Hydrogen production system for confining plasma in liquid environment by using pulse electromagnetic field

Abstract

A hydrogen production system includes: a direct current (DC) power source providing a driver signal; a reactance circuit coupled to the power supply and configured to generate a pulsed drive signal in accordance with the driver signal; at least one reaction chamber coupled to the reactance circuit and receiving the pulsed drive signal, wherein the chamber is configured to generate hydrogen gas from a feedstock material using the pulsed drive signal; a gas analyzer coupled to the at least one reaction chamber and configured to detect the generated hydrogen; and a control unit coupled to the reactance circuit and the gas analyzer and configured to control the reactance circuit based on the detected hydrogen. The reaction chamber includes a plurality of positively charged elements and a plurality of negatively charged elements. These elements consist of a non-dissimilar metal material.

Description

[0001] Related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 444,799, filed on February 10, 2023, entitled “Hydrogen Production System Using Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields to Confine Plasma in a Liquid Environment,” the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Art

[0003] Hydrogen has become a globally in-demand energy source. According to numerous forecasts for 2030 to 2050, demand for hydrogen will outstrip commercial production capacity, creating room for increased use of diverse sources and methods of hydrogen production.

[0004] Climate change is significantly impacting regional and global weather patterns, primarily due to increasing levels of natural and anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. The world is focusing its economic resources on minimizing the negative impacts of these gases by shifting to renewable energy sources. Hydrogen is emerging as a leading renewable energy option.

[0005] Whether derived from seawater, brackish water, or graywater, brine represents the world's largest source of feedstock for hydrogen production. A method for economically producing hydrogen from brine without producing undesirable side reactions such as chlorine or hypochlorite could contribute to an eco-friendly energy solution. The described hydrogen production system utilizes brine from a variety of sources, including raw, filtered seawater, as its liquid feedstock. This hydrogen production system meets the green criteria of renewable energy and complements other hydrogen production sources seeking to meet the world's growing hydrogen demand. Summary of the Invention

[0006] According to one exemplary embodiment, a hydrogen production system is disclosed. The system includes: a direct current (DC) power supply providing a driver signal; a reactance circuit coupled to the power supply and configured to generate a pulsed drive signal based on the driver signal; at least one reaction chamber coupled to the reactance circuit and receiving the pulsed drive signal, wherein the chamber is configured to generate hydrogen from a feedstock material using the pulsed drive signal; a gas analyzer coupled to the at least one reaction chamber and configured to detect the generated hydrogen; and a control unit coupled to the reactance circuit and the gas analyzer and configured to control the reactance circuit based on the detected hydrogen, wherein (i) the reaction chamber includes a plurality of positively charged elements and a plurality of negatively charged elements; and (ii) the positively charged elements and the negatively charged elements are composed of non-dissimilar metal materials.

[0007] According to another exemplary embodiment, a reaction chamber for extracting hydrogen from a feedstock is disclosed. The chamber comprises: a cylindrical wall; a first plurality of elements evenly spaced along an inner circumference of the wall; and a second plurality of elements, wherein one element of the second plurality is located at a center of the chamber and each remaining element of the second plurality is radially intermediate the center and the wall, wherein (i) two adjacent elements of the central element and the remaining elements of the second plurality form an equilateral triangle; and (ii) each circumferential element and two adjacent elements of the remaining elements of the second plurality form an equilateral triangle.

[0008] According to yet another embodiment, a method for producing hydrogen is disclosed. The method includes providing a pulsed drive signal to a reaction chamber having at least one positively charged conductive element and at least one negatively charged conductive element; generating hydrogen gas from a liquid feedstock contained in the reaction chamber; detecting the purity and volume of the generated hydrogen gas; and controlling a load reaction of a controllable reactance circuit coupled to the reaction chamber based on the detection, wherein the elements are made of non-dissimilar materials. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] By reading this specification in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, you will understand the several features, objectives and advantages of the exemplary embodiments. The same reference numerals in different drawings identify the same or similar elements. In the drawings:

[0010] Figure 1 A hydrogen production system according to the present disclosure is shown;

[0011] Figure 2 Shown Figure 1 Fluid subsystem components of a hydrogen production system;

[0012] Figure 3 Shown Figure 1 Gas subsystem components of the hydrogen production system;

[0013] Figure 4 Shown Figure 1 Signal processing subsystem components of the hydrogen production system;

[0014] Figure 5 Shown Figure 1 Components of hydrogen production systems;

[0015] Figure 6 Shown Figure 1 Reactance circuit components of hydrogen production systems;

[0016] Figure 7 Shown Figure 1 and Figure 5 A reaction chamber of a hydrogen production system;

[0017] Figures 8-10shows an example arrangement of components in a reaction chamber; and

[0018] Figure 11 A method according to an exemplary embodiment is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] In the following description, numerous specific details are given to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. The embodiments may be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other cases, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the exemplary embodiments.

[0020] Reference in this specification to "an example embodiment" or "example embodiments" means that the particular feature, structure, or characteristic being described is included in at least one embodiment. Therefore, the appearances of these terms and similar phrases throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. The headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the embodiments.

[0021] A hydrogen production system according to an exemplary embodiment includes at least a direct current (DC) power supply, a reactive circuit, one or more reaction chambers, a gas extractor, a gas analyzer, a liquid feedstock storage tank, a liquid feedstock storage tank valve, a fluid pump, a fill vent and fill vent valve, an exhaust port and exhaust valve, and a control unit. The exemplary hydrogen production system includes three subsystems: a fluid subsystem, a gas subsystem, and a signal processing subsystem, with some components shared between the subsystems.

[0022] The hydrogen production system utilizes a reactance circuit to generate a pulsed drive signal, which is transmitted to a reaction chamber to generate hydrogen from a liquid feedstock contained therein. A gas analyzer may be incorporated into the system to detect the volume and purity of the generated hydrogen. A control unit may control the reactance circuit based on the detection and analysis of the generated hydrogen.

[0023] The purity and yield of the produced hydrogen, as determined by the gas analyzer, can be used to measure the performance of the reaction chamber.The reactive circuit can be used to improve the performance of the hydrogen production system by presenting a varying reactive load to the reaction chamber.

[0024] The gas analyzer may be a binary gas analyzer, a residual gas analyzer, a mass spectrometer, or other instrument for determining the purity of the generated hydrogen, and may include a flow meter to determine the yield of the generated hydrogen. The control unit may be configured to control the reactance circuit based on the amount and purity of the generated hydrogen.

[0025] The control unit may be configured to control the reactance circuit based on the detection of the generated hydrogen gas.The control unit may be further configured to analyze at least one embedded interaction chamber signal corresponding to the generated hydrogen gas.

[0026] The reactance circuit may include an input signal conditioning circuit, a gateway circuit, a continuous operation circuit, an inductive reactance circuit, and a return reflection circuit. The reactance circuit includes selectively variable inductance and capacitance values. Changing the inductance and capacitance values ​​results in changes in the load reactance on the hydrogen production system. Changing the load reactance facilitates tuning the performance of the hydrogen production system.

[0027] The reactance circuit is configured to generate a pulsed drive signal, referred to as a reaction chamber excitation signal, and the reaction chamber can be configured to receive the pulsed drive signal and, based on the interaction between the reaction chamber excitation signal and the liquid feedstock, generate hydrogen gas from a liquid feedstock contained in the reaction chamber. A reactance circuit having a controllable load reactance is coupled to one or more reaction chambers. A gas analyzer can be coupled to the reaction chamber and configured to detect the generated hydrogen gas. A control unit can be configured to control the load reactance in the reactance circuit based on the volume and purity of the generated hydrogen gas.

[0028] The novel reaction chamber design enables the control of hydrogen production by plasma confined by a pulsed electromagnetic field in the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber may include elements (or electrodes or rods) made of non-dissimilar conductive materials, such as positively and negatively charged tungsten elements. The positively and negatively charged elements may represent multiple anodes and cathodes exposed to a common liquid feedstock and are configured to enhance the generation of electromagnetic fields. The spacing of the elements is crucial for the generation of electromagnetic fields, the generation and control of non-thermal plasmas, and the generation of hydrogen. The tungsten elements receive a pulsed DC reaction chamber excitation signal, generating opposite electromagnetic fields around the positively and negatively charged elements, thereby enabling the control of the non-thermal (non-equilibrium) plasma generated by the liquid feedstock solution between the tungsten rods.

[0029] Hydrogen Production System Overview

[0030] Figure 1 The hydrogen production system 100 includes a DC power supply 102, an inductive circuit 104, one or more reaction chambers 106, a gas extractor 108, a gas analyzer 110, a liquid feedstock storage tank 112, a liquid feedstock storage tank valve 114, a fluid pump 116, a filling vent 118 and a filling vent valve 120, a discharge port 122 and a discharge valve 124, and a control unit 126.

[0031] The hydrogen production system 100 operates at ambient (atmospheric) temperature (ie, the temperature of the environment surrounding the generator). During operation, the temperature of the fluid subsystem or the gas subsystem may not change measurably.

[0032] The hydrogen production system 100 operates at ambient (atmospheric) pressure. When open to the atmosphere, the hydrogen production system can operate at ambient pressure. When operating as a recirculating fluid subsystem that flows fluid through the reaction chamber and gas extractor, the system can operate at a pressure of less than 5 psi (0.3 bar). The system pressure is generated by the fluid pump and enables fluid to flow through the reaction chamber, the gas extractor, and back to the fluid pump.

[0033] The hydrogen production system 100 generates gas as output. The gas generated by the hydrogen production system may include H2, water vapor, and other gases. The hydrogen production system 100 includes a fluid subsystem 200, a gas subsystem 300, and a signal processing subsystem 400. Some components may be shared between subsystems.

[0034] Fluid subsystem

[0035] Figure 2 The fluid flow subsystem 200 provides for the introduction and recirculation of a liquid feedstock 206. A volume of liquid feedstock (typically consisting of seawater or simulated seawater) can be contained in a liquid feedstock storage tank 112 and introduced into the recirculation system 202 by opening a liquid feedstock storage tank valve 114 and a fill vent valve 120. The fill vent valve 118 allows any gas trapped in the recirculation subsystem to be vented. Once the system is filled with liquid feedstock 206, the liquid feedstock valve 114 and the fill vent valve 120 can be closed. In the fluid flow subsystem 200, the liquid feedstock 206 comes into contact with an element located in the reaction chamber 106. The element can be, for example, a tungsten electrode.

[0036] As the hydrogen production process consumes liquid feedstock 206, additional feedstock may be introduced from liquid feedstock storage tank 112 via valve 114. Fluid flow subsystem 200 may be evacuated by opening liquid feedstock storage tank valve 114, fill vent valve 120, and drain valve 124.

[0037] Gas subsystem

[0038] Figure 3 The gas subsystem 300 includes a reaction chamber 106 that produces gaseous hydrogen 310, a gas extractor 108 that separates the gaseous hydrogen 310 from the liquid feedstock 206, and a gas analyzer 110 that can be used to analyze the purity and volume of the produced gas. Hydrogen gas is produced in solution in the reaction chamber 106 and leaves the reaction chamber in the form of liquid feedstock and hydrogen solution 308.

[0039] Signal processing subsystem

[0040] Figure 4The signal processing subsystem 400 may include a DC power supply 102, a control unit 126, an inductive circuit 104, one or more reaction chambers 106, and power / data links (402, 404, 406, 408, 410, 412, 414) to a gas analyzer 110, a liquid raw material storage tank valve 114, a fill and exhaust valve 118, a discharge valve 122, and a fluid pump 116.

[0041] The power to the control unit 126, the reactance circuit 104, the gas analyzer 110, the fill and exhaust valve 120, the liquid feed tank valve 114, the drain valve 122, and the fluid pump 116 can be a linear DC voltage 402 (from the DC power supply 102). The current between the reactance circuit 104 and the reaction chamber 106 can be a pulsed DC reaction chamber excitation signal 404.

[0042] Operation of the Reactance Circuit of the Signal Processing Subsystem

[0043] Figure 5 The hydrogen production system may include a DC power supply 102, a reactance circuit 104, a reaction chamber 106, and a gas extractor 108. The DC power supply 102 provides a linear DC voltage to the reactance circuit 104. The DC power supply may be a battery or an AC / DC transformer. The reactance circuit 104 transmits a pulsed drive signal 404 to the reaction chamber 106. The reaction chamber is filled with a liquid feedstock 206, which is typically composed of seawater or simulated seawater, such as sodium chloride with a concentration of 32 grams of NaCl per liter and a conductivity of 50 mS / cm, and deionized water.

[0044] The liquid feedstock reacts to the pulsed drive signal by inducing a non-thermal plasma. The plasma generates gaseous hydrogen 310 in solution within the reaction chamber 106. This hydrogen can exit the reaction chamber 106 in solution along with the liquid feedstock 308. In the gas extractor 108, the gaseous hydrogen is separated from the liquid feedstock, with the gaseous hydrogen 310 output to the gas subsystem and the liquid feedstock 206 being recycled within the fluid subsystem.

[0045] like Figure 6 As shown, the reactance circuit 600 may include an input signal conditioning circuit 610 , a gateway circuit 620 , a continuous operation circuit 630 , a conditioning circuit 640 , and a return reflection circuit 650 .

[0046] The reactance circuit 600 may include selectively variable inductance and capacitance values. Changing the inductance and capacitance values ​​may cause a change in the load reactance on the hydrogen production system 100. Changing the load reactance is beneficial for adjusting the performance of the hydrogen production system 100.

[0047] The input signal conditioning circuit 610 receives the signal from the power supply 102 (eg Figure 5A linear DC voltage is generated by a pulse generator in an input signal conditioning circuit (e.g., a power supply). This linear DC voltage is converted into a pulsed DC driver signal by a pulse generator in the input signal conditioning circuit. The conditioning circuit can control the repetition rate, voltage, current, and duty cycle of the pulsed DC. The conditioning circuit can include asymmetric conductive components (e.g., capacitors and / or diodes) that can prevent any energy from returning to the power supply.

[0048] The regulating circuit may include an adjustable current limiting component that establishes the rise and fall times of the pulses generated by the pulse generator and includes, for example, a capacitor sized to remove unwanted AC signal components. The regulating circuit prevents the pulse signal from reaching the power supply ( Figure 1 102) and only allows straight direct current (DC) to reach the power supply. The pulse signal that is blocked is the signal returning from the reaction chamber.

[0049] In an example application, the pulse driver signal may have a duty cycle of, for example, less than 200 nanoseconds, during which the amplitude of the pulse signal may be 4.5 to 10 VDC. During the remaining time (i.e., after 200 nanoseconds and before the start of the next pulse), the amplitude of the signal may be 0 V.

[0050] The gateway circuit 620 regulates the various components of the reaction chamber, including the liquid feedstock 206 and the (tungsten) element, and establishes the electromagnetic and magnetic fields required to induce the non-thermal plasma. The gateway circuit 620 provides the initial inputs required to condition the feedstock before plasma is generated.

[0051] Continuous operation circuit 630 provides dynamic, real-time adjustments to various adjustable components based on feedback from the reaction chamber to optimize hydrogen production. Circuit 630 may include capacitive components, inductive components, reactance circuits, and variable load reactance circuits. The inductance and capacitance values ​​can be selectively varied to provide continuous operation of the hydrogen production system.

[0052] For example, the purity and yield of hydrogen produced by the hydrogen production chamber 106 can be detected. The gas analyzer 110 ( Figure 3 The gas analyzer 110 may be a binary gas analyzer, a residual gas analyzer, or a mass spectrometer for determining the purity of the generated hydrogen 310. Alternatively, the gas analyzer 110 may include a hydrogen flow meter to determine the yield of the generated hydrogen 310.

[0053] The purity and yield of the generated hydrogen gas determined by the gas analyzer 110 can be used to measure the performance of the hydrogen production chamber. The reactance circuit can be used to generate hydrogen gas by supplying a charge to the gas production chamber (e.g. Figure 7 The reaction chamber excitation signal generated in the gas generation chamber 726 presents a varying load reactance to adjust the performance of the hydrogen production system 100. The signal generated in the gas generation chamber 726 can be based on the interaction between the pulse chamber excitation signal and the liquid feedstock.

[0054] This signal can be received by the continuous operation circuit 630 and the control unit 126 (as a return signal). The control unit 126 can selectively change the load reactance within the continuous operation circuit 630. The return signal can be re-energized, which in turn can be used to improve the performance of the hydrogen production system 100. A re-energizing wave or signal refers to an electrical characteristic value such as voltage, current, frequency, and / or waveform shape that is changed to have an enhanced effect within the hydrogen production system 100.

[0055] The control unit 126 may include a reactive load adjustment algorithm that may compare or correlate the output from the gas analyzer 120 with characteristics of one or more embedded interactive chamber signals.

[0056] The regulation circuit 640 may be used to bypass the gateway circuit 620 after desired hydrogen production conditions (eg, volume and / or purity of hydrogen) are achieved.

[0057] The return energy reflection circuit 650 may be configured to discharge any unwanted current.

[0058] reaction chamber

[0059] Figure 1 The reaction chamber 106, such as Figure 7 As shown, it can be made of various material combinations. In addition to the components, all materials that come into contact with the liquid raw materials are non-metallic, non-conductive, and non-magnetic. These materials are selected so as not to interfere with the electromagnetic field. For example, the reaction chamber can be made of a positive tungsten element 722, a negative tungsten element 724, a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) top plate 714 and a bottom plate 704, an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) first stage electrode holder 706, a second stage electrode holder 708, a third stage reaction chamber spacer 710, It consists of a glass cylinder 712, a nylon threaded rod and nylon nut (not shown), a nylon barbed fitting 1218, and a printed circuit board (PCB) + / - electrode connector 720. In the interior portion of the reaction chamber 106 that contacts the liquid feedstock, the only conductive material is the tungsten elements 722, 724.

[0060] In this example, the first stage electrode holder 706, the second stage electrode holder 708, and the third stage reaction chamber spacer 710 are located Inside glass cylinder 712, the first and second stage electrode holders (706, 708) form a gas generation chamber 726. The tungsten elements 722, 724 extend through the first stage electrode holder 706 and terminate in the second stage electrode holder 708. Hydrogen gas is generated in the gas generation chamber 726. The second stage electrode holder 708 and the third stage reaction chamber spacer 710 form a liquid / gas accumulation chamber 728. The second stage electrode holder 708 is provided with a channel to allow fluid to flow from the gas generation chamber 726 to the liquid / gas accumulation chamber 728. The mixture of liquid feedstock and gaseous hydrogen can pass through the liquid / gas accumulation chamber 728 before leaving the reaction chamber 106.

[0061] The reaction chamber 106 is a fluid subsystem ( Figure 2 The fluid flow through the reaction chamber can be controlled by a fluid pump 116 ( Figure 1 The flow rate of the

[0062] The reaction chamber 106 may include one or more gas generation chambers 1226. The hydrogen production system 100 comprises at least one reaction chamber 106. Multiple reaction chambers may be implemented depending on the desired hydrogen production volume, and the number of reaction chambers may be determined by the hydrogen production unit design. Each reaction chamber may have different dimensions and component counts, depending on the desired hydrogen production volume determined by the hydrogen production unit design.

[0063] The reaction chamber can serve as an electronic component of the reactive circuit 600. For example, the reaction chambers described herein can have reactive resistances.

[0064] The gas generating chamber may contain a plurality of positive electrode components and negative electrode components, but must contain at least one positive electrode component and at least one negative electrode component. Figure 8 As shown, an example arrangement of elements within a (cylindrical) reaction chamber 800 may include a plurality of positively charged elements 810 and a plurality of negatively charged elements 820 contained within the glass wall 830 of the chamber. Designating one plurality of elements as positive and another plurality of elements as negative is arbitrary. In some exemplary embodiments, element 810 may be negatively charged, while element 820 may be positively charged. In some exemplary embodiments, elements in the center of the chamber may have the same charge as the outer elements (i.e., elements along the circumference of the chamber).

[0065] Element 810 can be equally spaced along the inner circumference. Similarly, element 820 (except the central element) can be equally spaced radially outward from the central element. As shown in the figure, element 820 is arranged so that each of element 820 forms an equilateral triangle with adjacent element 820 and the central element. That is, the distance (or spacing) between any two elements is equal to the distance (or spacing) between any other two elements. In addition, each of element 810 forms an equilateral triangle with the nearest pair of elements 820. The sides of all equilateral triangles are the same.

[0066] The reaction chamber is not limited to Figure 8 The number of elements or the number of concentric rows (elements) shown. Other example chambers 900 and 1000 are as follows Figure 9 and Figure 10 shown. Figure 9 The chamber 900 includes elements 910 and 920 corresponding to elements 800 and 820 of the chamber 800. Similarly, Figure 10 The chamber 1000 includes elements 1010 and 1020 corresponding to elements 800 and 820 of the chamber 800. In each of the chambers 900 and 1000, the elements form an equilateral triangle with adjacent elements, such as Figure 8 as shown in room 800.

[0067] Reference Figure 11 Method 1100 according to an exemplary embodiment may be described. A pulse signal may be provided to a reaction chamber at 1104. Hydrogen gas may be generated from a liquid feedstock in the reaction chamber at 1106. The purity and volume of the generated hydrogen gas may be determined at 1108. A load reactance of a reactance circuit coupled to the reaction chamber may be controlled / adjusted at 1110. The level of adjustment may be based on the determined purity and volume of the generated hydrogen gas.

[0068] The functions of control unit 126 may be performed by a general-purpose computer. The computer may store executable instructions that, when executed, cause a processor associated with the computer to perform steps related to the functions of control unit 126. In some embodiments, a learning system, machine learning, or artificial intelligence may be implemented to further enhance the functions of the hydrogen production systems and methods described herein.

[0069] In the specification and the appended claims, the meaning of "comprising" should not be understood as excluding other elements or steps. In addition, an element whose number is not limited does not exclude a plurality, and a single unit can realize the functions of several devices described in the claims. The above description of the illustrated embodiments and the description in the summary below are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Although specific embodiments and examples are described herein for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will recognize that various equivalent modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Such modifications are intended to be covered by the appended claims.

[0070] The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. If necessary, various aspects of the embodiments can be modified to adopt the concepts of various patents, applications, and publications to provide further embodiments. These and other changes can be made to these embodiments in light of the above detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be interpreted as limiting the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and claims, but should be interpreted to include all possible embodiments and the full range of equivalents to which these claims are entitled. Therefore, the claims are not limited by this disclosure.

Claims

1. A hydrogen production system comprising: A direct current (DC) power supply that provides a driver signal; a reactance circuit coupled to the power supply and configured to generate a pulse drive signal according to the driver signal; at least one reaction chamber coupled to the reactance circuit and receiving the pulsed drive signal, wherein the chamber is configured to generate hydrogen gas from a feedstock material using the pulsed drive signal; a gas analyzer coupled to the at least one reaction chamber and configured to detect the generated hydrogen gas; as well as a control unit coupled to the reactance circuit and the gas analyzer and configured to control the reactance circuit based on the detected hydrogen gas, wherein (i) the reaction chamber comprises a plurality of positively charged elements and a plurality of negatively charged elements; and (ii) The positively charged element and the negatively charged element are composed of non-dissimilar metallic materials.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein: The non-exotic material is tungsten.

3. The system according to claim 2, wherein: The reaction between the pulsed drive signal and the feedstock material in the chamber induces a non-thermal plasma in the feedstock material.

4. The system according to claim 3, wherein: The reactance circuit comprises: an input conditioning circuit coupled to the power supply, for converting a linear DC voltage from the power supply into the pulsed drive signal; a gateway circuit coupled to the input conditioning circuit for conditioning components and contents of the reaction chamber and establishing electromagnetic and magnetic fields for inducing the non-thermal plasma; continuously operating circuitry coupled to the gateway circuitry for providing dynamic, real-time adjustments to components of the system in response to feedback from the chamber; a regulation circuit coupled to the continuous operation circuit and the reaction chamber; and A return energy reflection circuit is coupled to the regulating circuit and the continuous operation circuit.

5. A reaction chamber for extracting hydrogen from a feedstock, the chamber comprising: cylindrical wall; a first plurality of elements evenly spaced along an inner circumference of the wall; a second plurality of elements, wherein one element of the second plurality of elements is located at a center of the chamber and each remaining element of the second plurality of elements is radially intermediate the center and the wall, wherein (i) the central element and two adjacent elements of the remaining elements of the second plurality of elements form an equilateral triangle; and (ii) Each circumferential element and two adjacent elements of the remaining elements of the second plurality of elements form an equilateral triangle.

6. The reaction chamber according to claim 5, wherein The first plurality of elements and the second plurality of elements are comprised of non-dissimilar conductive materials.

7. The reaction chamber according to claim 5, wherein The conductive material is tungsten.

8. The reaction chamber according to claim 5, wherein The first plurality of elements have a first orientation of charge.

9. The reaction chamber according to claim 8, wherein The second plurality of elements have charges in a second orientation opposite to the first orientation.

10. The reaction chamber according to claim 5, wherein Each of the elements is an electrode.

11. A method for producing hydrogen, comprising: providing a pulse drive signal to a reaction chamber having at least one positively charged conductive element and at least one negatively charged conductive element; generating hydrogen gas from a liquid feedstock contained in the reaction chamber; Detect the purity and volume of the hydrogen produced; as well as A load reactance of a controllable reactance circuit coupled to the reaction chamber is controlled based on the detecting, wherein the element is made of non-exotic materials.

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