Capacitive energy storage photovoltaic circuit, low-loss method of electrical energy and home controller

Abstract

The application relates to a capacitor energy storage type photovoltaic circuit, an electric energy low-loss method and a household controller, and belongs to the photovoltaic energy storage field. Through the capacitor energy storage type photovoltaic circuit and the electric energy low-loss method, the effect of low-loss photovoltaic energy storage power supply is realized. The capacitor energy storage type photovoltaic circuit comprises a photovoltaic module, an MPPT module, a capacitor group, a capacitor equalization circuit and a charge and discharge management circuit. The magnetic coupling equalization of the capacitor equalization circuit is adopted to realize capacitor energy transfer without energy loss, adapt to photovoltaic and load fluctuation, and realize magnetic coupling equalization loss reduction, super capacitor long service life characteristics, fast charging and energy management, improve photovoltaic utilization, reduce maintenance and pollution, and be suitable for intelligent household low-consumption power supply scenes.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of photovoltaic energy storage technology, and in particular to a capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit, a method for low power loss, and a home controller. Background Technology

[0002] In smart home control systems, home controllers typically require a continuous and stable power supply to ensure the normal operation of communication modules such as Bluetooth and infrared. Currently, home controllers are mainly powered by AC mains or disposable batteries: AC mains power is limited by wiring locations, lacks flexibility, and suffers from line losses; disposable batteries require regular replacement, increasing maintenance costs and potentially damaging equipment due to leakage, while discarded batteries also cause environmental pollution. To address these issues, photovoltaic (PV) power technology is increasingly being applied to home controllers, but its energy storage component still has significant shortcomings: existing PV energy storage primarily uses batteries (such as lead-acid and lithium batteries), which suffer from short charge-discharge cycle life, poor low-temperature performance, and high self-discharge rates, resulting in low PV energy utilization and the persistent problem of frequent battery replacements. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The main objective of this invention is to provide a capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit, a low-loss power supply method, and a home controller to achieve the effect of low-loss photovoltaic energy storage power supply.

[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit, comprising a photovoltaic module, an MPPT module, a capacitor bank, a capacitor balancing circuit, a charge / discharge management circuit, and a home controller load interface.

[0005] The output terminal of the photovoltaic module is electrically connected to the input terminal of the MPPT module, and the output terminal of the MPPT module is electrically connected to the input terminal of the charge and discharge management circuit.

[0006] The capacitor bank includes supercapacitors C1, C2, C3, and C4 connected in series, and a miniature capacitor C0 connected between supercapacitors C1 and C2. The total input terminal formed by the series connection of supercapacitors C1 to C4 is electrically connected to the energy storage terminal of the charge / discharge management circuit and the monitoring terminal of the capacitor balancing circuit, respectively.

[0007] The capacitor equalization circuit includes a single-cell voltage sampling unit that is electrically connected to each of the supercapacitors C1 to C4, and an equalization execution unit that is signal-connected to the single-cell voltage sampling unit. The equalization execution unit includes a magnetic coupling equalizer. The input terminal of the magnetic coupling equalizer is electrically connected to one end of the microcapacitor C0, and the output terminal is selectively connected to the single cell of the supercapacitors C2 to C4 whose voltage is lower than a preset threshold.

[0008] The charge and discharge management circuit includes a charging control unit, a discharging control unit, and a bidirectional MOSFET. The input terminal of the charging control unit is electrically connected to the output terminal of the MPPT module, and the output terminal is electrically connected to the charging terminal of the capacitor bank. The input terminal of the discharging control unit is electrically connected to the discharging terminal of the capacitor bank, and the output terminal is electrically connected to the other end of the miniature capacitor C0 via the bidirectional MOSFET.

[0009] The load terminal of the capacitor bank is electrically connected to the load interface of the home controller, and the load control terminal of the charging and discharging management circuit is electrically connected to the enable terminal of the load interface of the home controller.

[0010] Furthermore, the individual voltage sampling unit of the capacitor equalization circuit includes voltage divider resistors R1 to R4 connected in series with supercapacitors C1 to C4, and operational amplifiers U1 to U4 for signal amplification.

[0011] One end of the voltage divider resistor R1 is connected to the positive terminal of the supercapacitor C1, and the other end is connected to one end of the voltage divider resistor R2. The connection point of the voltage divider resistors R1 and R2 is connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier U1.

[0012] The output terminals of the operational amplifiers U1 to U4 are respectively connected to the control terminal of the charge-discharge management circuit, and are used to transmit the sampled individual cell voltage signal to the charge-discharge management circuit.

[0013] The magnetic coupling equalizer of the equalization execution unit includes a high-frequency transformer T1, rectifier diodes D1~D4 and control switches Q2~Q6. The primary winding of the high-frequency transformer T1 is connected to the positive terminal of the miniature capacitor C0 through the switch Q2, and the secondary winding is connected to the positive terminals of the supercapacitors C1~C4 respectively through rectifier diodes D1~D4. The control terminal of the switch Q2 is connected to the output signal terminal of the single-unit voltage sampling unit.

[0014] Furthermore, the magnetic coupling equalizer of the equalization execution unit includes a high-frequency transformer T1, rectifier diodes D1~D4 and control switching transistors Q2~Q6. One end of the primary winding of the high-frequency transformer T1 is connected to the positive terminal of the miniature capacitor C0 via the switching transistor Q2, and the other end is connected to the negative terminal of the miniature capacitor C0.

[0015] The secondary winding of the high-frequency transformer T1 includes four secondary windings H1 to H4. The same-name terminal of the primary winding H1 is connected to the drain of the switching transistor Q3 via the rectifier diode D1, and the non-same-name terminal is connected to the negative terminal of the supercapacitor C1. The source of the switching transistor Q3 is connected to the positive terminal of the supercapacitor C1.

[0016] The connection method of the second to fourth secondary windings is the same as that of the first secondary winding, and they are connected to the supercapacitors C2 to C4 respectively through rectifier diodes D2 to D4 and switching transistors Q4 to Q6;

[0017] The control terminals of the switching transistors Q2 to Q6 are all connected to the output signal terminal of the individual voltage sampling unit, and the conduction timing of the switching transistors Q3 to Q5 is mutually exclusive.

[0018] Furthermore, the charging control unit of the charging and discharging management circuit includes a current-limiting resistor R5, a voltage regulator chip U5, and a charging switch Q1. One end of the current-limiting resistor R5 is connected to the output terminal of the MPPT module, and the other end is connected to the input terminal of the voltage regulator chip U5. The output terminal of the voltage regulator chip U5 is connected to the positive terminal of the supercapacitor C1 via the charging switch Q1, and the control terminal of the charging switch Q1 is connected to the output terminal of the control unit of the charging and discharging management circuit.

[0019] The discharge control unit includes a synchronous rectification DC-DC converter U6 and a discharge switch Q7. The input terminal of the synchronous rectification DC-DC converter U6 is connected to the negative terminal of the supercapacitor C4, and the output terminal is connected to the load interface of the home controller via the discharge switch Q7. The control terminal of the discharge switch Q7 is connected to the output terminal of the control unit of the charge and discharge management circuit.

[0020] The bidirectional MOSFET is an N-channel enhancement-type MOSFET. Its drain is connected to the negative terminal of the miniature capacitor C0, its source is connected to the input terminal of the synchronous rectifier DC-DC converter U6, and its gate is connected to the output terminal of the control unit of the charge and discharge management circuit via a drive resistor.

[0021] This invention proposes a method for low power loss, comprising:

[0022] The electrical energy converted by the photovoltaic module is input to the MPPT module through its output terminal, and then input to the input terminal of the charge and discharge management circuit through the MPPT module.

[0023] The charging and discharging management circuit controls the current flow according to the internal detection signal. Specifically, when the output current of the photovoltaic module is greater than the output current of the home controller load interface, the charging and discharging management circuit outputs the excess current from its energy storage end and flows into the charging end of the series-connected supercapacitors C1 to C4. When the output current of the photovoltaic module is less than the output current of the home controller load interface, the charging and discharging management circuit controls the discharging end of the supercapacitors C1 to C4 to output supplementary current, which flows into the charging and discharging management circuit through its discharging end, merges with the photovoltaic input current, and then flows into the home controller load interface.

[0024] The individual voltage sampling unit of the capacitor equalization circuit detects the terminal voltage of supercapacitors C1 to C4 in real time. When the voltage difference between any two individual cells exceeds the set value, the current of the high-voltage cell flows into the input terminal of the microcapacitor C0 through the magnetic coupling equalizer and is temporarily stored in the microcapacitor C0; the output current of the microcapacitor C0 flows out through the magnetic coupling equalizer and is injected into the input terminal of the low-voltage cell.

[0025] Current is output from the supercapacitors C1 to C4 to the load interface of the home controller to power the Bluetooth module and / or infrared signal module.

[0026] Furthermore, the charge / discharge management circuit controls the on / off state of the bidirectional MOSFET to allow the charging and discharging currents of the miniature capacitor C0 and the supercapacitors C1~C4 to flow in a time-sharing manner, thus avoiding additional losses caused by current superposition.

[0027] The present invention also proposes a home controller, wherein the home controller is equipped with the above-mentioned capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit, and the above-mentioned low-energy-loss method is executed based on the capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit.

[0028] The capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit, low-energy-loss method, and home controller provided by this invention have the following beneficial effects:

[0029] By using a synergistic design of supercapacitor banks and magnetically coupled equalization circuits, the inherent losses in the energy storage process are reduced, while avoiding the energy waste caused by traditional energy-consuming equalization methods, thus significantly improving the utilization efficiency of photovoltaic energy.

[0030] By leveraging the long cycle life and low self-discharge characteristics of supercapacitors, combined with a dynamic charge and discharge management mechanism, the dependence of home controllers on mains power or disposable batteries is reduced, thereby reducing maintenance costs and environmental pollution.

[0031] By combining the MPPT module with the energy distribution logic, it can adapt to the fluctuations in photovoltaic output power and load power consumption, ensuring power supply stability while reducing ineffective losses in the energy conversion and transmission process. Attached Figure Description

[0032] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the circuit framework of a capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit in one embodiment of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 2 This is a circuit diagram of a capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 3 This is a circuit diagram of a capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit in another embodiment of the present invention;

[0035] The realization of the objective, functional features and advantages of the present invention will be further explained in conjunction with the embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings. Detailed Implementation

[0036] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the invention.

[0037] Reference Figure 1-2 The above is a circuit diagram of a capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit proposed in this invention. The capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit includes a photovoltaic module, an MPPT module, a capacitor bank, a capacitor balancing circuit, a charge and discharge management circuit, and a home controller load interface.

[0038] The output terminal of the photovoltaic module is electrically connected to the input terminal of the MPPT module, and the output terminal of the MPPT module is electrically connected to the input terminal of the charge and discharge management circuit.

[0039] The capacitor bank includes supercapacitors C1, C2, C3, and C4 connected in series, and a miniature capacitor C0 connected between supercapacitors C1 and C2. The total input terminal formed by the series connection of supercapacitors C1 to C4 is electrically connected to the energy storage terminal of the charge / discharge management circuit and the monitoring terminal of the capacitor balancing circuit, respectively.

[0040] The capacitor equalization circuit includes a single-cell voltage sampling unit that is electrically connected to each of the supercapacitors C1 to C4, and an equalization execution unit that is signal-connected to the single-cell voltage sampling unit. The equalization execution unit includes a magnetic coupling equalizer. The input terminal of the magnetic coupling equalizer is electrically connected to one end of the microcapacitor C0, and the output terminal is selectively connected to the single cell of the supercapacitors C2 to C4 whose voltage is lower than a preset threshold.

[0041] The charge and discharge management circuit includes a charging control unit, a discharging control unit, and a bidirectional MOSFET. The input terminal of the charging control unit is electrically connected to the output terminal of the MPPT module, and the output terminal is electrically connected to the charging terminal of the capacitor bank. The input terminal of the discharging control unit is electrically connected to the discharging terminal of the capacitor bank, and the output terminal is electrically connected to the other end of the miniature capacitor C0 via the bidirectional MOSFET.

[0042] The load terminal of the capacitor bank is electrically connected to the load interface of the home controller, and the load control terminal of the charging and discharging management circuit is electrically connected to the enable terminal of the load interface of the home controller.

[0043] Reference Appendix Figure 2 The individual voltage sampling unit of the capacitor equalization circuit includes voltage divider resistors R1 to R4 connected in series with supercapacitors C1 to C4, and operational amplifiers U1 to U4 for signal amplification.

[0044] One end of the voltage divider resistor R1 is connected to the positive terminal of the supercapacitor C1, and the other end is connected to one end of the voltage divider resistor R2. The connection point of the voltage divider resistors R1 and R2 is connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier U1.

[0045] The output terminals of the operational amplifiers U1 to U4 are respectively connected to the control terminal of the charge-discharge management circuit, and are used to transmit the sampled individual cell voltage signal to the charge-discharge management circuit.

[0046] The magnetic coupling equalizer of the equalization execution unit includes a high-frequency transformer T1, rectifier diodes D1~D4 and control switches Q2~Q6. The primary winding of the high-frequency transformer T1 is connected to the positive terminal of the miniature capacitor C0 through the switch Q2, and the secondary winding is connected to the positive terminals of the supercapacitors C1~C4 respectively through rectifier diodes D1~D4. The control terminal of the switch Q2 is connected to the output signal terminal of the single-unit voltage sampling unit.

[0047] The magnetic coupling equalizer of the above-mentioned equalization execution unit includes a high-frequency transformer T1, rectifier diodes D1~D4 and control switching transistors Q2~Q6. One end of the primary winding of the high-frequency transformer T1 is connected to the positive terminal of the miniature capacitor C0 via the switching transistor Q2, and the other end is connected to the negative terminal of the miniature capacitor C0.

[0048] The secondary winding of the high-frequency transformer T1 includes four secondary windings H1 to H4. The same-name terminal of the primary winding H1 is connected to the drain of the switching transistor Q3 via the rectifier diode D1, and the non-same-name terminal is connected to the negative terminal of the supercapacitor C1. The source of the switching transistor Q3 is connected to the positive terminal of the supercapacitor C1.

[0049] The connection method of the second to fourth secondary windings is the same as that of the first secondary winding, and they are connected to the supercapacitors C2 to C4 respectively through rectifier diodes D2 to D4 and switching transistors Q4 to Q6;

[0050] The control terminals of the switching transistors Q2 to Q6 are all connected to the output signal terminal of the individual voltage sampling unit, and the conduction timing of the switching transistors Q3 to Q5 is mutually exclusive.

[0051] Reference Appendix Figure 3 The charging control unit of the charging and discharging management circuit includes a current-limiting resistor R5, a voltage regulator chip U5, and a charging switch Q1. One end of the current-limiting resistor R5 is connected to the output terminal of the MPPT module, and the other end is connected to the input terminal of the voltage regulator chip U5. The output terminal of the voltage regulator chip U5 is connected to the positive terminal of the supercapacitor C1 through the charging switch Q1, and the control terminal of the charging switch Q1 is connected to the output terminal of the control unit of the charging and discharging management circuit.

[0052] The discharge control unit includes a synchronous rectification DC-DC converter U6 and a discharge switch Q7. The input terminal of the synchronous rectification DC-DC converter U6 is connected to the negative terminal of the supercapacitor C4, and the output terminal is connected to the load interface of the home controller via the discharge switch Q7. The control terminal of the discharge switch Q7 is connected to the output terminal of the control unit of the charge and discharge management circuit.

[0053] The bidirectional MOSFET is an N-channel enhancement-type MOSFET. Its drain is connected to the negative terminal of the miniature capacitor C0, its source is connected to the input terminal of the synchronous rectifier DC-DC converter U6, and its gate is connected to the output terminal of the control unit of the charge and discharge management circuit via a drive resistor.

[0054] As described above, a method for implementing low-energy-loss using a capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit includes:

[0055] The electrical energy converted by the photovoltaic module is input to the MPPT module through its output terminal, and then input to the input terminal of the charge and discharge management circuit through the MPPT module.

[0056] The charging and discharging management circuit controls the current flow according to the internal detection signal. Specifically, when the output current of the photovoltaic module is greater than the output current of the home controller load interface, the charging and discharging management circuit outputs the excess current from its energy storage end and flows into the charging end of the series-connected supercapacitors C1 to C4. When the output current of the photovoltaic module is less than the output current of the home controller load interface, the charging and discharging management circuit controls the discharging end of the supercapacitors C1 to C4 to output supplementary current, which flows into the charging and discharging management circuit through its discharging end, merges with the photovoltaic input current, and then flows into the home controller load interface.

[0057] The individual voltage sampling unit of the capacitor equalization circuit detects the terminal voltage of supercapacitors C1 to C4 in real time. When the voltage difference between any two individual cells exceeds the set value, the current of the high-voltage cell flows into the input terminal of the microcapacitor C0 through the magnetic coupling equalizer and is temporarily stored in the microcapacitor C0; the output current of the microcapacitor C0 flows out through the magnetic coupling equalizer and is injected into the input terminal of the low-voltage cell.

[0058] Current is output from the supercapacitors C1 to C4 to the load interface of the home controller to power the Bluetooth module and / or infrared signal module.

[0059] In this method, the photovoltaic (PV) module converts absorbed solar energy into direct current (DC). This DC power is first input to the MPPT (Maximum Power Point Test) module. The MPPT module optimizes and adjusts the input power by tracking the PV module's maximum power point in real time, and then transmits the appropriate power to the input of the charge / discharge management circuit. The charge / discharge management circuit monitors the relationship between the PV module's output current and the required output current of the home controller's load interface in real time. When the PV module's output current exceeds the load interface's output current, the charging control unit of the charge / discharge management circuit is activated, exporting the excess current from its energy storage terminal. This current flows sequentially through components such as the charging switch and current-limiting resistor before flowing into the charging terminals of the series-connected supercapacitors C1-C4, thus achieving energy storage for the supercapacitor bank. When the PV module's output current is less than the load interface's output current, the discharge control unit of the charge / discharge management circuit responds, controlling the discharge terminals of the supercapacitors C1-C4 to output supplementary current. This supplementary current is synchronously rectified by the discharge control unit's DC-DC converter. After voltage conversion by the converter, the current flows into the main circuit of the charge / discharge management circuit, merging with the current input from the photovoltaic module to meet the current requirements of the home controller's load interface. During this process, the individual voltage sampling unit of the capacitor balancing circuit continuously operates. Voltage divider resistors R1-R4 sample the terminal voltages of supercapacitors C1-C4 respectively. The sampled signals are amplified by operational amplifiers U1-U4 and transmitted to the control terminal of the charge / discharge management circuit. When the voltage difference between any two supercapacitor cells exceeds a set threshold, the magnetic coupling equalizer of the balancing execution unit is activated. The energy from the high-voltage cell flows into the primary winding of the high-frequency transformer T1 through the corresponding secondary winding, rectifier diode, and switch. It is then transferred to the microcapacitor C0 via switch Q2 and temporarily stored. Subsequently, the energy stored in the microcapacitor C0 is injected into the low-voltage supercapacitor cells via the secondary winding of the high-frequency transformer T1 and the corresponding rectifier diode and switch, achieving lossless energy transfer. Finally, the energy after charge / discharge management and balancing processes flows from supercapacitors C1-C4... The load-side output supplies power to the Bluetooth module and / or infrared signal module via the home controller's load interface, ensuring that the communication module can still operate stably under conditions of photovoltaic energy fluctuations.

[0060] In one embodiment, the charge / discharge management circuit controls the on / off state of the bidirectional MOSFET to allow the charging and discharging currents of the micro capacitor C0 and the supercapacitors C1~C4 to flow in a time-sharing manner, thus avoiding additional losses caused by current superposition.

[0061] The present invention also proposes a home controller, which includes the aforementioned capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit and executes the aforementioned low-energy-loss method based on the capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit. The home controller includes a signal device fixed to the wall of the home and a mobile remote control.

[0062] In summary, this invention achieves low-loss photovoltaic energy storage power supply through a capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit and a low-loss power method. The circuit includes photovoltaic modules, an MPPT module, a supercapacitor bank, and a magnetic coupling equalization circuit. The MPPT efficiently collects photovoltaic energy and dynamically distributes energy through charge and discharge management. The method employs magnetic coupling equalization to achieve lossless energy transfer from the capacitor, adapting to photovoltaic and load fluctuations. The home controller integrates this circuit to optimize power supply for Bluetooth and infrared modules. This achieves loss reduction through magnetic coupling equalization, long-life supercapacitors, and energy management, improving photovoltaic utilization, reducing maintenance and pollution, and is suitable for low-power supply scenarios in smart homes.

[0063] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and does not limit the patent scope of the present invention. Any equivalent structural or procedural transformations made based on the content of the present invention specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the patent protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit, characterized in that, Includes photovoltaic modules, MPPT modules, capacitor banks, capacitor balancing circuits, charge and discharge management circuits, and home controller load interfaces; The output terminal of the photovoltaic module is electrically connected to the input terminal of the MPPT module, and the output terminal of the MPPT module is electrically connected to the input terminal of the charge and discharge management circuit. The capacitor bank includes supercapacitors C1, C2, C3, and C4 connected in series, and a miniature capacitor C0 connected between supercapacitors C1 and C2. The total input terminal formed by the series connection of supercapacitors C1 to C4 is electrically connected to the energy storage terminal of the charge / discharge management circuit and the monitoring terminal of the capacitor balancing circuit, respectively. The capacitor equalization circuit includes a single-cell voltage sampling unit that is electrically connected to each of the supercapacitors C1 to C4, and an equalization execution unit that is signal-connected to the single-cell voltage sampling unit. The equalization execution unit includes a magnetic coupling equalizer. The input terminal of the magnetic coupling equalizer is electrically connected to one end of the microcapacitor C0, and the output terminal is selectively connected to the single cell of the supercapacitors C2 to C4 whose voltage is lower than a preset threshold. The charge and discharge management circuit includes a charging control unit, a discharging control unit, and a bidirectional MOSFET. The input terminal of the charging control unit is electrically connected to the output terminal of the MPPT module, and the output terminal is electrically connected to the charging terminal of the capacitor bank. The input terminal of the discharging control unit is electrically connected to the discharging terminal of the capacitor bank, and the output terminal is electrically connected to the other end of the miniature capacitor C0 via the bidirectional MOSFET. The load terminal of the capacitor bank is electrically connected to the load interface of the home controller, and the load control terminal of the charging and discharging management circuit is electrically connected to the enable terminal of the load interface of the home controller.

2. The capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit according to claim 1, characterized in that, The individual voltage sampling unit of the capacitor equalization circuit includes voltage divider resistors R1 to R4 connected in series with supercapacitors C1 to C4, and operational amplifiers U1 to U4 for signal amplification. One end of the voltage divider resistor R1 is connected to the positive terminal of the supercapacitor C1, and the other end is connected to one end of the voltage divider resistor R2. The connection point of the voltage divider resistors R1 and R2 is connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier U1. The output terminals of the operational amplifiers U1 to U4 are respectively connected to the control terminal of the charge-discharge management circuit, and are used to transmit the sampled individual cell voltage signal to the charge-discharge management circuit. The magnetic coupling equalizer of the equalization execution unit includes a high-frequency transformer T1, rectifier diodes D1~D4 and control switches Q2~Q6. The primary winding of the high-frequency transformer T1 is connected to the positive terminal of the miniature capacitor C0 through the switch Q2, and the secondary winding is connected to the positive terminals of the supercapacitors C1~C4 respectively through rectifier diodes D1~D4. The control terminal of the switch Q2 is connected to the output signal terminal of the single-unit voltage sampling unit.

3. The capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit according to claim 2, characterized in that, The magnetic coupling equalizer of the equalization execution unit includes a high-frequency transformer T1, rectifier diodes D1~D4 and control switching transistors Q2~Q6. One end of the primary winding of the high-frequency transformer T1 is connected to the positive terminal of the miniature capacitor C0 via the switching transistor Q2, and the other end is connected to the negative terminal of the miniature capacitor C0. The secondary winding of the high-frequency transformer T1 includes four secondary windings H1 to H4. The same-name terminal of the primary winding H1 is connected to the drain of the switching transistor Q3 via the rectifier diode D1, and the non-same-name terminal is connected to the negative terminal of the supercapacitor C1. The source of the switching transistor Q3 is connected to the positive terminal of the supercapacitor C1. The connection method of the second to fourth secondary windings is the same as that of the first secondary winding, and they are connected to the supercapacitors C2 to C4 respectively through rectifier diodes D2 to D4 and switching transistors Q4 to Q6; The control terminals of the switching transistors Q2 to Q6 are all connected to the output signal terminal of the individual voltage sampling unit, and the conduction timing of the switching transistors Q3 to Q5 is mutually exclusive.

4. The capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit according to claim 1, characterized in that, The charging control unit of the charging and discharging management circuit includes a current-limiting resistor R5, a voltage regulator chip U5, and a charging switch Q1. One end of the current-limiting resistor R5 is connected to the output terminal of the MPPT module, and the other end is connected to the input terminal of the voltage regulator chip U5. The output terminal of the voltage regulator chip U5 is connected to the positive terminal of the supercapacitor C1 via the charging switch Q1, and the control terminal of the charging switch Q1 is connected to the output terminal of the control unit of the charging and discharging management circuit. The discharge control unit includes a synchronous rectification DC-DC converter U6 and a discharge switch Q7. The input terminal of the synchronous rectification DC-DC converter U6 is connected to the negative terminal of the supercapacitor C4, and the output terminal is connected to the load interface of the home controller via the discharge switch Q7. The control terminal of the discharge switch Q7 is connected to the output terminal of the control unit of the charge and discharge management circuit. The bidirectional MOSFET is an N-channel enhancement-type MOSFET. Its drain is connected to the negative terminal of the miniature capacitor C0, its source is connected to the input terminal of the synchronous rectifier DC-DC converter U6, and its gate is connected to the output terminal of the control unit of the charge and discharge management circuit via a drive resistor.

5. A method for low power loss, characterized in that, The low-power-loss method is implemented in the capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit according to any one of claims 1-4, and the method includes: The electrical energy converted by the photovoltaic module is input to the MPPT module through its output terminal, and then input to the input terminal of the charge and discharge management circuit through the MPPT module. The charging and discharging management circuit controls the current flow according to the internal detection signal. Specifically, when the output current of the photovoltaic module is greater than the output current of the home controller load interface, the charging and discharging management circuit outputs the excess current from its energy storage end and flows into the charging end of the series-connected supercapacitors C1 to C4. When the output current of the photovoltaic module is less than the output current of the home controller load interface, the charging and discharging management circuit controls the discharging end of the supercapacitors C1 to C4 to output supplementary current, which flows into the charging and discharging management circuit through its discharging end, merges with the photovoltaic input current, and then flows into the home controller load interface. The individual voltage sampling unit of the capacitor equalization circuit detects the terminal voltage of supercapacitors C1 to C4 in real time. When the voltage difference between any two individual cells exceeds the set value, the current of the high-voltage cell flows into the input terminal of the microcapacitor C0 through the magnetic coupling equalizer and is temporarily stored in the microcapacitor C0; the output current of the microcapacitor C0 flows out through the magnetic coupling equalizer and is injected into the input terminal of the low-voltage cell. Current is output from the supercapacitors C1 to C4 to the load interface of the home controller to power the Bluetooth module and / or infrared signal module.

6. The low-energy-loss method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The charge and discharge management circuit controls the on / off state of the bidirectional MOSFET to allow the charging and discharging currents of the miniature capacitor C0 and the supercapacitors C1~C4 to flow in a time-sharing manner, thus avoiding additional losses caused by current superposition.

7. A home control controller, characterized in that, The home controller is equipped with a capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit as described in any one of claims 1-4, and performs the low-energy-loss method as described in any one of claims 5-6 based on the capacitor-based photovoltaic circuit.

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