Electric vehicle full life cycle carbon footprint measurement method considering charging and discharging states

Abstract

The invention relates to an electric vehicle full life cycle carbon footprint measuring method considering charging and discharging states, and relates to the technical field of carbon footprint tracking. The method comprises the following steps: determining an electric vehicle life cycle carbon emission evaluation boundary; constructing an electric vehicle life cycle list for the carbon footprint measurement according to the electric vehicle life cycle carbon emission evaluation boundary; according to different periods of the whole life of the automobile determined by the evaluation boundary of the life cycle carbon emission of the electric automobile as units, constructing a carbon emission quantitative model, and calculating the life cycle carbon emission of the electric automobile according to data provided by the life cycle list of the electric automobile; in the carbon emission quantitative model, the situation of electric energy exchange between the electric vehicle and a power network is considered for the carbon emission in the use stage of the electric vehicle, and an extended carbon emission flow model considering the charging and discharging behaviors of the electric vehicle is constructed to track the carbon footprint.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of carbon footprint measurement technology, and in particular to a method for measuring the carbon footprint of electric vehicles throughout their entire life cycle, taking into account charging and discharging states. Background Technology

[0002] As a crucial vehicle for addressing global climate change and energy structure transformation, the full life-cycle carbon footprint assessment of electric vehicles is a key step in achieving the "dual carbon" goals. The automotive industry urgently needs to achieve low-carbon transformation in all stages of research and development, production, use, and recycling. However, the full life-cycle carbon footprint of electric vehicles involves multiple stages, including raw material extraction, manufacturing, operation, maintenance, and disposal, resulting in complex and dynamic carbon emission characteristics. Currently, domestic and international scholars have conducted extensive research on the carbon footprint assessment of electric vehicles. For example, patent CN115759890A discloses modeling and tracking of carbon emissions at different stages of electric vehicles, but it does not fully integrate the dynamic electricity carbon intensity during the use stage. Carbon emission calculations during the operation stage are mostly based on regional average electricity carbon emission factors, ignoring the volatility of power generation structures (such as coal, natural gas, and renewable energy) at different times, leading to overly general assessment results. Furthermore, existing carbon emission flow models are mainly designed for traditional power systems and cannot effectively characterize the bidirectional carbon flow characteristics of electric vehicle charging and discharging behavior. When electric vehicles (EVs) feed electricity back to the grid as distributed energy storage devices, their discharge process may introduce additional carbon emission transfer. However, existing models lack detailed modeling of such scenarios. Especially during operation, EV carbon emissions are not only closely related to the cleanliness of the electricity source but also influenced by the distribution of carbon flow in the grid due to charging and discharging behavior. Existing methods often use static electricity carbon emission factors for calculation, neglecting the temporal differences in power generation methods and the dynamic transfer characteristics of grid carbon flow, leading to discrepancies between assessment results and reality. Therefore, developing a dynamic measurement method that comprehensively considers the carbon footprint of EVs at all stages of their lifecycle is crucial for accurately quantifying their environmental benefits, optimizing energy structure, and formulating carbon reduction policies. Summary of the Invention

[0003] To address the aforementioned technical problems, or at least partially address them, this invention provides a method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire lifecycle, taking into account its charge and discharge states.

[0004] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, taking into account its charge and discharge states, including: S100 defines the lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary for electric vehicles; the lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary involves raw material acquisition, the production and manufacturing process of electric vehicles, the usage stage of electric vehicles, and the disposal of electric vehicles at the end of their lifespan. S200 constructs an electric vehicle lifecycle inventory for carbon footprint measurement based on the electric vehicle lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary. S300 constructs a carbon emission quantification model based on different periods of the entire life cycle of a vehicle, determined by the carbon emission assessment boundary of the electric vehicle life cycle, and calculates the carbon emission of the electric vehicle life cycle based on the data provided by the electric vehicle life cycle inventory. The formula for the carbon emission quantification model is shown below: ; In the formula, This refers to the total carbon emissions of electric vehicles throughout their entire lifecycle. To obtain carbon emissions from raw materials; Carbon emissions during the production phase of electric vehicles; Carbon emissions during the usage phase; Carbon emissions from the disposal of scrapped electric vehicles; Among them, the carbon emissions during the use of electric vehicles take into account the situation of energy exchange between electric vehicles and the power grid, and an extended carbon emission flow model that takes into account the charging and discharging behavior of electric vehicles is constructed to track the carbon footprint.

[0005] Furthermore, a quantitative model for carbon emissions from raw material acquisition is constructed based on the quality of raw materials used in the production of electric vehicles and the carbon intensity coefficient at the time of raw material acquisition: ; In the formula, For the raw material acquisition stage m The total mass of the raw materials For the acquisition of raw materials m The carbon emission intensity coefficient of a raw material is z, where z is the total number of types of raw materials.

[0006] Furthermore, based on the energy or fuel consumption throughout the entire production process from raw materials to parts and then to the complete machine, and the carbon dioxide generated during welding, a quantitative model of carbon emissions during the production stage can be constructed: ; In the formula, Represents energy or fuel r Purchases; Represents energy or fuel r Carbon emission factors produced; Represents energy or fuel r The carbon emission factors used; Represents energy or fuel r The average heat generation at the position; This represents the amount of CO2 emitted during the welding process.

[0007] Furthermore, during the electric vehicle usage phase, a quantitative model for carbon emissions during the charging and discharging process outside of the power grid is constructed as follows: ; In the formula, This indicates the amount of carbon emissions generated by the electric vehicle during operation and discharge. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the use of an electric vehicle due to tire replacement. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the use of electric vehicles due to battery replacement. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the use of electric vehicles due to fluid replacement and refrigerant leakage.

[0008] Furthermore, the carbon emissions generated by electric vehicles during driving and discharging are calculated as follows: ; In the formula, This indicates the amount of electricity an electric vehicle can charge per hour. For the charging efficiency of electric vehicles. The carbon emission factor represents the carbon emission of electric vehicle e when it is charged at time t; This represents the charging time for each electric vehicle; n represents the total number of charging cycles throughout the entire lifecycle of the electric vehicle.

[0009] Furthermore, the carbon emissions generated during the electric vehicle usage phase due to battery replacement are calculated as follows: ; In the formula, This represents the weight of battery material x. This represents the carbon emission factor of battery material x.

[0010] Furthermore, the carbon emissions generated during the use of electric vehicles due to fluid replacement and refrigerant leakage are calculated as follows: ; In the formula, Indicates the first k The mass of the liquid material; Indicates the first k Carbon emission factor of liquid materials; Indicates the first k Number of times the liquid material needs to be replaced; For the quality of the refrigerant, This indicates the global warming potential of the refrigerant.

[0011] Furthermore, after knowing the carbon emissions during the raw material acquisition stage, the carbon emissions during the vehicle production stage, and the carbon emissions during the non-charging and discharging process in the usage stage, the carbon emissions per unit mileage over the life cycle of an electric vehicle are as follows: ; In the formula, This indicates the carbon emissions during the raw material acquisition stage; Indicates carbon emissions during the vehicle production stage; L represents the driving mileage over the electric vehicle's lifecycle. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the tire replacement phase. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the usage phase due to electric vehicle battery replacement. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the usage phase due to liquid replacement and refrigerant leakage; This indicates the amount of carbon emissions generated by the electric vehicle discharging electricity while driving.

[0012] Furthermore, considering the charging and discharging behavior of electric vehicles with the power grid during the electric vehicle usage phase, an extended carbon emission flow model is constructed to track the carbon footprint, including: A carbon emission flow model for a power network is constructed based on power network flow. The carbon emission flow model for a power network includes: calculating the carbon emission intensity of the branches and nodes of the power network according to the power flow, starting from the generation nodes, based on the topology of the power network; and calculating the carbon emission flow rate of the branches and the carbon emission flow rate of the nodes of the power network. The carbon emission flow model of the power grid is extended by taking into account the charging and discharging states of electric vehicles.

[0013] Furthermore, based on the power network topology, the source-side carbon emission intensity, node carbon emission intensity, branch carbon emission intensity, and carbon emission flow rate of branches and nodes are calculated according to the power flow direction from the power source to the load, where: Source-side carbon emission intensity is related to source-side power and characterizes the amount of carbon emissions associated with each unit of energy generated at the source. The source side refers to power generation nodes that only contain generator sets. Source-side carbon emission intensity is calculated based on generator set power and generator set carbon emission intensity. Source-side carbon emission intensity is related to source-side power and characterizes the amount of carbon emissions associated with each unit of energy generated at the source. The source side refers to power generation nodes that only contain generator sets. The carbon emission intensity of the power generation nodes as the source side is calculated based on the generator set power and the generator set carbon emission intensity. ; Branch carbon emission intensity characterizes the amount of carbon emissions associated with each unit of energy flowing along a branch; the branch carbon emission intensity is calculated based on the power and carbon emission intensity of its upstream nodes. Node carbon emission intensity reflects the cumulative effect of carbon emission intensity. The carbon emission intensity of each branch connected to the same node is mixed and superimposed at the node, and it represents the average carbon emission accompanying each unit of energy injected into the node. ; Where: Where: , and These are power system node i and branch. The carbon emission intensity of generator set g during time period t; The branch with node i as the head node is obtained based on the power network topology. ; For generator set g, which is connected to node i according to the power network topology; For time period t, the flow passes through the branch. The electrical power; Let g be the power of generator set g during time period t; The carbon emission flow rate is calculated as follows: ; In the formula: t represents the carbon emission flow rate; F represents the amount of carbon emissions flowing through a branch or node of the power network; and t represents time.

[0014] Furthermore, constructing an extended carbon emission flow model that considers the charging and discharging behavior of electric vehicles to track carbon footprints includes: When an electric vehicle is discharging into the grid, carbon emissions are released along with electrical energy from the vehicle. The carbon emissions released by the electric vehicle (e) when it acts as a power generator in the current time period are calculated based on the vehicle's discharge efficiency, the carbon-to-electricity ratio of the previous period, and the current discharge power. ; In the formula: The amount of carbon emissions released during time period t when the electric vehicle e acts as a power generation device; The discharge power during time period t when the electric vehicle e acts as a power generation device; Source-side carbon emission intensity during time period t when electric vehicle e acts as a power generation device; The discharge efficiency of electric vehicle e; Let e ​​be the electric carbon ratio of electric vehicle e in time period t-1; The method for updating the carbon dioxide ratio of electric vehicles is as follows: ; In the formula: The available capacity of the battery of electric vehicle e during time period t; The available capacity of the electric vehicle's battery in time period t-1. The amount of carbon emissions generated by electric vehicle e during time period t. The amount of carbon emissions released during time period t when the electric vehicle e acts as a power generation device.

[0015] Furthermore, the carbon emissions of electric vehicle e during time period t The calculation method is as follows: ; In the formula: ; The charging power of electric vehicle e during time period t; Let be the node carbon emission intensity of the node where electric vehicle e is located during time period t; For time intervals.

[0016] Furthermore, the carbon emission quantification model for the retirement and scrapping stage of electric vehicles is as follows: ; In the formula, This indicates the carbon emissions during the retirement and scrapping phase of an electric vehicle's life cycle. This indicates the carbon emissions generated by energy consumption during the retirement and scrapping phase of electric vehicles; This indicates the amount of carbon emissions generated by pollutants during the retirement and scrapping phase of electric vehicles.

[0017] Secondly, the present invention provides a device for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, taking into account its charge and discharge states, comprising: at least one processing unit, the processing unit being connected to a storage unit via a bus unit, the storage unit storing a computer program, and the computer program being executed by the processing unit to implement the method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, taking into account its charge and discharge states.

[0018] Thirdly, the present invention provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, taking into account its charging and discharging states.

[0019] The technical solutions provided in the embodiments of the present invention have the following advantages compared with the prior art: This application proposes a method for measuring the carbon footprint of electric vehicles (EVs) throughout their entire lifecycle, considering both charge and discharge states. First, by extending the traditional carbon emission flow model, the concept of "electricity-to-carbon ratio" (ECR) is introduced to dynamically correlate the charging and discharging power of EVs with the carbon emission intensity of grid nodes, enabling refined calculation of carbon emissions during the charging phase. Second, within the lifecycle system boundary, four stages—raw material acquisition, manufacturing, use, and decommissioning—are integrated to construct a phased carbon emission quantification model. During the use phase, real-time electricity carbon intensity data is used to dynamically adjust the charging carbon emission factor and quantify the carbon contributions of tire replacement, lead-acid battery maintenance, fluid replacement, and refrigerant emissions. Simultaneously, EVs are innovatively treated as "carbon energy storage units" with both load and power supply characteristics, establishing a bidirectional carbon flow model under their charge and discharge states to accurately reflect their dynamic impact on the distribution of carbon flow in the power grid. This further improves the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the EV lifecycle carbon footprint assessment.

[0020] This application innovatively establishes a dynamic correlation model between the charging and discharging state of electric vehicles and the carbon emission intensity of grid nodes by introducing the concept of "electricity-to-carbon ratio" (ECR), breaking through the limitations of traditional static carbon emission factors. It can capture the temporal fluctuations of the power generation structure (such as the proportion of coal and renewable energy) in real time, and combined with the interaction between charging and discharging power and the distribution of carbon flow in the grid, significantly improving the accuracy of carbon emission calculations during operation.

[0021] By integrating the four stages of raw material acquisition, production and manufacturing, use, and decommissioning, a phased carbon emission quantification model is constructed. For the use stage, not only is the carbon emission factor of charging dynamically adjusted, but the carbon contribution of tire replacement, lead-acid battery maintenance, fluid replacement, and refrigerant emission is also quantified. This avoids the omission of non-energy-related emissions by traditional methods and achieves refined accounting of the carbon footprint throughout the entire life cycle. Attached Figure Description

[0022] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

[0023] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0024] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating a method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire lifecycle, taking into account its charge and discharge states, is provided in this embodiment of the invention. Figure 2 A schematic diagram illustrating the lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary of an electric vehicle provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of a device for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, taking into account charging and discharging states, provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0025] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] It should be noted that, in this document, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes said element.

[0027] The calculation of carbon emissions during the operation of electric vehicles generally uses the electricity carbon emission factor directly, which does not adequately consider the changes in carbon emission factors under different power generation methods, and the carbon emission detail in the charging process is insufficient. Due to the diversity of electric vehicle states and the time coupling, traditional carbon emission flow models are difficult to accurately characterize the carbon emission characteristics of systems containing electric vehicles. Therefore, it is urgent to extend the carbon emission flow model and refine the carbon emission factor for electric vehicle charging. This invention proposes an extended carbon emission flow model that considers charging piles, introducing the concept of the electricity-carbon ratio to accurately characterize the carbon emission characteristics of charging pile equipment. Based on the impact of its charging and discharging states on the overall network carbon emission flow, and combined with the dynamic relationship between the carbon emissions and electricity volume contained in the charging pile equipment throughout the entire scheduling cycle, the carbon emission factor for electric vehicle charging is refined.

[0028] Example 1 like Figure 1 As shown, the method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, taking into account its charge and discharge states, includes: S100, determining the lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary for electric vehicles; such as Figure 2 As shown, the lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary refers to the areas involved in calculating the carbon emissions of automobiles, including the specific type of electric vehicle, the input and output of energy and material flows, and the emission of carbon emissions. The lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary of this invention involves the lifecycle stages of raw material acquisition, the manufacturing process of electric vehicles (including stamping, welding, painting, and final assembly), the usage stage of electric vehicles, and the disposal of electric vehicles at the end of their lifecycle.

[0029] In the specific implementation process, the manufacturing process includes the production of the body, chassis, interior, and powertrain. The production of the body includes the production of the engine hood, headlight covers, side panels, trunk lid, doors, and glass; the production of the chassis includes the production of the transmission system, steering system, braking system, and running system; the production of the interior includes the production of the inner shell, seats, steering wheel, and seat belts; and the production of the powertrain includes the production of the electric motor, lithium battery, and reducer.

[0030] Waste disposal includes the disposal and recycling of lithium batteries, tires, metals, plastics, and glass.

[0031] S200 constructs an electric vehicle lifecycle inventory for carbon footprint measurement based on the electric vehicle lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary. The electric vehicle lifecycle inventory establishes detailed information on input and output data related to carbon emissions throughout the lifecycle of electric vehicles in accordance with GB / T24044. The information on which the electric vehicle lifecycle inventory is based includes the energy consumption and raw material requirements of electric vehicles throughout their entire lifecycle, as well as the environmental emissions of vehicle waste.

[0032] S300 constructs a carbon emission quantification model based on different periods of the entire life cycle of a vehicle, determined by the carbon emission assessment boundary of the electric vehicle life cycle, and calculates the carbon emission of the electric vehicle life cycle based on the data provided by the electric vehicle life cycle inventory.

[0033] The carbon emissions of an electric vehicle throughout its lifecycle are divided into carbon emissions from raw material collection and manufacturing, carbon emissions from operation and maintenance during use, and carbon emissions from disposal. The carbon emission quantification model formula is shown below: ; In the formula, This refers to the total carbon emissions of electric vehicles throughout their entire lifecycle. To obtain carbon emissions from raw materials; Carbon emissions during the production phase of electric vehicles; Carbon emissions from electric vehicles; Carbon emissions from the disposal of scrapped electric vehicles.

[0034] A quantitative model for carbon emissions from raw material acquisition is constructed based on the quality of the raw materials used and the carbon intensity coefficient at the time of raw material acquisition. ; In the formula, For the raw material acquisition stage m The total mass of the raw materials For the acquisition of raw materials m The carbon emission intensity coefficient of a raw material is z, where z is the total number of types of raw materials.

[0035] Based on the energy or fuel consumption throughout the entire production process from raw materials to parts and then to the finished machine, a quantitative model of carbon emissions during the welding stage is constructed: ; In the formula, Represents energy or fuel r Purchased quantities, expressed in kilowatt-hours, cubic meters, or kilograms, etc. Represents energy or fuel r The carbon emission factor produced is expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt-hour. Represents energy or fuel r The carbon emission factor used is expressed in tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per gigajoule. Represents energy or fuel r The average calorific value is expressed in gigajoules per ton or gigajoules per cubic meter. This represents the amount of CO2 emitted during the welding process, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent. The product undergoes processes such as stamping, welding, painting, and final assembly, and the resource and energy consumption during these processes will be allocated according to the actual usage of the manufactured objects recorded in the electric vehicle lifecycle inventory.

[0036] Construct a quantitative model for carbon emissions during the non-grid charging and discharging process in the usage phase: ; In the formula, This indicates the carbon emissions generated by an electric vehicle during operation and discharge, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent. This indicates the carbon emissions generated by tire replacement during the use of an electric vehicle, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the use of electric vehicles due to battery replacement, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the use of an electric vehicle due to fluid replacement and refrigerant leakage, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent. belong Part of It also includes carbon emissions generated during the charging and discharging process of the power grid.

[0037] Specifically, the carbon emissions generated by electric vehicles during driving and discharging are calculated as follows: ; In the formula, This indicates the charging capacity of an electric vehicle per hour, measured in kilowatt-hours per hour. For the charging efficiency of electric vehicles. This represents the carbon emission factor of an electric vehicle when it is charged at time t. This represents the charging time for each electric vehicle; n represents the total number of charging cycles throughout the entire lifecycle of the electric vehicle.

[0038] The carbon emissions generated by electric vehicle battery replacement during the electric vehicle usage phase are calculated as follows: ; In the formula, The weight of battery material x is expressed in kilograms. This indicates the carbon emission factor of battery materials, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilogram.

[0039] The carbon emissions generated during the usage phase due to liquid replacement and refrigerant escape are calculated as follows: ; In the formula, Indicates the first k The mass of the liquid material; Indicates the first k Carbon emission factor of liquid materials; Indicates the first k Number of times the liquid material needs to be replaced; For the quality of the refrigerant, This indicates the global warming potential of the refrigerant.

[0040] In one implementation, after knowing the carbon emissions during the raw material acquisition stage, the carbon emissions during the vehicle production stage, and the carbon emissions during the non-charging / discharging process in the usage stage, the carbon emissions per unit mileage over the life cycle of the electric vehicle can be calculated, as follows: ; In the formula, This indicates the carbon emissions during the raw material acquisition stage, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent. The value represents the carbon emissions during the vehicle production phase, expressed in kilograms of CO2 equivalent; L represents the lifecycle mileage of the electric vehicle, expressed in kilometers. One example of lifecycle mileage is calculated as (1.5 × 10⁻⁶). 5 )km calculation. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the tire replacement phase, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the use phase due to electric vehicle battery replacement, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the usage phase due to liquid replacement and refrigerant escape, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent. This indicates the carbon emissions generated by the electric vehicle during operation and discharge, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent.

[0041] The use of electric vehicles also includes carbon flows generated from exchanging electrical energy with the power grid as energy storage and load. This application constructs an extended carbon emission flow model that takes into account the charging and discharging behavior of electric vehicles to track their carbon footprint.

[0042] This application is based on the carbon emission flow theory, assuming that CO2 generated on the source side is not directly discharged into the atmosphere, but is transferred to the load side via line power flow, thus constructing a virtual "carbon flow" accompanying the line power flow. The "carbon flow" intuitively represents the direction of carbon emission flow during system operation.

[0043] Construct a power grid carbon emission flow model based on power grid flow: A power network consists of multiple nodes, including generating nodes and load nodes, which are connected by branches.

[0044] The power grid's generating nodes connect to generator sets or electric vehicles. For generator sets, [the following is used]: The power output of generator set g during time period t is represented by... This represents the source-side carbon emission intensity of the generator set during time period t.

[0045] For branch roads, use Indicates the flow through the branch during time period t. The electrical power, using Indicates a branch Carbon emission intensity during time period t.

[0046] The load nodes of the power grid are connected to non-electric vehicle loads or electric vehicle loads. For each load node i, the conventional load power in time period t is... .

[0047] Electric vehicles act as a load when charging and as a power generation device when discharging.

[0048] The carbon emission flow model for power networks includes: calculating the carbon emission intensity of the branches and nodes of the power network according to the power flow, starting from the generation nodes, based on the topology of the power network; and calculating the carbon emission flow rate of the branches and the carbon emission flow rate of the nodes of the power network.

[0049] Carbon intensity (CI) is used to characterize the amount of carbon emissions per unit of energy. Carbon intensity is divided into generation carbon intensity (GCI), branch carbon intensity (BCI), and node carbon intensity (NCI).

[0050] Source-side carbon emission intensity is related to source-side power and characterizes the amount of carbon emissions associated with each unit of energy generated at the source. The source side refers to power generation nodes that only contain generator sets, and the source-side carbon emission intensity is calculated based on the generator set power and the generator set carbon emission intensity. .

[0051] Branch carbon emission intensity characterizes the amount of carbon emissions associated with each unit of energy flowing along a branch; the branch carbon emission intensity of a branch is calculated based on the power and carbon emission intensity of its upstream nodes.

[0052] Node carbon emission intensity reflects the cumulative effect of carbon emission intensity. The carbon emission intensity of each branch connected to the same node is mixed and superimposed at the node. It represents the average carbon emission accompanying each unit of energy injected into the node, and is numerically equal to the ratio of total carbon emissions to total energy injected into the node. ; In the formula: , and These are power system node i and branch. The carbon emission intensity of generator set g during time period t; The branch with node i as the head node is obtained based on the power network topology. ; For generator set g, which is connected to node i according to the power network topology; For time period t, the flow passes through the branch. The electrical power; Let g be the power of generator set during time period t.

[0053] The total power flowing into node i includes the power flowing into the node from the branches. and the power injected by the local generator set at node i . Carbon emissions associated with node i, including carbon emissions generated by branches associated with node i. Carbon emissions from local generator sets at node i .

[0054] The carbon emission flow rate (CEFR) is used to characterize the amount of carbon emissions passing through a branch or node of an electricity network per unit time. It is calculated as follows: ; In the formula: t represents the carbon emission flow rate; F represents the amount of carbon emissions flowing through a branch or node of the power network; and t represents time.

[0055] Based on the power network topology, calculate the source-side carbon emission intensity, node carbon emission intensity, branch carbon emission intensity, and carbon emission flow rate of branches and nodes in the direction of power flow from the power source to the load.

[0056] Thus, the constructed power grid carbon emission flow model clarifies the correspondence between "carbon flow" and "current flow," giving the originally virtual carbon emission flow process a clear physical meaning. Moreover, the distribution of carbon emission flow across the entire network can be calculated simply by injecting the current flow and source-side carbon emission intensity of the nodes. The calculation is simple and highly practical.

[0057] The carbon emission flow model of the power grid is extended by taking into account the charging and discharging states of electric vehicles.

[0058] Electric vehicles are analogous to energy storage devices, exhibiting both energy release and energy consumption states. When charging, they act as a load, absorbing some carbon emissions; when discharging, they act as a generator, releasing some carbon emissions. This multi-state nature of electric vehicles increases the complexity of their carbon emission flow models. Therefore, this application proposes the concept of the electric-carbon ratio (ECR) to characterize the relationship between the amount of electricity generated and the amount of carbon emissions absorbed by an electric vehicle.

[0059] When an electric vehicle is charging, carbon emissions are generated along with the electrical energy supplied to the vehicle: ; In the formula: The amount of carbon emissions generated by electric vehicle e during time period t; The charging power of electric vehicle e during time period t; The node carbon emission intensity of the node where electric vehicle e is located in time period t is calculated by treating electric vehicle as a load and using the node carbon emission intensity formula. For time intervals.

[0060] When an electric vehicle is discharging into the grid, carbon emissions are released along with electrical energy from the vehicle. The carbon emissions released by the electric vehicle (e) when it acts as a power generator in the current time period are calculated based on the vehicle's discharge efficiency, the carbon-to-electricity ratio of the previous period, and the current discharge power. ; In the formula: The amount of carbon emissions released during time period t when the electric vehicle e acts as a power generation device; The discharge power during time period t when the electric vehicle e acts as a power generation device; Source-side carbon emission intensity during time period t when electric vehicle e acts as a power generation device; The discharge efficiency of electric vehicle e; Let e ​​be the electric carbon ratio of electric vehicle e in time period t-1; The method for updating the carbon dioxide ratio of electric vehicles is as follows: ; In the formula: The available capacity of the battery of electric vehicle e during time period t. The available capacity of the electric vehicle's battery in time period t-1. The amount of carbon emissions generated by electric vehicle e during time period t. The amount of carbon emissions released during time period t when the electric vehicle e acts as a power generation device.

[0061] In summary, by mapping the energy storage and release process to the carbon emission storage and release process, a carbon emission flow model for electric vehicles that takes into account the charging and discharging states is constructed, thus broadening the application scope of the carbon emission flow model.

[0062] Constructing a quantitative model for carbon emissions during the retirement and scrapping phase of electric vehicles: The carbon emission inventory data collection for the electric vehicle lifecycle retirement and scrapping stage in this application mainly refers to the dismantling process. Surveys show that the current vehicle dismantling industry is mostly based on assembly line manufacturing, with electricity being the primary energy source for the dismantling process, consuming a small amount of gasoline. Wastewater pollution largely originates from dismantling, parts cleaning, and crushing processes, containing particulate matter, non-methane hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, COD, and oils.

[0063] Therefore, the carbon emission quantification model for the retirement and scrapping stage of electric vehicles is as follows: ; In the formula, This indicates the carbon emissions during the retirement and scrapping phase of an electric vehicle's life cycle, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent. This indicates the carbon emissions generated by energy consumption during the retirement and scrapping phase of electric vehicles, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent. This indicates the carbon emissions generated by pollutants during the retirement and scrapping phase of electric vehicles (quantified by GWP value), with the unit being kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilometer.

[0064] Example 2 See Figure 3 As shown, this embodiment of the invention provides a device for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire lifecycle, considering its charge and discharge states. The device includes at least one processing unit connected to a storage unit via a bus unit. The storage unit, as a computer-readable storage medium, can store software programs, computer-executable programs, and modules, such as the software program, computer-executable program, and modules corresponding to the method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire lifecycle, considering its charge and discharge states, as described in this embodiment of the invention. The processing unit implements the aforementioned method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire lifecycle, considering its charge and discharge states, by running the software program, computer-executable program, and modules stored in the storage unit. S100 defines the lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary for electric vehicles; the lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary involves raw material acquisition, the production and manufacturing process of electric vehicles, the usage stage of electric vehicles, and the disposal of electric vehicles at the end of their lifespan. S200 constructs an electric vehicle lifecycle inventory for carbon footprint measurement based on the electric vehicle lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary. S300 constructs a carbon emission quantification model based on different periods of the entire life cycle of a vehicle, determined by the carbon emission assessment boundary of the electric vehicle life cycle, and calculates the carbon emission of the electric vehicle life cycle based on the data provided by the electric vehicle life cycle inventory. The formula for the carbon emission quantification model is shown below: ; In the formula, This refers to the total carbon emissions of electric vehicles throughout their entire lifecycle. To obtain carbon emissions from raw materials; Carbon emissions during the production phase of electric vehicles; Carbon emissions during the usage phase; Carbon emissions from the disposal of scrapped electric vehicles; Among them, the carbon emissions during the usage phase take into account the situation of electric vehicle energy exchange with the power grid, and an extended carbon emission flow model that takes into account the charging and discharging behavior of electric vehicles is constructed to track the carbon footprint.

[0065] Of course, the computer program stored in the storage unit of the electric vehicle life cycle carbon footprint measurement device considering charge and discharge states provided in the embodiments of the present invention is not limited to the method operation described above, and can also execute related operations in the electric vehicle life cycle carbon footprint measurement method considering charge and discharge states provided in any embodiment of the present invention.

[0066] Example 3 This invention provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program. When executed, the computer program implements the method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire lifecycle, taking into account its charge and discharge states, including: S100 defines the lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary for electric vehicles; the lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary involves raw material acquisition, the production and manufacturing process of electric vehicles, the usage stage of electric vehicles, and the disposal of electric vehicles at the end of their lifespan. S200 constructs an electric vehicle lifecycle inventory for carbon footprint measurement based on the electric vehicle lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary. S300 constructs a carbon emission quantification model based on different periods of the entire life cycle of a vehicle, determined by the carbon emission assessment boundary of the electric vehicle life cycle, and calculates the carbon emission of the electric vehicle life cycle based on the data provided by the electric vehicle life cycle inventory. The formula for the carbon emission quantification model is shown below: ; In the formula, This refers to the total carbon emissions of electric vehicles throughout their entire lifecycle. To obtain carbon emissions from raw materials; Carbon emissions during the production phase of electric vehicles; Carbon emissions during the usage phase; Carbon emissions from the disposal of scrapped electric vehicles; Among them, the carbon emissions during the usage phase take into account the situation of electric vehicle energy exchange with the power grid, and an extended carbon emission flow model that takes into account the charging and discharging behavior of electric vehicles is constructed to track the carbon footprint.

[0067] The computer-readable storage medium provided in the embodiments of the present invention stores a computer program that is not limited to the method operation described above, and can also execute related operations in the method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, which takes into account the charging and discharging state, provided in any embodiment of the present invention.

[0068] In the embodiments provided by this invention, it should be understood that the disclosed structures and methods can be implemented in other ways. For example, the structural embodiments described above are merely illustrative. For instance, the division of units is only a logical functional division, and in actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not executed. Furthermore, the coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed may be an indirect coupling or communication connection through some interfaces, structures, or units, and may be electrical, mechanical, or other forms.

[0069] The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate. The components shown as units may or may not be physical units; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the units can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs.

[0070] Furthermore, the functional units in the various embodiments of the present invention can be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit can exist physically separately, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit. The integrated unit can be implemented in hardware or as a software functional unit.

[0071] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of the present invention, enabling those skilled in the art to understand or implement the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the present invention is not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features claimed herein.

Claims

1. A method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire lifecycle, considering its charge and discharge states, characterized in that, include: S100 defines the lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary for electric vehicles; the lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary involves raw material acquisition, the production and manufacturing process of electric vehicles, the usage stage of electric vehicles, and the disposal of electric vehicles at the end of their lifespan. S200 constructs an electric vehicle lifecycle inventory for carbon footprint measurement based on the lifecycle carbon emission assessment boundary of electric vehicles. S300 constructs a carbon emission quantification model based on different periods of the entire life cycle of a vehicle, determined by the carbon emission assessment boundary of the electric vehicle life cycle, and calculates the carbon emission of the electric vehicle life cycle based on the data provided by the electric vehicle life cycle inventory. The formula for the carbon emission quantification model is shown below: ； In the formula, This refers to the total carbon emissions of electric vehicles throughout their entire lifecycle. To obtain carbon emissions from raw materials; Carbon emissions during the production phase of electric vehicles; Carbon emissions during the usage phase; Carbon emissions from the disposal of scrapped electric vehicles; Among them, the carbon emissions during the use of electric vehicles take into account the situation of energy exchange between electric vehicles and the power grid, and an extended carbon emission flow model that takes into account the charging and discharging behavior of electric vehicles is constructed to track the carbon footprint.

2. The method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, considering charge and discharge states, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that... A quantitative model for carbon emissions from raw material acquisition is constructed based on the quality of raw materials used in the production of electric vehicles and the carbon intensity coefficient of raw material acquisition. ； In the formula, For the raw material acquisition stage m The total mass of the raw materials For the acquisition of raw materials m The carbon emission intensity coefficient of a raw material is z, where z is the total number of types of raw materials.

3. The method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, considering charge and discharge states, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that... A quantitative model of carbon emissions during the production process can be constructed based on energy or fuel consumption and carbon dioxide generation during welding, throughout the entire production process from raw materials to parts and then to the finished product. ； In the formula, Represents energy or fuel r Purchases; Represents energy or fuel r Carbon emission factors produced; Represents energy or fuel r The carbon emission factors used; Represents energy or fuel r The average heat generation at the position; This represents the amount of CO2 emitted during the welding process.

4. The method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, considering charge and discharge states, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that... During the electric vehicle usage phase, a carbon emission quantification model is constructed for the non-grid-connected charging and discharging process as follows: ； In the formula, This indicates the amount of carbon emissions generated by the electric vehicle during operation and discharge. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the use of an electric vehicle due to tire replacement. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the use of electric vehicles due to battery replacement. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the use of electric vehicles due to fluid replacement and refrigerant leakage.

5. The method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, considering charge and discharge states, as described in claim 4, is characterized in that... The carbon emissions generated by electric vehicles during driving and discharging are calculated as follows: ； In the formula, This indicates the amount of electricity an electric vehicle can charge per hour. For electric vehicle charging efficiency, The carbon emission factor represents the carbon emission of electric vehicle e when it is charged at time t; This represents the charging time for each electric vehicle; n represents the total number of charges throughout the entire lifecycle of the electric vehicle.

6. The method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, considering charge and discharge states, as described in claim 4, is characterized in that... The carbon emissions generated by electric vehicle battery replacement during the electric vehicle usage phase are calculated as follows: ； In the formula, This represents the weight of battery material x. This represents the carbon emission factor of battery material x.

7. The method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, considering charge and discharge states, as described in claim 4, is characterized in that... The carbon emissions from refrigerant replacement and refrigerant leakage during the use of electric vehicles are calculated as follows: ； In the formula, Indicates the first k The quality of the liquid material; Indicates the first k Carbon emission factor of liquid materials; Indicates the first k Number of times the liquid material needs to be replaced; For the quality of the refrigerant, This indicates the global warming potential of the refrigerant.

8. The method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, considering charge and discharge states, as described in any one of claims 2-4, is characterized in that... Having determined the carbon emissions during the raw material acquisition stage, the carbon emissions during the vehicle production stage, and the carbon emissions during the non-charging / discharging process in the usage stage, the carbon emissions per unit mileage over the lifecycle of an electric vehicle are as follows: ； In the formula, This indicates the carbon emissions during the raw material acquisition stage; Indicates carbon emissions during the vehicle production stage; L represents the driving mileage over the electric vehicle's lifecycle. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the tire replacement phase. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the usage phase due to electric vehicle battery replacement. This indicates the carbon emissions generated during the usage phase due to liquid replacement and refrigerant leakage; This indicates the amount of carbon emissions generated by the electric vehicle discharging electricity while driving.

9. The method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, considering charge and discharge states, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that... For the electric vehicle usage phase, an extended carbon emission flow model is constructed to track the carbon footprint, considering the charging and discharging behavior of electric vehicles and the power grid. This includes: A power network carbon emission flow model is constructed based on power network power flow. The power network carbon emission flow model includes: calculating the carbon emission intensity of the branches and nodes of the power network according to the power flow based on the power generation nodes; calculating the carbon emission flow rate of the branches and nodes of the power network; and extending the power network carbon emission flow model by comprehensively considering the charging and discharging status of electric vehicles.

10. The method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, considering charge and discharge states, as described in claim 9, is characterized in that... Based on the power network topology, calculate the source-side carbon emission intensity, node carbon emission intensity, branch carbon emission intensity, and carbon emission flow rate of branches and nodes according to the power flow direction from the source to the load, where: Source-side carbon emission intensity is related to source-side power and characterizes the amount of carbon emissions associated with each unit of energy generated at the source. The source side refers to power generation nodes that only contain generator sets. The carbon emission intensity of the power generation nodes as the source side is calculated based on the generator set power and the generator set carbon emission intensity. ； Branch carbon emission intensity characterizes the amount of carbon emissions associated with each unit of energy flowing along a branch; the branch carbon emission intensity is calculated based on the power and carbon emission intensity of its upstream nodes. Node carbon emission intensity reflects the cumulative effect of carbon emission intensity. The carbon emission intensity of each branch connected to the same node is mixed and superimposed at the node, and it represents the average carbon emission accompanying each unit of energy injected into the node. ； Where: Where: , and These are power system node i and branch. The carbon emission intensity of generator set g in time period t, where the carbon emission intensity of generator set g is the amount of carbon emissions associated with each unit of energy of generator set g. The branch with node i as the head node is obtained based on the power network topology. ; For generator set g, which is connected to node i according to the power network topology; For time period t, the flow passes through the branch. The electrical power; Let g be the power of generator set g during time period t; The carbon emission flow rate is calculated as follows: ； In the formula: t represents the carbon emission flow rate; F represents the amount of carbon emissions flowing through a branch or node of the power network; and t represents time.

11. The method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, considering charge and discharge states, as described in claim 9, is characterized in that... Extending the carbon emission flow model of the power grid by comprehensively considering the charging and discharging states of electric vehicles includes: When an electric vehicle is discharging, carbon emissions are released along with electrical energy. The carbon emissions released by the electric vehicle (e) when it acts as a power generator in the current time period are calculated based on the electric vehicle's discharge efficiency, the carbon-to-electricity ratio of the previous period, and the current discharge power. ； In the formula: The amount of carbon emissions released during time period t when the electric vehicle e acts as a power generation device; The discharge power during time period t when the electric vehicle e acts as a power generation device; Source-side carbon emission intensity during time period t when electric vehicle e acts as a power generation device; The discharge efficiency of electric vehicle e; Let be the carbon-to-electric ratio of electric vehicle e in time period t-1; where the carbon-to-electric ratio of electric vehicle e is updated as follows: ； In the formula: The available capacity of the battery of electric vehicle e during time period t; The available capacity of the electric vehicle's battery in time period t-1. The amount of carbon emissions generated by electric vehicle e during time period t.

12. The method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, considering charge and discharge states, as described in claim 11, is characterized in that... Carbon emissions from electric vehicle e during time period t The calculation method is as follows: ； In the formula: ; The charging power of electric vehicle e during time period t; Let be the node carbon emission intensity of the node where electric vehicle e is located during time period t; For time intervals.

13. The method for measuring the carbon footprint of an electric vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, considering charge and discharge states, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that... The carbon emission quantification model for the retirement and scrapping stage of electric vehicles is as follows: ； In the formula, This indicates the carbon emissions during the retirement and scrapping phase of an electric vehicle's life cycle. This indicates the carbon emissions generated by energy consumption during the retirement and scrapping phase of electric vehicles; This indicates the amount of carbon emissions generated by pollutants during the retirement and scrapping phase of electric vehicles.

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