Compositions and methods for greenhouse gas reduction

Abstract

The present disclosure provides consumable compositions comprising a haloalkane and a medium chain triglyceride, methods of making consumable compositions, and methods of applying consumable compositions.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 444,066, filed February 8, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 491,841, filed March 23, 2023, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Technology

[0003] According to a recent UN assessment, cattle and ruminant livestock farming typically produces more global warming greenhouse gases than the transportation industry, measured in carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents. Ruminants produce methane (CH4) as a digestive byproduct through anaerobic microbial fermentation of their feed in the rumen and large intestine (to a lesser extent). The rumen microbiota, composed of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and bacteriophages, all work together to digest ingested organic matter and produce CO2, H2, volatile fatty acids, and formate. These end products are utilized by methanogenic archaea in the rumen, which produce CH4. CH4 effectively absorbs solar infrared radiation and has a global warming potential 25 times greater than that of CO2. Unmet needs remain for intestinal methane production mitigation technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ruminant livestock. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In one aspect, this document describes a consumable composition comprising (i) a haloalkane and (ii) one or more medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), wherein the haloalkane comprises 1 to 6 carbons, the MCT comprises one or more alkyl chains, and at least one of the one or more alkyl chains comprises 6 to 12 carbon atoms.

[0005] On the other hand, this document describes consumable solid compositions comprising (i) haloalkanes, (ii) medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and (iii) proteins or milk fats, wherein the proteins are globular proteins or milk proteins.

[0006] On the other hand, this article describes consumable semi-solid compositions comprising (i) haloalkanes, (ii) setting agents, and (iii) medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs).

[0007] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a coagulant.

[0008] In some implementations, the coagulant is gum, agar, starch, flour, or gelatin.

[0009] In some implementations, the coagulant is resin.

[0010] In some implementations, the coagulant comprises gelatin.

[0011] In some implementations, the coagulant comprises agar.

[0012] In some embodiments, the composition contains about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% of total coagulant.

[0013] In some embodiments, the composition contains about 35 wt% of a coagulant.

[0014] In some embodiments, the composition contains about 25 wt% of a coagulant.

[0015] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.001 wt% to about 0.5 wt% of a coagulant.

[0016] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt% of a coagulant.

[0017] In some embodiments, the composition also includes a stabilizer.

[0018] In some implementations, the stabilizer is a globular protein, milk protein, or milk fat.

[0019] In some implementations, the stabilizer is a globular protein or a milk protein.

[0020] In some implementations, the milk protein is casein.

[0021] In some implementations, globular proteins, milk proteins, and / or milk fats are derived from mammals.

[0022] On the other hand, this article describes consumable water-based compositions comprising (i) haloalkanes, (ii) medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and (iii) water containing a thickener.

[0023] In some implementations, the thickener contains polysaccharides.

[0024] In some implementations, the thickener comprises plant-based gum.

[0025] In some implementations, the plant-based gum is xanthan gum.

[0026] In some implementations, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is about 1:10 to about 1:5.

[0027] In some implementations, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is about 1:8 to about 1:7.

[0028] In some implementations, the density of water containing a thickener is greater than the density of water without a thickener.

[0029] In some embodiments, the water containing the thickener has a density of about 1.01 g / mL to about 1.06 g / mL at 20°C.

[0030] In some implementations, a larger amount of haloalkanes are suspended in the water containing the thickener compared to other water that does not contain the thickener.

[0031] In some implementations, at least 90% more haloalkanes are suspended in the water containing the thickener compared to other water that does not contain the thickener.

[0032] In some embodiments, the composition also includes one or more emulsifiers.

[0033] In some embodiments, the composition comprises two emulsifiers.

[0034] In some embodiments, the emulsifier in one or more emulsifiers is polysorbate.

[0035] In some implementations, the emulsifier in one or more emulsifiers is a plant-based lecithin (e.g., soybean lecithin or sunflower lecithin).

[0036] In some implementations, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is about 1:1 to about 1:3.

[0037] In some implementations, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is approximately 1:2.

[0038] On the other hand, this article describes a consumable oil-based composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a vegetable oil, and (iii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT).

[0039] In some implementations, the vegetable-based oil is a vegetable oil.

[0040] In some implementations, the vegetable oil includes canola seed oil.

[0041] In some implementations, the ratio of MCT to vegetable-based oil is from about 1:100 to about 50:100.

[0042] In some implementations, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 3:97 to about 10:90.

[0043] In some implementations, the ratio of MCT to vegetable-based oil is approximately 5:95.

[0044] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more short-chain oils.

[0045] In some implementations, one or more short-chain oils are essential oils.

[0046] In some implementations, the short-chain oil includes citrus oil or mandarin oil.

[0047] In some embodiments, the composition also includes a bioavailability enhancer.

[0048] In some implementations, the bioavailability enhancer is an emulsifier and / or a stabilizer.

[0049] In some implementations, the bioavailability enhancer comprises a polymer of castor oil.

[0050] In some implementations, the ratio of bioavailability enhancer to MCT is from about 1:100 to about 10:100.

[0051] In some embodiments, the MCT comprises one or more alkyl chains, and at least one of the one or more alkyl chains of the MCT comprises 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

[0052] In some embodiments, the two or more alkyl chains of the MCT contain 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

[0053] In some implementations, each alkyl chain of the MCT contains 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

[0054] In some implementations, each alkyl chain of the MCT independently comprises 8, 10, or 12 carbon atoms.

[0055] In some implementations, MCT is triglyceride decanoate.

[0056] In some embodiments, the composition is a solid composition, and the composition further comprises a stabilizer, said stabilizer being a globular protein, milk protein, or milk fat.

[0057] In some embodiments, the composition is a non-solid (e.g., semi-solid or fluid) composition.

[0058] In some embodiments, the composition is a semi-solid, and said semi-solid is a gel or jelly.

[0059] In some implementations, the ratio of MCT to stabilizer is from about 1:99 to about 10:90.

[0060] In some implementations, the ratio of MCT to stabilizer is approximately 5:95.

[0061] In some implementations, the ratio of haloalkane to MCT is about 1:99 to about 1:1.

[0062] In some implementations, the ratio of haloalkane to MCT is from about 10:90 to about 30:70.

[0063] In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 33 wt%.

[0064] In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.03 wt% to about 7 wt%.

[0065] In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.03 wt% to about 5 wt%.

[0066] In some embodiments, the composition may have an improvement of at least 20% (e.g., at least 50% or at least 100%) in chemical and / or physical stability relative to other similar compositions that do not contain stabilizers.

[0067] In some embodiments, the composition can increase animal consumption by at least 20% (e.g., at least 50% or at least 100%) compared to other similar compositions that do not contain stabilizers.

[0068] In some embodiments, the composition can increase animal consumption by at least 20% (e.g., at least 50% or at least 100%) compared to other similar compositions that do not contain vegetable oil.

[0069] In some embodiments, the composition can increase animal consumption by at least 20% (e.g., at least 50% or at least 100%) compared to other similar compositions containing a larger amount of MCT.

[0070] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 20 wt%.

[0071] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.007 wt%.

[0072] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 8 wt%.

[0073] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt%.

[0074] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0075] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%.

[0076] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.1 wt% to about 8 wt%.

[0077] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.10 wt% to about 0.13 wt%.

[0078] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.25 wt% to about 0.35 wt%.

[0079] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.36 wt% to about 0.45 wt%.

[0080] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.5 wt% to about 0.6 wt%.

[0081] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.75 wt% to about 0.85 wt%.

[0082] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%.

[0083] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%.

[0084] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%.

[0085] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 2.0 wt% to about 3.2 wt%.

[0086] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 4.5 wt% to about 5 wt%.

[0087] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.08 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0088] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.08 wt% to about 0.15 wt%.

[0089] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.3 wt% to about 4 wt%.

[0090] In some implementations, the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.7 wt% to about 1 wt%.

[0091] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%.

[0092] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

[0093] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

[0094] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.002 wt%.

[0095] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.003 wt% to about 0.008 wt%.

[0096] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.009 wt% to about 0.05 wt%.

[0097] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

[0098] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.0009 wt%.

[0099] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.002 wt% to about 0.005 wt%.

[0100] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 0.03 wt%.

[0101] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.012 wt%.

[0102] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.0005 wt%.

[0103] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0006 wt% to about 0.0009 wt%.

[0104] In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.007 wt%.

[0105] In some implementations, the haloalkane is bromoform.

[0106] In some implementations, bromoform is not derived from biomass.

[0107] On the other hand, this document describes a method for preparing a consumable oil-based composition for ruminants, the method comprising: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a solvent; (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition with MCT to produce a second composition; and (c) combining at least a portion of the second composition with a vegetable-based oil to produce a consumable oil-based composition.

[0108] In some implementations, the haloalkane is at least partially soluble in the solvent.

[0109] In some implementations, the solvent comprises ethanol.

[0110] In some implementations, the vegetable-based oil includes canola seed oil.

[0111] In some embodiments, prior to (b), the short-chain oil is combined with the first composition.

[0112] On the other hand, this document describes a method for preparing a consumable water-based composition for ruminants, the method comprising: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT); (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition with a second composition to produce a third composition, the second composition comprising (i) water and (ii) a thickener, an emulsifier, or both; and (c) stirring the third composition to produce a consumable water-based composition.

[0113] In some embodiments, the second composition comprises a thickener and an emulsifier.

[0114] In some implementations, the emulsifier is polysorbate.

[0115] In some implementations, the thickener comprises plant-based gums (such as xanthan gum).

[0116] In some implementations, the density of the water is greater than that of water without the thickener.

[0117] In some embodiments, the water has a density of about 1.01 g / mL to about 1.06 g / mL at 20 degrees Celsius.

[0118] In some implementations, a larger amount of haloalkanes are suspended in the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener.

[0119] In some implementations, at least 90% more haloalkanes are suspended in the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener.

[0120] In some implementations, in (c), stirring includes mixing, sonicating, or both.

[0121] In some implementations, in (c), stirring includes ultrasonication.

[0122] In some embodiments, the consumable water-based composition is a high-energy emulsion.

[0123] On the other hand, this document describes a method for preparing a semi-solid or solid composition for ruminants, the method comprising: (a) providing (i) a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), (ii) a second composition comprising a protein or milk fat, wherein the protein is a globular protein or milk protein, and optionally (iii) a third composition comprising a coagulant; (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition, at least a portion of the second composition and optionally at least a portion of the third composition to produce a fourth composition; and (c) milling the fourth composition to produce a semi-solid or solid composition.

[0124] In some embodiments, the method further includes, prior to (a), providing a composition comprising a haloalkane and a short-chain oil.

[0125] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the composition comprising haloalkanes and short-chain oils is combined with the first composition.

[0126] In some embodiments, the method further includes chopping the fourth composition prior to (c).

[0127] In some embodiments, the method further includes evaporating at least a portion of the liquid phase from the fourth composition prior to (c).

[0128] In some implementations, at least about 95% of the aqueous phase is evaporated.

[0129] In some embodiments, evaporation includes heating the fourth composition at a temperature of up to about 130 degrees Celsius.

[0130] In some embodiments, evaporation includes heating the fourth composition at a temperature of about 20 degrees Celsius to about 45 degrees Celsius.

[0131] In some implementations, evaporation includes heating and spray drying.

[0132] In some implementations, up to about 10 wt% of the haloalkane is evaporated during the evaporation process.

[0133] In some implementations, up to about 5 wt% of the haloalkane is evaporated during the evaporation process.

[0134] In some embodiments, (a) includes providing a third composition, and (b) includes combining the third composition.

[0135] In some implementations, the coagulant is agar or gelatin.

[0136] In some embodiments, the method further includes cooling a fourth composition.

[0137] In some embodiments, the MCT comprises one or more alkyl chains, wherein the one or more alkyl chains of the MCT comprise 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

[0138] In some embodiments, the two or more alkyl chains of the MCT contain 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

[0139] In some implementations, each alkyl chain of the MCT contains 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

[0140] In some implementations, MCT is triglyceride decanoate.

[0141] In some implementations, the haloalkane is bromoform.

[0142] In some implementations, bromoform is not derived from biomass.

[0143] In another aspect, this document describes a method for reducing methane excretion by ruminants, the method comprising: a. providing the consumable composition of this disclosure; b. optionally diluting the consumable composition in the ruminant's feed or water; and c. applying the consumable composition to the ruminant, wherein the volume of methane excreted by the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane excreted by the ruminant in similarly situated conditions without the application of the consumable composition.

[0144] In another aspect, this document describes a method for reducing methane excretion by ruminants, the method comprising: a. providing a consumable composition of the present disclosure; b. diluting the consumable composition in the feed or water of the ruminants; and c. applying the consumable composition to the ruminants, wherein the volume of methane excreted by the ruminants is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane excreted by the ruminants under similar conditions without the application of the consumable composition.

[0145] On the other hand, this document describes a method for reducing methane excretion by ruminants, the method comprising: applying a consumable composition of the present disclosure to a ruminant, wherein the volume of methane excreted by the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane excreted by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

[0146] In some embodiments, the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant is reduced by about 75% or more compared to the volume of methane expelled by a ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

[0147] In some embodiments, the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant is reduced by about 90% or more compared to the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

[0148] In some embodiments, the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant is reduced by about 95% or more compared to the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

[0149] In some embodiments, the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant is reduced by about 99% or more compared to the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

[0150] In some embodiments, the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more compared to the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

[0151] In some embodiments, the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant is reduced by about 60% or more compared to the volume of methane expelled by a ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

[0152] In some embodiments, the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant is reduced by about 80% or more compared to the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

[0153] In some embodiments, the rate at which the methane volume excreted by the ruminant per day varies by up to about 60% over a period of at least 7 days, compared to ruminants in similar conditions that have not been given the consumable composition.

[0154] In some embodiments, the rate at which the methane volume excreted by the ruminant per day varies by up to about 60% over a period of at least 14 days, compared to ruminants in similar conditions that have not been given the consumable composition.

[0155] In another aspect, this document describes a method of using a consumable oil-based composition, the method comprising: a. providing the consumable oil-based composition of this disclosure; and

[0156] b. Dilute the consumable oil-based composition in ruminant feed or water or on ruminant feed or water.

[0157] On the other hand, this document describes a method of using a consumable water-based composition, the method comprising: a. providing the consumable water-based composition of this disclosure; and

[0158] b. Dilute the consumable water-based composition in ruminant feed or water or on ruminant feed or water.

[0159] On the other hand, this document describes a method of using a consumable semi-solid composition, the method comprising: a. providing the consumable semi-solid composition of this disclosure; and

[0160] b. Dilute the consumable semi-solid composition in ruminant feed or water or on ruminant feed or water.

[0161] In another aspect, this document describes a method using a consumable solid composition, the method comprising: a. providing the consumable solid composition of this disclosure; and

[0162] b. Dilute the consumable solid composition in ruminant feed or water or on ruminant feed or water.

[0163] In some embodiments, the method further includes (c) administering feed or water containing the consumable composition to ruminants.

[0164] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in feed.

[0165] In some embodiments, diluting the feed includes coating the feed with the consumable composition.

[0166] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted with water.

[0167] In some implementations, the feed is in the form of bolus.

[0168] In some implementations, the feed is pelleted feed.

[0169] In some implementations, the feed is a total mixed ration.

[0170] In some implementations, the feed is a mineral mixture.

[0171] In some implementations, the mixed diet contains a mineral mixture.

[0172] In some implementations, the feed is a salt lick block.

[0173] In some implementations, water is contained in a tank.

[0174] In some implementations, ruminants are located in grazing areas.

[0175] In some implementations, ruminants are located in feeding farms.

[0176] In some embodiments, about 0.5 g to about 250 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed.

[0177] In some embodiments, about 0.5 g to about 25 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed.

[0178] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in water or gel.

[0179] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is combined with water.

[0180] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a salt lick block.

[0181] In some embodiments, the composition comprises molasses.

[0182] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a tablet.

[0183] In some embodiments, the composition comprises feed.

[0184] The consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises pelleted feed.

[0185] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a bolus.

[0186] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a total mixed ration.

[0187] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a mixture of minerals.

[0188] In one aspect, this document describes a method for reducing methane (by volume or mass) excreted by ruminants by about 30% or more, the method comprising: (a) providing a first composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the first composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt%, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (b) providing a first ingestible product (e.g., feed, pellets, salt licks, or water) adapted for ingestion by ruminants; (c) optionally placing the first ingestible product and / or the first composition in a first container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; and (d) combining an amount of the first composition with the first ingestible product to produce a second composition, such that the first composition is coated on, dispersed within, or a combination thereof, of the first ingestible product, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the second composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%. (e) Optionally placing the second composition in a second container to contain a mass of the second composition (e.g., wherein the volume of the second container is sufficient to provide it to a ruminant); (f) providing a first portion of the second composition to a ruminant in such a manner that all or part of the first portion of the second composition is ingested by the ruminant; (g) providing a third composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the third composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt%, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (h) providing a second ingestible product (e.g., feed, pellets, salt licks, or water) suitable for ingestion by a ruminant; (i) Optionally placing the second ingestible product and / or the third composition in a third container, wherein the volume of the container is at least 10 mL; (j) combining a certain amount of the third composition with the second ingestible product to produce a fourth composition, such that the third composition is coated on the second ingestible product, dispersed within the second ingestible product, or a combination thereof, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the fourth composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%. (k) optionally placing the fourth composition in a second container to contain a certain mass of the second composition (e.g., wherein the volume of the fourth container is sufficient to provide for the ruminant); (l) providing the first portion of the fourth composition to the ruminant in such a manner that all or part of the first portion of the fourth composition is ingested by the ruminant, wherein the time period between (f) and (l) is from about 1 day to about 1 year (e.g., about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months); and (m) optionally repeating (a)-(f) or (g)-(l) once or more, thereby reducing the methane excreted by the ruminant by about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

[0189] In some embodiments, the ruminants excrete about 30% or more less methane compared to ruminants in the same or similar condition where the same or similar ingestible product (e.g., the first or second ingestible product) is provided in the absence of the first or third composition.

[0190] In some embodiments, the first composition and the third composition are the same.

[0191] In some embodiments, the first composition and the third composition are different.

[0192] In some embodiments, the second composition and the fourth composition are the same.

[0193] In some embodiments, the second composition and the fourth composition are different.

[0194] In some implementations, the second and fourth containers are the same.

[0195] In some implementations, the second container and the fourth container are different.

[0196] In some implementations, the first container and the third container are the same.

[0197] In some implementations, the first container and the third container are different.

[0198] In some embodiments, the method further includes providing a second portion of the second composition to the ruminant, such that the second portion of the second composition is ingested by the ruminant at a second time point after the administration of the first portion of the second composition (e.g., about 1 day, about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months).

[0199] In some embodiments, the method further includes providing a second portion of the fourth composition to the ruminant, such that the second portion of the fourth composition is ingested by the ruminant at a second time point after the administration of the first portion of the fourth composition (e.g., about 1 day, about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months).

[0200] In some implementations, (a)-(f) are repeated once or more, thereby reducing methane excreted by ruminants by at least about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

[0201] In some implementations, (g)-(l) is repeated once or multiple times, thereby reducing methane excreted by ruminants by at least about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

[0202] On the other hand, this article describes a consumable oil-based composition for methane reduction in ruminants, comprising (i) bromoform, (ii) a vegetable oil and (iii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 8 wt%, and wherein the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 33 wt%.

[0203] In some implementations, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:1.

[0204] In some implementations, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 10:90 to about 30:70.

[0205] In some implementations, the ratio of MCT to vegetable-based oil is from about 1:100 to about 50:100.

[0206] In some implementations, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 3:97 to about 10:90.

[0207] In some implementations, the ratio of MCT to vegetable-based oil is approximately 5:95.

[0208] In some implementations, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:1.

[0209] In some implementations, the vegetable-based oil is a vegetable oil.

[0210] In some implementations, the vegetable oil includes canola seed oil.

[0211] In some embodiments, the composition also includes essential oils.

[0212] In some embodiments, the composition also contains water.

[0213] In some implementations, the ratio of water to vegetable-based oil is approximately 5:95.

[0214] In some implementations, the ratio of MCT to vegetable-based oil is approximately 5:95.

[0215] In some embodiments, the composition is a concentrate.

[0216] In some implementations, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.1 wt% to about 1.7 wt%.

[0217] In some embodiments, the composition comprises feed.

[0218] In some implementations, the feed includes pellets, pellets, total mixed rations, salt licks, or mineral mixtures.

[0219] In some implementations, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

[0220] On the other hand, this document describes a method for reducing methane excretion by ruminants, the method comprising: (a) providing the ruminant with the consumable composition of this disclosure.

[0221] In some embodiments, the method further includes combining the consumable composition with feed before providing it to the ruminant.

[0222] In some implementations, the feed includes pellets, pellets, total mixed rations, salt licks, or mineral mixtures.

[0223] On the other hand, this article describes a consumable solid or semi-solid composition for methane reduction in ruminants, comprising (i) bromoform, (ii) medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and (iii) a stabilizer, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass, wherein the concentration of haloalkanes in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt%, wherein the stabilizer is a milk protein, globular protein or milk fat, wherein the concentration of MCTs in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 33 wt%, and wherein the concentration of the stabilizer in the composition is from about 5 wt% to about 45 wt%.

[0224] In some embodiments, the composition also includes a coagulant.

[0225] In some implementations, the coagulant is gelatin or agar.

[0226] In some embodiments, the composition contains about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% of a coagulant.

[0227] In some embodiments, the composition contains about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% of a coagulant.

[0228] In some implementations, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:1.

[0229] In some implementations, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 10:90 to about 30:70.

[0230] In some implementations, the ratio of MCT to stabilizer is from about 1:99 to about 10:90.

[0231] In some implementations, the stabilizer is derived from the emulsion base material.

[0232] In some implementations, the milk-based material comprises milk powder.

[0233] In some embodiments, the composition is a concentrate.

[0234] In some embodiments, the composition is a solid.

[0235] In some embodiments, the composition is a semi-solid.

[0236] In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform in the composition is from about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%.

[0237] In some embodiments, the composition comprises feed.

[0238] In some implementations, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

[0239] In some embodiments, the composition is a solid.

[0240] In some embodiments, the composition is a semi-solid.

[0241] In some implementations, the feed includes pellets, pellets, total mixed rations, salt licks, or mineral mixtures.

[0242] On the other hand, this document describes a method for reducing methane excretion by ruminants, the method comprising: (a) providing the ruminant with the consumable composition of this disclosure.

[0243] In some embodiments, the method further includes combining the consumable composition with feed before providing it to the ruminant.

[0244] In some implementations, the feed includes pellets, pellets, total mixed rations, salt licks, or mineral mixtures.

[0245] On the other hand, this document describes a method for reducing methane excretion by ruminants, the method comprising: (a) providing the ruminant with the consumable composition of this disclosure.

[0246] In some embodiments, the method further includes combining the consumable composition with feed before providing it to the ruminant.

[0247] In some implementations, the feed includes pellets, pellets, total mixed rations, salt licks, or mineral mixtures.

[0248] On the other hand, this article describes a consumable water-based composition for methane reduction in ruminants, comprising (i) bromoform, (ii) medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), (iii) a thickener and (iv) water, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 3 wt%, and wherein the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 33 wt%.

[0249] In some embodiments, the composition also includes one or more emulsifiers.

[0250] In some embodiments, the emulsifier in one or more emulsifiers is polysorbate.

[0251] In some implementations, the ratio of one or more emulsifiers to MCT is from about 1:1 to about 1:3.

[0252] In some implementations, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:1.

[0253] In some implementations, the ratio of thickener to bromoform is about 1:10 to about 1:5.

[0254] In some implementations, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:1.

[0255] In some implementations, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 10:90 to about 30:70.

[0256] In some implementations, the ratio of thickener to bromoform is about 1:10 to about 1:5.

[0257] In some implementations, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:1.

[0258] In some embodiments, the composition is a concentrate.

[0259] In some implementations, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.08 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0260] In some embodiments, the composition is a fluid.

[0261] In some embodiments, the composition is a semi-solid.

[0262] In some implementations, the semi-solid is a gel or jelly.

[0263] In some embodiments, the composition also includes one or more emulsifiers.

[0264] In some embodiments, the emulsifier in one or more emulsifiers is polysorbate.

[0265] In some embodiments, the composition comprises feed.

[0266] In some implementations, the feed includes pellets, pellets, total mixed rations, salt licks, or mineral mixtures.

[0267] In some implementations, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.012 wt%.

[0268] In some implementations, the thickener comprises plant-based gum.

[0269] In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.03 wt% to about 7 wt%.

[0270] In some implementations, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.012 wt%.

[0271] On the other hand, this document describes a method for reducing methane excretion by ruminants, the method comprising: (a) providing the ruminant with the consumable composition of this disclosure.

[0272] In some embodiments, the method further includes combining the consumable composition with feed before providing it to the ruminant.

[0273] In some implementations, the feed includes pellets, pellets, total mixed rations, salt licks, or mineral mixtures.

[0274] In some embodiments, the method further includes combining the consumable composition with water before serving it to ruminants.

[0275] In some implementations, the water is located in a tank.

[0276] On the other hand, this document describes a method for reducing methane excretion by ruminants, the method comprising: (a) providing the ruminant with the consumable composition of this disclosure.

[0277] In some embodiments, the method further includes combining the consumable composition with feed before providing it to the ruminant.

[0278] In some implementations, the feed includes pellets, pellets, total mixed rations, salt licks, or mineral mixtures.

[0279] Other aspects and advantages of this disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, in which only illustrative embodiments of this disclosure are shown and described. As will be appreciated, this disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and certain details thereof can be modified in a variety of obvious ways without departing from this disclosure. Therefore, the drawings and description are to be considered illustrative in nature and not restrictive.

[0280] Reference merging

[0281] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent that each individual publication, patent, or patent application is specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In particular, the subject matter of PCT / AU2022 / 050836 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Attached Figure Description

[0282] The novel features of this disclosure are set forth in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of this disclosure will be obtained by referring to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings (also referred to herein as “Figure” and “FIG.”) illustrating embodiments utilizing the principles of this disclosure, in which: Figure 1 An example of a schematic diagram for preparing an oil composition is shown.

[0283] Figure 2 An example of a schematic diagram for preparing a water-based composition is shown.

[0284] Figure 3 An example of a schematic diagram for preparing a solid composition using gelatin is shown.

[0285] Figure 4 An example of a schematic diagram for preparing a solid composition using agar is shown.

[0286] Figure 5 An example of a schematic diagram for preparing a semi-solid composition is shown.

[0287] Figure 6 Example formulations of oil compositions are shown when they are coated on top of a total mixed diet, coated on top of a pelleted feed supplement, and pressed into the interior of a pelleted feed supplement.

[0288] Figure 7 Example dosage forms of solid compositions are shown when mixed on top of pelleted feed supplements, mixed in existing mineral mixtures, and mixed with mineral mixtures on top of total mixed rations.

[0289] Figure 8 The results of in vitro batch fermentation assays of the solid or semi-solid compositions of this disclosure are shown.

[0290] Figure 9 The results of in vitro batch fermentation assays of the solid or semi-solid compositions of this disclosure at ultra-low doses are shown.

[0291] Figure 10 The results of in vitro batch fermentation assays of the oil-based compositions of this disclosure are shown.

[0292] Figure 11 The results of in vitro batch fermentation assays of the oil-based compositions of this disclosure at ultra-low doses are shown.

[0293] Figure 12 The results of in vitro batch fermentation assays of the water-based compositions of this disclosure are shown.

[0294] Figure 13 The results of in vitro batch rumen simulation (Rusitec) experiments on the solid or semi-solid compositions of this disclosure are shown.

[0295] Figure 14 The results of in vitro batch rumen simulation experiments of the oil-based compositions of this disclosure are shown.

[0296] Figure 15 The results of in vitro batch rumen simulation experiments of the water-based compositions of this disclosure are shown.

[0297] Figure 16 An exemplary comparison of the results of in vitro batch fermentation assays of the solid compositions of this disclosure performed in the rumen of dairy cows and sheep is shown.

[0298] Figure 17 An exemplary comparison of the results of in vitro batch fermentation assays of the oil-based compositions of this disclosure performed in the rumen of dairy cows and sheep is shown.

[0299] Figure 18 An exemplary comparison of in vitro batch fermentation assays of the water-based compositions of this disclosure performed in the rumen of dairy cows and sheep is shown.

[0300] Figure 19a An example of palatability test results for a treated article containing an oil composition with 4 g / L bromoform is shown.

[0301] Figure 19b An example of palatability test results for a treated article containing an oil composition with 8 g / L bromoform is shown.

[0302] Figure 19c Examples of palatability test results for processed products containing semi-solid cheese-like substances in block, granule, and powder form are shown.

[0303] Figure 19dExamples of palatability test results are shown for processed products containing solids (powders) with and without 10% MSG.

[0304] Figure 19e An example of palatability test results for a treated product containing an oil composition of 4 g / L bromoform and canola oil is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0305] Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. All patents and publications referenced herein are incorporated herein by reference.

[0306] Whenever the terms "at least," "greater than," or "greater than or equal to" precede the first value in a series of two or more values, the terms "at least," "greater than," or "greater than or equal to" apply to each value in the series. For example, greater than or equal to 1, 2, or 3 is equivalent to greater than or equal to 1, greater than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 3.

[0307] Whenever the terms “not greater than,” “less than,” or “less than or equal to” precede the first value in a series of two or more values, the terms “not greater than,” “less than,” or “less than or equal to” apply to each value in the series. For example, less than or equal to 3, 2, or 1 is equivalent to less than or equal to 3, less than or equal to 2, or less than or equal to 1.

[0308] As used herein, the term “about” means within ±10% of the value. For example, if it is stated that “the concentration of the haloalkane is about 3 wt%”, it means that the concentration could be between 2.7 wt% and 3.3 wt%.

[0309] The term “comprise” and its variations, such as “comprises” and “comprising”, should be interpreted in an open and inclusive sense, meaning “including but not limited to”.

[0310] As used in the specification and appended claims, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the singular forms “a” and “the” include plural indicators. It should also be noted that, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term “or” is generally used in its sense that it includes “and / or”.

[0311] The terms “optional” or “optionally” indicate that an event or situation described below may but does not have to occur, and the description includes both the possibility that the event or situation may occur and the possibility that it may not occur.

[0312] As used herein, the term "amount of methane" refers to the "volume of methane" and / or the "mass of methane".

[0313] As used herein, the term "%wt" refers to the weight of a component of the consumable composition per total weight of the consumable composition, or the weight of a component of the consumable composition per volume of the consumable composition, as will be understood from the context.

[0314] Furthermore, the headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not constitute an explanation of the scope or meaning of the claimed disclosure. The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

[0315] In some aspects, this document provides consumable compositions comprising (i) a haloalkane and (ii) one or more medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), methods for their preparation, and methods of administration. In some embodiments, the haloalkane comprises 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the MCT comprises one or more alkyl chains, and at least one of said one or more alkyl chains comprises 6 to 12 carbon atoms.

[0316] In some respects, this document provides consumable compositions comprising (i) bromoform and (ii) one or more medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), at least one of one or more alkyl chains comprising 6 to 12 carbon atoms, said consumable compositions comprising solid compositions, semi-solid compositions, oil-based compositions or water-based compositions, said solid compositions further comprising proteins or milk fats, and said proteins being globular proteins or milk proteins.

[0317] In some respects, the consumable composition is a solid composition.

[0318] In some aspects, the consumable composition is a non-solid composition, such as a semi-solid composition, an oil-based composition, or a water-based composition. In some embodiments, the composition is a semi-solid, wherein the semi-solid is a gel (e.g., an aqueous gel) or a jelly.

[0319] In some embodiments, the consumable composition further comprises one or more stabilizers, emulsifiers, coagulants, thickeners, and / or flavor enhancers.

[0320] In some embodiments, the consumable composition comprises a concentrated form, such as a concentrated oil-based composition, a concentrated water-based composition, or a concentrated solid or semi-solid composition (e.g., powder).

[0321] Any composition of this disclosure may be combined with or diluted with a ruminant feed. Any composition of this disclosure may be combined with or diluted with water for ruminants. The feed may comprise pelleted feed (e.g., alfalfa pelleted feed). Any composition of this disclosure may be combined with pelleted feed such that the composition is located inside the pelleted feed. Any composition of this disclosure may be combined with pelleted feed such that the composition is coated on the surface of the pelleted feed.

[0322] Any composition disclosed herein may also contain starch (e.g., corn starch) and / or a releasing agent (e.g., calcium carbonate). The starch or releasing agent facilitates the breakdown of feed (e.g., pelleted feed) in the rumen and releases the composition. Once the composition is at least partially released from the feed, the rumen can utilize haloalkanes to reduce methane excretion from the ruminant.

[0323] In some embodiments, any consumable composition of this disclosure may be diluted in feed or water. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is present in diluted form. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in or on feed. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in feed (e.g., within or throughout the feed). In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted on feed (e.g., coated). In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in water. In some embodiments, water is referred to herein as an ingestible product.

[0324] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is included in the feed for ruminants. In some embodiments, the feed is referred to herein as an ingestible product. In some embodiments, the feed is any one of bolus, pelleted feed, mixed diet, mineral mixture, mixed diet containing mineral mixture, molasses, or salt lick. In some embodiments, the feed is a bolus. In some embodiments, the feed is a pelleted feed. In some embodiments, the feed is a mixed diet. In some embodiments, the feed is a mineral diet. In some embodiments, the feed is a mineral mixture. In some embodiments, the feed is a mixed diet containing mineral mixture. In some embodiments, the feed is a salt lick. In some embodiments, the feed is molasses. In some embodiments, the feed comprises tablets.

[0325] Halogenated alkanes

[0326] In some respects, the consumable compositions provided herein contain haloalkanes.

[0327] In some embodiments, the haloalkane contains chlorine. In some embodiments, the haloalkane contains iodine. In some embodiments, the haloalkane contains 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform (CHBr3).

[0328] Supplementing the diets of ruminants with red macroalgae (e.g., *Asparagopsis taxiformis*) has shown promise in reducing methane production. The inhibition of methane production in ruminants by supplementing their feed with *Asparagopsis taxiformis* is primarily attributed to bromoform, a compound found in the algae oil. However, bioactivity varies between samples and can be further influenced by phenotypic and / or chemotype variations in samples obtained from different locations and environmental conditions. This variability introduces considerable uncertainty regarding the safe and effective dosage regimens for these plant-based solutions in limiting methane production in ruminants. Therefore, in some aspects, the consumable compositions described herein contain synthetic bromoform. In some embodiments, the consumable compositions described herein contain bromoform not derived from biomass.

[0329] The compositions provided herein may contain any suitable concentration of haloalkanes. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkanes is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt% of the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkanes is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% of the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkanes is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.001 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkanes is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkanes is from about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkanes is from about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkanes is from about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkanes is from about 5 wt% to about 8 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkanes is from about 8 wt% to about 20 wt% of the consumable composition.

[0330] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.007 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 8 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.1 wt% to about 8 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.10 wt% to about 0.13 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.25 wt% to about 0.35 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the alkyl halide in the composition is from about 0.36 wt% to about 0.45 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the alkyl halide in the composition is from about 0.5 wt% to about 0.6 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the alkyl halide in the composition is from about 0.75 wt% to about 0.85 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the alkyl halide in the composition is from about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the alkyl halide in the composition is from about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the alkyl halide in the composition is from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the alkyl halide in the composition is from about 2.0 wt% to about 3.2 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the alkyl halide in the composition is from about 4.5 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the alkyl halide in the composition is from about 0.08 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.08 wt% to about 0.15 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.3 wt% to about 4 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.7 wt% to about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.08 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.08 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.002 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.003 wt% to about 0.008 wt%.In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.009 wt% to about 0.05 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.08 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.0009 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.002 wt% to about 0.005 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 0.03 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.012 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.0005 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0006 wt% to about 0.0009 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.007 wt%.

[0331] The compositions provided herein may contain any suitable concentration of haloalkanes before dilution with feed or water. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt% before dilution with feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition is from about 0.05 wt% to about 8 wt% before dilution with feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition is from about 0.1 wt% to about 8 wt% before dilution with feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition is from about 1 wt% to about 20 wt% before dilution with feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition is from about 0.08 wt% to about 3 wt% before dilution with feed or water for ruminants.

[0332] The compositions provided herein may contain any suitable concentration of haloalkanes after dilution with feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.1 wt% after dilution with feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.08 wt% after dilution with feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.08 wt% after dilution with feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.08 wt% after dilution with feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.015 wt% after dilution with feed or water for ruminants.

[0333] The compositions provided herein may comprise any suitable ratio of haloalkanes to medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs). In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkanes to MCTs is from about 1:99 to about 1:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkanes to MCTs is from about 10:90 to about 20:80. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkanes to MCTs is from about 10:90 to about 30:70. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkanes to MCTs is from about 10:90 to about 40:60. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkanes to MCTs is from about 1:99. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkanes to MCTs is from about 10:90. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkanes to MCTs is from about 20:80. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkanes to MCTs is from about 30:70. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkanes to MCTs is from about 40:60.

[0334] In some embodiments, the composition contains different concentrations of bromoform (i.e., the same composition may contain any suitable concentration of bromoform). In some embodiments, bromoform is carried in MCT while the concentration of MCT in the composition remains substantially the same (e.g., varying within 1%). In some examples, the composition may contain about 0.003 wt% to about 5 wt% of MCT, and different amounts of bromoform may be added to the MCT to produce the desired bromoform concentration in the composition while the concentration of MCT in the composition remains substantially the same.

[0335] Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs)

[0336] In some respects, the consumable compositions provided herein comprise medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs). In some respects, MCTs improve the stability of haloalkanes in the consumable compositions. In some respects, MCTs improve the methane-reducing properties of the consumable compositions in ruminants. For example, as... Figure 12 As shown, compared to formulation number 19, formulation number 18 does not contain MCT, while formulation number 19 is similar in all aspects except for containing MCT. Formulation number 19 consistently reduces methane production by at least 90% at a bromoform dose of at least 0.12 g / kg dry matter intake (DMI), while formulation number 18 achieves only about a 20% reduction in methane at the highest dose of 0.60 g / kg DMI.

[0337] In some embodiments, consumable compositions containing MCT stabilize a greater amount of alkyl halides compared to consumable compositions not containing MCT. In some embodiments, compositions containing stable alkyl halides reduce methane production by about 30% or more (e.g., 50% or more, 70% or more, 90% or more) compared to compositions containing a smaller amount of stable alkyl halides. In some embodiments, compositions containing stable alkyl halides reduce methane production by about 50% or more compared to compositions containing a smaller amount of stable alkyl halides. In some embodiments, compositions containing stable alkyl halides reduce methane production by about 70% or more compared to compositions containing a smaller amount of stable alkyl halides. In some embodiments, compositions containing stable alkyl halides reduce methane production by about 90% or more compared to compositions containing a smaller amount of stable alkyl halides. In some embodiments, compositions containing stable alkyl halides reduce methane production by about 95% or more compared to compositions containing a smaller amount of stable alkyl halides.

[0338] In some respects, MCT can act as a carrier and / or stabilizer for haloalkanes in consumable compositions. For example, when a composition does not contain MCT, a greater amount of bromoform is observed to separate from the composition phase (e.g., at the bottom of the container) compared to compositions containing MCT.

[0339] In some respects, the MCT in the composition can also prevent a greater amount of haloalkanes from evaporating during processing (e.g., during chopping, drying, and grinding). For example, a stronger bromoform odor was observed when a composition without MCT was treated compared to a composition containing MCT.

[0340] In some respects, MCT can also impart lubrication to the mixture during the shredding and / or grinding steps to produce a more homogeneous solid composition.

[0341] In some instances, lower concentrations of MCT may encourage ruminants to ingest (e.g., consume) a greater mass of feed or water containing the compositions of this disclosure compared to feed or water containing other similar compositions with higher concentrations of MCT.

[0342] In some embodiments, the taste of the composition can be improved by reducing the concentration of MCT in the composition. In some embodiments, the rate of consumption of feed or water containing the compositions of this disclosure is an indicator of the palatability of the composition. In some embodiments, the rate of weight gain of ruminants consuming feed or water containing the compositions of this disclosure is an indicator of the palatability of the composition.

[0343] In some embodiments, the two or more alkyl chains of the MCT contain 6 to 12 carbon atoms, such as 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms.

[0344] In some embodiments, each alkyl chain of the MCT contains 6 to 12 carbon atoms, such as 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl chain contains 8 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl chain contains 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl chain contains 12 carbon atoms.

[0345] In some embodiments, the source of MCT is coconut oil and / or palm oil. In some embodiments, the source of MCT is a mixture of coconut oil and palm oil.

[0346] In some embodiments, MCT comprises one or more of lauric acid, caprylic acid, and / or decanoic acid. In some embodiments, MCT is a mixture of lauric acid, caprylic acid, and decanoic acid.

[0347] In some embodiments, MCT contains about 50 wt% to about 80 wt% octanoic acid. In some embodiments, MCT contains about 50 wt% to about 60 wt% octanoic acid. In some embodiments, MCT contains about 60 wt% to about 70 wt% octanoic acid. In some embodiments, MCT contains about 70 wt% to about 80 wt% octanoic acid. In some embodiments, MCT contains about 55 wt% to about 65 wt% octanoic acid. In some embodiments, MCT contains about 65 wt% to about 75 wt% octanoic acid.

[0348] In some embodiments, MCT comprises about 20 wt% to about 50 wt% decanoic acid. In some embodiments, MCT comprises about 20 wt% to about 30 wt% decanoic acid. In some embodiments, MCT comprises about 30 wt% to about 40 wt% decanoic acid. In some embodiments, MCT comprises about 40 wt% to about 50 wt% decanoic acid. In some embodiments, MCT comprises about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% decanoic acid. In some embodiments, MCT comprises about 35 wt% to about 45 wt% decanoic acid.

[0349] In some implementations, MCT contains decanoic acid triglyceride.

[0350] The compositions provided herein may contain any suitable concentration of MCT. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 33 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 0.05 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 3 wt% to about 4 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 4 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 5 wt% to about 6 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 6 wt% to about 7 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 7 wt% to about 8 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 8 wt% to about 9 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 9 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 10 wt% to about 40 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 10 wt% to about 33 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 10 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the composition of this disclosure may contain about 0.001 wt% to about 10 wt% of MCT. In some embodiments, the composition of this disclosure may contain about 0.001 wt% to about 8 wt% of MCT. In some embodiments, the composition of this disclosure may contain about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt% of MCT. In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure may contain about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt% MCT. In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure may contain about 0.01 wt% to about 8 wt% MCT. In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure may contain about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt% MCT. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 2 wt% to about 5 wt% of the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the compositions of this disclosure is about 2 wt% to about 5 wt% before being combined with feed or water. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the compositions of this disclosure is about 4 wt% to about 6 wt% before being combined with feed or water.

[0351] In some instances, the MCT-containing compositions provided herein may provide improved (chemical or physical) stability of the composition (e.g., resulting in an extended shelf life of the composition).

[0352] In some instances, the MCT-containing compositions provided herein may provide improved palatability of the composition (e.g., resulting in improved uptake of the composition by ruminants).

[0353] stabilizer

[0354] In some respects, any consumable composition provided herein contains one or more stabilizers. The compositions provided herein may contain any suitable stabilizer.

[0355] In some aspects, the compositions of this disclosure possess enhanced chemical stability (e.g., enhanced stability of haloalkanes) compared to other similar compositions that do not contain stabilizers. In some embodiments, the stabilizer imparts chemical stability to the composition. In some embodiments, the stabilizer imparts chemical stability to bromoform in the composition.

[0356] In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a globular protein and / or a milk protein. In some embodiments, the milk protein is casein.

[0357] In some implementations, globular proteins, milk proteins, and / or milk fats are derived from mammals.

[0358] Milk proteins or milk fat can be derived from any suitable source. In some embodiments, milk proteins and / or milk fat are derived from milk-based materials (e.g., whole milk, fresh milk, milk powder, infant formula, whey powder). In some embodiments, milk proteins and / or milk fat are derived from whole milk. In some embodiments, milk proteins and / or milk fat are derived from fresh pasteurized milk. In some embodiments, milk proteins and / or milk fat are derived from milk powder. In some embodiments, milk proteins and / or milk fat are derived from infant formula. In some embodiments, milk proteins and / or milk fat are derived from whey powder.

[0359] The stabilizer can be sourced from any suitable concentration. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a milk-based material. In some embodiments, the concentration of the stabilizer (e.g., globular proteins, milk proteins, milk fat) in the milk-based material is from about 10 wt% to about 50 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the stabilizer in the milk-based material is from about 10 wt% to about 40 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the stabilizer in the milk-based material is from about 10 wt% to about 30 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the stabilizer in the milk-based material is from about 15 wt% to about 30 wt%.

[0360] The compositions provided herein may contain any suitable concentration of stabilizer. In some embodiments, the concentration of stabilizer in the composition is from about 5 wt% to about 45 wt% before dilution in feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the concentration of stabilizer in the composition is from about 5 wt% to about 30 wt% before dilution in feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the concentration of stabilizer in the composition is from about 10 wt% to about 40 wt% before dilution in feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the concentration of stabilizer in the composition is from about 15 wt% to about 30 wt% before dilution in feed or water for ruminants.

[0361] The compositions disclosed herein can have any suitable MCT to stabilizer ratio. In some embodiments, the MCT to stabilizer ratio is from about 1:99 to about 10:90. In some embodiments, the MCT to stabilizer ratio is from about 1:99 to about 7:93. In some embodiments, the MCT to stabilizer ratio is about 5:95.

[0362] Compared to any other similar composition without a stabilizer, the compositions of this disclosure may have improved chemical or physical stability. In some embodiments, the composition may have an improvement of at least 20% (e.g., at least 50% or at least 100%) in chemical and / or physical stability compared to other similar compositions without a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the composition may have an improvement of at least 30% in chemical and / or physical stability compared to other similar compositions without a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the composition may have an improvement of at least 40% in chemical and / or physical stability compared to other similar compositions without a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the composition may have an improvement of at least 50% in chemical and / or physical stability compared to other similar compositions without a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the composition may have an improvement of at least 60% in chemical and / or physical stability compared to other similar compositions without a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the composition may have an improvement of at least 70% in chemical and / or physical stability compared to other similar compositions without a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the composition may have an improvement of at least 80% in chemical and / or physical stability relative to other similar compositions without stabilizers. In some embodiments, the composition may have an improvement of at least 90% in chemical and / or physical stability relative to other similar compositions without stabilizers. In some embodiments, the composition may have an improvement of at least 100% in chemical and / or physical stability relative to other similar compositions without stabilizers.

[0363] Compared to other similar compositions without stabilizers, the stabilizer-containing compositions of this disclosure provide for increased consumption by animals (hereinafter referred to as "ruminants"). In some embodiments, the stabilizer-containing compositions can increase consumption by at least 20% (e.g., at least 50% or at least 100%) compared to other similar compositions without stabilizers. (The phrase "consumption" can be used interchangeably.) In some embodiments, the composition increases animal consumption by at least 30% compared to other similar compositions without stabilizers. In some embodiments, the composition increases animal consumption by at least 40% compared to other similar compositions without stabilizers. In some embodiments, the composition increases animal consumption by at least 50% compared to other similar compositions without stabilizers. In some embodiments, the composition increases animal consumption by at least 60% compared to other similar compositions without stabilizers. In some embodiments, the composition increases animal consumption by at least 70% compared to other similar compositions without stabilizers. In some embodiments, the composition increases animal consumption by at least 80% compared to other similar compositions without stabilizers. In some embodiments, the composition increases animal consumption by at least 90% compared to other similar compositions without stabilizers. In some embodiments, the composition increases animal consumption by at least 100% compared to other similar compositions without stabilizers.

[0364] In some instances, the stabilizer-containing compositions provided herein may provide improved palatability (e.g., increased consumption of the composition by animals).

[0365] emulsifier

[0366] In some aspects, any composition provided herein may contain any suitable emulsifier. In some aspects, consumable compositions contain one or more emulsifiers. Compositions may contain emulsifiers to improve the bioavailability of haloalkanes in ruminants. For example, emulsifiers may be added to the compositions of this disclosure to improve the bioavailability of bromoform in the rumen. For example, in the oil-based compositions of this disclosure, the emulsifier may further emulsify the oil component in the rumen, thereby making bromoform more readily available in the rumen.

[0367] In some embodiments, emulsifiers improve the stability (e.g., chemical and / or physical stability) of consumable compositions.

[0368] In some embodiments, an emulsifier may then be added to the mixture, and the mixture may be emulsified by stirring (e.g., ultrasonic treatment) to produce a stable composition. In some embodiments, stirring the mixture includes ultrasonic treatment. In some embodiments, stirring the mixture includes thoroughly mixing the composition to produce an emulsion.

[0369] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises two emulsifiers. In some embodiments, the one or more emulsifiers are polysorbates. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more emulsifiers is a plant-based lecithin. In some embodiments, the plant-based lecithin is soybean lecithin or sunflower lecithin.

[0370] In some embodiments, the emulsifier is Tween. In some embodiments, the Tween is Tween 20. In some embodiments, the Tween is Tween 40. In some embodiments, the Tween is Tween 60. In some embodiments, the Tween is Tween 80.

[0371] In some embodiments, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is about 1:1 to about 1:3. In some embodiments, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is about 1:2.

[0372] The compositions provided herein may contain any suitable concentration of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the concentration of the emulsifier in the compositions of this disclosure is from about 0.005 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the emulsifier in the compositions of this disclosure is from about 0.005 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the emulsifier in the compositions of this disclosure is from about 0.005 wt% to about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the emulsifier in the compositions of this disclosure is from about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the emulsifier in the compositions of this disclosure is from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%.

[0373] In some instances, the compositions containing emulsifiers provided herein can provide enhanced (chemical or physical) stability (e.g., resulting in an extended shelf life of the composition).

[0374] In some instances, the compositions containing emulsifiers provided herein can provide improved bioavailability (e.g., resulting in an increased rate of haloalkanes released from the rumen of animals). In some embodiments, the rate of haloalkanes released from the rumen is an indicator of methane emission reduction efficacy.

[0375] coagulant

[0376] Any composition provided herein may contain any suitable coagulant. In some aspects, consumable compositions contain one or more coagulants. A coagulant may be added to the composition to ensure uniform dispersion of the haloalkane throughout the composition. Mixing the composition containing the coagulant until a higher viscosity of the liquid phase is achieved (e.g., until the liquid phase solidifies or just solidifies) can stabilize the uniform dispersion of the haloalkane throughout the mixture prior to subsequent steps of the method. Compositions containing a coagulant may also be dried directly from the liquid or gel phase to a dry solid, optionally using elevated temperatures. Solid compositions that do not contain a coagulant (e.g., gelatin or agar) may require spray drying at elevated temperatures to evaporate the liquid phase (e.g., the aqueous phase) and produce a dry solid composition.

[0377] In some implementations, the coagulant improves the processability of the consumable composition.

[0378] In some embodiments, the coagulant is gum, agar, starch, flour, or gelatin. In some embodiments, the coagulant is gelatin. In some embodiments, the coagulant is agar. In some embodiments, the coagulant is gum. In some embodiments, the gum is xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the coagulant is corn starch. In some embodiments, the coagulant is corn flour. In some embodiments, the coagulant is a combination of agar and corn flour.

[0379] The compositions provided herein may contain any suitable concentration of coagulant. In some embodiments, the composition further contains about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% of coagulant. In some embodiments, the composition contains about 20 wt% to about 30 wt% of coagulant. In some embodiments, the composition contains about 30 wt% to about 40 wt% of coagulant. In some embodiments, the composition contains about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% of coagulant. In some embodiments, the composition contains about 35 wt% of coagulant. In some embodiments, the composition contains about 25 wt% of coagulant.

[0380] In some embodiments, the coagulant may also be used as a thickener as described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the coagulant and thickener in the composition are different compounds. In some embodiments, the coagulant and thickener in the composition are the same compound.

[0381] In some instances, the compositions containing coagulants provided herein may provide improved processability of the composition (e.g., resulting in improved homogeneity of the composition).

[0382] Thickener

[0383] Any composition provided herein may contain any suitable thickener. In some aspects, consumable compositions contain a thickener. In some embodiments, the thickener contains a polysaccharide. In some embodiments, the thickener contains a plant-based gum. In some embodiments, the plant-based gum is guar gum. In some embodiments, the plant-based gum is xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the thickener contains corn starch or corn flour. In some embodiments, the thickener is a compound that thickens an aqueous phase (e.g., by increasing viscosity). In some embodiments, the thickener contains gelatin. In some embodiments, the thickener is a material sufficient to form a network of long-chain compounds (e.g., polymers) in an aqueous phase. In some embodiments, the thickener is a gelling agent.

[0384] The ratio of thickener to haloalkane can be any suitable ratio. In some embodiments, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is about 1:10 to about 1:5. In some embodiments, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is about 1:8 to about 1:7.

[0385] The compositions disclosed herein may contain any suitable concentration of thickener. In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickener in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, for example, from about 0.01 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, from about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, from about 3 wt% to about 4 wt%, or from about 4 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickener in the composition is from about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%, for example, from about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, from about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, from about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, or from about 1.5 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickener in the composition is from about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, for example, from about 0.1 wt% to about 0.2 wt%, from about 0.2 wt% to about 0.3 wt%, from about 0.3 wt% to about 0.4 wt%, from about 0.4 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, from about 0.5 wt% to about 0.6 wt%, from about 0.7 wt% to about 0.8 wt%, from about 0.8 wt% to about 0.9 wt%, or from about 0.9 wt% to about 1 wt%.

[0386] In some aspects, compositions containing thickeners contain a greater amount of haloalkanes suspended throughout the composition than compositions not containing thickeners. For example, aqueous compositions containing thickeners have a greater amount of haloalkanes suspended throughout the aqueous phase than aqueous compositions not containing thickeners. In some embodiments, at least 80 wt% or more of haloalkanes are suspended in the entire composition containing thickeners compared to other compositions not containing thickeners. In some embodiments, at least 85 wt% or more of haloalkanes are suspended in the entire composition containing thickeners compared to other compositions not containing thickeners. In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% or more of haloalkanes are suspended in the entire composition containing thickeners compared to other compositions not containing thickeners. In some embodiments, at least 95 wt% or more of haloalkanes are suspended in the entire composition containing thickeners compared to other compositions not containing thickeners. In some embodiments, at least 99 wt% or more of haloalkanes are suspended in the entire composition containing thickeners compared to other compositions not containing thickeners.

[0387] In some instances, the compositions containing thickeners provided herein can provide improved processability (e.g., resulting in improved uniform dispersion of haloalkanes in the composition).

[0388] Flavor enhancer

[0389] Any composition provided herein may also contain any suitable flavor enhancer. In some aspects, the consumable composition contains one or more flavor enhancers. In some aspects, the use of such active agents can enhance the flavor of the composition and contribute to increasing the consumption of the composition by ruminants. In some aspects, the use of such active agents can mask the taste and / or odor of bromoform by stabilizing bromoform, and may also be a contributing factor to increasing the consumption of the composition by ruminants.

[0390] In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer may also be used as a stabilizer as described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer may also be used as a gelling agent as described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer may also be used as a thickening agent as described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer and stabilizer are the same compound. In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer and gelling agent are the same compound. In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer and thickening agent are the same compound. In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer and stabilizer are different compounds. In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer and gelling agent are different compounds. In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer and thickening agent are different compounds.

[0391] In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer is a vegetable-based oil or a short-chain oil (e.g., an essential oil). In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer is monosodium glutamate (MSG). In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer is a vegetable-based oil. In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer is a short-chain oil.

[0392] In some embodiments, the vegetable-based oil is a vegetable oil. In some embodiments, the vegetable-based oil comprises canola oil. In some embodiments, the vegetable-based oil is coconut oil. In some embodiments, the vegetable-based oil is peanut oil.

[0393] In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer may also be used as a vegetable oil in any of the oil-based compositions described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer and the vegetable oil in the oil-based composition are the same compound. In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer and the vegetable oil in the oil-based composition are different compounds.

[0394] In some instances, the flavoring compositions provided herein can provide enhanced palatability (e.g., resulting in increased consumption of the composition by animals).

[0395] In some respects, the use of vegetable-based oils, such as canola oil, can enhance the flavor and / or palatability of the composition, thereby increasing the consumption of the composition by ruminants.

[0396] The ratio of MCT to vegetable oil can be any suitable ratio. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 1:100 to about 50:100. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 3:97 to about 10:90. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is about 5:95.

[0397] In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer is a short-chain oil. In some embodiments, one or more short-chain oils are essential oils. Essential oils can be any suitable oil. Exemplary essential oils include, but are not limited to, Bush balm oil, lemon myrtle oil, mandarin oil, neroli oil, palmarosa oil, rosalina oil, cedarwood oil, bergamot oil, clove bud oil, eucalyptus oil, and cinnamon bark oil. In some embodiments, the short-chain oil includes citrus oil or mandarin orange oil.

[0398] In some respects, the use of essential oils can mask the taste and / or odor of bromoform by stabilizing it in the composition. In other respects, the use of essential oils can increase the consumption of the composition by ruminants.

[0399] In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer is MSG. In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer is a vegetable-based oil.

[0400] Any composition containing a flavor enhancer provided herein may increase animal consumption relative to any other similar composition not containing a flavor enhancer. In some aspects, the composition may increase animal consumption by at least 20% (e.g., at least 50% or at least 100%) relative to other similar compositions not containing a flavor enhancer (the term "animal consumption" is used interchangeably herein). In some aspects, the composition may increase animal consumption by at least 30% relative to other similar compositions not containing a flavor enhancer. In some aspects, the composition may increase animal consumption by at least 40% relative to other similar compositions not containing a flavor enhancer. In some aspects, the composition may increase animal consumption by at least 50% relative to other similar compositions not containing a flavor enhancer. In some aspects, the composition may increase animal consumption by at least 60% relative to other similar compositions not containing a flavor enhancer. In some aspects, the composition may increase animal consumption by at least 70% relative to other similar compositions not containing a flavor enhancer. In some aspects, the composition may increase animal consumption by at least 80% relative to other similar compositions not containing a flavor enhancer. In some aspects, the composition can increase animal consumption by at least 90% compared to other similar compositions that do not contain flavor enhancers. In some aspects, the composition can increase animal consumption by at least 100% compared to other similar compositions that do not contain flavor enhancers.

[0401] In some embodiments, the consumption rate of the composition of this disclosure containing the flavor enhancer (by ruminants) is increased by about 100% or more (e.g., 200% or more, 300% or more, 400% or more) compared to other similar compositions without the flavor enhancer. In some embodiments, the consumption rate of the composition of this disclosure containing the flavor enhancer (by ruminants) is increased by about 200% or more compared to other similar compositions without the flavor enhancer. In some embodiments, the consumption rate of the composition of this disclosure containing the flavor enhancer (by ruminants) is increased by about 300% or more compared to other similar compositions without the flavor enhancer. In some embodiments, the consumption rate of the composition of this disclosure containing the flavor enhancer (by ruminants) is about doubled compared to other similar compositions without the flavor enhancer. In some embodiments, the consumption rate of the composition of this disclosure containing the flavor enhancer (by ruminants) is about tripled compared to other similar compositions without the flavor enhancer. In some instances, the consumption rate of the compositions of this disclosure containing flavor enhancers (by ruminants) is substantially the same as that of other similar compositions not containing flavor enhancers.

[0402] In some embodiments, the form of the composition can increase the consumption rate of feed containing the composition. In some embodiments, feed or water (by ruminants) containing a solid composition in powder form is consumed at a rate approximately three times faster than feed containing a pelleted or otherwise similar solid composition. In some embodiments, feed containing a composition of the present disclosure with a vegetable-based oil is consumed by ruminants at a rate approximately three times faster than feed containing a composition without a vegetable-based oil. For example, feed containing a composition with a vegetable-based oil of the present disclosure is consumed by ruminants in about 15 minutes, while feed containing a composition without a vegetable-based oil is consumed by ruminants in about 35-60 minutes.

[0403] In some embodiments, compositions containing flavor enhancers are more palatable to ruminants. In some embodiments, compositions containing lower concentrations of MCT are more palatable to ruminants. In some embodiments, compositions containing a smaller MCT to flavor enhancer ratio are more palatable than compositions containing a higher MCT to flavor enhancer ratio. For example, a mixture containing MCT and vegetable oil (containing 5% MCT) is more palatable than a mixture containing 50% MCT.

[0404] solid composition

[0405] In some respects, the consumable composition is a solid composition.

[0406] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and (iii) a stabilizer.

[0407] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein.

[0408] In some embodiments, the consumable composition further comprises a coagulant. In some embodiments, the coagulant is gum, agar, starch, flour, or gelatin. In some embodiments, the coagulant comprises gelatin. In some embodiments, the coagulant comprises agar. In some embodiments, the coagulant comprises gum. In some embodiments, the gum is xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the gum is guar gum. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises gelatin. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises agar.

[0409] In some embodiments, the solid composition further comprises about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% of a coagulant. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises about 20 wt% to about 30 wt% of a coagulant. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises about 30 wt% to about 40 wt% of a coagulant. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% of a coagulant. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 35 wt% of a coagulant. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 25 wt% of a coagulant.

[0410] In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a globular protein, milk protein, or milk fat. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a globular protein and / or milk protein. In some embodiments, the milk protein is casein.

[0411] In some implementations, globular proteins, milk proteins, and / or milk fats are derived from mammals.

[0412] In some embodiments, the solid composition further comprises one or more emulsifiers. In some embodiments, the composition comprises two emulsifiers. In some embodiments, one or more emulsifiers are polysorbates. In some embodiments, one or more emulsifiers are Tween. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more emulsifiers is a plant-based lecithin. In some embodiments, the plant-based lecithin is soybean lecithin or sunflower lecithin.

[0413] In some embodiments, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is about 1:1 to about 1:3. In some embodiments, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is about 1:2.

[0414] In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt% of the solid composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0003 wt% to about 0.0005 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.001 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.005 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.005 wt% to about 0.01 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.01 wt% to about 0.05 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 3 wt% to about 4 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 4 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 5 wt% to about 6 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 6 wt% to about 7 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 7 wt% to about 8 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 8 wt% to about 9 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 9 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 10 wt% to about 12 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 12 wt% to about 14 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 14 wt% to about 16 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 16 wt% to about 18 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 18 wt% to about 20 wt% of the solid composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 20 wt% to about 50 wt% of the solid composition.

[0415] In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.0015 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0015 wt% to about 0.0025 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0025 wt% to about 0.004 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.004 wt% to about 0.005 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.005 wt% to about 0.015 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.015 wt% to about 0.025 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.025 wt% to about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 2.5 wt% to about 5 wt%.

[0416] In some embodiments, the solid composition contains up to about 20 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains up to about 15 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains up to about 10 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains up to about 9 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains up to about 8 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains up to about 7 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains up to about 6 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains up to about 5 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains up to about 4 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains up to about 3 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains up to about 2 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains up to about 1 wt% water.

[0417] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or milk protein. In some embodiments, the globular protein or milk protein is derived from fresh milk. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% of the solid composition (e.g., from about 0.0005 wt% to about 20 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 8 wt%).

[0418] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or milk protein. In some embodiments, the globular protein or milk protein is derived from milk powder. In other specific embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% of the solid composition (e.g., from about 0.0005 wt% to about 20 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 8 wt%).

[0419] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or milk protein. In some embodiments, the globular protein or milk protein is derived from infant formula. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% of the solid composition (e.g., from about 0.0005 wt% to about 20 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 8 wt%).

[0420] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or milk protein. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% of the solid composition (e.g., from about 0.0005 wt% to about 20 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 8 wt%). In some embodiments, the composition also comprises MSG.

[0421] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or milk protein. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% of the solid composition (e.g., from about 0.0005 wt% to about 20 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 8 wt%). In some embodiments, the composition also comprises lecithin.

[0422] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein. In some embodiments, the milk protein is casein. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% of the solid composition (e.g., from about 0.0005 wt% to about 20 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 8 wt%). In some embodiments, the composition also comprises lecithin.

[0423] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition. In some embodiments, the solid composition is diluted (e.g., in combination with feed, water, and / or ingestible products for ruminants). In some embodiments, the solid composition contains about 0.05 wt% to about 2.5 wt% MCT before dilution with ruminant feed. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains about 0.05 wt% to about 0.25 wt% MCT (e.g., about 0.1 wt% to about 0.2 wt% MCT) before dilution with ruminant feed. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains about 1.5 wt% to about 2.5 wt% MCT (about 1.8 wt% to about 2.1 wt% MCT) before dilution with ruminant feed.

[0424] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition. In some embodiments, the solid composition is diluted (e.g., in combination with feed, water, or ingestible products for ruminants). In some embodiments, the solid composition contains about 10 wt% to about 50 wt% of a coagulant (e.g., gelatin or agar) before dilution with ruminant feed. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% of a coagulant (e.g., gelatin or agar) before dilution with ruminant feed. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% of a coagulant (e.g., gelatin or agar) before dilution with ruminant feed.

[0425] Water-based composition

[0426] In some respects, the consumable composition is a water-based composition.

[0427] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a water-based composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), (iii) a thickener and (iv) water.

[0428] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a water-based composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and (iii) water containing a thickener.

[0429] In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains at least about 75 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains at least about 80 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains at least about 85% water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains at least about 90 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains at least about 91 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains at least about 92 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains at least about 93 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains at least about 94 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains at least about 95 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains at least about 96 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains at least about 97 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains at least about 98 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains at least about 99 wt% water.

[0430] In some embodiments, the water-based composition includes a thickener. In some embodiments, the thickener includes a polysaccharide. In some embodiments, the thickener includes a plant-based polysaccharide. In some embodiments, the plant-based polysaccharide is a gum. In some embodiments, the thickener is a plant-based gum. In some embodiments, the plant-based gum is xanthan gum.

[0431] In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 3 wt% of the water-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.0005 wt% of the water-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.001 wt% of the water-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.005 wt% of the water-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.005 wt% to about 0.01 wt% of the water-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.01 wt% to about 0.05 wt% of the water-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt% of the water-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt% of the water-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt% of the water-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt% of the water-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt% of the water-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.0005 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.08 wt% to about 0.15 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.15 wt% to about 0.3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.3 wt% to about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%.

[0432] In some embodiments, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is from about 1:10 to about 1:5. In some embodiments, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is from about 1:8 to about 1:7.

[0433] In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickener in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickener in the composition is from about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickener in the composition is from about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%.

[0434] In some embodiments, the density of water containing a thickener is greater than that of water without a thickener. In some embodiments, the density of water containing a thickener at 20 degrees Celsius is from about 1.01 g / mL to about 1.06 g / mL.

[0435] In some embodiments, the viscosity of the water is greater than that of water without a thickener. In some embodiments, the water exhibits gel consistency.

[0436] In some embodiments, a greater amount of haloalkanes are suspended in the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener. In some embodiments, at least 90% more haloalkanes are suspended in the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener.

[0437] In some embodiments, the water-based composition further comprises one or more emulsifiers. In some embodiments, the composition comprises two emulsifiers. In some embodiments, one or more emulsifiers are polysorbates. In some embodiments, one or more emulsifiers are Tween. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more emulsifiers is a plant-based lecithin. In some embodiments, the plant-based lecithin is soybean lecithin or sunflower lecithin.

[0438] In some embodiments, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is about 1:1 to about 1:3. In some embodiments, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is about 1:2.

[0439] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an aqueous composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) water containing a thickener. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 3 wt% of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is from about 1:10 to about 1:5. In some embodiments, the composition also comprises lecithin. In some embodiments, the composition also comprises xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the ratio of lecithin to gum is about 5:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of lecithin to gum is about 3.5:1.5.

[0440] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an aqueous composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) water containing a thickener. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 3 wt% of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickener to the haloalkane is from about 1:10 to about 1:5. In some embodiments, the composition also contains Tween. In some embodiments, Tween accounts for about 0.5% / v of the composition.

[0441] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an aqueous composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) water containing a thickener. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 3 wt% of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickener to the haloalkane is from about 1:10 to about 1:5. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises xanthan gum. In some embodiments, xanthan gum comprises from about 1% to about 5% of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises Tween. In some embodiments, Tween comprises about 0.1% / v of the composition.

[0442] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an aqueous composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) water containing a thickener. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.005 wt% of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickener to the haloalkane is from about 1:10 to about 1:5. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises xanthan gum. In some embodiments, xanthan gum comprises from about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt% of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises Tween. In some embodiments, Tween comprises about 0.1% / v of the composition.

[0443] In some embodiments, the water-based composition is a semi-solid composition. In some embodiments, the water-based composition is a gel.

[0444] In some embodiments, the water-based semi-solid composition comprises about 5 wt% to about 80 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based semi-solid composition comprises about 20 wt% to about 80 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based semi-solid composition comprises about 30 wt% to about 60 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based semi-solid composition comprises about 40 wt% to about 60 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based semi-solid composition comprises about 5 wt% to about 15 wt% water. In some embodiments, the water-based semi-solid composition comprises about 5 wt% to about 30 wt% water.

[0445] In some implementations, the water-based semi-solid contains a thickener as described elsewhere herein.

[0446] In some implementations, the water-based semi-solid contains a coagulant as described elsewhere herein.

[0447] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a water-based composition. In some embodiments, the water-based composition is diluted with ruminant feed or water (e.g., an ingestible product). In some embodiments, the composition contains about 0.05 wt% to about 5 wt% MCT before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the composition contains about 1 wt% to about 5 wt% MCT before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the composition contains about 1 wt% to about 2 wt% MCT before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains about 0.5 wt% to about 3 wt% lecithin before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains about 0.5 wt% to about 1.5 wt% (e.g., about 1 wt%) lecithin before dilution with ruminant feed or water.

[0448] In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains about 0.01% to about 0.5% of plant-based gums before being diluted with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the water-based composition contains about 0.03% to about 0.2% of plant-based gums before being diluted with ruminant feed or water.

[0449] semi-solid composition

[0450] In some aspects, the consumable composition is a semi-solid composition. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a semi-solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane and (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT).

[0451] In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition is an aqueous gel. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition can be diluted with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the aqueous gel is diluted with water.

[0452] In some instances, semi-solid compositions can reduce the resources required to transport the composition (e.g., shipping costs, fuel requirements).

[0453] In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition further comprises a coagulant. In some embodiments, the coagulant is gum, agar, starch, flour, or gelatin. In some embodiments, the coagulant comprises gelatin. In some embodiments, the coagulant comprises agar. In some embodiments, the coagulant comprises gum. In some embodiments, the gum is xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the coagulant comprises agar and cornstarch.

[0454] In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition comprises about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% of a coagulant. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 35 wt% of a coagulant. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 25 wt% of a coagulant.

[0455] In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition further comprises a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a globular protein, milk protein, or milk fat. In some embodiments, the globular protein, milk protein, and / or milk fat is derived from mammals. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a globular protein or milk protein. In some embodiments, the milk protein is casein.

[0456] In some embodiments, the milk protein and / or milk fat are derived from whole milk. In some embodiments, the milk protein and / or milk fat are derived from fresh pasteurized milk. In some embodiments, the milk protein and / or milk fat are derived from milk powder. In some embodiments, the milk protein and / or milk fat are derived from infant formula.

[0457] In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition contains about 5 wt% to about 80 wt% water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition contains about 20 wt% to about 80 wt% water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition contains about 30 wt% to about 60 wt% water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition contains about 40 wt% to about 60 wt% water.

[0458] In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition contains about 5 wt% to about 15 wt% water.

[0459] In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition comprises about 5 wt% to about 30 wt% water. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a semi-solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane and (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT). In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% of the semi-solid composition (e.g., about 0.0005 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.0005 wt% to about 8 wt%). In some embodiments, the composition also comprises gelatin, protein, or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is globular protein or milk protein. In some embodiments, the globular protein or milk protein is derived from milk powder.

[0460] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a semi-solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride, and (iii) a thickener. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition comprises an emulsifier (e.g., polysorbate). In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition comprises water.

[0461] Oil-based compositions

[0462] In some aspects, the consumable composition is an oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition comprises (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a vegetable oil, and (iii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT).

[0463] In some embodiments, the vegetable-based oil is a vegetable oil. In some embodiments, the vegetable oil includes canola oil.

[0464] In some instances, the use of vegetable oils, such as canola oil, can enhance the flavor and / or palatability of the composition, thereby increasing its consumption by ruminants.

[0465] In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 1:100 to about 50:100. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 3:97 to about 10:90. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is about 5:95.

[0466] In some embodiments, the oil-based composition further comprises one or more short-chain oils. In some embodiments, the one or more short-chain oils are essential oils. Exemplary essential oils include, but are not limited to, Bush balm oil, lemon myrtle oil, mandarin oil, neroli oil, palmarosa oil, rosalina oil, cedarwood oil, bergamot oil, clove bud oil, eucalyptus oil, and cinnamon bark oil. In some embodiments, the short-chain oils include citrus oil or mandarin orange oil. In some aspects, the use of essential oils can mask the taste and / or odor of bromoform by stabilizing it in the composition. In some aspects, the use of essential oils can increase the consumption of the composition by ruminants. In some embodiments, the palatability of compositions containing short-chain oils can be evaluated in the same manner as compositions containing vegetable-based oils.

[0467] In some embodiments, the oil-based composition further comprises a bioavailability enhancer. In some aspects, the bioavailability enhancer can improve the bioavailability of haloalkanes in ruminants. For example, in some aspects, an emulsifier can further emulsify the oil component of the oil-based composition in the rumen, thereby making bromoform more readily available in the rumen. In some embodiments, the bioavailability enhancer is an emulsifier and / or a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the bioavailability enhancer comprises a polymer of castor oil. In some embodiments, the bioavailability enhancer is Koliphor®.

[0468] In some implementations, the ratio of bioavailability enhancer to MCT is from about 1:100 to about 10:100.

[0469] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the oil-based composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 8 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.005 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.005 wt% to about 0.01 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.01 wt% to about 0.05 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 3 wt% to about 4 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 4 wt% to about 5 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 5 wt% to about 6 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 6 wt% to about 7 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 7 wt% to about 8 wt% of the oil-based composition.

[0470] In some embodiments, the concentration of alkyl halides in the oil-based composition is from about 0.10 wt% to about 0.25 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of alkyl halides in the oil-based composition is from about 0.25 wt% to about 0.35 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of alkyl halides in the oil-based composition is from about 0.35 wt% to about 0.45 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of alkyl halides in the oil-based composition is from about 0.45 wt% to about 0.50 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of alkyl halides in the oil-based composition is from about 0.50 wt% to about 0.75 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of alkyl halides in the oil-based composition is from about 0.75 wt% to about 0.85 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of alkyl halides in the oil-based composition is from about 0.85 wt% to about 1.3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of alkyl halides in the oil-based composition is from about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%.

[0471] In some embodiments, the oil-based composition contains at least about 70 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition contains at least about 75 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition contains at least about 80 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition contains at least about 85 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition contains at least about 90 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition contains at least about 91 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition contains at least about 92 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition contains at least about 93 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water.

[0472] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an oil-based composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a vegetable oil, and (iii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT). In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 8 wt% of the solid composition.

[0473] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises Koliphor. In some embodiments, the concentration of Koliphor® is about 1 wt% of the composition.

[0474] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an oil-based composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a vegetable oil, and (iii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT). In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.001 wt% to about 8 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 1:100 to about 50:100. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 5 wt% MCT blended with canola oil.

[0475] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises Koliphor®. In some embodiments, the concentration of Koliphor® is about 1 wt% of the composition.

[0476] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an oil-based composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a vegetable oil, and (iii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT). In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.001 wt% to about 8 wt% of the oil-based composition. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 1:100 to about 50:100. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 5 wt% MCT and 5 wt% water blended together with canola oil.

[0477] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a water-based composition. In some embodiments, the water-based composition is diluted with ruminant feed or water (e.g., an ingestible product). In some embodiments, the composition contains about 0.03% to about 7% MCT before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the composition contains about 0.03% to about 1% MCT before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the composition contains about 3% to about 6% MCT (about 5% MCT) before dilution with ruminant feed or water.

[0478] Chemical stability

[0479] In some aspects, chemical stability includes the stability of the alkyl halides in any of the compositions disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a composition may have improved chemical stability if the amount of alkyl halides evaporated (e.g., wt%) is less compared to other similar compositions over the same time period. In some embodiments, other similar compositions are compositions having the same components as the compositions disclosed herein but in different ratios. In some embodiments, other similar compositions are compositions having fewer components than the compositions disclosed herein. In some embodiments, other similar compositions are compositions having the same components as the compositions disclosed herein, but also containing one or more additional components.

[0480] In some embodiments, up to about 50% by weight (wt%) of the haloalkane in the compositions of this disclosure evaporates from the composition. In some embodiments, up to about 30 wt% of the haloalkane in the compositions of this disclosure evaporates. In some embodiments, up to about 20 wt% of the haloalkane in the compositions of this disclosure evaporates. In some embodiments, up to about 10 wt% of the haloalkane in the compositions of this disclosure evaporates. In some embodiments, up to about 5 wt% of the haloalkane in the compositions of this disclosure evaporates.

[0481] In some embodiments, the haloalkanes in the compositions of this disclosure remain stable for a period of time when stored at a variety of temperatures. In some embodiments, up to about 10 wt% of the haloalkanes evaporate when stored for a period of up to about 12 months (e.g., about 10 months, about 9 months, about 6 months, about 3 months, about 2 months, about 1 month, about 2 weeks, about 1 day). In some embodiments, up to about 10 wt% of the haloalkanes evaporate when stored at a temperature of about -15°C to about 65°C. In some embodiments, up to about 20 wt% of the haloalkanes evaporate over a period of time when stored at a temperature of about 0°C to about 50°C. In some embodiments, a larger amount of haloalkanes can remain stable for a longer period of time when at relatively low temperatures (e.g., -15°C to about 20°C). In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% of the haloalkanes in the composition remain stable for up to 3 years at a temperature of about -15°C to about 0°C. In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% of the haloalkane in the composition remains stable for up to 2 years at a temperature of about 15°C to about 10°C. In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% of the haloalkane in the composition remains stable for up to 1 year at a temperature of about -15°C to about 50°C. In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% of the haloalkane in the composition remains stable for up to 1 year at a temperature of about -15°C to about 50°C. In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% of the haloalkane in the composition remains stable for up to 1 year at a temperature of about 5°C to about 50°C. In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% of the haloalkane in the composition remains stable for up to 1 year at a temperature of about 8°C to about 50°C. In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% of the haloalkane in the composition remains stable for up to 6 months at a temperature of about -15°C to about 50°C.

[0482] In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure possess enhanced chemical stability (e.g., enhanced stability of haloalkanes) compared to other similar compositions that do not contain stabilizers, medium-chain triglycerides, or short-chain oils. In some embodiments, stabilizers impart chemical stability to the composition. In some embodiments, medium-chain triglycerides impart chemical stability to the composition. In some embodiments, short-chain oils (e.g., essential oils) impart chemical stability to the composition. In some embodiments, one or more of stabilizers, medium-chain triglycerides, or short-chain oils impart chemical stability to bromoform in the composition.

[0483] For example, in the preparation of a solid composition, about 30 wt% to about 50 wt% of bromoform evaporates during the drying step of the preparation. In another example, a solid composition containing MCT can be prepared; in such an example, up to about 5 wt% of bromoform evaporates during the drying step. In some embodiments, a solid composition containing MCT may have about 10 times higher bromoform stability than other similar solid compositions that do not contain MCT.

[0484] In another example, a solid composition is prepared using MCT and a short-chain oil; in such examples, up to about 2 wt% of bromoform is evaporated during the drying step. In some embodiments, compositions containing one or both of MCT and short-chain oil impart increased stability to the haloalkanes in the composition.

[0485] Physical stability

[0486] In some aspects, physical stability includes the homogeneity of the compositions of this disclosure over a period of time. In some embodiments, the composition has improved physical stability if a smaller amount of the haloalkane phase separates from other components in the composition over a period of time compared to other similar compositions that do not contain a component that imparts physical stability. In some embodiments, the composition has improved physical stability if the composition requires a longer period of phase separation over a period of time compared to other similar compositions that do not contain a component that imparts physical stability. In some embodiments, the composition may have improved physical stability if the aqueous and non-aqueous phases (e.g., water and oil components) of the composition require a longer period of phase separation compared to other similar compositions that do not contain a component that imparts physical stability.

[0487] In some embodiments, the component imparting physical stability includes surfactants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners, gums, or gelling agents. In some embodiments, the component imparting physical stability to the composition is an emulsifier (e.g., polysorbate or milk powder). In some embodiments, the component imparting physical stability to the composition is a stabilizer (e.g., milk powder). In some embodiments, the component imparting physical stability to the composition is a thickener (e.g., plant-based gum). In some embodiments, the component imparting physical stability to the composition is a gelling agent (e.g., gelatin or agar).

[0488] In some embodiments, in a composition containing a component that imparts physical stability, up to about 30 wt% of the haloalkane will separate from the composition (e.g., due to density differences or low solubility). In some embodiments, in a composition containing a component that imparts physical stability, up to about 20 wt% of the haloalkane will separate from the composition (e.g., due to density differences or low solubility). In some embodiments, in a composition containing a component that imparts physical stability, up to about 10 wt% of the haloalkane will separate from the composition (e.g., due to density differences or low solubility).

[0489] For example, a solid composition comprising bromoform and milk powder is prepared in an aqueous phase. In such examples, bromoform undergoes phase separation due to its high density. In such examples, gelatin is added to the composition to reduce phase separation between bromoform and the aqueous phase. In such examples, an aqueous composition comprising bromoform, milk powder, and gelatin is mixed (e.g., stirred, agitated) until the composition is almost solidified (i.e., the gelatin forms a network-like gel structure), resulting in a homogenized composition in which at least 30% less bromoform separates from the composition compared to a similar composition without gelatin. In some embodiments, phase separation (e.g., settling into the aqueous phase) can be prevented because bromoform is dispersed throughout the gelatin network. In some examples, stabilizers can reduce phase separation between bromoform and the aqueous phase. In some examples, stabilizers can be used to emulsify the aqueous phase and reduce phase separation between bromoform and the aqueous phase.

[0490] For example, an aqueous composition comprising bromoform and water is prepared; however, bromoform undergoes phase separation due to its high density and / or low solubility in water. In some embodiments, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt% of a plant-based gum (e.g., xanthan gum) is added to the composition to reduce phase separation of the bromoform and aqueous phases. In some embodiments, the plant-based gum increases the density of water by thickening the aqueous composition (e.g., increasing the viscosity of the aqueous composition). In such compositions comprising plant-based gums, at least 30% less bromoform can separate from the composition compared to similar compositions not comprising plant-based gums.

[0491] In some embodiments, the shelf life of the compositions disclosed herein is the length of time during which the composition remains effective in reducing methane excretion by ruminants. For example, the shelf life of the composition is as long as (e.g., the length of time) that the concentration of bromoform in the composition is sufficient to reduce the volume of methane excreted by ruminants by at least 30% (e.g., at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%). In some embodiments, the shelf life of the compositions disclosed herein is determined as a factor of physical and / or chemical stability. In some embodiments, the shelf life of the composition is determined as a factor of the amount of bromoform evaporated (e.g., wt%) over a specified period of time. In some embodiments, the shelf life of the composition is determined as a factor of the duration of homogeneity of the composition. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein comprise a shelf life specified under one or more storage conditions (e.g., temperature, packaging materials). For example, the compositions disclosed herein have a shelf life of at least 6 months when stored at a temperature of about 0°C to about 50°C. For example, the compositions disclosed herein have a shelf life of at least 1 year when stored at a temperature of about 0°C to about 50°C. For example, the compositions of this disclosure have a shelf life of at least 6 months when stored at a temperature of about 15°C to about 25°C. For example, the compositions of this disclosure have a shelf life of at least 1 year when stored at a temperature of about 15°C to about 25°C.

[0492] Method for preparing oil-based compositions

[0493] In some aspects, this document describes a method for preparing a consumable oil-based composition for ruminants. In some embodiments, the method includes: a. providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a solvent; b. combining at least a portion of the first composition with MCT to produce a second composition; c. combining at least a portion of the second composition with a vegetable-based oil to produce a consumable oil-based composition.

[0494] In some embodiments, the haloalkane is at least partially soluble in the solvent. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is miscible with the solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises an alcohol (e.g., ethanol). In some embodiments, the solvent comprises an oil in which the haloalkane is miscible.

[0495] In some embodiments, the short-chain oil is combined with the first composition prior to (b). In some embodiments, the short-chain oil is described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the short-chain oil is an essential oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt% of the short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.01 wt% to about 3 wt% of the short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.01 wt% to about 2 wt% of the short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 wt% to about 2 wt% of the short-chain oil.

[0496] In some embodiments, after (b), the short-chain oil is combined with the second composition. In some embodiments, the short-chain oil is described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the short-chain oil is an essential oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt% of the short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.01 wt% to about 3 wt% of the short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.01 wt% to about 2 wt% of the short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 wt% to about 2 wt% of the short-chain oil.

[0497] In some embodiments, the vegetable-based oil is the vegetable-based oil described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the vegetable-based oil is an edible oil. In some embodiments, the vegetable-based oil is an edible oil selected to enhance the palatability (e.g., intake) of the composition to ruminants. In some embodiments, the vegetable-based oil is a mixture of two or more vegetable-based oils. In some embodiments, the vegetable-based oil comprises canola oil. In some embodiments, the vegetable-based oil comprises vegetable oil.

[0498] In some embodiments, the method is performed at room temperature. In some embodiments, the method requires subjecting the first composition to elevated temperatures (e.g., temperatures greater than 30°C). In some embodiments, the method requires subjecting the second composition to elevated temperatures (e.g., temperatures greater than 30°C). In some embodiments, the method requires subjecting the oil-based composition to elevated temperatures (e.g., temperatures greater than 30°C).

[0499] In some embodiments, the combination includes adding two or more components together. In some embodiments, the combination includes mixing. In some embodiments, the combination includes mixing until each of the added components is dispersed. In some embodiments, the combination includes mixing until each of the added components is uniformly dispersed.

[0500] like Figure 1 As shown, exemplary oil-based compositions of this disclosure are prepared by dissolving bromoform in ethanol and then combining it with MCT. In some embodiments, canola oil is used to dilute the bromoform carried in the MCT to a certain volume.

[0501] Method for preparing water-based compositions

[0502] In some aspects, this document describes a method for preparing consumable water-based compositions for ruminants. In some embodiments, the method includes: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT); (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition with a second composition to produce a third composition, the second composition comprising (i) water and (ii) a thickener, an emulsifier, or both; and (c) stirring the third composition to produce a consumable water-based composition.

[0503] In some embodiments, the second composition comprises a thickener and an emulsifier. In some embodiments, the emulsifier is polysorbate. In some embodiments, the thickener comprises a plant-based gum (e.g., xanthan gum). In some embodiments, the thickener comprises xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the thickener comprises a compound that increases the density of the aqueous phase.

[0504] In some embodiments, the density of the water is greater than the density of water without the thickener. In some embodiments, the density of water at 20 degrees Celsius is from about 1.01 g / mL to about 1.06 g / mL. In some embodiments, the density of water at 20 degrees Celsius is from about 1.01 g / mL to about 1.05 g / mL.

[0505] In some embodiments, the viscosity of the water is greater than that of water without a thickener. In some embodiments, the water has a gel-like consistency.

[0506] In some embodiments, the water comprises a polymer network. In some embodiments, the water comprises a polymer network as a result of combination with a thickener.

[0507] In some embodiments, a greater amount of haloalkanes are suspended in the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener. In some embodiments, at least about 90% more haloalkanes are suspended in the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener. In some embodiments, at least about 80% more haloalkanes are suspended in the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener. In some embodiments, at least about 90% more haloalkanes are suspended in the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener. In some embodiments, at least about 95% more haloalkanes are suspended in the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener.

[0508] In some embodiments, stirring includes mixing, sonicating, shaking, rolling, blending, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, sonicating includes ultrasonication. In some embodiments, stirring includes mixing. In some embodiments, stirring includes shaking. In some embodiments, stirring includes rolling. In some embodiments, stirring includes a vortex mixer. In some embodiments, stirring includes a paddle mixer. In some embodiments, stirring includes subjecting the composition to ultrasonic waves. In some embodiments, stirring includes vigorous mixing. In some embodiments, vigorous mixing includes thorough stirring (e.g., mixing) to form an emulsion. In some embodiments, vigorous mixing includes mixing the composition at a speed of at least 60 revolutions per minute (rpm). In some embodiments, vigorous mixing includes mixing the composition at a speed of at least 500 rpm. In some embodiments, vigorous mixing includes mixing the composition at a speed of at least 1000 rpm. In some embodiments, vigorous mixing includes using a vortex mixer. In some embodiments, vigorous mixing includes mixing the composition at a speed of at least 5000 rpm. In some embodiments, vigorous mixing includes mixing the composition at a speed of at least 10000 rpm.

[0509] In some embodiments, the consumable water-based composition is a high-energy emulsion. In some embodiments, the high-energy emulsion is the result of the composition being subjected to ultrasound.

[0510] When alkyl halides (such as bromoform) are combined with water, the alkyl halides may tend to separate into phases and settle to the bottom of the container. The phase separation of bromoform and water is likely due to the higher density of bromoform (2.89 g / cm³). 3 Phase separation of bromoform and water may be due to the combination of bromoform's high density and low solubility in water (e.g., 3.2 g / L at 30°C). The dispersion of haloalkanes in the MCT phase can be improved by first combining the haloalkanes with medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) before combining them with water; however, the haloalkanes can precipitate in the aqueous phase. Uniform suspension of haloalkanes in the aqueous phase can be improved by combining them with plant-based gums (e.g., xanthan gum). Plant-based gums impart thickening to the aqueous phase by reducing the viscosity of water and creating a network within the aqueous phase. Haloalkanes can exhibit improved dispersibility (e.g., less phase separation) in an aqueous phase containing plant-based gums.

[0511] A mixture of haloalkanes, MCT, and water containing a thickener (e.g., a plant-based gum) can undergo phase separation over a period of time. Phase separation can be accelerated by not stirring (e.g., agitating) the mixture. An emulsifier (e.g., polysorbate, such as Tween) can be added to the mixture, and the mixture can be emulsified by stirring (e.g., ultrasonic treatment) to produce a stable water-based composition.

[0512] The aqueous composition can be prepared by combining about 5 wt% water with the MCT phase. In such embodiments, water can serve as the interface for dispersing the MCT phase in the aqueous phase.

[0513] like Figure 2 As shown, a water-based composition is prepared by separately preparing an aqueous component comprising xanthan gum, water, and polysorbate (e.g., Tween) and an oil-active component comprising MCT, bromoform, and ethanol. In some embodiments, the aqueous component and the oil-active component are blended and mixed together, and then the mixture is subjected to ultrasonic treatment for a period of time.

[0514] like Figure 5 As shown, a semi-solid composition is prepared into an aqueous gel by preparing an aqueous component comprising xanthan gum, water, and polysorbate (e.g., Tween) and an oil-active component comprising MCT, bromoform, and ethanol. In some embodiments, the aqueous component and the oil-active component are blended and mixed together, and then the mixture is subjected to ultrasonic treatment for a period of time. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition is further diluted with water.

[0515] In some embodiments, the water-based composition is a semi-solid composition (e.g., an aqueous gel). In some embodiments, the water-based semi-solid composition contains a lower concentration of water compared to the water-based composition.

[0516] Method for preparing solid-based compositions

[0517] In some aspects, this document describes a method for preparing consumable solid or semi-solid compositions for ruminants. In some embodiments, the method includes: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), (ii) a second composition comprising a protein or milk fat, wherein the protein is a globular protein or milk protein, and optionally (iii) a third composition comprising a coagulant; (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition, at least a portion of the second composition, and optionally at least a portion of the third composition to produce a fourth composition; and (c) milling the fourth composition to produce a semi-solid or solid composition.

[0518] In some embodiments, the method includes: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), (ii) a second composition comprising a protein or milk fat, wherein the protein is a globular protein or milk protein, and optionally (iii) a third composition comprising a coagulant; and (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition, at least a portion of the second composition and optionally at least a portion of the third composition to produce a fourth composition.

[0519] In some embodiments, the method includes providing (iii) a third composition comprising a coagulant, and combining at least a portion of the third composition to produce a fourth composition.

[0520] In some embodiments, the method includes: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), (ii) a second composition comprising a protein or milk fat, wherein the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein, and (iii) a third composition comprising a coagulant; and (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition, at least a portion of the second composition and at least a portion of the third composition to produce a fourth composition.

[0521] In some embodiments, the method includes: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), (ii) a second composition comprising a protein or milk fat, wherein the protein is a globular protein or milk protein, and (iii) a third composition comprising a coagulant; (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition, at least a portion of the second composition and at least a portion of the third composition to produce a fourth composition; and (c) milling the fourth composition to produce a semi-solid or solid composition.

[0522] In some embodiments, the coagulant is gelatin. In some embodiments, the coagulant is agar. In some embodiments, the coagulant comprises agar and cornstarch.

[0523] In some embodiments, the method includes: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and (ii) a second composition comprising a protein or milk fat, wherein the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein, and (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition with at least a portion of the second composition.

[0524] In some embodiments, the method includes: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (ii) a second composition comprising a protein or milk fat, wherein the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein, (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition and at least a portion of the second composition, and (c) milling the third composition to produce a semi-solid or solid composition.

[0525] In some embodiments, the method includes, prior to (a), providing a composition comprising a haloalkane and a short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the short-chain oil is an essential oil. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the composition comprising the haloalkane and the short-chain oil is combined with a first composition. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is combined with the short-chain oil, and then combined with MCT.

[0526] In some embodiments, the method further includes mixing the fourth composition prior to (c). In some embodiments, the method further includes mixing the fourth composition until it is almost solidified. In some embodiments, the almost solidified fourth composition comprises a fourth composition having increased viscosity.

[0527] In some embodiments, the method further includes pouring the fourth composition into a tray or mold prior to (c). In some embodiments, the method further includes solidifying the fourth composition in a cold environment (e.g., at a temperature below 15°C) prior to (c). In some embodiments, the fourth composition is stored in a cold environment until the mixture is completely solidified.

[0528] In some embodiments, the method further includes shredding the fourth composition prior to (c). In some embodiments, shredding involves breaking a larger portion of the fourth composition into smaller portions. In some embodiments, shredding generates heat in the composition. In some embodiments, the presence of a lubricant minimizes the heat generated by shredding the composition. In some embodiments, the lubricant is MCT.

[0529] In some embodiments, the method further includes evaporating at least a portion of the liquid phase from the fourth composition prior to (c). In some embodiments, evaporating at least a portion of the liquid phase from the fourth composition includes evaporating an aqueous phase from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, about 80 wt% to about 100 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, about 80 wt% to about 95 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, about 90 wt% to about 100 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, about 90 wt% to about 95 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, evaporation includes subjecting the fourth composition to a heat source. In some embodiments, evaporation includes subjecting the fourth composition to an elevated temperature. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is about 50°C to about 130°C. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is about 20°C to about 45°C. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is up to about 130°C. In some embodiments, evaporation includes spray drying.

[0530] In some embodiments, a minimum amount of haloalkanes may be evaporated during the evaporation step. In some embodiments, up to about 20 wt% of haloalkanes are evaporated during evaporation. In some embodiments, about 0.1 wt% to about 15 wt% of haloalkanes are evaporated during evaporation. In some embodiments, about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt% of haloalkanes are evaporated during evaporation. In some embodiments, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt% of haloalkanes are evaporated during evaporation. In some embodiments, the presence of a stabilizer can minimize the amount of bromoform evaporated during evaporation. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is MCT.

[0531] In some embodiments, grinding includes breaking the composition into smaller sizes. In some embodiments, a fourth composition may be ground to produce powder with an average particle size of about 0.1 micrometers to about 1000 micrometers. In some embodiments, the fourth composition may be ground to produce powder with an average particle size of about 0.1 micrometers to about 500 micrometers. In some embodiments, the fourth composition is ground to produce powder with an average particle size of about 0.1 micrometers to about 250 micrometers. For example, a sieve (e.g., a mesh) may be used to separate particles larger than about 250 micrometers, and further grinding may be performed to produce particles smaller than about 250 micrometers. In some embodiments, grinding generates heat in the composition. In some embodiments, the presence of a lubricant can minimize the heat generated during grinding the composition. In some embodiments, the lubricant is MCT. In some embodiments, grinding includes placing the composition in a processor. In some embodiments, grinding includes processing the composition. In some embodiments, grinding includes blending the composition. In some embodiments, grinding includes using a mortar and pestle. In some embodiments, grinding includes using a ball mill, jet mill, pin mill, or other grinding mill.

[0532] In some embodiments, a semi-solid composition is prepared. In some embodiments, the method includes evaporating a portion of the aqueous phase from the composition. In some embodiments, about 10 wt% to about 80 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated to produce the semi-solid composition. In some embodiments, about 10 wt% to about 60 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated to produce the semi-solid composition. In some embodiments, about 10 wt% to about 40 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated to produce the semi-solid composition. In some embodiments, the aqueous phase in the composition is not evaporated. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition is a gel. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition is a jelly.

[0533] In some embodiments, a solid composition is prepared. In some embodiments, about 80 wt% to about 100 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, about 80 wt% to about 95 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, about 90 wt% to about 100 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, about 90 wt% to about 95 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, the fourth composition is milled. In some embodiments, the method includes milling the composition. In some embodiments, the method includes milling the composition to produce a powder. In some embodiments, the fourth composition is not milled. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a powder. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a large block of solid composition (e.g., in blocks, granules, pellets, fragments, strips, plates).

[0534] When a haloalkane (e.g., bromoform) is combined with a milk powder solution (e.g., an aqueous milk powder solution), phase partitioning can be observed, with the haloalkane settling to the bottom of the container. Due to the higher density of bromoform, phase partitioning between bromoform and the aqueous phase can occur. Due to the combination of bromoform's higher density and its lower solubility in water, phase partitioning between water and the aqueous phase can also occur.

[0535] like Figure 3 As shown, solid compositions can be prepared using gelatin. In some embodiments, bromoform is dissolved in ethanol and combined with MCT. In some embodiments, milk powder is mixed separately with water, and gelatin is mixed separately with water. In some embodiments, the milk powder mixture and gelatin mixture are combined with bromoform in an MCT mixture. In some embodiments, the mixture is stirred (e.g., mixed) until the gelatin is almost solidified. In some embodiments, the mixture is poured into a mold or tray. In some embodiments, the mixture is cooled until it is completely solidified. In some embodiments, the mixture is chopped into smaller pieces. In some embodiments, the mixture is dried (e.g., water is evaporated). In some embodiments, the mixture is ground to produce a powdered composition.

[0536] like Figure 4 As shown, agar can be used to prepare solid compositions. In some embodiments, bromoform is combined with MCT. In some embodiments, milk powder is mixed with hot water. In some embodiments, the hot water is water at a temperature of about 60°C to about 100°C. In some embodiments, the hot water is water at a temperature of about 60°C to about 80°C. In some embodiments, agar is mixed with cornstarch and cold water. In some embodiments, the cold water is water at a temperature of about 0°C to about 25°C. In some embodiments, the agar mixture is hydrated for a period of time. In some embodiments, the hydrated agar mixture is boiled and simmered for a period of time. In some embodiments, the bromoform mixture is combined with the milk powder mixture. In some embodiments, the bromoform mixture is combined with the agar mixture. In some embodiments, the bromoform mixture, the milk powder mixture, and the agar mixture are combined. In some embodiments, a plant-based gum (e.g., xanthan gum) is added to the mixture containing bromoform, MCT, milk powder, and agar. In some embodiments, the mixture is stirred (e.g., mixed) until the agar is almost solidified. In some embodiments, the mixture is poured into a mold or tray. In some embodiments, the mixture is cooled until it is completely solidified. In some embodiments, the mixture is chopped into smaller pieces. In some embodiments, the mixture is dried (e.g., by evaporating water). In some embodiments, the mixture is ground to produce a powdered composition.

[0537] In some implementation schemes, according to Figure 3 or Figure 4 The schematic diagram provided illustrates that a semi-solid can be prepared for use by omitting at least the drying step. In some embodiments, the semi-solid of the composition can be prepared without evaporating water from the composition. In some embodiments, the semi-solid of the composition can be prepared by evaporating a portion of the water from the composition. In some embodiments, the semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to about 95 wt% of water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 80 wt% of water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 70 wt% of water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 60 wt% of water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 50 wt% of water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 40 wt% of water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 30 wt% of water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 20 wt% of water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 10 wt% of water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 5 wt% of water.

[0538] methane reduction

[0539] The compositions disclosed herein can be used to reduce methane excretion by ruminants. In some embodiments, the ingestion of the compositions of this disclosure by ruminants reduces methane excretion by the ruminants.

[0540] In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure continuously reduce the amount of methane excreted by ruminants (e.g., by volume or mass) upon daily ingestion. In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure continuously reduce the amount of methane excreted by ruminants upon every other day of ingestion. In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure continuously reduce the amount of methane excreted by ruminants upon weekly ingestion. In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure continuously reduce the amount of methane excreted by ruminants upon bi-weekly ingestion. In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure continuously reduce the amount of methane excreted by ruminants upon monthly ingestion. In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure continuously reduce the amount of methane excreted by ruminants upon semi-annual ingestion. In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure continuously reduce the amount of methane excreted by ruminants upon annual ingestion.

[0541] In some embodiments, the amount of methane excreted by ruminants is consistently reduced between the application and ingestion of the composition. For example, ruminants that ingest the composition may experience a reduction of approximately 30% in methane excretion on the day of ingestion, and this reduction in methane excretion remains at approximately 30% until the next application and ingestion of the composition by the ruminant.

[0542] In some embodiments, the amount of methane excreted by ruminants is not uniform between the application and ingestion of the composition. For example, ruminants that ingest the composition may experience a reduction of approximately 30% in methane excretion on the day of ingestion and a reduction of 10% in methane excretion seven days after the first ingestion of the composition.

[0543] In some aspects, this document describes a method for reducing methane excretion by ruminants, comprising (a) providing a consumable composition of the present disclosure; (b) optionally diluting the consumable composition in the ruminant's feed or water; and (c) applying the consumable composition to the ruminant, wherein the amount of methane excreted by the ruminant (e.g., volume or mass) is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane excreted by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

[0544] On the other hand, this document describes a method for reducing methane excretion by ruminants, comprising (a) providing a consumable composition of the present disclosure; (b) diluting the consumable composition in the ruminant's feed or water; and (c) applying the consumable composition to the ruminant, wherein the amount of methane excreted by the ruminant (e.g., volume or mass) is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane excreted by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

[0545] On the other hand, this document describes a method for reducing methane excretion by ruminants, comprising (a) applying the consumable composition to ruminants, wherein the amount of methane excreted by the ruminants (e.g., volume or mass) is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the amount of methane excreted by ruminants in similar conditions without the application of the consumable composition.

[0546] In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted is reduced (e.g., by volume or mass) over a period of time. In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted is reduced for at least one day. In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted is reduced for at least one week. In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted is reduced for at least two weeks. In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted is reduced for at least one month. In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted is reduced for at least two months. In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted is reduced for at least three months. In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted is reduced for at least six months. In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted is reduced for at least one year.

[0547] In some embodiments, the amount of methane expelled by ruminants (e.g., those receiving any of the consumable compositions provided herein) is reduced by about 60% or more compared to the amount of methane expelled by ruminants in similar conditions who did not receive (e.g., ingest, administer, or feed) the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the amount of methane expelled by ruminants (e.g., those receiving any of the consumable compositions provided herein) is reduced by about 75% or more compared to the amount of methane expelled by ruminants in similar conditions who did not receive the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the amount of methane expelled by ruminants (e.g., those receiving any of the consumable compositions provided herein) is reduced by about 90% or more compared to the amount of methane expelled by ruminants in similar conditions who did not receive the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the amount of methane expelled by ruminants (e.g., those receiving any of the consumable compositions provided herein) is reduced by about 95% or more compared to the amount of methane expelled by ruminants in similar conditions who did not receive the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the amount of methane excreted by ruminants (e.g., those receiving any of the consumable compositions provided herein) is reduced by about 99% or more compared to the amount of methane excreted by ruminants in similar conditions without the application of the consumable composition.

[0548] In some embodiments, similarly-condition ruminants are ruminants provided with the consumable composition in the same or similar environment (e.g., field or ranch). In some embodiments, similarly-condition ruminants are ruminants of the same species (e.g., cattle or sheep). In some embodiments, similarly-condition ruminants refer to ruminants of the same or substantially similar weight (e.g., within 5%). In some embodiments, similarly-condition ruminants are ruminants of the same or substantially similar age (e.g., within 1 year). In some embodiments, similarly-condition ruminants are ruminants with the same or substantially the same diet. In some embodiments, similarly-condition ruminants are ruminants with the same or substantially the same feed intake (e.g., within 5 kg). In some embodiments, similarly-condition ruminants are ruminants with the same or substantially the same water intake (e.g., within 5 L). In some embodiments, similarly-condition ruminants are ruminants with the same or substantially similar health (e.g., with or without disease).

[0549] In some embodiments, methane produced by ruminants is measured (e.g., in vivo measurement) using techniques known in the art. In some embodiments, methane produced by ruminants is measured using a respiration chamber. In some embodiments, methane produced by ruminants is measured using a Greenfed breath analyzer workstation. In some embodiments, methane produced by ruminants is measured using sulfur hexafluoride tracer technology. In some embodiments, methane produced by ruminants is measured using a laser. In some embodiments, methane produced by ruminants is measured using a breath analyzer (e.g., NDIR or FTIR). In some embodiments, methane produced by ruminants is measured using sensors in the stomach of the ruminant. In some aspects, in vitro experimental results are used as a proxy to determine in vivo methane production.

[0550] In one aspect, this document describes a method for reducing the amount of methane excreted by ruminants by about 30% or more, the method comprising: (a) providing a first composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the first composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt%, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (b) providing a first ingestible product (e.g., feed, pellets, salt licks, or water), the first ingestible product being suitable for ingestion by ruminants; (c) optionally placing the first ingestible product and / or the first composition in a first container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; and (d) combining an amount of the first composition with the first ingestible product to produce a second composition, such that the first composition is coated on, dispersed within, or a combination thereof, of the first ingestible product, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the second composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%. (e) Optionally placing the second composition in a second container to contain a certain mass of the second composition (e.g., wherein the volume of the second container is sufficient to provide for ruminants); (f) providing the first portion of the second composition to the ruminants in such a manner that all or part of the first portion of the second composition is ingested by the ruminants; (g) providing a third composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the third composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt%, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (h) providing a second ingestible product (e.g., feed, pellets, salt licks, or water) suitable for ingestion by ruminants; (i) Optionally placing the second ingestible product and / or the third composition in a third container, wherein the volume of the container is at least 10 mL; (j) combining a certain amount of the third composition with the second ingestible product to produce a fourth composition, such that the third composition is coated on the second ingestible product and dispersed within the second ingestible product, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the fourth composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%. (k) optionally placing the fourth composition in a second container to contain a certain mass of the second composition (e.g., wherein the volume of the fourth container is sufficient to provide for the ruminant); (l) providing the first portion of the fourth composition to the ruminant in such a manner that all or part of the first portion of the fourth composition is ingested by the ruminant, wherein the time period between (f) and (l) is from about 1 day to about 1 year (e.g., about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months); and (m) optionally repeating (a)-(f) or (g)-(l) once or more, thereby reducing the methane excreted by the ruminant by about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

[0551] In one aspect, this document describes a method for reducing the amount of methane excreted by ruminants by about 30% or more, the method comprising: (a) providing a first composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the first composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt%, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (b) providing a first ingestible product (e.g., feed, pellets, salt licks, or water) adapted for ingestion by ruminants; (c) placing the first ingestible product and / or the first composition in a first container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; and (d) combining an amount of the first composition with the first ingestible product to produce a second composition, such that the first composition is coated on, dispersed within, or a combination thereof, of the first ingestible product, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the second composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%. (e) placing the second composition in a second container to contain a certain mass of the second composition (e.g., wherein the volume of the second container is sufficient to provide it to ruminants); (f) providing the first portion of the second composition to the ruminants in such a manner that all or part of the first portion of the second composition is ingested by the ruminants; (g) providing a third composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the third composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt%, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (h) providing a second ingestible product (e.g., feed, pellets, salt licks, or water) suitable for ingestion by ruminants; (i) placing the second ingestible product and / or the third composition in a third container, wherein the volume of the container is at least 10 mL; (j) combining a certain amount of the third composition with the second ingestible product to produce a fourth composition, such that the third composition is coated on the second ingestible product, dispersed within the second ingestible product, or a combination thereof, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the fourth composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%. (k) placing the fourth composition in a second container to contain a certain mass of the second composition (e.g., wherein the volume of the fourth container is sufficient to provide for the ruminant); (l) providing the first portion of the fourth composition to the ruminant in such a manner that all or part of the first portion of the fourth composition is ingested by the ruminant, wherein the time period between (f) and (l) is from about 1 day to about 1 year (e.g., about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months); and (m) optionally repeating (a)-(f) or (g)-(l) once or more, thereby reducing the methane excreted by the ruminant by about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

[0552] In one aspect, this document describes a method for reducing the amount of methane excreted by ruminants by about 30% or more, the method comprising: (a) providing a first composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the first composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt%, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (b) providing a first ingestible product (e.g., feed, pellets, salt licks, or water), the first ingestible product being suitable for ingestion by ruminants; (c) optionally placing the first ingestible product and / or the first composition in a first container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; and (d) combining an amount of the first composition with the first ingestible product to produce a second composition, such that the first composition is coated on, dispersed within, or a combination thereof, of the first ingestible product, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the second composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%. (e) optionally placing the second composition in a second container to contain a certain mass of the second composition (e.g., wherein the volume of the second container is sufficient to provide for the ruminant); and (f) providing the ruminant with the first portion of the second composition in such a manner that all or part of the first portion of the second composition is ingested by the ruminant.

[0553] In one aspect, this document describes a method for reducing the amount of methane excreted by ruminants by about 30% or more, the method comprising: (a) providing a first composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the first composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt%, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (b) providing a first ingestible product (e.g., feed, pellets, salt licks, or water) adapted for ingestion by ruminants; (c) placing the first ingestible product and / or the first composition in a first container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; and (d) combining an amount of the first composition with the first ingestible product to produce a second composition, such that the first composition is coated on, dispersed within, or a combination thereof, of the first ingestible product, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the second composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%. (e) placing the second composition in a second container to contain a certain mass of the second composition (e.g., wherein the volume of the second container is sufficient to provide for the ruminant); and (f) providing the ruminant with the first portion of the second composition in such a manner that all or part of the first portion of the second composition is ingested by the ruminant.

[0554] In some embodiments, the method for reducing methane excretion by ruminants further includes (g) providing a third composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the third composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt%, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (h) providing a second ingestible product (e.g., feed, pellets, salt licks, or water) suitable for ingestion by ruminants; (i) optionally placing the second ingestible product and / or the third composition in a third container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; and (j) combining an amount of the third composition with the second ingestible product to produce a fourth composition, such that the third composition is coated on, dispersed within, or a combination thereof, of the second ingestible product, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the fourth composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%. (k) optionally placing the fourth composition in a second container to contain a certain mass of the second composition (e.g., wherein the volume of the fourth container is sufficient to provide for the ruminant); (l) providing the first portion of the fourth composition to the ruminant in such a manner that all or part of the first portion of the fourth composition is ingested by the ruminant, wherein the time period between (f) and (l) is from about 1 day to about 1 year (e.g., about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months); and (m) optionally repeating (a)-(f) or (g)-(l) once or more, thereby reducing the methane excreted by the ruminant by about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

[0555] In some embodiments, the method for reducing methane excretion by ruminants further includes (g) providing a third composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the third composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt%, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (h) providing a second ingestible product (e.g., feed, pellets, salt licks, or water) suitable for ingestion by ruminants; (i) placing the second ingestible product and / or the third composition in a third container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; and (j) combining an amount of the third composition with the second ingestible product to produce a fourth composition, such that the third composition is coated on, dispersed within, or a combination thereof, of the second ingestible product, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the fourth composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%. (k) placing the fourth composition in a second container to contain a certain mass of the second composition (e.g., wherein the volume of the fourth container is sufficient to provide for the ruminant); (l) providing the first portion of the fourth composition to the ruminant in such a manner that all or part of the first portion of the fourth composition is ingested by the ruminant.

[0556] In some embodiments, the time interval between providing the composition to the ruminant such that a portion of the composition can be ingested by the ruminant is from about 1 day to about 1 year. In some embodiments, the time interval between providing the composition to the ruminant is about 1 day. In some embodiments, the time interval between providing the composition to the ruminant is about 1 year. In some embodiments, the time interval between providing the composition to the ruminant is about 2 days. In some embodiments, the time interval between providing the composition to the ruminant is about 1 week. In some embodiments, the time interval between providing the composition to the ruminant is about 1 month. In some embodiments, the time interval between providing the composition to the ruminant is about 6 months.

[0557] In some embodiments, the method further includes repeating (a)-(f) once or more, thereby reducing methane excreted by the ruminant by about 30% or more over a period of time. In some embodiments, the method further includes repeating (g)-(l) once or more, thereby reducing methane excreted by the ruminant by about 30% or more over a period of time. In some embodiments, the period is at least one week. In some embodiments, the period is at least one month. In some embodiments, the period is at least six months. In some embodiments, the period is at least one year.

[0558] In some embodiments, the process involves repeatedly providing the same composition to the ruminants for ingestion. For example, a batch of a composition comprising bromoform and feed or water is prepared, and portions of that batch of composition are periodically provided to the ruminants for ingestion.

[0559] In some embodiments, the process involves repeatedly providing ruminants with different compositions for ingestion. For example, a composition containing bromoform is prepared and fed to ruminants as feed or water, and after a period of time, different compositions containing bromoform and feed or water are subsequently provided to the ruminants for ingestion. In such instances, the bromoform-containing composition (e.g., a first or third composition), the feed or water (e.g., a first or second ingestible product), or both, are different between the first and second times they are provided to the ruminants for ingestion.

[0560] In some embodiments, ruminants excrete about 30% or more less methane compared to ruminants in the same or similar condition where the first or third composition is absent (e.g., in the absence of bromoform or the absence of the same mass of bromoform).

[0561] In some embodiments, the first and third compositions are provided from the same stock (e.g., batch) of a composition containing bromoform. In some embodiments, the first and third compositions are identical.

[0562] In some embodiments, the first composition and the third composition are different.

[0563] In some embodiments, the first ingestible composition and the second ingestible composition are the same. In some embodiments, the first ingestible composition and the second ingestible composition are different. In some embodiments, the ingestible product is feed (e.g., the feed disclosed herein) or water.

[0564] In some embodiments, the second composition and the fourth composition are the same. In other embodiments, the second composition and the fourth composition are different.

[0565] In some implementations, the second and fourth containers are the same. In some implementations, the second and fourth containers are different. In some implementations, the first and third containers are the same. In some implementations, the first and third containers are different.

[0566] In some embodiments, the method further includes providing a second portion of the second composition to the ruminant, such that the second portion of the second composition is ingested by the ruminant at a second time point after the administration of the first portion of the second composition (e.g., about 1 day, about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months).

[0567] In some embodiments, the method further includes providing a second portion of the fourth composition to the ruminant, such that the second portion of the fourth composition is ingested by the ruminant at a second time point after the administration of the first portion of the fourth composition (e.g., about 1 day, about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months).

[0568] Durability of methane reduction

[0569] In some embodiments, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains below a threshold between the first and second applications of the composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, after applying the composition disclosed at least daily (e.g., at least every other day, at least weekly, at least monthly), the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains below a threshold for a period of time. In some embodiments, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains below a threshold for at least 2 days compared to a control not containing a haloalkane. In some embodiments, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains below a threshold for at least 5 days. In some embodiments, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains below a threshold for at least 1 week. In some embodiments, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains below a threshold for at least 2 weeks. In some embodiments, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains below a threshold for at least 3 weeks. In some embodiments, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains below a threshold for at least one month. In some embodiments, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains below a threshold for at least two months.

[0570] In some embodiments, when the composition of this disclosure is applied on day 1, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) is consistently at least 40% lower than that of a control (e.g., without bromoform) over a period of approximately 2 weeks. In some embodiments, when the composition of this disclosure is applied daily for approximately 2 weeks, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) is consistently at least 40% lower than that of a control (e.g., without bromoform) over a period of approximately 2 weeks. In some embodiments, when the composition of this disclosure is applied on day 1 and approximately day 7, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) is consistently at least 40% lower than that of a control (e.g., without bromoform) over a period of approximately 2 weeks.

[0571] In some embodiments, the amount of methane excreted by the ruminant (e.g., volume or mass) is consistently reduced between the application and ingestion of the composition. For example, a ruminant ingesting the composition may experience a reduction of approximately 30% in methane excretion on the day of ingestion, and this reduction remains at approximately 30% until the ruminant's next application and ingestion of the composition.

[0572] In some embodiments, the rate at which the amount of methane excreted daily by the ruminant (e.g., volume or mass) varies by up to about 60% over a period of at least 7 days compared to ruminants in similar conditions without the application of the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the rate at which the amount of methane excreted daily by the ruminant (e.g., volume or mass) varies by up to about 60% over a period of at least 14 days compared to ruminants in similar conditions without the application of the consumable composition. For example, on the first day after application of the consumable composition of this disclosure, the amount of methane excreted by the ruminant (e.g., volume or mass) may be about 2 L, and on the seventh day after application of the consumable composition, the amount of methane excreted by the ruminant (e.g., volume or mass) may be about 2.6 L.

[0573] In some embodiments, the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane excreted by ruminants is not uniform between the application and ingestion of the composition. For example, ruminants ingesting the composition may experience a reduction of approximately 30% in methane excretion on the day of ingestion and a reduction of 10% in methane excretion seven days after the first ingestion of the composition.

[0574] Methods for measuring methane production

[0575] In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure are used to reduce the volume of methane excreted by ruminants. In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure are applied to ruminants and compared with other ruminants in similar conditions who have not been treated with the composition to determine the volume reduction in methane. Methane production can be measured using any suitable method.

[0576] In some instances, the results of in vitro experiments measuring methane production can be used as an indicator of in vivo methane production.

[0577] In some embodiments, the efficacy of the compositions of this disclosure in reducing methane production is evaluated using in vitro methods known in the art. In some embodiments, methane production is measured using an in vitro batch fermentation (IVFT) assay. In some embodiments, methane production is measured using an in vitro rumen mimicry assay. The in vitro determination of the reduction in methane production compared to a control sample can follow procedures known in the art.

[0578] In some embodiments, the IVFT test relies on simulating rumen conditions and processes. In some embodiments, the rumen inoculum is combined with a feed containing the compositions of this disclosure in a fermentation vessel. In some embodiments, the feed is fermented by rumen microorganisms over a period of time, and microbial activity is assessed by measuring the fermentation end products. In some embodiments, the fermentation end products contain microbial gases (e.g., total gases or methane), volatile fatty acids, and ammonia. In some embodiments, IVFT is used to screen the methane-reducing efficacy of the compositions of this disclosure.

[0579] In some embodiments, rumen mimicry experiments provide a more comprehensive study of fermentation characteristics compared to IVFT assays. In some embodiments, rumen mimicry experiments rely on simulating rumen conditions and processes. In some embodiments, rumen inoculum is combined with feed containing the compositions of this disclosure in a fermentation vessel. In some embodiments, the feed is fermented by rumen microorganisms over a period of time, and microbial activity is assessed by measuring the fermentation end products. In some embodiments, the fermentation end products contain microbial gases (e.g., total gases or methane), volatile fatty acids, and ammonia. In some embodiments, rumen mimicry experiments are used to screen for the methane-reducing efficacy of the compositions of this disclosure. In some embodiments, rumen mimicry experiments closely replicate in vivo processes. In some embodiments, rumen mimicry experiments include adding fresh feed each day of the experiment. In some embodiments, rumen mimicry experiments include removing undigested residues each day of the experiment. In some embodiments, rumen mimicry experiments include continuously infusing artificial saliva (e.g., buffer solution) into the reaction. In some embodiments, rumen mimicry experiments include continuously effluenting end products (e.g., gases, VFAs, ammonia) from the reaction. In some embodiments, rumen mimicry experiments provide efficacy of the compositions of this disclosure over processes lasting up to two weeks. In some embodiments, persistence of fermentation effects (e.g., reduced methane production) or any negative effects may be observed with respect to the compositions of this disclosure.

[0580] In some embodiments, the efficacy of the compositions of this disclosure in reducing methane production is evaluated using in vivo methods known in the art. In some embodiments, methane production in ruminants is measured using instruments that analyze methane excretion in ruminants. In some embodiments, laser is used to measure methane production in ruminants. In some embodiments, a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) breath analyzer installed in a feed bin can be used to determine methane production in ruminants. In some embodiments, a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) breath analyzer installed in a feed bin can be used to determine methane production in ruminants.

[0581] In some embodiments, in vivo methane production is measured using an open-circuit breath chamber known in the art. In some embodiments, in vivo methane production is measured using a Greenfed breath analyzer workstation known in the art. In some embodiments, in vivo methane production is measured using sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technology known in the art.

[0582] Efficacy of compositions for methane reduction

[0583] Figure 8-12The present disclosure provides results for methane emission reduction (CH4 reduction %) of the compositions at bromoform doses of 0.03 g / kg (g bromoform per kg dry matter intake), 0.15 g / kg, and 0.3 g / kg in IVFT studies. In some embodiments, the methane emission reduction efficacy of additional doses of bromoform was measured for selected compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the compositions were investigated for methane emission reduction at bromoform doses of 0.04 g / kg DMI, 0.08 g / kg, 0.12 g / kg, 0.16 g / kg, 0.20 g / kg, 0.24 g / kg, 0.28 g / kg, 0.40 g / kg, and 0.60 g / kg. In some embodiments, bromoform doses below 0.03 g / kg were investigated for selected compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the composition was investigated for methane emission reduction at bromoform dosages of 0.002 g / kg, 0.004 g / kg, 0.008 g / kg, 0.12 g / kg, 0.016 g / kg and 0.02 g / kg.

[0584] Figure 8 The disclosure provides methane emission reduction results for the solid compositions. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 40% at a bromoform concentration of about 0.04 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 40% at a bromoform concentration of about 0.04 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 40% at a bromoform concentration of about 0.04 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 90% at a bromoform concentration of about 0.04 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 15% at a bromoform concentration of about 0.08 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 90% at a bromoform concentration of about 0.08 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, a formulation containing at least about 0.12 g / kg bromoform in a composition comprising bromoform, MCT, and milk powder results in a methane production reduction of at least 90%. Figure 9 Methane emission reduction results for solid compositions (e.g., formulations 27 and 28) at dosages of 0.004 g / kg, 0.016 g / kg, 0.04 g / kg, and 0.08 g / kg are provided. In some embodiments, dosages of about 0.004 g / kg, 0.016 g / kg, 0.04 g / kg, or 0.08 g / kg bromoform are ineffective for methane emission reduction for the solid compositions. In some embodiments, compositions containing MCT are more effective for methane emission reduction than similar compositions without MCT. In some embodiments, compositions containing MCT reduce methane production by at least about 94% or more at dosages of 0.15 g / kg or 0.3 g / kg.

[0585] Figure 10 The present disclosure provides methane emission reduction results for the oil-based compositions. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 10% at a bromoform concentration of about 0.04 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 85 wt% at a bromoform concentration of about 0.04 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 90 wt% at a bromoform concentration of about 0.08 g / kg DMI. Figure 11 Methane emission reduction results for solid compositions (e.g., formulations 31 and 32) at dosages of 0.004 g / kg, 0.016 g / kg, 0.04 g / kg, and 0.08 g / kg are provided. In some embodiments, for oil-based compositions, a dosage of at least about 0.04 g / kg bromoform is effective in reducing methane by at least 85 wt%.

[0586] Figure 12 The present disclosure provides methane emission reduction results for the water-based compositions. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 90 wt% when the bromoform concentration is at least about 0.12 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 90 wt% when the bromoform concentration is at least about 0.15 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 90 wt% when the bromoform concentration is at least about 0.3 g / kg DMI.

[0587] Figure 13-15 The results of methane emission reduction and persistence of the compositions disclosed herein, as determined by rumen simulation techniques during a 14-day treatment process, are provided.

[0588] Figure 13The solid compositions of this disclosure provide methane reduction and persistence results. In some embodiments, when applied daily, the solid compositions reduce methane production by about 100 wt% at a bromoform concentration of about 0.03 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, when applied every other day, the solid compositions reduce methane production by about 75 wt% at a bromoform concentration of about 0.03 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, the methane reduction efficacy lasts (e.g., with a variation within 10 wt%) for at least 7 days. In some embodiments, the methane reduction efficacy lasts (e.g., with a variation within 10 wt%) for at least 14 days. In some embodiments, the powdered form of the compositions results in a higher methane reduction compared to the sustained-release form. In some embodiments, the powdered form of the compositions results in a higher (about 2-fold) methane reduction compared to the sustained-release form. In some embodiments, applying a double dose (e.g., double the concentration of bromoform) results in a greater methane reduction than a single dose. In some implementations, administering a double dose (e.g., double the concentration of bromoform) results in greater (approximately 3 times) methane emission reductions than a single dose.

[0589] Figure 14 The methane emission reduction and persistence results of the oil-based compositions disclosed herein are provided. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.04 g / kg DMI results in a methane reduction of at least 95 wt% over a period of at least 14 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.04 g / kg DMI results in a methane reduction of about 100 wt% over a period of at least 14 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.08 g / kg DMI results in a methane reduction of about 100 wt% over a period of at least 14 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.12 g / kg DMI results in a methane reduction of about 100 wt% over a period of at least 14 days.

[0590] Figure 15The present disclosure provides methane emission reduction results for the water-based compositions. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.12 g / kg DMI results in a methane reduction of about 100 wt% over a period of at least 2 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.12 g / kg DMI results in a methane reduction of about 100 wt% over a period of at least 2 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.02 g / kg DMI results in a methane reduction of about 99 wt% over a period of at least 14 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.11 g / kg DMI results in a methane reduction of about 99 wt% over a period of at least 14 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.002 g / kg DMI results in a methane reduction of about 99 wt% over a period of at least 14 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.002 g / kg DMI results in a methane reduction of about 100 wt% over a period of at least 14 days. In some embodiments, the water-based composition can result in greater methane reduction (e.g., complete methane reduction) when the dosage of bromoform is about 0.0002 g / kg DMI.

[0591] In some implementation schemes, such as Figure 8-18 As shown, the formulation number, number, or ID refers to the formulation number of the compositions provided in Table 1. In some embodiments, such as Figure 8-18 As shown, dosage refers to the category of bromoform concentration, which is classified as ultra-low, very low, low, moderate, or high. In some implementations, such as Figure 8-18 As shown, dose / frequency refers to the classification of bromoform concentrations into ultra-low, very low, low, moderate, or high, in addition to the variability in the frequency of administration.

[0592] In some implementation schemes, such as Figure 8-18 As shown, the final bromine (mg) per vial refers to the mass of bromoform used in the experiment; for IVFT experiments, the vial is approximately 50 mL, while for rumen simulation experiments, the vial is approximately 500 mL. In some implementation schemes, such as Figure 8-18 As shown, the final concentration (g / kg DMI) refers to the concentration of bromoform, expressed as grams per kilogram of dry matter intake. In some embodiments, the dry matter intake is the total weight of the feed supplemented with bromoform. In some embodiments, the dry matter intake is the total weight of the water supplemented with bromoform. In some embodiments, such as Figure 8-18 As shown, Bioactivity / DMI% refers to the concentration of bioactive substances (such as bromoform), expressed as a percentage of total dry matter intake.

[0593] In some implementation schemes, such as Figure 8-18As shown, CH4 reduction % refers to the percentage reduction in methane compared to a control without bromoform. For example, if the CH4 reduction % is 0%, it means that applying the composition containing bromoform did not result in a reduction in methane. For example, if the CH4 reduction % is 100%, it means that applying the composition containing bromoform resulted in undetectable methane. For example, if the CH4 reduction % is 50%, it means that applying the composition containing bromoform resulted in half the amount of methane detected compared to the control study. For example, if the CH4 reduction % is 90%, it means that applying the composition containing bromoform resulted in one-tenth the amount of methane detected compared to the control study.

[0594] Influence of rumen origin

[0595] Figure 16-18 Results of in vitro fermentation batch tests of the solid, oil-based, and water-based compositions of this disclosure, when performed using bovine rumen and sheep rumen, are provided respectively. Figure 16 IVFT test results for the solid compositions of this disclosure are provided at bromoform dosages ranging from about 0.04 g / kg to about 0.60 g / kg. Figure 17 IVFT test results for the oil-based compositions of this disclosure are provided at bromoform dosages ranging from about 0.04 g / kg to about 0.60 g / kg. Figure 18 IVFT test results for the water-based compositions of this disclosure are provided at bromoform dosages ranging from about 0.04 g / kg to about 0.60 g / kg. In some embodiments, the difference in methane reduction between the bovine rumen and sheep rumen is caused by differences in the preparation of the samples used for the IVFT test (e.g., insufficient mixing). In some embodiments, methane reduction is consistent between the sheep rumen and the bovine rumen. In some embodiments, methane reduction results can be extrapolated from the sheep rumen to the bovine rumen. In some embodiments, methane reduction results measured from the sheep rumen are used to predict methane reduction results from the bovine rumen. In some embodiments, methane reduction results measured from the bovine rumen are used to predict methane reduction results from the sheep rumen.

[0596] Application method

[0597] In some respects, this document provides methods for applying the consumable compositions of this application.

[0598] In some aspects, the method includes (a) providing any of the consumable compositions described herein and (b) diluting the consumable composition in or on feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the method further includes (c) applying feed or water containing the consumable composition to ruminants. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in feed. In some embodiments, dilution in the feed includes coating the feed with the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted with water.

[0599] In some embodiments, the method includes (a) providing a consumable oil-based composition according to any of the preceding claims; and (b) diluting the consumable oil-based composition in or on feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the method further includes (c) applying feed or water containing the consumable composition to ruminants. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in feed. In some embodiments, dilution in feed includes coating the feed with the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted with water.

[0600] In some embodiments, the method includes: (a) providing a consumable water-based composition according to any one of the preceding claims; and (b) diluting the consumable water-based composition in or on feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the method further includes (c) applying feed or water containing the consumable composition to ruminants. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in feed. In some embodiments, dilution in feed includes coating the feed with the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted with water.

[0601] In some embodiments, the method includes: (a) providing a consumable semi-solid composition according to any one of the preceding claims; and (b) diluting the consumable semi-solid composition in or on feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the method further includes (c) applying the feed or water containing the consumable composition to ruminants. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in feed. In some embodiments, dilution in feed includes coating the feed with the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted with water.

[0602] In some embodiments, the method includes: (a) providing a consumable solid composition according to any one of the preceding claims; and (b) diluting the consumable solid composition in or on feed or water for ruminants. In some embodiments, the method further includes (c) applying feed or water containing the consumable composition to ruminants. In some embodiments, diluting the consumable composition in feed. In some embodiments, diluting in feed includes coating the feed with the consumable composition. In some embodiments, diluting the consumable composition with water.

[0603] Any feed suitable for administration to ruminants can be used in the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the feed is any one of bolus, feed pellets, mixed diets, mineral diets, mineral mixtures, mixed diets containing mineral mixtures, or salt licks. In some embodiments, the feed is a bolus. In some embodiments, the feed is a feed pellet. In some embodiments, the feed is a mixed diet. In some embodiments, the feed is a mineral diet. In some embodiments, the feed is a mineral mixture. In some embodiments, the feed is a mixed diet containing mineral mixtures. In some embodiments, the feed is a salt lick.

[0604] In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 0.1 g to about 250 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 0.1 g to about 0.5 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 0.5 g to about 5 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 5 g to about 10 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 10 g to about 25 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 25 g to about 50 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 50 g to about 100 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 100 g to about 150 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, about 150 g to about 200 g of the consumable composition equivalent is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, about 200 g to about 250 g of the consumable composition equivalent is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, about 0.1 g to about 25 g of the consumable composition equivalent is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, about 0.5 g to about 25 g of the consumable composition equivalent is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, about 0.1 g to about 10 g of the consumable composition equivalent is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, about 0.5 g to about 10 g of the consumable composition equivalent is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, about 10 g to about 25 g of the consumable composition equivalent is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, about 1 mL to about 50 mL of the composition of this disclosure is coated per kg of pelleted feed. In some embodiments, about 10 mL to about 40 mL of the composition of this disclosure is coated per kg of pelleted feed. In some embodiments, about 12 mL to about 25 mL of the composition of this disclosure is coated per kg of pelleted feed. In some embodiments, about 1 mL to about 50 mL of the composition of this disclosure is pressed into each kg of pelleted feed. In some embodiments, about 10 mL to about 40 mL of the composition of this disclosure is pressed into each kg of pelleted feed. In some embodiments, about 12 mL to about 25 mL of the composition of this disclosure is pressed into each kg of pelleted feed.

[0605] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in water. In some embodiments, the water is contained in a tank.

[0606] In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 0.5 g to about 30 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water. In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 0.5 g to about 1 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water. In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 1 g to about 2.5 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water. In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 2.5 g to about 5 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water. In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 5 g to about 10 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water. In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 10 g to about 15 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water. In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 15 g to about 20 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water. In some embodiments, an equivalent of about 20 g to about 30 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water.

[0607] In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is from about 50 mg to about 1600 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is from about 50 mg to about 100 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is from about 100 mg to about 150 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is from about 150 mg to about 200 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is from about 250 mg to about 300 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is from about 300 mg to about 350 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is from about 350 mg to about 400 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is from about 400 mg to about 450 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is from about 450 mg to about 500 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 500 mg to about 550 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 550 mg to about 600 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 650 mg to about 700 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 700 mg to about 750 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 750 mg to about 800 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 800 mg to about 850 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 850 mg to about 900 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 900 mg to about 950 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 950 mg to about 1000 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is from about 1000 mg to about 1100 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is from about 1100 mg to about 1200 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is from about 1200 mg to about 1300 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is from about 1300 mg to about 1400 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is from about 1400 mg to about 1600 mg per day.

[0608] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in a pellet. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is concentrated into a pellet. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is formulated into a pellet. In some embodiments, the pellet contains about 0.002 wt% to about 50 wt% of a haloalkane. In some embodiments, the pellet contains about 5 wt% to about 50 wt% of a haloalkane. In some embodiments, the pellet contains about 10 wt% to about 50 wt% of a haloalkane. In some embodiments, the pellet contains about 25 wt% to about 50 wt% of a haloalkane. In some embodiments, the pellet is formulated to release about 50 mg to about 1500 mg of a haloalkane per day. In some embodiments, the pellet is formulated to release about 50 mg to about 100 mg of a haloalkane per day. In some embodiments, the pellet is formulated to release about 50 mg to about 80 mg of a haloalkane per day. In some embodiments, the pellet is formulated to release about 80 mg to about 100 mg of a haloalkane per day. In some embodiments, the pellets are formulated to release approximately 100 mg to approximately 150 mg of haloalkanes daily. In some embodiments, the pellets are formulated to release approximately 150 mg to approximately 200 mg of haloalkanes daily. In some embodiments, two or more pellets are combined to obtain a total mass of haloalkanes. For example, administering two pellets, each containing approximately 25 mg of haloalkanes, yields a dose of approximately 50 mg of haloalkanes to the ruminant. In some embodiments, the pellets are administered to the ruminant daily. In some embodiments, the pellets are administered to the ruminant weekly. In some embodiments, the pellets are administered to the ruminant monthly. In some embodiments, the pellets are administered to the ruminant every six months. For example, a pellet to be administered to the ruminant every six months with a release rate of approximately 50 mg / day of the bioactive substance would contain 9000 mg of the bioactive substance (e.g., haloalkanes). For example, a 30 g pellet formulated to release 50 mg of bromoform daily over a 6-month period would contain approximately 9000 mg of bromoform.

[0609] In some embodiments, the pellet formulation contains a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the pellet formulation contains casein.

[0610] The consumable composition can be applied to ruminants at any suitable location. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is applied to ruminants located in grazing fields. In some aspects, the consumable composition is applied to ruminants located in feedlots. In some aspects, the consumable composition is applied to ruminants located in rangelands.

[0611] like Figure 6As shown, the oil-based composition of this disclosure can be prepared for application to ruminants. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition is combined with feed. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition is coated on top of a total mixed ration (TMR). In some embodiments, the oil-based composition is coated on top of a pelleted feed supplement. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition is pressed into the pelleted feed supplement. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition coated on the mixed ration is applied to ruminants in a feedlot. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition coated on top of a pelleted feed supplement is applied to free-range ruminants. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition pressed into a pelleted feed supplement is applied to free-range ruminants or feedlot ruminants. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition contains bromoform at a concentration of about 1.25 g / L to about 16 g / L. In some embodiments, the oil-based composition is combined with feed. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform in the feed to be applied to ruminants is about 0.001 wt% bromoform to about 0.35 wt% bromoform of the total dry matter intake (DMI). In some embodiments, up to 5 wt% oil (e.g., the weight of oil divided by the total weight of feed ingested) is applied to the ruminant daily. For example, a ruminant consumes 12 kg of feed daily; the feed for such a ruminant is prepared by combining up to 50 mL (e.g., 10 mL) of the oil composition per kg of feed. In some embodiments, about 25 mL of the oil composition is combined with 1 kg of pelleted feed supplement and used to coat the pelleted feed. In some embodiments, about 25 mL of the oil composition is combined with 1 kg of pelleted feed supplement and pressed into the pelleted feed. In some embodiments, about 2 kg of supplement is applied to the ruminant daily. Figure 7As shown, the solid compositions of this disclosure can be prepared for application to ruminants. In some embodiments, the solid composition is mixed on top of a pelleted feed supplement. In some embodiments, the solid composition is pressed into the pelleted feed supplement. In some embodiments, the solid composition is mixed with a mineral mixture. In some embodiments, the solid composition is mixed on top of a total mixed ration (TMR). In some embodiments, the solid composition is mixed with a TMR containing a mineral mixture. In some embodiments, the solid composition is combined with dried distillers' grains. In some embodiments, the solid composition mixed on top of a pelleted feed supplement is applied to free-range ruminants. In some embodiments, the solid composition mixed with a mineral mixture is applied to free-range ruminants. In some embodiments, the solid composition mixed on top of a TMR and a mineral mixture is applied to ruminants in a feedlot. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains bromoform at a concentration of about 10 g / kg solid powder to about 80 g / kg solid powder. In some embodiments, the solid composition contains bromoform at a concentration of about 50 g / kg solid powder to about 75 g / kg solid powder. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises bromoform at a concentration of about 15 g / kg solid powder to about 30 g / kg solid powder. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises bromoform at a concentration of about 15 g / kg solid powder to about 25 g / kg solid powder. In some embodiments, the solid composition is combined with feed. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform in the feed to be administered to ruminants is about 0.0005 wt% bromoform to about 0.25 wt% bromoform of total dry matter intake (DMI). In some embodiments, about 10 g of the solid composition is administered to the ruminants daily. In some embodiments, about 10 g of the solid composition is combined with 2 kg of pelleted feed supplement and up to 50 mL of water to coat the solid composition onto the pelleted feed supplement.

[0612] like Figure 7As shown, the water-based compositions of this disclosure can be prepared for application to ruminants. In some embodiments, the water-based composition is combined with water. In some embodiments, water is applied to free-grazing ruminants via a trough. In some embodiments, water is applied to ruminants in natural pastures via a trough. In some embodiments, water is applied to ruminants in feedlots via a trough. In some embodiments, approximately 40 mL of the water-based composition is applied to ruminants daily. In some embodiments, the water-based composition is further diluted in water. In some embodiments, a volume of the water-based composition is combined with a volume of water. In some embodiments, a volume of the water-based composition is combined with a volume of water sufficient to produce a predetermined concentration of bromoform in a container (e.g., a trough). In some embodiments, the water-based composition is an aqueous fluid. In some embodiments, the water-based composition is an aqueous gel. For example, 8 L of the water-based composition can be diluted with an additional 12 L of water to obtain 20 L of water to be applied to ruminants. In some embodiments, aliquots of the diluted water-based composition can be prepared. In some embodiments, a diluted aqueous composition of 100 mL aliquots is combined with 10 L of water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition contains bromoform at a concentration of about 1 g / L to about 15 g / L before further dilution with water. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform in the container is about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.06 wt% per liter. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform in the container is about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.0005 wt% per liter. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform in the container is about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.001 wt% per liter. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform in the container is about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.006 wt% per liter.

[0613] Increasing the time interval between administrations of the compositions disclosed herein (e.g., those containing bromoform) can improve the efficiency of administering the bioactive compositions to ruminants. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administered to ruminants daily (e.g., about every 24 hours). In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administered to ruminants every other day (e.g., about every 48 hours). In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administered to ruminants about every 72 hours. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administered to ruminants about every 96 hours. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administered to ruminants about every 120 hours. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administered to ruminants about every 6 days. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administered to ruminants about every 7 days. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administered to ruminants about every 10 days. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administered to ruminants about every 14 days. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administered to ruminants about every 30 days. In some embodiments, the composition disclosed herein is administered to the ruminants approximately every 60 hours. In some embodiments, the composition disclosed herein is administered to the ruminants approximately every 3 months. In some embodiments, the composition disclosed herein is administered to the ruminants approximately every 4 months. In some embodiments, the composition disclosed herein is administered to the ruminants approximately every 5 months. In some embodiments, the composition disclosed herein is administered to the ruminants approximately every 6 months. In some embodiments, the composition disclosed herein is administered to the ruminants approximately every 1 year.

[0614] In some embodiments, the pelleted feed comprises a dry material and an oil component (e.g., an oil-based composition of this disclosure). In some embodiments, the pelleted feed comprises a dry material and an aqueous component (e.g., an aqueous composition of this disclosure). In some embodiments, the pelleted feed comprises a dry material. In some embodiments, pelleted feed comprising a composition of this disclosure pressed into the interior exhibits greater stability than pelleted feed comprising a composition of this disclosure coated on the exterior. In some embodiments, stability includes chemical stability (e.g., stability of halogenated alkanes in the composition or feed). The pressed pelleted feed is prepared according to methods known in the art.

[0615] Palatability

[0616] In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure may include increased palatability for ruminants. In some embodiments, palatability can be assessed by measuring weight gain over a period of time. In some embodiments, palatability can be assessed by measuring the consumption rate of a feed containing the compositions of this disclosure. In some embodiments, the palatability of the compositions of this disclosure is assessed relative to a control feed that does not contain a bioactive composition. In some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure are more palatable to ruminants than compositions containing macroalgae.

[0617] In some embodiments, the palatability of the composition is an indicator of the consumption of feed or water containing the composition. In some instances, ruminants may not consume the same amount of feed containing a less palatable composition as a feed containing a more palatable composition. In some embodiments, feed intake is an indicator of methane reduction. For example, ruminants consuming larger amounts of feed containing the compositions of this disclosure may have a greater methane reduction than other ruminants in similar conditions consuming smaller amounts of feed containing the compositions of this disclosure. In some embodiments, ruminants consuming larger amounts of feed containing the compositions of this disclosure excrete less methane by volume (or mass) than other ruminants in similar conditions consuming smaller amounts of feed containing the compositions of this disclosure.

[0618] In some embodiments, the palatability of the compositions of this disclosure is evaluated relative to another composition of this disclosure that does not contain a specific component (e.g., contains or does not contain MSG, contains or does not contain canola oil). Figure 19a and Figure 19e As shown, ruminants consume feed containing canola oil at an average rate approximately three times higher than feed without canola oil as a flavor enhancer. In some embodiments, compositions containing vegetable oil are more palatable than compositions without vegetable oil. In some embodiments, compositions containing vegetable oil are consumed by ruminants at a higher rate than compositions without vegetable oil. In some embodiments, compositions containing vegetable oil are consumed by ruminants at a rate approximately two times higher than compositions without vegetable oil. In some embodiments, compositions containing vegetable oil are consumed by ruminants at a rate approximately three times higher than compositions without vegetable oil. In some embodiments, compositions containing vegetable oil are consumed by ruminants at a rate approximately four times higher than compositions without vegetable oil.

[0619] In some embodiments, compositions containing lower concentrations of MCT are more palatable than compositions containing higher concentrations of MCT. In some embodiments, compositions containing lower concentrations of MCT are consumed at a higher rate than compositions containing higher concentrations of MCT. In some embodiments, compositions containing lower concentrations of MCT are consumed at approximately twice the rate of consumption of compositions containing higher concentrations of MCT. In some embodiments, compositions containing lower concentrations of MCT are consumed at approximately three times the rate of consumption of compositions containing higher concentrations of MCT. In some embodiments, compositions containing lower concentrations of MCT are consumed at approximately four times the rate of consumption of compositions containing higher concentrations of MCT. For example, as... Figure 19a As shown, consuming a composition containing only MCT and no vegetable-based oils takes approximately 35-60 minutes, while... Figure 19e As shown, the composition containing MCT and canola oil is consumed within approximately 15 minutes. For example, as... Figure 19d As shown, ruminants consume pelleted feed containing MSG and without MSG within approximately 15 minutes.

[0620] In some embodiments, compositions containing short-chain oils are more palatable than compositions not containing short-chain oils. In some embodiments, compositions containing short-chain oils are consumed by ruminants at a higher rate than compositions not containing short-chain oils. In some embodiments, compositions containing short-chain oils are consumed by ruminants at approximately 2 times the rate of consumption compared to compositions not containing short-chain oils. In some embodiments, compositions containing short-chain oils are consumed by ruminants at approximately 3 times the rate of consumption compared to compositions not containing short-chain oils. In some embodiments, compositions containing short-chain oils are consumed by ruminants at approximately 4 times the rate of consumption compared to compositions not containing short-chain oils.

[0621] In some embodiments, the palatability of the compositions of this disclosure is evaluated relative to another composition of this disclosure containing different concentrations of the component (e.g., 4 g / L bromoform versus 8 g / L bromoform). In some examples, such as Figure 19a and Figure 19b As shown, the concentration of bromoform in the composition may have minimal effect on the palatability of the composition. In some instances, the concentration of bromoform in the composition may have minimal effect on the palatability of the compositions of this disclosure.

[0622] In some embodiments, the palatability of the compositions disclosed herein is evaluated in relation to the form of the composition (e.g., block vs. pellet vs. powder, or coated on pelleted feed vs. pressed into pelleted feed). For example, as Figure 19cAs shown, the powdered composition is more palatable than the pelleted composition. In some embodiments, ruminants consume the composition coated on the pellets in an average of 35-60 minutes, while ruminants consume the composition pressed into the pellets in an average of 15 minutes. In some embodiments, the composition pressed into the pellets is more palatable than the composition coated on the pellets. In some embodiments, the composition pressed into the pellets is consumed by ruminants at a rate approximately 3 times higher than the composition coated on the pellets. In some embodiments, the powdered composition is more palatable than the pelleted or block-shaped composition.

[0623] In some embodiments, ruminants gain about 1% or more of body weight over a period of about one week when consuming feed containing flavor enhancers, compared to when consuming ingestible products without flavor enhancers. In some embodiments, ruminants gain about 1% or more of body weight over a period of about two weeks when consuming ingestible products containing flavor enhancers, compared to when consuming ingestible products without flavor enhancers. In some embodiments, ruminants gain about 5% or more of body weight over a period of about one week when consuming ingestible products containing flavor enhancers, compared to when consuming ingestible products without flavor enhancers. In some embodiments, ruminants gain about 5% or more of body weight over a period of about two weeks when consuming ingestible products containing flavor enhancers, compared to when consuming ingestible products without flavor enhancers.

[0624] Example

[0625] The following embodiments are provided to further illustrate some implementations of this disclosure, but are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure; by their exemplary nature it will be understood that other processes, methods or techniques known to those skilled in the art may be used alternatively.

[0626] Example 1: Formulation Composition

[0627] Table 1 provides examples of compositions of the present disclosure.

[0628] Table 1: Exemplary Compositions

[0629] The concentration of bromoform can be adjusted for each composition in Table 1 as needed for dosage. In some embodiments, when combined with other similar non-biologically active compositions (e.g., diluted stock solutions), the concentration of bromoform is adjusted by increasing or decreasing the volume of the stock solution (e.g., a spiked solution or an active stock solution).

[0630] Formulas 9i, 10i, and 17i are identical in composition to formulas 9, 10, and 17, respectively. The IVFT and rumen simulation experimental results corresponding to formulas 9, 10, and 17 are represented by 9i, 10i, and 17i, respectively.

[0631] Example 2: Synthetic oil-based composition, formulation number 31

[0632] Figure 1 The diagram shows a general schematic illustrating how to prepare the oil-based composition. To prepare approximately 25 L of an oil-based composition with a concentration of approximately 14 g / L (g bromoform per liter), approximately 350 g (121.1 mL) of bromoform is dissolved in 500 mL of ethanol. The bromoform and ethanol solution is mixed with approximately 1250 mL of MCT. The solution containing bromoform, ethanol, and MCT is mixed with 23.2 L of canola oil to achieve the final dilution and obtain 25 L of the composition.

[0633] Example 3: Synthetic oil-based composition, formulation number 32

[0634] Figure 1 This diagram illustrates a general method for preparing an oil-based composition. To prepare approximately 1 L of the oil-based composition, a predetermined mass of bromoform is dissolved in ethanol, the mass determined by the expected dose or concentration of bromoform required for the final product or composition. The mass of bromoform dissolved in ethanol can be from approximately 1 g to approximately 20 g. The volume of ethanol is kept to a minimum, not exceeding 20 mL. The bromoform and ethanol solution is mixed with approximately 50 mL of MCT. Approximately 10 mL of Koliphor® is added to the solution, and the composition is then diluted with approximately 920 mL of canola oil to obtain 1 L of the oil-based composition.

[0635] Example 4: Synthesis of an oil-based composition containing essential oils

[0636] Figure 1This diagram illustrates a general method for preparing an oil-based composition. To prepare approximately 1 L of the oil-based composition, a predetermined mass of bromoform is dissolved in ethanol, the mass determined by the expected dose or concentration of bromoform required for the final product or composition. The mass of bromoform dissolved in ethanol can be from approximately 1 g to approximately 20 g. The volume of ethanol is kept to a minimum, not exceeding 20 mL. The bromoform and ethanol solution is mixed with approximately 50 mL of essential oil (e.g., citrus oil), and then mixed with 50 mL of MCT. This solution is then mixed with approximately 890 mL of canola oil to reach the final dilution, yielding 1 L of the oil-based composition.

[0637] Example 5: Synthesis of a water-based composition, formulation number 19

[0638] Figure 2 A general schematic diagram illustrating how to prepare a water-based composition is shown. A synthetic method is provided to obtain approximately 20 L of a water-based composition having a bromoform concentration of approximately 0.75 wt%. 150 g (approximately 52 mL) of bromoform is combined with 10 mL of ethanol, and then with 1000 mL of MCT to obtain an oil-active component. The oil-active component is vigorously mixed. Aqueous components are prepared separately by combining 20 g of xanthan gum and 500 mL of water and vigorously mixing, and by blending the two components. The xanthan gum mixture is poured into approximately 18 L of water. 472 g of Tween is added to the aqueous component and mixed. The oil-active component and aqueous component are combined and vigorously mixed; thereafter, the combined oil-active component and aqueous component are sonicated for 15 minutes to produce the final water-based composition.

[0639] By adjusting the mass of bromoform used, similar compositions can be produced at different dosages. For example, a similar composition having a bromoform dosage concentration of about 0.1 wt% can be prepared by adding about 20 g of bromoform to ethanol.

[0640] Example 6: Synthesis of a solid composition, formulation number 20

[0641] Figure 3A general schematic diagram of how to prepare a solid composition is shown. A synthetic method is provided to obtain about 6.5 kg of a solid composition. About 159 g (55 mL) of bromoform is combined with about 100 mL of ethanol, and then with about 300 mL of MCT. Separately, 4125 g of milk powder is vigorously mixed with about 5000 g of water. Separately, about 2300 g of gelatin is vigorously mixed with 9000 g of water. The milk powder mixture and the bromoform mixture are combined, and then combined with the gelatin mixture. The mixture of all components is blended together and vigorously mixed until the mixture is almost solidified (e.g., has a certain degree of fluidity). The mixture is then poured into a pan or mold and cooled in a refrigerator. After cooling, the solidified mixture is chopped. The chopped mixture is then dried, optionally with additional heating, to evaporate at least 95 wt% of the water in the mixture. The resulting dry mixture is ground or pulverized to produce a powdered solid composition.

[0642] In some embodiments, the composition can be used as a semi-solid composition by omitting the drying and grinding steps.

[0643] Example 7: Synthesis of a solid composition containing agar

[0644] Figure 4 A general schematic diagram of how to prepare a solid composition is shown. A synthetic method is provided to obtain about 7.5 kg of a solid composition. About 89.4 g of bromoform is combined with about 232 mL of MCT. Separately, about 4640 g of milk powder is vigorously mixed with 2700 g of water. Separately, about 1390 g of agar and 773 g of corn flour are combined and vigorously mixed with about 1550 g of water at a temperature of about 1°C to about 10°C. The agar mixture is simmered in water for about 30 minutes, then the mixture is brought to a boil and simmered for about 20 minutes. The bromoform mixture, milk powder mixture, and agar mixture are mixed together and vigorously mixed. About 387 g of xanthan gum is added to the combined mixture, and the entire mixture is mixed until it is almost solidified (e.g., has some fluidity). The mixture is then poured into a dish or mold and cooled in a refrigerator. After cooling, the solidified mixture is chopped. The chopped mixture is then dried, optionally with additional heating, to evaporate at least 95 wt% of the water in the mixture. The resulting dry mixture is ground or pulverized to produce a powdered solid composition.

[0645] In some embodiments, the composition is provided as a semi-solid composition by omitting the drying and grinding steps.

[0646] Example 8: Synthesis of a semi-solid composition (aqueous gel)

[0647] Figure 5A general schematic diagram showing how to prepare a semi-solid composition is illustrated. To form approximately 1 kg of aqueous gel, an aqueous component containing 20 g of xanthan gum is blended and mixed with 270 g of water. 400 g of Tween is added to the aqueous component. Separately, an oil-active component is prepared by dissolving 150 g of bromoform in approximately 10 g of ethanol and mixing it with 150 g of MCT. The aqueous and oil-active components are combined and blended together and vigorously mixed. The resulting composition is sonicated for approximately 15 minutes to obtain an emulsion. This emulsion can be combined with water (e.g., 20 L of water) at a later stage to obtain an aqueous gel composition with a bromoform concentration of 7.5 mg / mL.

[0648] Example 9: In vitro methane reduction measurement: In vitro fermentation (IVFT)

[0649] The day before the IVFT experiment, the feed matrix and oat bran were added to 50 mL vials and placed in an anaerobic chamber to remove oxygen. On the day of the IVFT experiment, rumen fluid and digestate (UWA ethics approval number 2021 / ET001086) were collected from fistulated sheep and immediately sent to the laboratory, where they were filtered to remove large feed particles. The rumen fluid and digestate were transferred to the anaerobic chamber and mixed with buffer. In the anaerobic chamber, the composition provided in Table 1 was added to vials containing the feed matrix. Rumen inoculum was added to the vials. The mixture in the vials was incubated for 24 hours. Gas production was measured using a pressure sensor, and the gas was sampled twice by gas chromatography for methane quantification. Total gas production was measured to provide an indication of total microbial fermentation. In some instances, fermentation end products such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia were measured from the liquid phase. Each composition provided in Table 1 was tested in triplicate and compared with a batch of oat bran control or directly with a carrier (e.g., a composition without bromoform active ingredient).

[0650] For all compositions of this disclosure tested, differences between formulations were analyzed by one-way ANOVA in JMP 15.2.0 (SAS Institute, Inc.), and the mean values ​​were compared by Tukey-Kramer HSD post-hoc test.

[0651] Figures 8 to 12 The IVFT test results for bromoform at different concentrations (e.g., dosages) of the compositions in Table 1 are shown.

[0652] Example 10: In vitro methane reduction measurement: Rumosaic simulation experiment

[0653] Rumen fluid and digestate collected from fistula-treated sheep (UWA Ethics Approval No. 2021 / ET001086) were mixed with buffer and added to a 500 mL fermenter. Feed (e.g., oat bran) was contained in two nylon bags (15 g each) within the fermenter. One of the nylon bags was replaced daily during the experiment. A constant flow of buffer entering the fermenter was used to maintain a normal rumen pH of 6.0–7.0. The first seven days of the experiment were a pretreatment period for system stabilization. On day eight, the feed was combined with the compositions of this disclosure provided in Table 1, wherein the compositions may contain different concentrations (e.g., dosages) of bromoform. The compositions of this disclosure were added to the daily-replaced nylon bag during the period from day eight to day twenty-one of the experiment. Gases produced by each fermenter were collected and measured daily, with samples taken for methane quantification by gas chromatography. Fermentation broth samples were collected three times during the experiments used to analyze volatile fatty acids and ammonia.

[0654] Figures 13 to 15 The results of rumen simulation experiments with different concentrations (e.g., doses) of bromoform in the compositions shown in Table 1 are presented.

[0655] Example 11: Measurement of in vivo methane production: respiration chamber

[0656] The compositions of this disclosure, as provided in Table 1, are combined with a ruminant feed (e.g., pelleted feed). The ruminants are administered the feed containing a predetermined concentration of bromoform in a breathing chamber. The ruminants are kept in the breathing chamber for 24 hours to up to 48 hours. The breathing chamber is the gold standard known in the art and is used to detect and quantify methane excreted from the ruminants.

[0657] Example 12: Oil composition coated on total mixed ration and its application

[0658] Oil-based compositions of the present disclosure are provided as shown in Table 1. 10 mL of an oil-based composition containing different concentrations of bromoform (e.g., 1.25 g / L, 3.33 g / L, 5.83 g / L) is coated (e.g., dispersed) onto 12 kg of mixed diet for use in ruminants in a feedlot. Figure 6 Examples of oil-based compositions for use with ruminant feeds are shown (e.g., mixed on a total mixed ration, mixed on pelleted feed, or pressed into pelleted feed).

[0659] Example 13: Oil composition containing pelleted feed supplement and its application

[0660] The oil-based compositions of this disclosure, as provided in Table 1, are offered in oil compositions at different concentrations of bromoform (e.g., 3 g / L, 4 g / L, 8 g / L, 14 g / L, 16 g / L). 25 mL of the oil composition is mixed with 1 kg of pelleted feed supplement, such that the oil composition coats the surface of the pellets.

[0661] Alternatively, 25 mL of the oil composition may be pressed into a total of 1 kg of pelleted feed supplement.

[0662] Administer approximately 2 kg of pelleted feed supplement containing the oil composition to free-range or pasture-raised ruminants daily.

[0663] Figure 6 Examples of oil-based compositions for use with ruminant feeds are shown (e.g., mixed on a total mixed ration, mixed on pelleted feed, or pressed into pelleted feed).

[0664] Example 14: Solid composition mixed on top of pelleted feed supplement

[0665] The solid compositions of this disclosure, as provided in Table 1, are offered at different concentrations of bromoform (e.g., 10 g / kg, 30 g / kg, 50 g / kg bromoform per kilogram of solid composition). 10 g of the solid composition is mixed with 2 kg of pelleted feed supplement and approximately 50 mL of water to coat and adhere the solid composition (e.g., in powder form) to the pelleted feed. The pelleted feed containing the bioactive coating is applied to free-range ruminants. Figure 7 Examples of solid compositions for use with ruminant feed combinations are shown (e.g., mixed on top of pelleted feed supplements, mixed in with mineral mixtures, mixed on top of total mixed rations). In some embodiments, the total mixed ration contains a mineral mixture.

[0666] Example 15: Solid composition containing a mineral mixture

[0667] The solid compositions of this disclosure, as provided in Table 1, are offered in different concentrations of bromoform (e.g., 25 g bromoform per kg of solid composition). A mineral mixture for free-range ruminants weighing approximately 300 kg is prepared such that 9 g of solid composition and 900 g of dried distillers grains are mixed into the mineral mixture for daily consumption (900 g DDG and 9 g solid composition / head / day).

[0668] Alternatively, the prepared mineral mixture can be further combined with a total mixed ration (TMR) to allow the ruminants to be fed approximately 11 kg of feed per day.

[0669] Figure 7Examples of solid compositions for use with ruminant feed combinations are shown (e.g., mixed on top of pelleted feed supplements, mixed in with mineral mixtures, mixed on top of total mixed rations). In some embodiments, the total mixed ration contains a mineral mixture.

[0670] Example 16: Water composition in a tank

[0671] The water-based compositions of this disclosure, as provided in Table 1, are supplied in different concentrations of bromoform (e.g., 1 g / L, 3.75 g / L, 7.5 g / L, 15 g / L bromoform / L water composition). To prepare 20 L of water containing the water-based composition for application to cattle in hard-to-reach, grazing, and natural pastures, 8 L of the water-based composition is diluted with 12 L of water. 20 L batches are produced for grazing cattle or cattle in dry environmental conditions (e.g., 30% or lower humidity).

[0672] A composition containing 8L of water-based composition and 12L of water can be used to produce 100mL aliquots, of which 40mL of water is water-based composition, which is combined into 10L of water and applied to ruminants via a trough.

[0673] Example 17: Administration of a consumable composition to ruminants

[0674] The compositions of this disclosure are provided as shown in Table 1. Depending on the properties (e.g., oil-based, water-based, solid) of the compositions in Examples 11-15, the compositions are combined with pelleted feed, mineral mixtures, total mixed rations, or trough feeds. The concentration or dosage of bromoform in each composition can be adjusted according to the target dosage. The compositions combined with feed or water are provided to ruminants for ingestion. The ruminants ingest at least some or all of the feed or water containing the compositions of this disclosure.

[0675] Example 18: Measuring feed intake as an indicator of palatability

[0676] The compositions of this disclosure, as shown in Table 1, are provided and contain flavor enhancers. Nine heifers were fed approximately 10-16 kg of EasyBeef pellets (1.1-1.8 kg EasyBeef pellets / head) daily for 10 days without the compositions. Feeding behavior was recorded daily by video for retrospective analysis. In addition to the pellets, the ruminants had free access to water and pasture (kikuyu and clover), and were provided with fresh oat hay daily. After a 10-day acclimatization period, the ruminants were weighed, their body condition was assessed, and blood and rumen fluid samples were collected. After the acclimatization period, the ruminants were fed 16 kg of target feed containing the compositions of this disclosure daily for two weeks. At the end of the two-week sampling period, the ruminants were weighed, their body condition was assessed, and blood and rumen fluid samples were collected. Before sampling another composition of this disclosure, the ruminants were readjusted by feeding them plain pellets (16 kg per day) for about 1-2 weeks.

[0677] Centrifuge blood samples to extract plasma and serum, then freeze them. Immediately after collection, measure the pH of the rumen fluid using pH test paper and preserve the samples. One sample is placed in 25% (v / v) orthophosphoric acid for volatile fatty acid (VFA) analysis, while the other sample, containing only rumen fluid, is used for NH3 analysis. Rumen samples are placed on ice and frozen immediately after collection.

[0678] The palatability of the compositions can be understood by comparing autonomous feed intake, the average weight gain or consumption rate of baseline feeds, and the composition of the present invention with or without a certain component (e.g., with vegetable oil vs. without vegetable oil). All compositions were autonomously ingested by ruminants. When the feed contained compositions with flavor enhancers, ruminants autonomously ingested a larger proportion of the feed or ingested the feed at a higher rate compared to feeds containing compositions without flavor enhancers. Alternatively, when the feed contained compositions with lower concentrations of MCT and flavor enhancers, ruminants autonomously ingested a larger proportion of the feed or ingested the feed at a higher rate compared to feeds containing higher concentrations of MCT and flavor enhancers.

[0679] Example 19: Palatability test of treatment 1 using formulation number 11 (4 g bromoform per liter of oil composition)

[0680] After a 10-day acclimatization period with regular pelleted feed, begin feeding the animals 18 kg of pelleted feed, adding 25 ml of treatment agent 1 per kg of pelleted feed. The treatment agent is hand-mixed in batches of 2 kg of pelleted feed, then poured into a larger container and hand-mixed again to ensure even coating of the pellets. On day 3, reduce the amount of pelleted feed provided to 10 kg, then slowly increase it to a total of 16 kg at the end of the treatment period.

[0681] The animals were initially fed 2 kg of treated pellets. On Day 1, all animals ate quite quickly, seemingly unaffected by the treatment. On Day 2, 4 of the 9 animals lost interest in the food and ate very little pellets, while the other 5 animals finished all the food, each consuming over 2 kg. The animals needed 35–60 minutes each day to completely consume all the provided food, during which time untreated pellets were typically consumed much faster (15–20 minutes). Acceptance of the treated pellets varied throughout the treatment period and between different animals; some animals ate more on certain days and not on others. Dominance hierarchy appeared to play a role in food acceptance, with dominant animals pushing smaller animals away from the food. Other factors such as weather and prior hay consumption may also have influenced food acceptance. There were many rainy days during this treatment period.

[0682] Weight was measured the day after the two-week treatment period ended, showing an average weight gain of 10.7 kg compared to pre-treatment levels. Angus heifers ate the most and gained the most weight, with animals 3 and 9 gaining 27 kg and 21 kg respectively. Animals 4 and 6 were very picky eaters, ate little, and had lower Body Condition Scores (BCS). Results are shown below. Figure 19a .

[0683] Impressions from observation: Acceptance of the treated feed varied, and initially some animals did not eat much pelleted feed. Most animals adapted to the treated feed within a few days, consuming large amounts of feed daily and gaining weight by the end of the treatment period. Although the animals were less enthusiastic about the treated feed than about the untreated pelleted feed, they did consume all the treated feed offered. Treated feed 1 was palatable enough that the animals were able to consume the treated pelleted feed independently.

[0684] Example 20: Palatability test of treatment 2 using formulation number 11 (8 g bromoform per liter of oil composition)

[0685] Treatment 2 was the same as Treatment 1, manually mixed in 2 kg batches at a concentration of 25 mL per kg of pellets. The treatment period began with a total of 10 kg of pellets per day (250 mL of treatment) and increased to 12 kg (300 mL of treatment) per day based on acceptance. On day 9 of Treatment 2, a sweet-smelling masking agent was added to 12 kg of treated pellets at a concentration of 2.5 mL / kg. In the following days of Treatment 2 (days 10–14), the masking agent was mixed with half (6 kg) of the treated pellets and served to the animals in a separate trough to compare preference with unmasked pellets (Table 2).

[0686] Food intake varied among the animals, with the dominant animals (animals 9 and 3) still consuming the majority of the food. A few animals did not eat anything on the first day and ate only a small amount on the second day. Most animals stopped eating before all the treated pellets were consumed, while the remaining animals took approximately 35-60 minutes to stop eating. By day 3, the amount of food provided was increased to 12 kg, and since the animals did not finish all the treated pellets, this was not increased further; 12 kg was the maximum cutoff. On day 9 of treatment, a sweet masking agent provided by Rumin8 was added to the treated pellets to increase acceptance. On day 9, the animals' acceptance of the masking agent did not increase immediately. In the following days (days 10-14), the masking agent was added to half of the treated pellets, and the other half was not, to test preferences. Masked and unmasked pellets were provided simultaneously in separate troughs. Initially, the preference was not obvious, but it became apparent in the following days that the animals had a slight preference for the pellets containing the masking agent. Interestingly, even though masking agents increased the likelihood of animals consuming the treated pellets, they did not increase the amount of pellets consumed. In other words, masking agents appeared to attract animals to eat, but did not increase the amount ingested.

[0687] Following Treatment 2, the average weight gain of heifers was 25 ± 10 kg compared to the weight measured after Treatment 1. The actual amount of hay provided and consumed, as well as the amount of forage available in the paddock, is unclear, but forage growth in the paddock increased over the following weeks as the weather warmed. Results are shown in... Figure 19b .

[0688] Impressions from observation: During the trial, Treatment 2 was the least accepted of all tested treatments, with animals consuming at most 10-12 kg of treated pellets per day. Animals appeared to prefer pellets mixed with the sweetener compared to pellets without the sweetener, but this did not increase food consumption. Similarly, this feed remained palatable enough to be voluntarily consumed when there was ample free-grazing pasture nearby.

[0689] Example 21: Palatability test of treatment 3 using formula number 10 (block vs. powder vs. granules)

[0690] Treatment 3 initially consisted of a rubbery, cheesy substance, manually applied to the pelleted feed at a concentration of 10 g / kg pellets, starting with a total of 12 kg of pellets (120 g of treatment). The lumps did not mix evenly with the pellets and tended to fall to the bottom of the trough. On day 1 of treatment, the animals consumed the provided feed quickly, but a large amount of treatment lumps remained at the bottom of the trough. From day 2 onwards, a small amount of flavor enhancer was mixed with the treatment to potentially enhance the flavor of the treatment residue and increase its acceptance and intake. All animals consumed the treated pellets quickly, finishing the feed within 15 minutes on most days. By day 4, the feed provided was increased to 16 kg and maintained throughout the treatment 3 period. On day 5, due to the availability of more dried products, the treatment type was changed from lumps to pellets, which adhered better to the pellets, but still did not coat the pellets evenly and tended to fall to the bottom of the trough. Some animals were observed licking the treatment in the trough.

[0691] Furthermore, their saliva production also increased. The last formula is in powder form, used starting from day 9, which adheres better to the pellets and coats them more evenly.

[0692] Sampling was performed at the end of treatment period 3, but unfortunately, weighing of the cattle could not be achieved due to operational issues. Given the cattle's good feed intake and high body condition scores, weight gain in all animals was expected. Results are shown below. Figure 19c .

[0693] Impressions from observation: Overall, the animals accepted treatment 3 very well and consumed it quickly, with some animals observed licking the treatment from the bottom of the trough. This is likely due to the addition of flavor enhancers, which made the treatment more appetizing for the animals. The fine powder formulation was superior to other formulations in adhering to and uniformly coating the pelleted feed.

[0694] Example 22: Palatability test of treatment 4 using formulations 25 and 26 (without MSG vs. MSG, respectively)

[0695] Treatment Phase 4 began using two forms of powder formulation, "T+" and "T-". One contained additional ingredients (T+ type, 10% MSG), and the other did not (T- type). The two types of feed were compared to determine if the animals preferred one. The treatment phase began with a total of 16 kg of pelleted feed, with 8 kg mixed with 45 gm T+ (5.625 g / kg pellets) and another 8 kg mixed with 45 gm T- (5.625 g / kg pellets), served in separate troughs. Both treatment types were manually mixed with EasyBeef pellets in 2 kg batches, with approximately 150 ml of water added during mixing to improve adhesion of the treatment powder to the pellet surface. After the water was added, the treatment powder evenly coated the pellets, with only a small amount falling to the bottom of the trough.

[0696] Animals consumed 16 kg of treated pellets daily during the treatment period, finishing the provided food within approximately 15 minutes each day. On days 1 and 2, the cows appeared to prefer the T+ type of treatment, but this preference became less pronounced over the two-week trial. Therefore, overall, the animals did not show a clear preference for one type of treatment over the other, and both types were consumed equally rapidly. After all the pellets were consumed, some animals were observed licking the bottom of the feeding trough, containing small amounts of residual treatment powder. Results are shown in... Figure 19d .

[0697] Observation Impression

[0698] Active feeding behavior and rapid consumption time indicate that the treated feed has high palatability, and there is no difference in preference between the two types. The treated feed adheres well to the pelleted feed and can be evenly coated when mixed with a small amount of water.

[0699] Example 23: Palatability test of treatment 6 using formula number 23 (oil composition containing rapeseed oil at 4 g bromoform per liter)

[0700] Treatment 6 began with an oily formulation of EasyBeef pellets at a concentration of 25 ml / kg pellets. The treatment was hand-mixed in 2 kg batches to ensure even coating. During the treatment, animals were given 16 kg of treated pellets daily. On Day 1, before the treated pellets were provided, the animals were fed hay, and all but two animals paid no attention to the pellets in the troughs as they were busy eating hay. The troughs containing the pellets were then moved closer to the animals, and once noticed, all animals moved to the troughs and quickly consumed the treated pellets before returning to hay. The first two animals to eat the pellets consumed excessive amounts of the treated pellets and subsequently lost their appetite on the second day, refusing to eat any pellets. For most days, the animals consumed all the provided pellets within 15 minutes, and bullying behavior by some dominant animals was observed. Results are shown below. Figure 19e .

[0701] Observation Impression

[0702] During the treatment period, the animals rapidly consume all the food provided each day. Feeding behavior suggests that the animals are not deterred by the smell or taste of the oil-treated feed and prefer the coated pellets, even over the provided oat hay. While the animals readily accept this treatment, it is noteworthy that when each animal consumes more than 3 kg of treated pellets, it often leads to a decrease in appetite for the following days.

[0703] While preferred embodiments of this disclosure have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these embodiments are provided by way of example only. Many variations, modifications, and substitutions will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from this disclosure. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of this disclosure described herein may be employed in carrying out this disclosure. The following claims are intended to define the scope of this disclosure, and the methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents are thereby covered. The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

Claims

1. A consumable composition comprising (i) a haloalkane and (ii) one or more medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), wherein the haloalkane comprises 1-6 carbons, the MCT comprises one or more alkyl chains, and at least one of the one or more alkyl chains comprises 6-12 carbon atoms.

2. A consumable solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and (iii) a protein or milk fat, wherein the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein.

3. A consumable semi-solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a coagulant and (iii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT).

4. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a coagulant.

5. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the coagulant is gum, agar, starch, flour or gelatin.

6. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the coagulant is a resin.

7. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the coagulant comprises gelatin.

8. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the coagulant comprises agar.

9. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% of total coagulant.

10. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises about 35 wt% of a coagulant.

11. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises about 25 wt% of a coagulant.

12. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises about 0.001 wt% to about 0.5 wt% of a coagulant.

13. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt% of a coagulant.

14. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition further comprises a stabilizer.

15. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the stabilizer is a globular protein, milk protein, or milk fat.

16. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the stabilizer is a globular protein or a milk protein.

17. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the milk protein is casein.

18. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the globular protein, the milk protein and / or the milk fat are derived from mammals.

19. A consumable water-based composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and (iii) water containing a thickener.

20. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the thickener comprises a polysaccharide.

21. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the thickener comprises a plant-based gum.

22. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the plant-based gum is xanthan gum.

23. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of the thickener to the haloalkane is about 1:10 to about 1:

5.

24. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of the thickener to the haloalkane is about 1:8 to about 1:

7.

25. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the density of water containing the thickener is greater than the density of water not containing the thickener.

26. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the water containing the thickener has a density of about 1.01 g / mL to about 1.06 g / mL at 20 degrees Celsius.

27. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a larger amount of the haloalkane is suspended in the whole water containing the thickener compared to other water that does not contain the thickener.

28. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least 90% more of the haloalkane is suspended in the whole water containing the thickener compared to water that does not contain the thickener.

29. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition further comprises one or more emulsifiers.

30. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises two emulsifiers.

31. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the emulsifier in the one or more emulsifiers is polysorbate.

32. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the emulsifier in the one or more emulsifiers is a plant-based lecithin (e.g., soybean lecithin or sunflower lecithin).

33. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of the emulsifier to the MCT is about 1:1 to about 1:

3.

34. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of the emulsifier to the MCT is about 1:

2.

35. An oil-based consumable composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a vegetable oil, and (iii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT).

36. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the plant-based oil is a vegetable oil.

37. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the vegetable oil comprises rapeseed oil.

38. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of MCT to the vegetable base oil is about 1:100 to about 50:

100.

39. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of MCT to the vegetable base oil is from about 3:97 to about 10:

90.

40. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of MCT to the vegetable-based oil is about 5:

95.

41. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition further comprises one or more short-chain oils.

42. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more short-chain oils are essential oils.

43. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the short-chain oil comprises citrus oil or orange oil.

44. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition further comprises a bioavailability enhancer.

45. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the bioavailability enhancer is an emulsifier and / or a stabilizer.

46. ​​The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the bioavailability enhancer comprises a polymer of castor oil.

47. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of the bioavailability enhancer to the MCT is about 1:100 to about 10:

100.

48. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the MCT comprises one or more alkyl chains, and at least one of the one or more alkyl chains of the MCT comprises 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

49. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the two or more alkyl chains of said MCT comprise 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

50. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein each alkyl chain of said MCT comprises 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

51. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein each alkyl chain of the MCT independently comprises 8 carbon atoms, 10 carbon atoms, or 12 carbon atoms.

52. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the MCT is decanoic acid triglyceride.

53. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is a solid composition, and the composition further comprises a stabilizer, wherein the stabilizer is a globular protein, a milk protein, or a milk fat.

54. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is a non-solid (e.g., semi-solid or fluid) composition.

55. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is a semi-solid, and wherein the semi-solid is a gel or jelly.

56. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of MCT to the stabilizer is about 1:99 to about 10:

90.

57. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of MCT to the stabilizer is about 5:

95.

58. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of the haloalkane to the MCT is about 1:99 to about 1:

1.

59. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of the haloalkane to the MCT is about 10:90 to about 30:

70.

60. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 33 wt%.

61. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.03 wt% to about 7 wt%.

62. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.03 wt% to about 5 wt%.

63. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition may have an improvement of at least 20% (e.g., at least 50% or at least 100%) in chemical and / or physical stability relative to other similar compositions that do not contain a stabilizer.

64. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition can increase animal consumption by at least 20% (e.g., at least 50% or at least 100%) compared to other similar compositions that do not contain stabilizers.

65. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition can increase animal consumption by at least 20% (e.g., at least 50% or at least 100%) compared to other similar compositions that do not contain vegetable oil.

66. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition can increase animal consumption by at least 20% (e.g., at least 50%, or at least 100%) relative to other similar compositions containing a larger amount of MCT.

67. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt%.

68. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.001 wt% to about 8 wt%.

69. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt%.

70. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 3 wt%.

71. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%.

72. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.1 wt% to about 8 wt%.

73. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.10 wt% to about 0.13 wt%.

74. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.25 wt% to about 0.35 wt%.

75. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.36 wt% to about 0.45 wt%.

76. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.5 wt% to about 0.6 wt%.

77. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.75 wt% to about 0.85 wt%.

78. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%.

79. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%.

80. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%.

81. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 2.0 wt% to about 3.2 wt%.

82. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 4.5 wt% to about 5 wt%.

83. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.08 wt% to about 3 wt%.

84. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.08 wt% to about 0.15 wt%.

85. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.3 wt% to about 4 wt%.

86. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.7 wt% to about 1 wt%.

87. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%.

88. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

89. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

90. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.002 wt%.

91. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.003 wt% to about 0.008 wt%.

92. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.009 wt% to about 0.05 wt%.

93. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

94. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.0009 wt%.

95. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.002 wt% to about 0.005 wt%.

96. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.01 wt% to about 0.03 wt%.

97. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.012 wt%.

98. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.0005 wt%.

99. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0006 wt% to about 0.0009 wt%.

100. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.007 wt%.

101. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the haloalkane is bromoform.

102. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass.

103. A method for preparing a consumable oil-based composition for ruminants, the method comprising: (a) A first composition comprising a haloalkane and a solvent; (b) Combining at least a portion of the first composition with MCT to produce a second composition; (c) Combining at least a portion of the second composition with a vegetable-based oil to produce the consumable oil-based composition.

104. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the haloalkane is at least partially soluble in the solvent.

105. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the solvent comprises ethanol.

106. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the vegetable-based oil comprises rapeseed oil.

107. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, prior to (b), wherein the short-chain oil is combined with the first composition.

108. A method for preparing a consumable water-based composition for ruminants, the method comprising: (a) Providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT); (b) Combining at least a portion of the first composition with the second composition to produce a third composition, the second composition comprising (i) water and (ii) a thickener, an emulsifier, or both; and (c) Stir the third composition to produce a consumable water-based composition.

109. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second composition comprises the thickener and the emulsifier.

110. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the emulsifier is polysorbate.

111. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the thickener comprises plant-based gum (e.g., xanthan gum).

112. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the density of the water is greater than the density of water not containing the thickener.

113. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the water has a density of about 1.01 g / mL to about 1.06 g / mL at 20 degrees Celsius.

114. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a larger amount of the haloalkane is suspended in the whole water containing the thickener compared to water that does not contain the thickener.

115. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least 90% more of the haloalkane is suspended in the whole water containing the thickener compared to water not containing the thickener.

116. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein in (c), stirring comprises mixing, acoustic treatment, or both.

117. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein in (c), stirring comprises ultrasonic treatment.

118. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the consumable water-based composition is a high-energy emulsion.

119. A method for preparing a semi-solid or solid composition for ruminants, the method comprising: (a) Provide (i) a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), (ii) a second composition comprising a protein or milk fat, wherein the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein, and optionally (iii) a third composition comprising a coagulant; (b) Combining at least a portion of the first composition, at least a portion of the second composition, and optionally at least a portion of the third composition to produce a fourth composition; as well as (c) Grind the fourth composition to produce a semi-solid or solid composition.

120. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising providing a composition comprising a haloalkane and a short-chain oil prior to (a).

121. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least a portion of the composition comprising haloalkanes and short-chain oils is combined with the first composition.

122. The method according to any one of the preceding claims further includes shredding the fourth composition before (c).

123. The method according to any one of the preceding claims further comprises evaporating at least a portion of the liquid phase from the fourth composition prior to (c).

124. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least about 95% of the aqueous phase is evaporated.

125. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein evaporation comprises heating the fourth composition at a temperature of up to about 130 degrees Celsius.

126. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein evaporation comprises heating the fourth composition at a temperature of about 20 degrees Celsius to about 45 degrees Celsius.

127. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein evaporation comprises heating and spray drying.

128. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein up to about 10 wt% of the haloalkane is evaporated during evaporation.

129. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at most about 5 wt% of the haloalkane is evaporated during evaporation.

130. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein (a) comprises providing the third composition, and (b) comprises combining the third composition.

131. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the coagulant is agar or gelatin.

132. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method further comprises cooling the fourth composition.

133. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the MCT comprises one or more alkyl chains, and wherein the one or more alkyl chains of the MCT comprise 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

134. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the two or more alkyl chains of said MCT comprise 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

135. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein each alkyl chain of said MCT comprises 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

136. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the MCT is decanoic acid triglyceride.

137. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the haloalkane is bromoform.

138. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass.

139. A method for reducing methane emissions from ruminants, the method comprising: a. The consumable composition provided in any one of the preceding claims; b. Optionally, the consumable composition may be diluted in the feed or water of ruminants; as well as c. The consumable composition is applied to ruminants, wherein the volume of methane expelled by the ruminants is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane expelled by ruminants in similar conditions without the application of the consumable composition.

140. A method for reducing methane emissions from ruminants, the method comprising: a. The consumable composition provided in any one of the preceding claims; b. Dilute the consumable composition in the feed or water of ruminants; as well as c. The consumable composition is applied to ruminants, wherein the volume of methane expelled by the ruminants is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane expelled by ruminants in similar conditions without the application of the consumable composition.

141. A method for reducing methane emissions from ruminants, the method comprising: a. The consumable composition is applied to ruminants, wherein the volume of methane expelled by the ruminants is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane expelled by ruminants in similar conditions without the application of the consumable composition.

142. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant is reduced by about 75% or more compared to the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

143. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant is reduced by about 90% or more compared to the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

144. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant is reduced by about 95% or more compared to the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

145. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant is reduced by about 99% or more compared to the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

146. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more compared to the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

147. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant is reduced by about 60% or more compared to the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

148. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant is reduced by about 80% or more compared to the volume of methane expelled by the ruminant in a similar condition without the application of the consumable composition.

149. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the rate at which the methane volume excreted by the ruminant per day varies by up to about 60% over a period of at least 7 days compared to a ruminant in a similar condition without the administration of the consumable composition.

150. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the rate at which the methane volume excreted by the ruminant per day varies by up to about 60% over a period of at least 14 days compared to a ruminant in a similar condition without the administration of the consumable composition.

151. A method of using a consumable oil-based composition, the method comprising: a. The consumable oil-based composition provided in any one of the preceding claims; as well as b. Dilute the consumable oil-based composition in ruminant feed or water or on ruminant feed or water.

152. A method of using a consumable water-based composition, the method comprising: a. The consumable water-based composition provided in any one of the preceding claims; as well as b. Dilute the consumable water-based composition in ruminant feed or water or on ruminant feed or water.

153. A method of using a consumable semi-solid composition, the method comprising: a. The consumable semi-solid composition provided in any one of the preceding claims; as well as b. Dilute the consumable semi-solid composition in ruminant feed or water or on ruminant feed or water.

154. A method of using a consumable solid composition, the method comprising: a. The consumable solid composition provided in any one of the preceding claims; as well as b. Dilute the consumable solid composition in ruminant feed or water or on ruminant feed or water.

155. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising (c) administering feed or water containing the consumable composition to a ruminant.

156. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the consumable composition is diluted in feed.

157. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein dilution in the feed comprises coating the feed with the consumable composition.

158. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the consumable composition is diluted with water.

159. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the feed is a pellet.

160. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the feed is pelleted feed.

161. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the feed is a mixed diet.

162. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the feed is a mineral mixture.

163. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the feed is a mixed diet containing a mineral mixture.

164. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the feed is a salt lick block.

165. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the water is contained in a tank.

166. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ruminant is located in a grazing area.

167. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ruminant is located in a feeding farm.

168. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein about 0.5 g to about 250 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of the feed.

169. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein about 0.5 g to about 25 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of the feed.

170. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the consumable composition is diluted in water or gel.

171. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the consumable composition is combined with water.

172. The consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a salt lick block.

173. The consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises molasses.

174. The consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a tablet.

175. The consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises feed.

176. The consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises pelleted feed.

177. The consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a pellet.

178. The consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a mixed diet.

179. The consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a mineral mixture.

180. A method for reducing methane excreted by 30% or more by ruminants, the method comprising: (a) Providing a first composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the first composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt%, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (b) Provide a first ingestible product (e.g., feed, pellets, salt licks, or water) suitable for ingestion by ruminants; (c) Optionally, the first ingestible product and / or the first composition are placed in a first container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; (d) Combining a certain amount of the first composition with a first ingestible product to produce a second composition, such that the first composition is coated on, dispersed within, or a combination thereof, of the first ingestible product, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the second composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%; (e) Optionally, the second composition is placed in a second container to contain a certain mass of the second composition (e.g., wherein the volume of the second container is sufficient to supply ruminants); (f) Providing the first portion of the second composition to the ruminant in such a manner that all or part of the first portion of the second composition is ingested by the ruminant; (g) A third composition comprising bromoform is provided, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the third composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt%, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (h) Provide a second ingestible product (e.g., feed, pellets, salt licks, or water) that is suitable for ingestion by ruminants; (i) Optionally, the second ingestible product and / or the third composition are placed in a third container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; (j) Combining a certain amount of the third composition with the second ingestible product to produce a fourth composition, such that the third composition is coated on, dispersed within, or a combination thereof on the second ingestible product, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the fourth composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%; (k) Optionally, the fourth composition is placed in a second container to contain a certain mass of the second composition (e.g., wherein the volume of the fourth container is sufficient to supply ruminants); (l) providing the first portion of the fourth composition to the ruminant in such a manner that all or part of the first portion of the fourth composition is ingested by the ruminant, wherein the time period between (f) and (l) is from about 1 day to about 1 year (e.g., about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months); and (m) Optionally repeat (a)-(f) or (g)-(l) once or more, thereby reducing methane excretion by about 30% or more in ruminants over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

181. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the methane excreted by the ruminant is reduced by about 30% or more compared to ruminants in the same or similar condition where the same or similar ingestible product (e.g., the first ingestible product or the second ingestible product) is provided in the absence of the first composition or the third composition.

182. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first composition and the third composition are identical.

183. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first composition and the third composition are different.

184. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second composition and the fourth composition are identical.

185. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second composition and the fourth composition are different.

186. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second container and the fourth container are identical.

187. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second container and the fourth container are different.

188. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first container and the third container are identical.

189. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first container and the third container are different.

190. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising providing the ruminant with a second portion of the second composition such that the second portion of the second composition is ingested by the ruminant at a second time point after the administration of the first portion of the second composition (e.g., about 1 day, about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months).

191. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising providing a second portion of the fourth composition to a ruminant such that the second portion of the fourth composition is ingested by the ruminant at a second time point after the administration of the first portion of the fourth composition (e.g., about 1 day, about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months).

192. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein (a)-(f) are repeated once or more, thereby reducing methane excreted by ruminants by at least about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

193. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein (g)-(l) is repeated once or more, thereby reducing methane excreted by ruminants by at least about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

194. A consumable solid or semi-solid composition for reducing methane in ruminants, comprising (i) bromoform, (ii) medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and (iii) a stabilizer, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass, wherein the concentration of haloalkanes in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt%, wherein the stabilizer is a milk protein, globular protein or milk fat, wherein the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 33 wt%, and wherein the concentration of the stabilizer in the composition is from about 5 wt% to about 45 wt%.

195. The composition of claim 194, wherein the composition further comprises a coagulant.

196. The composition according to claim 195, wherein the coagulant is gelatin or agar.

197. The composition of claim 195, wherein the composition comprises about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% of a coagulant.

198. The composition of claim 197, wherein the composition comprises about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% of a coagulant.

199. The composition according to claim 194, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:

1.

200. The composition of claim 199, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 10:90 to about 30:

70.

201. The composition of claim 194, wherein the ratio of MCT to the stabilizer is from about 1:99 to about 10:

90.

202. The composition of claim 194, wherein the stabilizer is derived from an emulsion material.

203. The composition of claim 202, wherein the milk base material comprises milk powder.

204. The composition of claim 194, wherein the composition is a concentrate.

205. The composition according to claim 204, wherein the composition is a solid.

206. The composition according to claim 204, wherein the composition is a semi-solid.

207. The composition according to claim 204, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the composition is from about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%.

208. The composition of claim 194, wherein the composition comprises feed.

209. The composition according to claim 208, wherein the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

210. The composition according to claim 209, wherein the composition is a solid.

211. The composition according to claim 209, wherein the composition is a semi-solid.

212. The composition of claim 208, wherein the feed comprises pelleted feed, pellets, total mixed ration, salt licks, or mineral mixtures.

213. A method for reducing methane emissions from ruminants, the method comprising: To provide ruminants with the consumable composition of claim 194.

214. The method of claim 213, further comprising combining the consumable composition with feed before providing it to the ruminant.

215. The method of claim 214, wherein the feed comprises pelleted feed, pellets, total mixed ration, salt licks, or mineral mixtures.

216. A consumable water-based composition for methane reduction in ruminants, comprising (i) bromoform, (ii) medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), (iii) a thickener and (iv) water, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 3 wt%, and wherein the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 33 wt%.

217. The composition of claim 216, wherein the composition further comprises one or more emulsifiers.

218. The composition according to claim 217, wherein the emulsifier in one or more emulsifiers is polysorbate.

219. The composition of claim 217, wherein the ratio of the one or more emulsifiers to the MCT is about 1:1 to about 1:

3.

220. The composition of claim 219, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 1:99 to about 1:

1.

221. The composition of claim 220, wherein the ratio of the thickener to the bromoform is about 1:10 to about 1:

5.

222. The composition of claim 216, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 1:99 to about 1:

1.

223. The composition of claim 222, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 10:90 to about 30:

70.

224. The composition of claim 216, wherein the ratio of the thickener to the bromoform is about 1:10 to about 1:

5.

225. The composition of claim 224, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 1:99 to about 1:

1.

226. The composition of claim 216, wherein the composition is a concentrate.

227. The composition of claim 226, wherein the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.08 wt% to about 3 wt%.

228. The composition of claim 226, wherein the composition is a fluid.

229. The composition of claim 228, wherein the semi-solid is a gel or jelly.

230. The composition of claim 226, wherein the composition further comprises one or more emulsifiers.

231. The composition according to claim 230, wherein the emulsifier in one or more emulsifiers is polysorbate.

232. The composition of claim 216, wherein the composition comprises feed.

233. The composition of claim 232, wherein the feed comprises pelleted feed, pellets, total mixed ration, salt licks, or mineral mixtures.

234. The composition according to claim 232, wherein the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.012 wt%.

235. The composition of claim 216, wherein the thickener comprises a plant-based gum.

236. The composition of claim 216, wherein the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.03 wt% to about 7 wt%.

237. The composition of claim 216, wherein the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%.

238. A method for reducing methane emissions from ruminants, the method comprising: To provide ruminants with the consumable composition of claim 216.

239. The composition of claim 218, wherein the concentration of the emulsifier is from about 0.005 wt% to about 3 wt%.

240. The composition of claim 235, wherein the concentration of the plant-based gum is from about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%.

241. The composition of claim 216, wherein each alkyl chain of the MCT comprises 6 to 12 carbon atoms.

242. An oil-based composition for reducing methane in ruminants, comprising (i) bromoform, (ii) a vegetable oil and (iii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 8 wt%, and wherein the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 33 wt%.

243. The composition according to claim 242, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 1:99 to about 1:

1.

244. The composition of claim 243, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 10:90 to about 30:

70.

245. The composition of claim 242, wherein the ratio of MCT to the vegetable oil is about 1:100 to about 50:

100.

246. The composition of claim 242, wherein the ratio of MCT to the vegetable oil is from about 3:97 to about 10:

90.

247. The composition according to claim 246, wherein the ratio of MCT to the vegetable-based oil is about 5:

95.

248. The composition of claim 246, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 1:99 to about 1:

1.

249. The composition according to claim 242, wherein the plant-based oil is a vegetable oil.

250. The composition of claim 249, wherein the vegetable oil comprises rapeseed oil.

251. The composition according to claim 242, wherein the composition further comprises an essential oil.

252. The composition of claim 242, wherein the composition further comprises water.

253. The composition according to claim 252, wherein the ratio of water to the vegetable-based oil is about 5:

95.

254. The composition according to claim 253, wherein the ratio of MCT to the vegetable-based oil is about 5:

95.

255. The composition according to claim 242, wherein the composition is a concentrate.

256. The composition according to claim 255, wherein the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.1 wt% to about 1.7 wt%.

257. The composition of claim 242, wherein the composition comprises feed.

258. The composition of claim 257, wherein the feed comprises pelleted feed, pellets, total mixed ration, salt licks, or mineral mixtures.

259. The composition according to claim 257, wherein the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

260. A method for reducing methane emissions from ruminants, the method comprising: To provide ruminants with the consumable composition of claim 242.

261. The method of claim 260, further comprising combining the consumable composition with feed prior to providing the consumable composition to the ruminant.

262. The method of claim 261, wherein the feed comprises pelleted feed, pellets, total mixed ration, salt licks, or mineral mixtures.

Images