Morchella esculenta cultivation material and efficient cultivation method of Morchella esculenta

Abstract

The invention provides a morchella esculenta cultivation material and an efficient morchella esculenta cultivation method, and belongs to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation. The morchella esculenta cultivation material is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 30 to 33 percent of corncob, 33 to 40 percent of traditional Chinese medicine residue, 26 to 30 percent of cow dung, 0.8 to 1.2 percent of calcium superphosphate, 0.8 to 1.2 percent of gypsum and 1.8 to 2.2 percent of lime. The cultivation material provided by the invention can promote the growth of morchella sporocarp, and is beneficial to increasing the yield of morchella; meanwhile, the traditional Chinese medicine residues in the morchella esculenta cultivation material contain active substances such as polysaccharides, flavonoids and organic acids, so that the nutrient content of morchella esculenta sporocarp can be increased. The morchella esculenta cultivation material is wide in source and low in cost, and has the advantages of being high in safety, environmentally friendly, high in economic benefit and the like when being used for cultivating morchella esculenta.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of edible fungi cultivation technology, and in particular to a morel mushroom cultivation substrate and a highly efficient morel mushroom cultivation method. Background Technology

[0002] Morel mushrooms (Morchella spp.), one of the world's four most famous fungi, are highly sought after for their unique flavor and rich nutrition, resulting in huge market demand but increasingly scarce wild resources. Although breakthroughs have been made in large-scale biomimetic cultivation technology in recent years, the core element—the formulation of the cultivation substrate—still faces significant challenges. Existing formulations largely rely on staple grains (such as wheat and bran) and complex additives, leading to high production costs; raw material supply is unstable due to market fluctuations; the nutrient composition and release are difficult to precisely match the stage-specific needs of morel mycelial nutrient accumulation (sclerotium formation) and fruiting body development, resulting in low nutrient utilization efficiency, uneven fruiting, and large yield fluctuations; furthermore, insufficient control of the physicochemical properties of the cultivation substrate, such as aeration, water retention, and pH stability, affects robust mycelial growth; and the high risk of contamination by other fungi affects cultivation success rates. In addition, some formulations involve complex processes or place significant environmental burdens. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a new type of morel mushroom cultivation substrate formula that is low in cost, has readily available and broad-spectrum raw materials, is nutritionally balanced and efficient, has excellent physicochemical properties, strong resistance to contaminating bacteria, and is simple to process and environmentally friendly, in order to break through the industry bottleneck and achieve high-yield, stable-yield, high-quality and sustainable development of artificial morel mushroom cultivation. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of this, the present invention provides a morel mushroom cultivation substrate and a method for efficient morel mushroom cultivation, thereby solving the above problems.

[0004] To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0005] This invention provides a morel mushroom cultivation substrate comprising the following components in weight percentage: 30-33% corn cob, 33-40% Chinese medicinal herb residue, 26-30% cow dung, 0.8-1.2% superphosphate, 0.8-1.2% gypsum, and 1.8-2.2% lime.

[0006] Preferably, the morel mushroom cultivation substrate comprises the following components in weight percentage: 33% medicinal herb residue, 30% cow dung, 1% superphosphate, 1% gypsum, and 1% lime.

[0007] Preferably, the morel mushroom cultivation substrate comprises the following components in weight percentage: 30% corn cob, 40% Chinese medicinal herb residue, 26% cow dung, 1% superphosphate, 1% gypsum, and 1% lime.

[0008] Preferably, the medicinal residue includes *Smilax glabra*, *Rosa laevigata* root, *Andrographis paniculata*, *Mahonia japonica*, *Zanthoxylum bungeanum*, *Angelica sinensis*, *Spatholobus suberectus*, and *Codonopsis pilosula*.

[0009] This invention also provides a method for efficient cultivation of morel mushrooms, comprising the following steps:

[0010] 1) Before cultivation, apply calcium cyanamide to the soil in the greenhouse, plow it, spray water with a micro-sprinkler for 30-35 minutes, and then cover it with black film to seal the greenhouse; 14-16 days before sowing, remove the black film, apply lime and plow the soil.

[0011] (2) Adjust the soil moisture content in the greenhouse to 48-52%, turn the soil and make ridges, dig ditches on the ridge surface, spread the cultivation material described in any one of claims 1-3 on the ridge surface, with a thickness of 8-12cm, and make ridges and dig ditches;

[0012] (3) Break the morel mushroom spawn into pieces weighing 3-5g each, and sow them in the furrow at a rate of 0.23-0.27kg / m². 2 Then cover with 4-5cm of soil and cover with film; during the mycelium growth period, maintain the temperature inside the greenhouse at 18-22℃, the air humidity at 55%-65%, and the soil moisture content at 20-30%;

[0013] (4) Place the exogenous nutrient bag 7 days after sowing;

[0014] (5) During the formation of morel primordia and differentiation of fruiting bodies, maintain the soil temperature at 8–16℃ and the moisture content of the cultivation substrate at 50–60%; during the fruiting stage, maintain the temperature at 5–20℃ and the air humidity at 75–90%.

[0015] (6) The fruiting bodies mature 7 to 10 days after emerging from the soil. They are harvested when the fruiting bodies grow to 10 to 12 cm.

[0016] Preferably, the application rate of calcium cyanamide is 38–42 kg / 667 m². 2 The amount of lime applied is 48-52 kg / 667 m². 2 .

[0017] Preferably, the sealing time is 28 to 32 days.

[0018] Preferably, the width of the raised beds is 110-120cm, and the depth of the trenches between the beds is 25-30cm.

[0019] Preferably, the exogenous nutrient bag comprises the following components by weight percentage: 65% dry wheat, 8% rice husks, 25% sawdust, 1% lime, and 1% gypsum.

[0020] Preferably, the dry weight of the exogenous nutrient bags is 200g / bag, and the quantity is 2200 bags / 667m³. 2 .

[0021] By adopting the above technical solution, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: The morel mushroom cultivation material of the present invention contains the following components in percentage: corn cob 30-33%, traditional Chinese medicine residue 33-40%, cow dung 26-30%, superphosphate 0.8-1.2%, gypsum 0.8-1.2%, and lime 1.8-2.2%. The cultivation material of the present invention can promote the growth of morel mushroom fruiting bodies, which is beneficial to increasing the yield of morel mushrooms. At the same time, the traditional Chinese medicine residue in the morel mushroom cultivation material of the present invention contains active substances such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, and organic acids, which can improve the nutritional content of morel mushroom fruiting bodies. The morel mushroom cultivation material of the present invention has wide availability and low cost, and its use in cultivating morel mushrooms has the advantages of high safety, environmental friendliness, and high economic benefits. Detailed Implementation

[0022] The technical solutions provided by the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0023] Example 1

[0024] Morel mushroom cultivation substrate consists of the following components by weight percentage: corn cob 33%, Chinese herbal medicine residue 33%, cow manure 30%, superphosphate 1%, gypsum 1%, and lime 2%.

[0025] The medicinal residue consists of the following herbs: *Smilax china*, *Rosa laevigata* root, *Andrographis paniculata*, *Mahonia japonica*, *Zanthoxylum bungeanum*, *Angelica sinensis*, *Spatholobus suberectus*, and *Codonopsis pilosula*. All the herbs in this residue are of the same quality.

[0026] Example 2

[0027] Morel mushroom cultivation substrate consists of the following components by weight percentage: corn cob 30%, Chinese herbal medicine residue 40%, cow manure 26%, superphosphate 1%, gypsum 1%, and lime 2%.

[0028] The medicinal residue consists of the following herbs: *Smilax china*, *Rosa laevigata* root, *Andrographis paniculata*, *Mahonia japonica*, *Zanthoxylum bungeanum*, *Angelica sinensis*, *Spatholobus suberectus*, and *Codonopsis pilosula*. All the herbs in this residue are of the same quality.

[0029] Comparative Example 1

[0030] Morel mushroom cultivation substrate consists of the following components by weight percentage: corn cob 43%, cow manure 53%, superphosphate 1%, gypsum 1%, and lime 2%.

[0031] Comparative Example 2

[0032] Morel mushroom cultivation substrate consists of the following components by weight percentage: 40% mulberry branch sawdust, 40% corn cob, 16% cow manure, 1% superphosphate, 1% gypsum, and 2% lime.

[0033] Comparative Example 3

[0034] Morel mushroom cultivation substrate consists of the following components by weight percentage: 30% mulberry branch sawdust, 40% corn cob, 26% cow manure, 1% superphosphate, 1% gypsum, and 2% lime.

[0035] Experimental Example 1

[0036] Morel mushroom variety tested: Qimei Morel;

[0037] Mother culture medium formula (enriched with PDA): 200g peeled and chopped potato, 20g glucose, 5g peptone, 3g KH2PO4, 1.5g MgSO4, 10mg VB1 and 20g agar, 1L water, natural pH.

[0038] Original culture medium formula: 60% dry wheat, 34% corn flour, 5% wheat bran, and 1% gypsum. Nutrient bag formula: 65% dry wheat, 8% rice husks, 25% sawdust, 1% lime, and 1% gypsum, with a dry weight of 200g per bag.

[0039] The experiment was divided into five groups, with each group receiving a cultivation substrate formula that was the same as that used in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3. The cultivation substrate formulas for each group are shown in Table 1.

[0040] Table 1 Cultivation Material Formula

[0041] Processing group Mulberry branch wood chips corn cob Chinese medicine residue cow dung Superphosphate plaster lime Example 1 / 33％ 33％ 30％ 1％ 1％ 2％ Example 2 / 30％ 40％ 26％ 1％ 1％ 2％ Comparative Example 1 / 43％ / 53％ 1％ 1％ 2％ Comparative Example 2 40％ 40％ / 16％ 1％ 1％ 2％ Comparative Example 3 30％ 40％ / 26％ 1％ 1％ 2％

[0042] The experimental site for this invention, a multi-span greenhouse, provides ventilation, heat preservation, and moisture retention; it is also situated at a relatively high elevation, facilitating irrigation and drainage. Before cultivation, calcium cyanamide (40 kg / 667 m²) is applied to the soil inside the greenhouse. 2 After deep tilling, spray water with a micro-sprinkler for 30 minutes, then cover with black plastic film and allow to stand for one month. Remove the black plastic film 15 days before sowing and sprinkle lime (50 kg / 667 m²). 2 Till the land and use sunlight to kill harmful bacteria and insect eggs in the soil. Adjust the soil moisture content to about 50%, till the land and make ridges, with a tilling depth of more than 25cm and a ridge width of 120cm, ensuring that three furrows can be dug on the ridge surface, with the furrows between the ridges being 25-30cm deep, and leaving an operating passage along the edge of the ridge. When sowing, keep the soil moist but not compacted. Spread the treated cultivation material evenly on the ridge surface to a thickness of 10cm, make ridges and dig furrows, and use 1.2 bags of morel mushroom spawn (15×30cm, about 2kg per bag) per square meter, breaking them into 3-5g pieces, and evenly sowing them in the furrows. Then cover with a thin layer of soil 4-5cm, spray with water, and cover with a perforated black mulch film with a thickness of 0.1-0.2mm.

[0043] Seven days after sowing, once the mycelial bloom appears, immediately place the exogenous nutrient bags in the substrate. Make an 8cm cross-shaped cut in each bag and place it tightly against the substrate. The exogenous nutrient bags contain 65% dry wheat, 8% rice husks, 25% sawdust, 1% lime, and 1% gypsum. Each bag weighs 200g dry. For every 667m² of substrate, [the following is a list of ingredients and quantities, not part of the exogenous nutrient bag description]. 22200 nutrient bags were distributed.

[0044] During the mycelium growth period, regularly check the temperature and humidity, maintaining the greenhouse temperature at 18-22℃ and air humidity at 55%-65%. Keep the soil moist, with the substrate moisture content around 45%, ensuring soil moisture is higher than during the mycelium growth period but lower than during the fruiting stage. Morel mushrooms have a long growth period, requiring not only relatively low temperatures but also significant temperature differences to stimulate mycelial differentiation, primordia formation, and fruiting body differentiation. Maintain a soil temperature of 8-16℃ and a substrate moisture content of 50-60%. During the fruiting stage, maintain the temperature between 5-20℃ and control the relative humidity at around 85%. Use misting irrigation to avoid direct impact on the substrate. Precise temperature and humidity control is crucial during cultivation, with regular ventilation to ensure oxygen supply. Close the greenhouse to maintain warmth during low temperatures and increase ventilation to cool during high temperatures. Use a 6-needle standard shade net to regulate light intensity and maintain the optimal growth environment. When the outdoor temperature exceeds 20℃, promptly cover with shade netting to prevent excessive sun exposure and maintain a suitable growth environment for morel mushrooms.

[0045] The fruiting bodies mature 7-10 days after emerging from the soil, changing color from dark gray to light gray or brownish-yellow, and the honeycomb-like depressions on the cap surface are fully extended. Harvest when the fruiting bodies reach 10-12cm in length, using a small knife to gently pick them along the stem, avoiding damage to surrounding smaller mushrooms.

[0046] The unit area (m²) of each group using the cultivation materials from Examples 1, 2, and Comparative Examples 1-3 was statistically analyzed. 2 The results of the number of morel fruiting bodies, average ascocarp length, average stipe length, average weight of a single fruiting body, average yield per acre, as well as the protein content, total sugar content, and fat content of morel fruiting bodies in each treatment group are shown in Tables 2 and 3.

[0047] Table 2. Growth indicators and yield of morel fruiting bodies in each treatment group

[0048]

[0049] As shown in Table 2, from an agronomical perspective, the mature fruiting bodies of the embodiments in this application are larger, with longer ascocarps, shorter and slender stipes, and thicker flesh, with an average fresh weight of over 19.6g per fruiting body. In contrast, the mature fruiting bodies of the comparative examples are of medium size, with longer ascocarps but thinner flesh, and a fresh weight of 14g–20g per fruiting body. Regarding average yield per acre, the average yield of the embodiments is higher than 600kg / acre, while comparative examples 1 and 2 are significantly lower than the embodiments. Therefore, the cultivation substrate of this application can promote the enlargement of morel fruiting bodies, thereby increasing morel yield.

[0050] Table 3 Nutritional indicators of morel fruiting bodies in each treatment group

[0051]

[0052]

[0053] The protein, total sugar, and fat content of mature morel fruiting bodies in the examples and comparative examples were compared. As shown in Table 3, the morel mushrooms in the examples had high protein content and low total sugar and fat content, and their nutritional indicators were better than those in the comparative examples. This indicates that the cultivation material of this application can promote the improvement of morel mushroom quality.

[0054] As shown in Tables 2 and 3, the morel mushroom cultivation material of the present invention can promote the growth of morel mushroom fruiting bodies, increase the yield and nutrient content of morel mushroom fruiting bodies, and the effect is better than that of the comparative example.

[0055] As can be seen from the above embodiments, the present invention provides a morel mushroom cultivation substrate and a highly efficient morel mushroom cultivation method. The morel mushroom cultivation substrate and method of the present invention can promote the growth of morel mushroom fruiting bodies and increase the yield and nutrient content of morel mushroom fruiting bodies.

[0056] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A morel mushroom cultivation substrate, characterized in that, It includes the following components by mass percentage: corn cob 30-33%, Chinese medicinal herb residue 33-40%, cow dung 26-30%, superphosphate 0.8-1.2%, gypsum 0.8-1.2%, and lime 1.8-2.2%.

2. The morel mushroom cultivation substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that, It includes the following components by weight percentage: 33% Chinese medicinal herb residue, 30% cow dung, 1% superphosphate, 1% gypsum, and 2% lime.

3. The morel mushroom cultivation substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that, It includes the following components by weight percentage: corn cob 30%, Chinese medicinal herb residue 40%, cow dung 26%, superphosphate 1%, gypsum 1%, and lime 2%.

4. The morel mushroom cultivation substrate according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, The medicinal residues include *Smilax china*, *Rosa laevigata* root, *Andrographis paniculata*, *Mahonia japonica*, *Zanthoxylum bungeanum*, *Angelica sinensis*, *Spatholobus suberectus*, and *Codonopsis pilosula*.

5. A highly efficient cultivation method for morel mushrooms, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Before cultivation, apply calcium cyanamide to the soil in the greenhouse, plow it, spray water with a micro-sprinkler for 30-35 minutes, and then cover it with black film to seal the greenhouse; remove the black film 14-16 days before sowing, apply lime and plow it. (2) Adjust the soil moisture content in the greenhouse to 48-52%, turn the soil and make ridges, dig ditches on the ridge surface, spread the cultivation material described in any one of claims 1-3 on the ridge surface, with a thickness of 8-12cm, and make ridges and dig ditches; (3) Break the morel mushroom spawn into pieces weighing 3-5g each, and sow them in the furrow at a rate of 0.23-0.27kg / m². 2 Then cover with 4-5cm of soil and cover with film; during the mycelium growth period, maintain the temperature inside the greenhouse at 18-22℃, the air humidity at 55%-65%, and the moisture content of the cultivation material at 20-30%; (4) Place the exogenous nutrient bag 7 days after sowing; (5) During the formation of morel primordia and differentiation of fruiting bodies, maintain the soil temperature at 8–16℃ and the moisture content of the cultivation substrate at 50–60%; during the fruiting stage, maintain the temperature at 5–20℃ and the air humidity at 75–90%. (6) The fruiting bodies mature 7 to 10 days after emerging from the soil. They are harvested when the fruiting bodies grow to 10 to 12 cm.

6. The cultivation method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The application rate of calcium cyanamide is 38–42 kg / 667 m². 2 The amount of lime applied is 48-52 kg / 667 m². 2 .

7. The cultivation method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The sealing period is 28 to 32 days.

8. The cultivation method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The width of the raised beds is 110-120cm, and the depth of the trenches between the beds is 25-30cm.

9. The cultivation method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The exogenous nutrient bag comprises the following components by weight percentage: 65% dry wheat, 8% rice husks, 25% sawdust, 1% lime, and 1% gypsum.

10. The cultivation method according to claim 9, characterized in that, The dry weight of each exogenous nutrient bag is 200g, and the quantity is 2200 bags per 667m³. 2 .

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