Special ultra-low power consumption energy storage and management circuit for friction nanometer generator based on transformer and transistor circuit

Abstract

The invention relates to an ultra-low power consumption energy storage and management circuit special for a friction nanometer generator based on a transformer and a transistor circuit, and the circuit comprises a transformer grid-connected current increasing module which converts the high-voltage small current of TENG into low-voltage large current, and improves the power generation utilization rate; the transistor rectification module rectifies the low-voltage large current into direct current; the capacitor energy storage module is used for storing direct current; and the power supply management module monitors the capacitor voltage in real time, and when the capacitor voltage reaches a preset value, a discharge mode is switched to provide stable electric energy for electric appliances. Aiming at the problems of low energy conversion efficiency, insufficient automation and dependence on manual intervention of an energy storage circuit of a traditional friction nano generator (TENG), the circuit solves the problem of energy loss caused by high internal resistance of the TENG through current amplification by a transformer, charge and discharge control by a transistor and ultra-low power consumption design, realizes efficient energy storage and automatic management, and is suitable for large-scale popularization and application. The system is suitable for micro-energy scenes such as Internet of Things and wearable equipment, and has the characteristics of high charging speed, high energy utilization rate and system self-locking control.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of electric energy collection, storage and management, and in particular to an ultra-low power consumption energy storage and management circuit dedicated to a triboelectric nanogenerator based on transistors and capacitors. Technical Background

[0002] In recent years, with the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), wearable devices, and distributed sensor networks, the demand for miniaturized, self-powered energy harvesting and storage systems has become increasingly urgent. As a novel mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion technology, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has shown great potential in the field of micro-energy harvesting due to its high voltage output, flexible material selection, and strong environmental adaptability.

[0003] However, there is a significant contradiction between the high internal resistance of TENG and the high voltage, low current, and intermittent output, and the stability and continuity required by back-end equipment. There is an urgent need to develop efficient energy storage and management circuits that match it.

[0004] Traditional energy management solutions often directly use a combination of a rectifier bridge, energy storage capacitors, and linear regulators. These solutions suffer from low energy conversion efficiency, high energy waste, and the need for manual intervention to switch from charging to output mode. For example, conventional circuits struggle to effectively utilize the transient high-voltage pulses of the TENG, causing most of the voltage to act on the TENG's internal resistance, resulting in losses. At the same time, the charging efficiency of the energy storage capacitor is limited by the difference between the TENG's output current and the energy storage capacitor's leakage current, further reducing the overall energy efficiency of the system. Furthermore, existing solutions lack monitoring of the capacitor voltage and a switch between the capacitor and the electrical appliance, requiring frequent manual intervention and preventing automated system operation.

[0005] The energy management architecture combining a transformer and transistor circuits offers a new approach to solving these problems. The transformer effectively amplifies the TENG's output current, effectively reducing its significant internal resistance, significantly improving the TENG's power generation efficiency and the charging speed of the energy storage capacitor. The transistor circuit, on the other hand, monitors the capacitor voltage via a low-power switch, enabling active switching between charging and discharging modes for the energy storage capacitor, significantly improving the system's automation and freeing up manual labor. This circuit design is compatible with the TENG's high impedance characteristics, reducing energy reflection and accelerating charging by amplifying the TENG's external circuit impedance. It also utilizes ultra-low-power circuit design to enhance automation, providing a periodic and stable energy supply for load devices in the 100-milliwatt range.

[0006] Currently, capacitor-based TENG energy storage circuits have been initially applied in a small number of fields, but they still face many challenges, such as slow charging speed and difficulty in achieving automatic conversion from charge to discharge. Optimizing circuit structure, reducing static power consumption, and improving charging efficiency have become key research directions for promoting the practical application of TENG technology. Summary of the Invention

[0007] (1) Technical issues to be solved

[0008] In response to the above-mentioned shortcomings, the main purpose of the present invention is to provide an ultra-low power consumption energy storage and management circuit dedicated to the friction nanogenerator based on transformer and transistor circuits, so as to solve the problems of low energy conversion efficiency, high energy waste ratio, low degree of automation, and manual intervention required for the conversion from charging to output mode in traditional capacitor-based TENG energy storage circuits.

[0009] (2) Technical solution

[0010] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a transformer- and transistor-based ultra-low-power energy storage and management circuit specifically designed for triboelectric nanogenerators. The circuit comprises a transformer-connected current-increasing module, a transistor-rectifier module, a capacitor-based energy storage module, and a power management module. The transformer-connected current-increasing module is independent of subsequent modules and connected via wires. The transistor-rectifier module, capacitor-based energy storage module, and power management module are located on the same PCB.

[0011] In the above scheme, the transformer is connected to the grid and the current increasing module increases the high-voltage and low-current generated by the TENG into a low-voltage and high-current;

[0012] In the above scheme, the transistor rectifier module rectifies the amplified high current into direct current;

[0013] In the above solution, the capacitor energy storage module stores the rectified DC power to be released from time to time;

[0014] In the above solution, the power management module monitors the capacitor energy storage module and controls the energy storage capacitor to be connected to the electrical appliance when the voltage of the energy storage capacitor reaches a critical value.

[0015] (3) Beneficial effects

[0016] The ultra-low power consumption energy storage and management circuit for triboelectric nanogenerators based on transformers and transistor circuits provided by the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0017] (1) The current generated by TENG is amplified by means of voltage conversion and current increase, and the electrical energy converted by TENG, which was difficult to use or could not be used in the past, is effectively processed, enriching the available energy.

[0018] (2) The charging speed of the TENG energy storage module is greatly accelerated, solving the problems of low energy conversion efficiency and high energy waste ratio of the traditional capacitor-based TENG energy storage circuit.

[0019] (3) The power management module was introduced to solve the problem that the traditional circuit with TENG as the power source has a low degree of automation and requires manual intervention when converting the charging mode to the output mode. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] Figure 1 It is a structural schematic diagram of the physical object of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 2 The structural diagram and circuit diagram of the transformer grid-connected current-increasing module;

[0022] Figure 3 It is the circuit diagram of transistor rectifier module, capacitor energy storage module and power management module;

[0023] Figure 4 The overall structure and circuit diagram of the transistor rectifier module, capacitor energy storage module and power management module;

[0024] Figure 5 The following is the complete circuit diagram and structure diagram of the design. Specific implementation methods

[0025] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described below with reference to the embodiments and accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the described embodiments are only a portion of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of them. All other embodiments derived by persons of ordinary skill in the art based on the described embodiments without requiring creative effort are intended to fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] Unless otherwise defined, the technical or scientific terms used in the present invention shall have the usual meanings understood by persons of ordinary skill in the field to which the present invention belongs. The words “include” or “comprise” and the like used in the present invention mean that the elements or objects preceding the word include the elements or objects listed after the word and their equivalents, without excluding other elements or objects. Words such as “connect” or “connected” and the like are not limited to physical or mechanical connections, but may include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect. “Up”, “down”, “left”, “right” and the like are only used to indicate relative positional relationships. When the absolute position of the object being described changes, the relative positional relationship may also change accordingly. Example 1

[0027] The ultra-low power consumption energy storage and management circuit dedicated to the triboelectric nanogenerator based on transformer and transistor circuit in this embodiment includes the following structures: Figure 1 :

[0028] Structure 1, transformer grid-connected current increasing module, converts the high voltage and low current generated by TENG into low voltage and high current, improving the power generation efficiency of TENG. The circuit is as follows Figure 2 a, top view of the structure Figure 2 b, side view structure Figure 2 c;

[0029] Structure 2, transistor rectifier module, converts the low voltage AC power after current increase into DC power. The circuit is as follows Figure 3 a;

[0030] Structure 3, capacitor energy storage module, stores the rectified low voltage DC power. The circuit is as follows Figure 3 b;

[0031] Structure 4, power management module, ultra-low power consumption control structure 3 and electrical appliances disconnection, circuit such as Figure 3 c.

[0032] The first step is the design of the transformer grid-connected current-increasing module.

[0033] In this implementation case, a transformer grid-connected solution is selected to increase the high-voltage and low-current generated by TENG. The circuit is as follows: Figure 2 a, structure such as Figure 2 As shown in b and 2c, the transformer grid-connected scheme selects the scheme of primary side series connection and secondary side parallel connection to amplify the high voltage and low current generated by TENG. The specific steps are as follows:

[0034] ① Each transformer is connected in series with a 33nF capacitor on the primary side to balance the phase, such as Figure 2 As shown in a, the current phase of the high-voltage and low-current AC generated by TENG remains almost unchanged before and after it flows into the transformer;

[0035] ② Connect the transformers after the series capacitors in series on the primary side, such as Figure 2 As shown in Figure a, the high-voltage AC current generated by the TENG flows from Input 1 or Input 2, passes through each transformer in turn, and induces a secondary current on the secondary side of each transformer. Since the internal resistance of the TENG can usually reach megaohms, which is much higher than the resistance of the external circuit, most of the output voltage acts on the internal resistance. Therefore, the output current can be estimated according to formula (1) and regarded as a constant current source. Therefore, the series connection of the primary side of the transformer has little effect on the secondary side output of a single transformer.

[0036]

[0037] ③Connect the same-name terminals on the secondary sides of each transformer in parallel, such as Figure 2As shown in Figure a, the output voltage on the secondary side of each transformer remains unchanged, the output current is superimposed (it can be nearly doubled after phase adjustment by the primary side capacitor, that is, N transformers can be multiplied N times), and then output from the Output1 and Output2 pins.

[0038] At the same time, choose welding process to connect different transformers, such as Figure 2 b and Figure 2 As shown in c, the transformer to be connected to the grid is welded on the perforated board, and the primary and secondary sides are connected in series and parallel with wires respectively.

[0039] After the transformer grid-connected current-increasing module, the transistor rectifier module is designed.

[0040] In this embodiment, a bridge rectifier composed of four diodes is selected to rectify the high current AC after the transformer grid-connected current increasing module increases the current. The specific circuit diagram is as follows: Figure 3 As shown in a:

[0041] ① After the increase of current, the high current AC power Figure 3 Input 1 and Input 2 shown in a flow in, serving as AC input terminals;

[0042] ②The large current after rectification is from Figure 3 Output 1 and Output 2 shown in a flow out, where Output 1 is the level with higher voltage among the output terminals (can be regarded as the positive pole), and Output 2 is the level with lower voltage among the output terminals (can be regarded as the negative pole).

[0043] After the transistor rectifier module, the capacitor energy storage module is designed.

[0044] In this embodiment, a super capacitor with a capacitance of 1F is selected as the energy storage element. The specific circuit diagram is as follows: Figure 3 As shown in b:

[0045] ①When charging, the large current after rectification comes from Figure 3 As shown in b, Input+ flows in and Input- flows out, the charge in the supercapacitor gradually increases, and the voltage gradually increases.

[0046] ② During discharge, current flows out from Input+ and flows into Input-, the charge in the supercapacitor gradually decreases, and the voltage across the capacitor decreases.

[0047] After the capacitor energy storage module, the power management module is designed.

[0048] In this embodiment, a transistor circuit solution is selected to manage the electric energy in the capacitor and control the on-off of the capacitor energy storage module and the electrical appliance. Figure 3c. Input1 and Input2 are input pins connected to the capacitor energy storage module, while Output+ and Output- are output pins connected to the electrical appliance. When the voltage difference between Input2 and Input1 is small, the output voltage between Output+ and Output- is zero. However, when the voltage between Input2 and Input1 gradually increases to greater than 5.3V, the output voltage between Output+ and Output- instantly increases to nearly 5.2V. The specific implementation steps are as follows:

[0049] ① Initially, the output voltage on the output pin is zero. In this state, all transistors in the transistor circuit are in the off state. Output+ is connected to the power supply, and Output- is connected to the collector of Q5, which can be considered floating. If Output+ and Output- are connected to an electrical device at this point, the output voltage and current are zero.

[0050] ② The voltage of the capacitor energy storage module gradually increases but does not reach the critical value, and the voltage between Output+ and Output- remains zero. Input1 and Input2 are input pins connected to the capacitor energy storage module. When the voltage across the supercapacitor gradually increases, the voltage across resistor R3 gradually increases due to the voltage divider formed in series by resistors R3, R5, and R7. According to the circuit diagram, this also causes the voltage from Q7's emitter to Q7's base and then to Q6's base to gradually increase. The voltage from Q6's emitter to Q6's base gradually increases, causing its base and collector currents to gradually increase. However, at this time, the transistors are still not conducting, and the output voltage between Output+ and Output- remains zero.

[0051] ③ When the capacitor energy storage module voltage increases to a critical value, the output voltage instantly jumps to near the power supply voltage. When the voltage across the supercapacitor reaches 5.3V, the voltage from Q7's emitter to Q6's base reaches 0.86V. Although Q6 and Q7 are in the off state at this time, Q6's collector current enters Q8's base, causing Q8 to enter an amplified state. At this point, Q8 is connected in parallel with R7, shunted by R7, rapidly lowering Q6's base potential, further amplifying Q6's base and collector currents. Simultaneously, Q8's base current also amplifies, further shunting R7 and lowering Q6's base potential. This enters a forward cycle, instantly saturating Q8 and short-circuiting resistor R7, creating a self-locking state. Q6 and Q7 conduct, Q5 saturates, and Output- is connected to the supercapacitor's negative terminal. The output voltage becomes the voltage across the supercapacitor, causing the capacitor energy storage module to enter discharge mode.

[0052] ④ The appliance can be self-shut down via the InputRst pin. When the supercapacitor is connected to the appliance, it begins operating. When operation is complete or a certain condition is detected (for example, the output voltage falls below 3.3V), a high potential is output to InputRst, reducing the voltage across R3 to less than 0.86V. This ends the self-locking state of the power management module and allows the capacitor energy storage module to re-enter charging mode.

[0053] In this implementation case, the transistor rectifier module, capacitor energy storage module and power management module are printed on the same PCB board. The print preview effect is as follows: Figure 4 a and Figure 4 b. The complete circuit structure is as follows Figure 4 c. Figure 4 a and Figure 4 In b, 1 is the supercapacitor and 2 is the printed PCB board.

[0054] The complete circuit diagram of this design is shown in Figure 5 As shown in a, the complete structural diagram of the design is as follows Figure 5 As shown in b, 1 is the transformer grid-connected current increasing module, 2 is the PCB board where the transistor rectifier module, capacitor energy storage module and power management module are located, and 3 is the connecting part and support part of structure 1 and structure 2, which can be made of hard materials.

[0055] In this embodiment, a transformer grid-connected solution is selected to amplify the high-voltage low current generated by the TENG, and then a bridge rectifier circuit is selected to rectify the amplified current into direct current. A capacitor energy storage circuit is then selected to collect and store the rectified current energy. A specially designed transistor circuit is then used to manage the energy storage capacitor, so that when the capacitor voltage is higher than 5.3V, the capacitor is converted from the "disconnected from the electrical appliance" mode to the "connected to the electrical appliance" mode.

Claims

1. An ultra-low power consumption energy storage and management circuit for a triboelectric nanogenerator based on a transformer and transistor circuit, characterized in that: include: Transformer grid-connected current-increasing module, used to convert the high-voltage, low-current output of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) into a low-voltage, high-current output; A transistor rectifier module, connected to the transformer grid-connected current-increasing module, for rectifying the increased AC power into DC power; A capacitor energy storage module, connected to the transistor rectifier module, for storing rectified DC power; A power management module is connected to the capacitor energy storage module and is used to monitor the capacitor voltage and control the conduction between the capacitor energy storage module and the electrical appliance when the voltage reaches a preset critical value.

2. The circuit according to claim 1, characterized in that The transformer grid-connected current increasing module includes a primary-side series circuit and a secondary-side parallel circuit of multiple transformers. The input end of each transformer in the primary-side series circuit is connected in series with a balanced phase capacitor, and the same-name ends of each transformer in the secondary-side parallel circuit are connected in parallel to superimpose the output current.

3. The circuit according to claim 2, characterized in that The capacitance of the phase balancing capacitor is 1nF to 1mF, and is used to maintain the consistency of the primary side input current phase.

4. The circuit according to claim 1, wherein: The transistor rectifier module is a bridge rectifier circuit composed of four diodes and is used to convert the increased alternating current into direct current.

5. The circuit according to claim 1, wherein: The capacitor energy storage module includes a supercapacitor with a capacitance of 1mF to 10F, which is used to store rectified DC power and is connected to the transistor rectifier module through an input pin.

6. The circuit according to claim 1, wherein: The power management module includes a transistor control circuit, and the control circuit is configured as follows: When the voltage of the capacitor energy storage module is lower than 5-5.3V, it is disconnected from the electrical appliance; When the voltage of the capacitor energy storage module reaches or exceeds 5-5.3V, the self-locking mechanism is triggered, so that the capacitor energy storage module is connected to the electrical appliance.

7. The circuit according to claim 6, characterized in that The transistor control circuit includes transistors Q5, Q6, Q7 and Q8, which realize voltage threshold detection and conduction control through resistor voltage division and feedback mechanism, and receive an external reset signal through an input pin (InputRst) to disconnect from the electrical appliance.

8. The circuit according to claim 1, wherein: The transistor rectifier module, capacitor energy storage module and power management module are integrated on the same PCB board.

9. The circuit according to claim 1, wherein: The transformer grid-connected current increasing module is connected to the transistor rectifier module via a wire, and the wire is fixed to the PCB board via a hard connector.

10. The circuit according to claim 1, wherein: The critical voltage value of the power management module is dynamically configured by adjusting the resistor voltage division ratio.

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