly enhance the lipophilicity of the silicate. Furthermore, (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane forms covalent bonds with the silicate lamellae, further enhancing the dispersibility of the fluid loss additive in the drilling fluid.

[0024] 4. The fluid loss additive of this invention easily exfoliates into nanoscale sheets in the oil phase, exhibiting excellent low-temperature colloidal dispersibility in drilling fluids. Furthermore, its polar groups form a network structure through interactions such as hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction. This significantly improves the density of the filter cake, ultimately reducing drilling fluid loss.

[0025] 5. The mass ratio of the quaternary ammonium salt to the layered silicate in the present invention must be appropriate. If this ratio is too high, the excess quaternary ammonium salt will affect the arrangement of the modifier molecules between the silicate layers, thereby affecting the thickness and size of the lamellae of the fluid loss control agent. If the ratio is too low, the spacing between the modified silicate layers will be small, ultimately affecting the degree of stripping of the fluid loss control agent in the drilling fluid, thereby affecting its fluid loss reduction effect in the drilling fluid. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] Figure 1 This is the infrared spectrum of the Antarctic drilling fluid fluid loss reducer prepared in Example 1.

[0027] Figure 2 This is a transmission electron microscope image of the Antarctic drilling fluid fluid loss reducer prepared in Example 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] The present invention will be further described below with reference to specific examples, but is not limited thereto.

[0029] The experimental methods described in the examples are conventional methods unless otherwise specified; the reagents and materials used are commercially available unless otherwise specified.

[0030] Example 1 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid comprises the following steps: (1) Add 12 g of lithium magnesium silicate to 288 g of deionized water, stir and hydrate at room temperature for 1.5 h to obtain a suspension with a mass concentration of 4 wt%; (2) Add 5 g of (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride to 195 g of deionized water to obtain a quaternary ammonium salt solution with a mass concentration of 2.5 wt%; (3) Add 1.6 g of (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane (CAS No.: 2602-34-8) to 78.4 g of deionized water to obtain a (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane aqueous solution with a mass concentration of 2 wt%; (4) adjusting the pH of the suspension obtained in step (1) to 8 using a 30% by mass sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, adding the quaternary ammonium salt solution obtained in step (2), and reacting at 70° C. for 4 h to obtain a reaction solution; (5) Add the (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane aqueous solution obtained in step (3) to the reaction solution obtained in step (4), and react at 80°C for 2 hours. After the reaction is completed, the reaction solution is centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the resulting precipitate is vacuum-dried at 60°C for 12 hours, crushed, and finally passed through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid.

[0031] The infrared spectrum of the fluid loss reducer obtained in this embodiment is as follows: Figure 1 As shown, 3400cm -1 The corresponding peak near 2950cm is the stretching vibration peak of NH in the amide group; -1 The corresponding peak near 2875cm is the asymmetric stretching vibration peak of CH; -1 The corresponding peak near 1660cm is the symmetrical stretching vibration peak of CH; -1 The corresponding peak near 1620cm is the stretching vibration peak of C=O in the amide group; -1 The corresponding peak near 1480 cm is the bending vibration peak of NH in the amide group; -1 The corresponding peak near 1400cm is the bending vibration peak of CH in methyl group; -1 The corresponding peak near 1250cm is the stretching vibration peak of CN; -1 The corresponding peak near 1010 cm is the COC asymmetric stretching vibration peak of the epoxy ring in (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane; -1 The corresponding peak near 780 cm is the symmetrical stretching vibration peak of Si-OC in (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane; -1 The corresponding peak nearby is the in-plane vibration peak of the CH of the ethoxy group in (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane. The above experimental results prove that the target product was successfully prepared.

[0032] The transmission electron microscope image of the fluid loss reducer obtained in this example is as follows Figure 2 As shown, the image shows almost no noticeable black shadows and thin edges. This indicates that the prepared fluid loss additive particles are evenly dispersed and lack large particle accumulation. Furthermore, the microscopic morphology of the image also reveals thin lamellae of fluid loss additive particles. These characteristics demonstrate that the prepared fluid loss additive has excellent dispersibility in drilling fluid. Furthermore, the evenly dispersed particles impart a thin, dense mud cake to the drilling fluid to which the fluid loss additive is added, resulting in excellent fluid loss performance. These results demonstrate the successful preparation of the designed target product.

[0033] Example 2 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that the reaction time in step (4) is 3 h, and the other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0034] Example 3 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that in step (2), 4 g of (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride is added to 196 g of deionized water to obtain a quaternary ammonium salt solution with a mass concentration of 2 wt %. Other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0035] Example 4 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that methacryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride is used in step (2) instead of (3-acrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride, and other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0036] Example 5 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that in step (3), 1.2 g of (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane is added to 78.8 g of deionized water to obtain a (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane aqueous solution with a mass concentration of 1.5 wt %. Other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0037] Example 6 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that the reaction time in step (5) is 3 h, and the other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0038] Example 7 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that in step (1), lithium magnesium silicate is replaced by montmorillonite.

[0039] Comparative Example 1 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that lithium magnesium silicate is replaced by rectorite in step (1), and other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0040] Comparative Example 2 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that lithium magnesium silicate is replaced by vermiculite in step (1), and other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0041] Comparative Example 3 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that in step (2), 10.0 g of (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride is added to 190 g of deionized water to obtain a quaternary ammonium salt solution with a mass concentration of 5 wt %. Other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0042] Comparative Example 4 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride is replaced with diallyldimethylammonium chloride in step (2), and other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0043] Comparative Example 5 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride is replaced with trimethylbenzylammonium chloride in step (2), and other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0044] Comparative Example 6 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that in step (3), 0.8 g of (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane is added to 79.2 g of deionized water to obtain a (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane aqueous solution with a mass concentration of 1 wt %. Other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0045] Comparative Example 7 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that in step (3), 3.2 g of (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane is added to 76.8 g of deionized water to obtain a (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane aqueous solution with a mass concentration of 4 wt %. Other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0046] Comparative Example 8 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that (3-(oxirane-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane is replaced by methyltriethoxysilane in step (3), and other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0047] Comparative Example 9 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that (3-(oxirane-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane is replaced with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane in step (3), and other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0048] Comparative Example 10 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that the reaction temperature in step (4) is changed from 70°C to 50°C. Other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0049] Comparative Example 11 A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is as described in Example 1, except that the reaction time in step (4) is changed from 4 h to 2 h, and the other conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0050] Test Example 1 The fluid loss reducers prepared in the examples and comparative examples were tested for fluid loss performance, rheological properties and colloidal dispersion properties.

[0051] (1) Drilling fluid preparation: First, No. 4 aviation kerosene and No. 5 white oil were prepared into a base oil in a volume ratio of 8:2. Subsequently, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate was added to the base oil at a weight percent of the base oil, and the mixture was stirred for 20 minutes using a stirrer. Finally, a fluid loss reducer according to the embodiment or comparative example was added to the above system at a weight percent of the base oil, and the mixture was stirred for 25 minutes using a stirrer to prepare a drilling fluid. The fluid loss, rheological properties, and colloidal dispersibility of the drilling fluid were tested.

[0052] (2) Test method: Fluid loss test: First, the prepared drilling fluid was aged at -35°C for 16 hours; then the API fluid loss of the drilling fluid was tested using a medium pressure fluid loss instrument at 100 psi for 7.5 minutes. API =2×V 7.5min .

[0053] Where: FL API is API filtration loss, mL; V 7.5min The volume of the filtrate at 7.5 minutes of testing, mL.

[0054] Rheological test: The prepared drilling fluid is poured into a test slurry cup and the rheological properties of the drilling fluid are tested at -35°C using a low-temperature rheometer. The measured parameters include apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, dynamic shear force, and static shear force.

[0055] Colloid dispersion test: Pour a certain amount of prepared drilling fluid into a colorimetric tube, then place the tube in a low-temperature constant temperature box (-35°C) for 16 hours to calculate the colloid rate. .

[0056] Where: Cr is the colloid rate, %; V1 is the total volume of drilling fluid, mL; V2 is the volume of the supernatant liquid in the upper layer, mL; The test results of filtration, rheological properties and colloidal dispersion are shown in Table 1.

[0057] Table 1 Performance test of Antarctic drilling fluid fluid loss reducer

[0058] The data in Table 1 show that the fluid loss additive prepared by the present invention can significantly improve the fluid loss reduction performance, rheological properties, and colloidal dispersibility of Antarctic drilling fluid. The fluid loss of the drilling fluid added with the fluid loss additive after aging at -35°C for 16 hours remains at 16-21 mL, which is significantly lower than the blank sample. At the same time, in terms of changes in the rheological properties of the drilling fluid, the fluid loss additive can increase the dynamic shear force of the drilling fluid at -35°C from 0.75 Pa to 2.0 Pa, and the increase in plastic viscosity is not large. In addition, the fluid loss additive can maintain the colloid rate of the drilling fluid at -35°C at above 82.4%, and the colloidal dispersion stability of the drilling fluid is good.

[0059] In summary, the Antarctic drilling fluid fluid loss reducer of the present invention can meet the needs of polar drilling.

[0060] The preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail above. However, the present invention is not limited to the specific details in the above embodiments. Within the technical concept of the present invention, various simple modifications can be made to the technical solution of the present invention, and these simple modifications all fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0061] It should also be noted that the various specific technical features described in the above specific embodiments can be combined in any appropriate manner without contradiction. In order to avoid unnecessary repetition, the present invention will not further describe various possible combinations.

[0062] In addition, the various embodiments of the present invention may be arbitrarily combined, and as long as they do not violate the concept of the present invention, they should also be regarded as the contents disclosed by the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid, characterized in that: The steps are as follows: (1) adding a layered silicate into deionized water, stirring and hydrating the layered silicate to obtain a suspension; the layered silicate is lithium magnesium silicate or montmorillonite; (2) adjusting the pH of the suspension obtained in step (1) to 7.5-8.5, adding a quaternary ammonium salt solution, and reacting to obtain a reaction solution; the quaternary ammonium salt is methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride or (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride; the mass ratio of the quaternary ammonium salt in the quaternary ammonium salt solution to the layered silicate in the suspension is 1:2.2-3.5; (3) Adding an aqueous solution of (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane to the reaction solution obtained in step (2) to carry out a reaction; after the reaction is completed, the mixture is centrifuged, dried, and crushed to obtain a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid; the mass ratio of (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane in the aqueous solution of (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane to the layered silicate in the suspension is 1:7-10.

5.

2. The method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid according to claim 1, wherein: The stirring and hydration temperature in step (1) is room temperature, and the stirring and hydration time is 1 to 2 hours.

3. The method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid according to claim 1, wherein: The mass concentration of the suspension in step (1) is 3-5 wt%.

4. The method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid according to claim 1, wherein: In step (2), a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution having a mass fraction of 20-30% is used to adjust the pH of the suspension to 7.5-8.

5.

5. The method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid according to claim 1, wherein: The mass concentration of the quaternary ammonium salt solution in step (2) is 2-3 wt%.

6. The method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid according to claim 1, wherein: The reaction temperature in step (2) is 70-80° C., and the reaction time is 3-5 h.

7. The method for preparing a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid according to claim 1, wherein: The mass concentration of the (3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)triethoxysilane aqueous solution in step (3) is 1.5-2.5 wt%.

8. The method for preparing the fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid according to claim 1, wherein: The reaction temperature in step (3) is 80-90°C; the reaction time is 1-3 hours; and the drying is vacuum drying at 50-60°C for 10-15 hours.

9. A fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid, characterized in that: The preparation method is described in any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. Use of the fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid according to claim 9 in Antarctic drilling fluid, characterized in that: The Antarctic drilling fluid includes a base oil, a surfactant, and a fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid. The base oil is obtained by mixing No. 4 aviation kerosene and No. 5 white oil in a volume ratio of 8:

2. The surfactant is sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. The mass of the surfactant is 2-4% of the mass of the base oil. The mass of the fluid loss reducer for Antarctic drilling fluid is 1-3% of the mass of the base oil. The Antarctic drilling fluid is used in the drilling process of Antarctic ice layers and ice-rock interlayers.

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