Experimental device for verifying attribute of bright light emitted by cat eyes at night

Abstract

An experimental device for verifying the attribute of bright light emitted by cat eyes at night comprises a base and a visible light spectrometer, and a vertical plate is arranged on the base in the left-right vertical direction. The plate surface of the vertical plate is provided with a plane mirror mounting hole, a first front convex surface mirror mounting hole, a second front convex surface mirror mounting hole, a third front convex surface mirror mounting hole, a fourth front convex surface mirror mounting hole, a fifth front convex surface mirror mounting hole and a sixth front convex surface mirror mounting hole; a plane mirror is mounted in the plane mirror mounting hole, and a first front convex surface mirror is mounted in the first front convex surface mirror mounting hole. The invention aims to provide the experimental device for verifying the attribute of the bright light emitted by the cat eyes at night, which is used for researching whether the bright light emitted by the cat eyes at night reflects the light in the environment or the cat eyes are controlled to actively emit light by themselves, and further developing a lighting device based on the research result and is used for verifying the attribute of the bright light emitted by the cat eyes at night.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to an experimental apparatus for verifying the property of a cat's eye emitting bright light at night. Background Technology

[0002] Many cat and dog owners have witnessed how a cat's or dog's eyes can become incredibly bright in the dark, almost as if they are glowing. One explanation for this phenomenon is that felines have a unique eye structure. When weak light (even infrared light) passes through the retina and reaches the iris at the back of the eye, it is reflected back onto the retina by a reflective cell layer on the iris, creating an image. This is why the eyes of cats and dogs appear bright at night.

[0003] This explanation further suggests that although the eyes of animals such as cats and dogs appear to glow at night, the light is not actually emitted by the eyes themselves. The eyes of cats and dogs are not luminous pearls; they do not contain fluorescent substances and do not produce light on their own. The reason why the eyes of cats and dogs appear bright is because there is a reflector-like substance on the retina behind their eyeballs. This substance reflects the light collected by the pupil, but it mainly focuses the light on the eye, which is also a manifestation of their super night vision ability.

[0004] Current opinion holds that in complete darkness, or in a closed, dark room, cats and dogs' eyes can receive more light when their pupils dilate. After absorbing the weak light and infrared rays from the outside world, the convergence of the lens and ciliary body in their eyes acts like a convex lens, focusing the light into a small area. The reflective crystalline point at the back of the eye, which acts like a mirror, brightens and reflects the light, making their eyes appear brighter.

[0005] However, the above viewpoint needs to be proven through experiments. In fact, if we consider the law of conservation of energy and the fact that incident light in the visible light range simply does not exist in the pitch black night, then a simple scientific experiment will easily show that the fact that the eyes of cats and dogs can become very bright in the pitch black night is certainly not caused by the convergence of non-existent visible light by the lens and ciliary body of cats, dogs and other animals. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide an experimental apparatus for studying whether the bright light emitted by a cat's eyes at night is a reflection of ambient light or an active emission of light by the cat's eyes under controlled conditions, and to develop a lighting device based on the research results to verify the property of the bright light emitted by a cat's eyes at night.

[0007] This invention relates to an experimental apparatus for verifying the property of a cat's eye emitting bright light at night. The apparatus includes a base and a visible light spectrometer. A vertical plate is mounted on the base along the left-right vertical direction. The front-facing surface of the plate is coated with a black coating. The plate has circular mounting holes for a planar mirror, and six convex mirrors: a first convex mirror, a second convex mirror, a third convex mirror, a fourth convex mirror, a fifth convex mirror, and a sixth convex mirror. A planar mirror is installed in each of the planar mirror mounting holes. A third convex mirror is installed in the first convex mirror mounting hole. The first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth convex mirrors each have a different radius of curvature.

[0008] The entrance slit of the visible light spectrometer is positioned facing forward in the middle of the upright plate, and multiple light sources are located in front of the upright plate to project visible light onto the forward-facing surface of the upright plate.

[0009] The present invention relates to an experimental apparatus for verifying the property of a cat's eye emitting bright light at night, wherein the planar reflector mounting hole is located above the entrance slit, and the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth convex reflector mounting holes are located below the entrance slit. The diameter of the planar reflector mounting holes, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth convex reflector mounting holes is 10mm-30mm.

[0010] The present invention provides an experimental apparatus for verifying the property of a cat's eye emitting bright light at night, wherein an illuminance meter probe is provided on the upright plate near the mounting holes of the planar reflector and / or the first and / or the second and / or the third and / or the fourth and / or the fifth and / or the sixth convex reflector.

[0011] The present invention relates to an experimental apparatus for verifying the property of a cat's eye emitting bright light at night. The apparatus includes a standing plate with circular mounting holes for a planar mirror, a first convex mirror, a second convex mirror, a third convex mirror, a fourth convex mirror, a fifth convex mirror, and a sixth convex mirror. A planar mirror is installed in each of the six mounting holes. A first convex mirror is installed in the first hole, a second convex mirror in the second hole, a third convex mirror in the third hole, a fourth convex mirror in the fourth hole, a fifth convex mirror in the fifth hole, and a sixth convex mirror in the sixth hole. In use, observe where the cat's eyes became very bright in a dark room at night, photograph these locations, and record the illumination of various light sources in the room. Then, under the same lighting conditions, guide the cat to the locations where its eyes became very bright multiple times, observing and photographing whether its eyes become very bright again. Under the same lighting conditions, place the experimental device of this invention, used to verify the property of cat eyes emitting bright light at night, at the locations where the cat's eyes became very bright, and observe each location sequentially. The mirror surfaces of convex mirrors No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, and No. 6 were examined, with a focus on the plane mirror. The brightness of the reflected light from the plane mirror, convex mirrors No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, and No. 6 was observed and photographed. This brightness was then compared with the brightness of a cat's eye in a very bright state as previously photographed, and also with the brightness of a cat's eye in a state where it was not very bright. Therefore, the experimental apparatus of this invention for verifying the property of a cat's eye emitting bright light at night can be used to study whether the bright light emitted by a cat's eye at night is due to reflection of ambient light or to the cat's eye actively emitting light under controlled conditions. Based on the research results, an illumination device can be developed.

[0012] The following is a more detailed description of the specific implementation of the experimental apparatus of the present invention for verifying the property of a cat's eye emitting bright light at night. Attached Figure Description

[0013] Figure 1 This is a front view of a schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus for verifying the property of a cat's eye emitting bright light at night, according to the present invention.

[0014] Figure 2This is a schematic diagram of a three-dimensional spatial coordinate system for complex numbers. Detailed Implementation

[0015] like Figure 1 As shown, the experimental apparatus of the present invention for verifying the property of a cat's eye emitting bright light at night includes a base 1 and a visible light spectrometer. A vertical plate 2 is provided on the base 1 along the left-right vertical direction. The front-facing surface of the plate 2 is coated with a black coating. The plate 2 has circular mounting holes for a planar mirror, a first convex mirror, a second convex mirror, a third convex mirror, a fourth convex mirror, a fifth convex mirror, and a sixth convex mirror. A planar mirror 3 is installed in the planar mirror mounting hole, and a first convex mirror is installed in the first convex mirror mounting hole. The first convex mirror 4, the second convex mirror 5, the third convex mirror 6, the fourth convex mirror 7, the fifth convex mirror 8, and the sixth convex mirror 9 are all mounted in the mounting holes of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth convex mirrors, respectively. The mirror surfaces of the first convex mirror 4, the second convex mirror 5, the third convex mirror 6, the fourth convex mirror 7, the fifth convex mirror 8, and the sixth convex mirror 9 have different radii of curvature.

[0016] The entrance slit 10 of the visible light spectrometer is positioned in the middle of the upright plate 2 with its opening facing forward. Multiple light sources that can project visible light onto the forward-facing surface of the upright plate 2 are provided in front of the upright plate 2.

[0017] A spectrometer, also known as a spectrophotometer, is most commonly referred to as a direct-reading spectrometer. It is a device that uses photodetectors such as photomultiplier tubes to measure the intensity of spectral lines at different wavelengths. It consists of an entrance slit, a dispersive system, an imaging system, and one or more exit slits. It uses dispersive elements to separate the electromagnetic radiation from a radiation source into the desired wavelengths or wavelength regions, and then measures the intensity at the selected wavelengths (or by scanning a specific band). Spectrometers are classified into monochromators and polychromators.

[0018] As a further improvement of the present invention, the above-mentioned planar reflector mounting holes are located above the entrance slit 10, and the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth convex reflector mounting holes are located below the entrance slit 10. The diameter of the planar reflector mounting holes, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth convex reflector mounting holes is 10mm-30mm.

[0019] As a further improvement of the present invention, an illuminance meter probe is provided on the vertical plate 2 near the mounting holes of the planar reflector and / or the first and / or second and / or third and / or fourth and / or fifth and / or sixth convex reflectors. In use, the illuminance meter can be used to measure and read the light intensity on the vertical plate 2 near the mounting holes of the planar reflector and / or the first and / or second and / or third and / or fourth and / or fifth and / or sixth convex reflectors.

[0020] The method of using the experimental apparatus of the present invention for verifying the property of cat eyes emitting bright light at night is as follows:

[0021] 1. Observe where the cat's eyes became very bright in a dark room at night, take pictures of where the cat's eyes became very bright in a dark room at night, and record the state of each light source in the room;

[0022] Second, under the same lighting conditions, the cat was repeatedly guided to the location where its eyes had become very bright, and the cat's eyes were observed and photographed to see if they would become very bright again.

[0023] 3. Under the same lighting conditions, the experimental apparatus of this invention for verifying the property of cat eyes emitting bright light at night is placed at a position where the cat's eyes are in a very bright state. The mirror surfaces of the first convex mirror 4, the second convex mirror 5, the third convex mirror 6, the fourth convex mirror 7, the fifth convex mirror 8, and the sixth convex mirror 9 are observed in sequence, with a focus on the mirror surface of the plane mirror 3. The brightness of the reflected light from the mirror surfaces of the plane mirror 3, the first convex mirror 4, the second convex mirror 5, the third convex mirror 6, the fourth convex mirror 7, the fifth convex mirror 8, and the sixth convex mirror 9 is observed and photographed. The brightness is then compared with the brightness of the cat's eyes in a very bright state as previously photographed, and also compared with the brightness of the cat's eyes in a state where they are not very bright as previously photographed.

[0024] Fourth, the light entering the entrance slit 10 of the visible light spectrometer can be intensity measured at a selected wavelength. This will determine whether there is light of a wavelength similar to that emitted by a cat's eye at this location. Thus, it can be determined whether the light of that wavelength emitted by the cat's eye is reflected light or a kind of conscious emission of light with a wavelength different from the light in the environment, produced under the influence of the cat's consciousness.

[0025] Observation and experiments have confirmed that most of the cells in a cat's eyeball are opaque. This means that, similar to a human eyeball, the sclera (white of the eye) cannot absorb or transmit light, nor can it efficiently reflect it. In other words, most light incident on a cat's eyeball cannot pass through the opaque cells to reach the iris at the back of the eye. According to the law of conservation of energy, the energy of the incident light must be greater than or equal to the energy of the reflected light; it is impossible for the reflected light to have greater energy than the incident light. Therefore, if there were a reflector-like structure on the retina at the back of a cat's eyeball that reflected light collected through the pupil to brighten the eyes, the area receiving this incident light would not be the entire eyeball, but rather the area of ​​the very small pupil in the center of the eyeball. In other words, the iris at the back of a cat's eyeball can only receive light from an area much smaller than the area of ​​the eyeball itself and reflects light from the night environment. However, we can clearly see from pictures and photographs that the characteristic of a cat's eyes occasionally appearing bright at night is that the entire inner part of the cat's eye socket is very bright! It's definitely not just the pupil that's bright; the entire eyeball shouldn't be reflecting bright light. Therefore, the occasional bright appearance of a cat's eyes at night is not caused by the iris at the back of the eyeball reflecting light from the night environment.

[0026] Furthermore, in the pitch-black night, in environments where a cat's eyes would normally glow, there are generally no very bright light sources. The intensity of the incident light reaching an animal's eyes is very weak, resulting in even weaker reflected light. Since humans cannot even see bright incident light, it's impossible for it to become very bright after being reflected by the retina behind a cat's eyeball. In other words, the incident light does not become stronger after being reflected by the retina. More importantly, a cat's eyes do not always glow brightly at night. Only on very rare occasions will its eyes suddenly flash with a bright, cool light. During the day, or most of the night, even with significantly increased external light hitting a cat's eyes, its eyes do not appear bright.

[0027] Based on the above analysis, it can be preliminarily concluded that cats can control the brightness of their eyes. This control ability is a form of active consciousness. When a cat consciously directs a specific part of its eye socket, that part becomes very bright. When the cat withdraws this conscious action, its eye socket appears as it normally is, without any dazzling light. This means that a cat's eyes rarely and very occasionally become bright at night, which is sufficient proof that the brightness of a cat's eyes cannot be caused by the iris reflecting light from the night environment.

[0028] The reflected light described in this specification specifically refers to visible light that is reflected from a plane mirror with its wavelength remaining almost unchanged after being incident on it. However, when white visible light shines on an orange object, the light we see from that object's surface appears almost entirely orange. Strictly speaking, this orange light emanating from the orange object is not considered reflected light. The reason an orange object can change the wavelength of incident light before "re-emitting" it is because the energy level difference between the ground state and excited state of the outermost electrons in the molecules that make up the orange object allows the object to absorb the incident light and then emit it as orange light. Therefore, this light, whose wavelength is altered by the color of an object's surface, should strictly be called absorption-re-emission light, not reflected light.

[0029] Experiments show that an orange object remains orange even in low light conditions. As the light gradually decreases, the orange color is still faintly discernible until complete darkness, at which point the object appears black. This is because the gradually dimming ambient light contains very little orange wavelength.

[0030] If you place a dense array of color swatches—red, yellow, blue, green, cyan, orange, and purple—in a dimly lit room, you will still see that the colors on the swatches are red, yellow, blue, green, cyan, orange, and purple. Clearly, in dimly lit rooms, there isn't that much, that high-intensity illuminance of natural red, yellow, blue, green, cyan, orange, and purple light. Therefore, the absorption-re-emission technique can make an object appear in a specific color by changing the wavelength of the incident light before re-emission.

[0031] For a blue color plate, incident natural red light will also be absorbed, but the red light energy will be stored by the blue color plate and then emitted in the form of "absorption-re-emission light" through blue shift.

[0032] Charged particles radiate electromagnetic waves when accelerated under the influence of an electric field. However, if a charged particle is not accelerated under the influence of an electric field—for example, if it is accelerated under the influence of a gravitational field—it will not radiate electromagnetic waves. For instance, a high-speed rotating disk driven by an electric motor will not radiate electromagnetic waves from any of the charged particles within it. Similarly, a hydrogen atom accelerating under the influence of a gravitational field will not radiate electromagnetic waves. The Earth's rotation, while contributing to its rotation, does not cause the atoms that make up the Earth to radiate electromagnetic waves because the force maintaining the Earth's rotation is a gravitational force, not an electric field force.

[0033] When a neutral hydrogen atom accelerates under the influence of an electric field, its two charged particles will each radiate electromagnetic waves.

[0034] When a charged particle accelerates under the influence of an electric field, the maximum direction of its electromagnetic radiation is perpendicular to the direction of the instantaneous acceleration. There is no radiation along the direction of the instantaneous acceleration. The power angular distribution of its electromagnetic radiation can be described by the following formula:

[0035] dP / dΩ=(μ0q 2 a 2 sin 2 θ) / (16π 2 c)

[0036] In the formula, dP / dΩ is the radiated power per unit solid angle;

[0037] q is the charge of the charged particle; note that this charge q can be positive or negative, representing that the electromagnetic waves radiated have different electrical properties.

[0038] 'a' represents the instantaneous acceleration of a charged particle under the influence of an electromagnetic field; it must be the instantaneous acceleration produced by the charged particle under the influence of an electromagnetic field, and cannot be the acceleration produced under the influence of a gravitational field.

[0039] θ is the angle between the direction of electromagnetic radiation and the direction of the instantaneous acceleration of the charged particle;

[0040] μ0 is the vacuum permeability, and c is the speed of light.

[0041] To elaborate further, when a charged particle accelerates under the influence of an electric field, the electromagnetic radiation it emits will react back onto the charged particle, thus offsetting some of the accelerating effect of the electric field. The reason for this will be analyzed later.

[0042] Charged particles accelerating under the influence of a gravitational field will not produce electromagnetic radiation. This conclusion can be demonstrated through the following thought experiment:

[0043] Suppose there is an uncharged object of mass m, undergoing free fall near the ground with an initial velocity of zero. Assume its fall height is L, and during its fall distance L, the frequency of the emitted photons (electromagnetic waves) is γ, and the number of emitted photons (electromagnetic waves) is n. Then, according to the law of conservation of energy, we can obtain:

[0044]

[0045] In the formula, h is Planck's constant and V is the final velocity of the object.

[0046] As can be seen from the above equation, if the electromagnetic radiation term nhγ exists, the falling velocity and acceleration of a charged particle under the influence of a gravitational field will necessarily be less than the falling velocity and acceleration of an uncharged particle, which is obviously impossible.

[0047] In reality, charged particles only produce electromagnetic radiation when they accelerate under the influence of an electric field, and this type of electromagnetic radiation is more common. For example, an electron at rest in a higher stationary energy level in an atom will produce electromagnetic radiation when it is subjected to an electric field and accelerates relative to the atomic nucleus, then enters a lower stationary energy level. It is important to note that after entering the lower stationary energy level, the electron will automatically continue to tend to come to rest relative to its atomic nucleus through electromagnetic radiation.

[0048] However, if a charged object of mass m accelerates in an electric field with an initial velocity of zero, assuming the electric force is constant F, the distance of acceleration is S, the velocity at the end of the acceleration distance S is V, the frequency of the emitted photons (electromagnetic waves) is γ, and the number of emitted photons (electromagnetic waves) is n, then according to the law of conservation of energy, we can obtain:

[0049]

[0050] In the formula, h is Planck's constant and V is the final velocity of the object.

[0051] As can be seen from the above equation, if the electromagnetic radiation term nhγ exists, the velocity V of a charged particle moving under the influence of an electric field will necessarily be less than the velocity value V obtained based on Newton's second law. C ,Right now:

[0052] V <V C

[0053] Assuming an electric force F, mass m, acceleration distance S, and velocity V at the end of the acceleration distance S, the velocity value V is obtained based on Newton's second law. C Since all quantities are known, we obtain a formula for calculating the electromagnetic radiation energy ΔE produced when a charged particle accelerates under the influence of an electric field, namely:

[0054]

[0055] Undoubtedly, the deceleration of a charged object of mass m is caused by electromagnetic radiation. In other words, electromagnetic radiation creates a reverse thrust, which causes the charged object of mass m to accelerate under the influence of the electric field, but this acceleration does not strictly follow Newton's second law.

[0056] Based on the above analysis, we need to re-examine what was mentioned earlier:

[0057] When a charged particle accelerates under the influence of an electric field, the maximum direction of electromagnetic radiation is perpendicular to the direction of the instantaneous acceleration.

[0058] Obviously, when a charged particle accelerates under the influence of an electric field, the electromagnetic radiation it emits will react back onto the charged particle and cancel out some of the acceleration effect of the electric field.

[0059] Regarding the propagation of light, we can summarize the following characteristics:

[0060] I. Light can travel in a straight line in a vacuum without changing its frequency. Even if it travels a very long distance in a vacuum, the frequency of light can remain unchanged.

[0061] Second, if the light emitted from a point source is composed of particles, then during the diffusion process, it will inevitably cause dark areas to appear on the spherical aperture.

[0062] 3. Visible light can pass through transparent media, such as water or air. The speed of visible light decreases as it passes through a transparent medium. The frequency and color of visible light do not change when passing through a transparent medium; the color is determined by the frequency, while the wavelength of visible light shortens. For opaque media, visible light is reflected back.

[0063] Fourth, the phenomenon of polarized light shows that the direction of the electric field (charge) of the wave part of the photon is very special.

[0064] A single photon can also produce interference in a double-slit diffraction experiment. The interference phenomenon of a single photon in a double-slit diffraction experiment can be explained using relevant knowledge from singularity mechanics.

[0065] Singularity mechanics states that:

[0066] First, photons possess electric field strength. According to the relationship between electric field strength and charge, they must also possess electric charge. The electric charge possessed by photons makes them a source of electric field that moves at the speed of light. We can call this source of electric field that moves at the speed of light a photon source.

[0067] Second, the electric charge of the photon field source can polarize the vacuum dielectric in a specific direction in the vacuum, that is, in a plane perpendicular to the photon motion analysis, and generate layers of vacuum polarized photons. The vacuum polarized photons will move synchronously with the photon field source at the speed of light.

[0068] IV. A photon source with charge q1 is filled with vacuum-polarized photons in the plane perpendicular to the photon motion, which are generated by the polarization of the vacuum or dielectric by the photon source. In turn, the vacuum-polarized photons will change the electric field strength in the space around the singularity charge.

[0069] Fourth, both photon field sources and vacuum-polarized photons must have volume; otherwise, they cannot exist.

[0070] That is, photon field sources and vacuum polarized photons cannot be matter with zero volume and solid interior, because zero volume means non-existence, while particles with volume, solid interior, and impenetrable structure violate basic logic.

[0071] To discuss the double-slit diffraction experiment involving a single photon, we must begin by analyzing the shape of that single photon. To assume without thought that a single photon has no volume, and then to believe that a photon with zero volume can still exist, is to misunderstand why a single photon can produce interference fringes in a double-slit diffraction experiment. In reality, photons have both volume and shape. The main part of the photon's "body," i.e., the photon source, passes through one slit in a double-slit diffraction experiment, while the extended part of the photon's "body," i.e., the vacuum-polarized photon, also passes through the other slit.

[0072] The location of vacuum-polarized photons generated by the polarization of the vacuum by a photon source cannot be arbitrary. It must satisfy the following conditions: starting from the location of the photon source, following the Huygens-Fresnel principle, assuming the photon source has a positive charge, the photon source will radially outwards polarize the vacuum to produce the first ring of negatively charged vacuum-polarized photons. The total charge of this first ring of negatively charged vacuum-polarized photons is equal to the charge of the photon source. The radial scale of this ring of vacuum-polarized charge is the zero-distance constant r of the vacuum-polarized photons. i Then, following the Huygens-Fresnel principle, the first ring of negatively charged vacuum-polarized photons polarizes radially outwards to form a second ring of positively charged vacuum-polarized photons outside the first ring. The total charge of these positively charged photons is equal to the charge of the photon source. The radial energy level scale of the second ring of vacuum-polarized photons is also equal to the zero-distance constant r of the first ring of vacuum-polarized photons. iThen, the second-ring vacuum-polarized photon, obeying the Huygens-Fresnel principle, polarizes itself to produce a third-ring vacuum-polarized photon with a negative charge. The energy level scale of the third-ring vacuum-polarized photon along the radial direction is equal to the zero-distance constant r of the third-ring vacuum-polarized photon. i This process of diffusion continues in a cyclical manner, ensuring that the number of cycles of the vacuum-polarized photon satisfies the zero-distance constant r of the vacuum-polarized photon. i The condition of being an integer multiple of.

[0073] When a photon source carrying vacuum-polarized photons reaches a narrow double-slit gap, the photon source and its vacuum-polarized photons can each pass through one of the two narrow slits independently. The limiting effect of the two narrow slits on other vacuum-polarized photons that fail to pass through the double slits will ultimately be reflected in the brightness of the photon source.

[0074] A cat's eyes emit a bright light at night, which is likely closely related to their eye temperature. While we don't know if cats can autonomously change their eye temperature, differences in temperature certainly alter the brightness of light emitted by an object. Therefore, it's necessary to analyze and study whether cats can actively and rapidly change the temperature of their eyes.

[0075] In existing thermodynamic theories, there are no explicit physical quantities such as heating rate or heating acceleration. Therefore, it is necessary to expand on this physical concept and conduct a detailed analysis.

[0076] The essence of thermal motion is actually the mechanical motion of a large number of microscopic particles, mixed with the motion of photons, which are not microscopic particles. Therefore, we can refer to the physical laws describing mechanical motion to deal with thermal motion.

[0077] As is well known, there are only four types of interactions in nature: gravitational interaction, electromagnetic interaction, strong interaction, and weak interaction. Thermal motion actually belongs to both electromagnetic and gravitational interactions, with electromagnetic interaction being the primary factor.

[0078] If we want to delve deeper into the intrinsic mechanism of thermal motion and connect it with electromagnetic interaction, we should actually establish a three-dimensional coordinate system for thermal motion. This three-dimensional coordinate system for thermal motion is similar to the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system that describes mechanical motion. We call it the three-dimensional temperature-scale coordinate system. The three axes of the three-dimensional temperature-scale coordinate system are orthogonal to each other, and we set the coordinate points on the three axes as temperature-scale points.

[0079] The three-dimensional temperature scale coordinate system is essentially the same as the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system; the physical property of its coordinate axes is also a physical quantity of a unit of length.

[0080] Below, we directly present the coordinate transformation rules between the two temperature-scaled coordinate systems K and K′.

[0081] Suppose that the temperature-scale coordinate system K has three mutually orthogonal temperature-scale coordinate axes T. x T y T z The temperature-scale coordinate system K′ has three mutually orthogonal temperature-scale coordinate axes T. x ′, T y ′, T z ′, and the temperature scale coordinate axis T x Parallel to the temperature scale coordinate axis T x ′, temperature scale coordinate axis T y Parallel to the temperature scale coordinate axis T y ′, temperature scale coordinate axis T z Parallel to the temperature scale coordinate axis T z ′, where two temperature-scaled coordinate systems K and K′ are along T x The relative thermal velocity along the axial direction is V. x Two temperature-scaled coordinate systems, K and K′, are along T. y The relative thermal velocity along the axial direction is V. y Two temperature-scaled coordinate systems, K and K′, are along T. z The relative thermal velocity along the axial direction is V. z ,

[0082] Then the three-dimensional temperature scale coordinate system K(T) x T y T z ) and the three-temperature coordinate system K′(T x ′, T y ′, T z The temperature scale transformation between (′) is as follows:

[0083] T x =(T x ′+V x Δt) (1)

[0084] T y =(T y ′+V y Δt) (2)

[0085] T z =(T z ′+V z Δt) (3)

[0086] In the formula, Δt represents the time interval.

[0087] Three-dimensional temperature scale coordinate system K(T) x T y T zThe three temperature scale axes of K(T) are infinitely long in both positive and negative directions, which means that in the three-dimensional temperature scale coordinate system K(T) x T y T z The three temperature axes of the π scale do not have the concept of absolute zero, and without absolute zero, there is also no concept of the lowest temperature.

[0088] In addition, using the three-dimensional temperature-scale coordinate system K(T) x T y T z When describing the temperature of an object that can be considered a hot spot (a hot spot corresponds to a point mass), you need to specify a temperature scale point as the starting point, and then determine the temperature of the object based on which temperature scale point the object stays at.

[0089] The temperature change of an object that can be considered a hotspot (a hotspot corresponds to a point mass) can be measured using a three-dimensional temperature-scaled coordinate system K(T). x T y T z To describe it, assume that the object is located at (T) in the temperature-scaled coordinate system at time t1. x1 T y1 T z1 At point t2, the object is located at (T) in the temperature-scaled coordinate system. x2 T y2 T z2 At point (T), the temperature scale point of the object, which serves as the starting point, is located at (T) in the temperature scale coordinate system. x2 T y2 T z2 If the point is such that the object's temperature is (T), then the temperature of the object is (T). x2 -T x1 ).

[0090] If the object is undergoing thermal motion that changes its own temperature scale, this thermal motion can be represented by its thermal velocity, where the object moves along temperature T. x The velocity V of the thermal motion of the temperature scale axis x for:

[0091]

[0092] The object along T y The velocity V of the thermal motion of the temperature scale axis y for:

[0093]

[0094] The object along T z The velocity V of the thermal motion of the temperature scale axis z for:

[0095]

[0096] An object (hotspot, corresponding to a point mass) can move along T x Temperature scale axis and / or T y Temperature scale axis and / or T z The movement of a temperature scale axis and the change of its position constitute thermal motion. The velocity of thermal motion, similar to that of mechanical motion, is also a vector quantity.

[0097] An object that can be considered a hot spot is one in which there is no temperature difference between its parts, that is, the temperature difference between its parts is zero, or the temperature difference between its parts is so small that it can be ignored. Such a thermodynamic system can be analyzed and calculated as a hot spot.

[0098] A hot spot that is not affected by heat, even if the hot spot is at T y The position of the temperature scale on the axis will constantly change, but the temperature of the hot spot will not change. This is because the hot spot does not undergo thermal motion of heating or cooling. Only when a hot spot is subjected to external thermal forces will its temperature change.

[0099] A single temperature point cannot represent the magnitude of the temperature of a hot spot.

[0100] If the thermal velocity of an object (a hotspot, corresponding to a point mass) is changing, it indicates that the object's thermal motion has acceleration, and the object moves along T... x The acceleration a of the thermal motion along the temperature scale axis x for:

[0101]

[0102] The object along T y The acceleration a of the thermal motion along the temperature scale axis y for:

[0103]

[0104] The object along T z The acceleration a of the thermal motion along the temperature scale axis z for:

[0105]

[0106] However, modern thermodynamic systems primarily use absolute temperature, which corresponds to a single one-dimensional temperature scale axis. This means the temperature scale axis used to describe absolute temperature has a starting point but no ending point. Therefore, we will begin by using such a temperature scale axis to describe thermal motion, and we will then obtain the following content.

[0107] Suppose that the temperature scale coordinate system has only one absolute temperature scale axis. When using this absolute temperature scale axis to describe the temperature of an object that can be regarded as a hot spot (a hot spot corresponds to a point mass), if the object is located at a temperature scale point T on the absolute temperature scale axis, then the temperature of the object is T.

[0108] In other words, if the temperature change of an object that can be considered a hot spot (a hot spot corresponds to a point mass) is described using an absolute temperature scale coordinate system K, assuming that the object is located at point O of the temperature scale coordinate system at time t1, and assuming that the object is located at point T of the temperature scale coordinate system at time t2, and the temperature scale point of the object as the starting point is located at the origin O of the temperature scale coordinate system, then the temperature of the object is (TO).

[0109] If the object is undergoing thermal motion along an absolute temperature scale coordinate axis, changing its own temperature scale, this thermal motion can be represented by the thermal velocity V, where the velocity V of the object's thermal motion along the absolute temperature scale coordinate axis is:

[0110]

[0111] The motion of an object (a hotspot, corresponding to a point mass) that can move along the absolute temperature scale coordinate axis and change its position is called absolute thermal motion.

[0112] An object that can be considered a hot spot is one in which there is no temperature difference between its parts, that is, the temperature difference between its parts is zero, or the temperature difference between its parts is so small that it can be ignored. Such a thermodynamic system can be analyzed and calculated as a hot spot.

[0113] If the position of a hot spot on the absolute temperature scale coordinate axis changes continuously, then the temperature of the hot spot must be changing. This indicates that the hot spot is affected by external thermal forces, and therefore, the hot spot will change its own temperature.

[0114] If the thermal velocity of an object (a hot spot, corresponding to a point mass) changes along the absolute temperature scale coordinate axis, it indicates that the object's thermal motion has acceleration. The acceleration 'a' of the object's thermal motion along the absolute temperature scale coordinate axis is:

[0115]

[0116] The acceleration 'a' of thermal motion is generated by an external force, which we call thermal force.

[0117] When heat acts on an object (a hot spot, corresponding to a point mass), this thermal effect causes the mass constituting the object (hot spot, corresponding to a point mass) to undergo accelerated thermal motion, resulting in a change in the object's (hot spot, corresponding to a point mass's) temperature. Thus, we have a law of thermal motion:

[0118] The rate of change of the momentum mV of an object (hot spot, corresponding to a point mass) with respect to thermal motion is directly proportional to the thermal force F it experiences. Alternatively, the change in the thermal acceleration a (thermal potential difference of thermal energy) of an object (hot spot, corresponding to a point mass) is directly proportional to the thermal force F it experiences and inversely proportional to the mass m involved in the thermal motion.

[0119] The mathematical expression of the laws of thermal motion in thermodynamics is:

[0120]

[0121] In the formula, K is the proportionality coefficient. For simplicity, we will assume that K = 1.

[0122] Wherein, the thermal acceleration a (thermal potential difference of thermal energy) of the object on the absolute temperature scale coordinate axis is:

[0123]

[0124] The formula for calculating the work done by heat F in thermodynamics is:

[0125]

[0126] If an object has heat Q, then:

[0127]

[0128] For an object in thermal equilibrium, the thermal acceleration 'a' in the above formula is actually the object's specific heat C (the thermal potential difference of thermal energy). Therefore, we can also write the above formula as:

[0129]

[0130] The essence of specific heat C is an electromagnetic effect that can change the temperature of an object, formed by the electric potential energy between the charged particles that make up the object.

[0131] The specific heat C has properties similar to the gravitational acceleration at the Earth's surface. Within a certain range of temperature variation, specific heat C can often be approximated as a constant value. Specific heat C can also be referred to as the thermal potential difference of thermal energy.

[0132] For a hot spot (corresponding particle) used to transfer heat, if the mass of the hot spot (corresponding particle) remains unchanged, and the specific heat C (thermal potential difference) does not change with temperature in the range of (T2-T1), then according to equation (4) above, the following equation of state can be obtained:

[0133]

[0134] Then we can have:

[0135]

[0136] According to equation (5) and the law of conservation of mass, we can also obtain:

[0137]

[0138] That is to say:

[0139]

[0140] If the heat medium is a gas, and the heat Q of the gas depends only on the gas pressure p and volume V, then:

[0141]

[0142] as well as:

[0143]

[0144] Substituting equations (9), (10), and (11) into equation (7), we get:

[0145]

[0146] Further calculations yield the following results:

[0147]

[0148] In the formula, V0 is the volume of the gas at temperature scale T0, V1 is the volume of the gas at temperature scale T1, V2 is the volume of the gas at temperature scale T2, and V3 is the volume of the gas at temperature scale T3; the specific heat C (thermal potential difference) in the formula does not change with the gas temperature.

[0149] Multiplying both sides of all the equations by the specific heat C, we get:

[0150]

[0151] Equation (14) above is the mathematical expression of the van der Waals equation.

[0152] The van der Waals equation is derived by van der Waals from the ideal gas law after considering the molecular structure of the gas volume.

[0153] If we neglect the volume V0 of the gas at temperature scale T0, then the van der Waals equation can be transformed into the ideal gas law, i.e.:

[0154]

[0155] For a thermodynamic system, there is a thermodynamic interaction between the hot spots inside the system, and this thermodynamic interaction between the hot spots constitutes a kind of thermal potential energy.

[0156] From a microscopic perspective, the molecules of an ideal gas have mass but no volume; they are point masses. The motion of each molecule in the gas is independent, with no interaction with other molecules. They move in uniform linear motion before hitting the container wall. Ideal gas molecules only collide with the container wall. The statistical average of the impulse exerted by the gas molecules on a unit area of ​​the container wall per unit time during the collision is macroscopically represented as the gas pressure.

[0157] For an ideal gas at absolute zero (if it exists), each molecule of an ideal gas would be completely stationary. However, this stationary state is not due to any external force fixing each molecule in place, but rather because they lack kinetic energy. In other words, each ideal gas molecule has zero kinetic energy at absolute zero. If ideal gas molecules possessed kinetic energy, they could still move. Therefore, an ideal gas at absolute zero is not a solid, but rather a fluid in which molecules do not move relative to each other, but can still move relative to each other.

[0158] Ignoring gravity, an ideal gas at absolute zero can have a large volume. The absence of temperature renders the velocity of all ideal gas molecules zero, and the kinetic energy of each molecule zero, but not the distance between them. In other words, at absolute zero, there can be distances between stationary ideal gas molecules; these distances do not necessarily have to be zero.

[0159] For a closed or isolated thermodynamic system, the thermal potential energy of each hot spot (corresponding to a particle) within the system always tends to decrease automatically, reducing the heat of the closed or isolated thermodynamic system and making the system more stable. This is the principle of minimum thermal potential energy in thermodynamics.

[0160] The thermal kinetic energy (the kinetic energy of thermal motion) of a hot spot is always positive. When a thermal force increases the thermal kinetic energy of a hot spot, we define the magnitude of that thermal force as positive. When a thermal force decreases the thermal kinetic energy of a hot spot, we define the magnitude of that thermal force as negative.

[0161] When a heat F is a conservative heat that depends only on the temperature scale T, then the heat F can be expressed as:

[0162]

[0163] This relationship shows that the magnitude of the conservative thermodynamic force F is equal to the thermal potential energy Q. p The derivative with respect to the temperature scale T.

[0164] For a conservative thermodynamic system with a fixed amount of thermal energy, consisting of an arbitrary number of hot spots (corresponding particles), when the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, the vector sum of the thermodynamic interactions between the hot spots (corresponding particles) within the system is zero, that is:

[0165]

[0166] At this point, the temperature scales of all hot spots (corresponding particles) within the system are equal, and the thermal potential energy of each hot spot (corresponding particle) will be at its minimum. However, at the thermodynamic equilibrium temperature scale, the thermal kinetic energy of each hot spot (corresponding particle) will be at its maximum. Therefore, when each hot spot (corresponding particle) deviates from the thermodynamic equilibrium temperature scale, its thermal kinetic energy will decrease under the influence of heat, while its thermal potential energy will increase.

[0167] Any thermal motion deviating from the thermodynamic equilibrium temperature scale will reduce the thermal kinetic energy of the hot spots within the conservative system. Therefore, any thermal effect that causes a conservative thermodynamic system to deviate from the thermodynamic equilibrium temperature scale can only be negative, expressed as:

[0168]

[0169] The above equation shows that the thermal force on each hot spot in the conservative system is the largest at the thermal equilibrium temperature scale, with a value of zero, while the thermal force at locations deviating from the thermal equilibrium temperature scale is always negative.

[0170] In a conservative system, the thermodynamic effects on each hot spot are always negative at temperatures deviating from the equilibrium temperature scale. Therefore, conservative thermodynamic effects tend to keep the thermodynamic system at the equilibrium temperature scale; that is, conservative thermodynamic effects are always directed towards the equilibrium temperature scale. When the temperature scales of all hot spots within the system tend to converge, the thermodynamic effects between these hot spots will also tend to reach their maximum value, that is, the vector sum of the thermodynamic effects is zero. In current thermodynamic theory, this corresponds to the entropy function having a maximum value when the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium. In other words, the entropy function is actually the thermodynamic function we analyzed above.

[0171] It should be noted that the direction of change of spontaneous processes in a thermodynamic system is determined by the principle of minimum potential energy in thermodynamics. The opposite process is not only not very rare, but it is simply impossible for it to happen automatically.

[0172] The principle of minimum thermal potential energy in thermodynamics states that for a closed or isolated thermodynamic system, the thermal potential energy of each hot spot (corresponding to a particle) inside the system always tends to decrease automatically, thereby reducing the heat of the closed or isolated thermodynamic system and making the system more stable.

[0173] Just as there is the concept of power in the field of mechanics and the concept of power in the field of electricity, thermodynamics also has thermal power P based on thermal force F and thermal velocity V.

[0174] Thermal power P is the thermal velocity V of the object, which is the work done by thermal force F on the object. If thermal force F and thermal velocity V are in the same direction, then:

[0175] P = FV

[0176] The physical concept of thermal power P in thermodynamics can be used to analyze and measure refrigeration equipment such as air conditioners and refrigerators. Because it incorporates thermal force F, thermal velocity V, and thermal acceleration a (corresponding to specific heat C), it provides a more comprehensive explanation of the intrinsic laws governing the thermal motion of these devices than temperature (TO) alone. For example, with an air conditioner, we currently only have a temperature control button, such as adjusting the temperature to 22 degrees Celsius, but we are completely unaware of the existence of other physical quantities such as thermal force F, thermal velocity V, and thermal acceleration a (corresponding to specific heat C). In reality, the cooling effect of an air conditioner involves more than just temperature and the air conditioner's electrical power; the subtle difference lies in the thermal force F, thermal velocity V, and thermal acceleration a (corresponding to specific heat C).

[0177] The thermal velocity V and thermal acceleration a (corresponding to specific heat C) have a particularly significant impact on air conditioning. If the humidity in the indoor air is high, the specific heat C and the mass m of the hot spot that needs to be regulated will change, which will cause a huge change in the electrical energy required to cool the room.

[0178] In the cold winter, there is a very obvious issue with perceived temperature: if the air humidity is high, people will feel colder more easily. This feeling needs to be explained using thermal force (F), thermal velocity (V), and thermal acceleration (a) (corresponding to specific heat (C)); simply explaining it with changes in temperature is far from sufficient. When the humidity in the ambient air is high, the specific heat of the air in contact with the human body is higher. The heat exchange under these conditions is completely different from that under conditions of low humidity, thus making people feel colder.

[0179] Atoms and molecules involved in thermal motion interact with each other through electric fields. However, in reality, the electrons and nuclei that make up each atom and molecule never come into zero-distance contact during thermal motion. Since each electron and each nucleus involved in thermal motion never comes into zero-distance contact, each electron and nucleus will experience a change in electric potential energy due to thermal motion. Specific heat capacity is a function of the electric potential energy between a large group of electrons and nuclei.

[0180] Boiling water involves heat loss, and boiling the same amount of water multiple times results in even greater heat loss. Therefore, boiling the required amount of water at once is more energy-efficient. The fire used for boiling water should also be appropriately large; a fire that is too small will also cause more heat loss. However, the fire shouldn't be too large either, because a significant portion of the heat released by a large fire will escape directly, and the water will only absorb a small fraction of the heat generated by the fire.

[0181] In fact, for thermal motion, it is necessary to introduce the concept of a complex three-dimensional spatial coordinate system as a mathematical tool to analyze thermal motion in order to fully understand the connotation of thermal motion and provide a more complete, clear and accurate explanation for the various phenomena that occur in related physical experiments.

[0182] A complex three-dimensional coordinate system refers to a three-dimensional coordinate system in which the three coordinate axes can be complex numbers. Any line segment on the three coordinate axes can be a real number, an imaginary number, a superimaginary number, a supersuperimaginary number, a superreal number, or a supersuperreal number.

[0183] To elaborate further, any line segment on any of the three coordinate axes can simultaneously be a real number, an imaginary number, a super-imaginary number, a super-super-imaginary number, a super-real number, or a super-super-real number.

[0184] As for how to specifically set the numerical properties of any line segment on the three coordinate axes, it can be determined according to the need to clearly explain and understand the physical phenomenon, because mathematical expressions are just a tool to describe physical phenomena, and can be used in whatever way is appropriate.

[0185] like Figure 2 As shown, in Figure 2 In the complex three-dimensional spatial coordinate system XYZ shown, we can artificially set the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system XYZ as a real spatial coordinate system. Then, we select a closed space P in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system XYZ. Inside the closed space P, according to the connotation of the physical event being analyzed, we can artificially set the three axis segments of the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system XYZ in the closed space P as imaginary axis segments.

[0186] Then, arbitrarily choose a closed space M in the three-dimensional coordinate system XYZ. Inside the closed space M, we can artificially set the three axis segments of the three-dimensional coordinate system XYZ in the closed space M to be super-imaginary axis segments.

[0187] Then, arbitrarily choose a closed space N in the three-dimensional coordinate system XYZ. Inside the closed space N, we can artificially set the three axis segments of the three-dimensional coordinate system XYZ in the closed space N to be super-super-imaginary axis segments.

[0188] Obviously, if we want to establish more complex spaces, even exhausting all human-made alphabetic symbols would not be enough. We need to simplify the various alphabetic symbols used to describe complex three-dimensional coordinate systems. Therefore, we define a general expression for the coordinates of a mathematical point in a complex three-dimensional coordinate system as follows:

[0189] (X N Y N Z N )

[0190] In the formula, n can be an integer 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ...

[0191] The corresponding spatial coordinate axis can be written as: X N Y N Z N

[0192] In the formula, n can be an integer 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ...

[0193] In this way, Figure 2 In a normal three-dimensional spatial coordinate system XYZ, the coordinate points can be written as (X0, Y0, Z0), where (X0, Y0, Z0) are all real numbers.

[0194] Figure 2 The coordinates of a point (on the three orthogonal axis segments) in a closed space P can be written as (X... -1 Y -1 Z -1 ), where (X) -1 Y -1 Z -1 ) are all imaginary numbers.

[0195] Figure 2 The coordinates of a point (on the three orthogonal axis segments) in a closed space M can be written as (X... -2 Y -2 Z -2 ), where (X) -2 Y -2 Z -2 All of them are superimaginary numbers.

[0196] Figure 2 The coordinates of a point (on the three orthogonal axis segments) in a closed space N can be written as (X... -3 Y -3 Z -3 ), where (X) -3 Y -3 Z -3 ) are all super-superimaginary numbers.

[0197] A closed space P can move in a three-dimensional coordinate system XYZ. Correspondingly, the three-dimensional coordinate system X inside the closed space P is... -1 Y -1 Z -1 The space P will also move accordingly. When the closed space P moves to a certain point, the coordinate axis segments in the normal spatial coordinate system that it encloses become imaginary coordinate axes. In this case, it can also be understood that the closed space P is stationary in another inertial frame, while this inertial frame has relative motion with respect to the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system XYZ.

[0198] Similarly, a closed space M or a closed space N can also move in a three-dimensional spatial coordinate system XYZ. When the closed space M moves to a certain point, the coordinate axis segments of the normal spatial coordinate system that it encloses become super-imaginary coordinate axes, while the closed space N makes the coordinate axis segments of the normal spatial coordinate system become super-super-imaginary coordinate axes.

[0199] To help us understand the complex three-dimensional coordinate system, let's take an example.

[0200] Suppose there is an airplane whose surface forms a closed space P. Therefore, we stipulate that inside the airplane's surface, the number axes of its spatial coordinate system must all use imaginary numbers. That is to say, inside the airplane's surface, the lengths and coordinate points in physical theorems and laws are imaginary, not real.

[0201] Then, consider a car whose surface forms a closed space M. Therefore, we stipulate that within the car's surface, the number axes of its spatial coordinate system must all use superimaginary numbers. That is, within the car's surface, the lengths and coordinate points in physical theorems and laws must be of superimaginary nature, not real or imaginary nature.

[0202] Then, consider a train whose surface forms a closed space N. Therefore, we stipulate that within the train's surface, the number axis of its spatial coordinate system must always use super-super-imaginary numbers. That is, within the train's surface, the lengths and coordinate points in physical theorems and laws must be of super-super-imaginary nature, and cannot be of real, imaginary, or super-imaginary nature.

[0203] By introducing a coordinate axis that connects and combines real numbers, imaginary numbers, superimaginary numbers, and super-superimaginary numbers, we can obtain a mathematical result that cannot be performed by normal addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. That is to say, a real number and an imaginary number cannot be added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided because the rules of mathematical operations do not allow such calculations.

[0204] A real number and an imaginary number cannot be compared in size. The mathematical results obtained from addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of real numbers can be considered non-existent in the imaginary space, the superimaginary space, and the supersuperimaginary space. Similarly, the mathematical results obtained from addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of imaginary numbers can also be considered non-existent in the real space, the superimaginary space, and the supersuperimaginary space.

[0205] The above mathematical characteristics are the reason why we introduce a composite coordinate axis consisting of real numbers, imaginary numbers, superimaginary numbers, and super-superimaginary numbers into physics.

[0206] In a more specific application, suppose a closed space P is Zhang San's home and a closed space M is a supermarket. We stipulate that in Zhang San's home, the number axis of its spatial coordinate system uses imaginary numbers, but is also set to be real numbers. In the supermarket, the number axis of its spatial coordinate system uses super-imaginary numbers, but is also set to be real numbers. Outside Zhang San's home and outside the supermarket, the normal real number spatial coordinate system is used.

[0207] Zhang San plans to go to the supermarket to buy groceries. He first starts at home at a speed of V... -1 Given the time dt that Zhang San exercised at home, we can obtain the distance S that Zhang San moved at home. -1 yes:

[0208] S -1 =V -1 dt

[0209] Note that if the coordinate axis of Zhang San's home is not set to be real, and the distance Zhang San moves at home is only the distance on the imaginary coordinate axis, then this distance cannot be used to compare the distance between the outside of Zhang San's home and the outside of the supermarket using the normal real coordinate system. In other words, if Zhang San moves around at home for half a day, it is equivalent to not moving at all in the real coordinate system between the outside of Zhang San's home and the outside of the supermarket.

[0210] If we don't define the number axis of Zhang San's spatial coordinate system as also being a real number, then the distance traveled on the real number coordinate axis will only occur when Zhang San leaves his house and begins moving towards the supermarket from outside. Similarly, the distance traveled on the imaginary number coordinate axis will only occur when Zhang San enters the supermarket and begins moving inside.

[0211] Suppose a closed space P is a 100-meter running track on a sports field. We define the number axis of the spatial coordinate system within it to use both real and imaginary numbers. Therefore, when an athlete completes a 100-meter race, the distance traveled will be two 100-meter distances: one in the real coordinate system and the other in the imaginary coordinate system. Note that these two 100-meter distances should not be confused; they must be considered separately.

[0212] If we define the three axes of a complex three-dimensional coordinate system as both real and imaginary numbers, and then place a rotating electron or a rotating ball at the origin of this real-imaginary three-dimensional coordinate system, then after the electron or ball completes one revolution, its rotation angle is 360 degrees in both the real and imaginary coordinate systems. This is how the rotation of the electron or ball should be described; it should not be confused with the rotation of the electron or ball in the real coordinate system versus the rotation in the imaginary coordinate system. Each should be considered separately.

[0213] Another situation is when imaginary numbers are already present in physical laws and equations. For example, in the fundamental theory of acoustics, if the potential function... Other physical quantities characterizing the wave properties of a medium are only related to time and the distance *r* from a point in space called the wave center. Such longitudinal waves are called longitudinal spherical waves. In an isotropic homogeneous medium, waves excited by a point source are spherical waves. Assuming the dimension of the point source is *r0*, the exponential form of the spherical wave equation under singularity mechanics is:

[0214]

[0215] In the formula, A is the complex amplitude.

[0216] Wherein, potential function The wave equation is satisfied at all points including r = 0:

[0217] If the spherical wave equation under the singularity mechanics above already contains imaginary numbers, then in this case, the complex three-dimensional coordinate system describing the spherical wave equation under the singularity mechanics can be directly set as having three coordinate axes that are both real and imaginary. Then, using the existing coordinate equation, the graphs of the two types of numbers given by the equation can be directly plotted in the complex three-dimensional coordinate system.

[0218] Of course, you can also directly specify the potential function of the spherical wave equation under singularity mechanics. The interior of a sphere is composed of imaginary numbers plus real numbers, in the potential function. The outside of a sphere contains only real numbers.

[0219] Similarly, there is the wave function of a beam of free electrons under singularity mechanics:

[0220]

[0221] Since this wave equation already contains imaginary numbers, in this case, the complex three-dimensional spatial coordinate system describing the spherical wave equation under the singularity mechanics can be directly set as having three coordinate axes that are both real and imaginary. Then, using the existing coordinate equation, the graphs of the two types of numbers given by the equation can be directly plotted in the complex three-dimensional spatial coordinate system.

[0222] For the Schrödinger equation for any particle in singularity mechanics

[0223]

[0224] Most people now believe that quantum theory is included in the interpretation of this equation. We can also directly set the complex three-dimensional spatial coordinate system describing the spherical wave equation under the singularity mechanics as having three coordinate axes that are both real and imaginary, and then use the existing coordinate equation to directly draw the graphs of the two types of numbers given by the equation in the complex three-dimensional spatial coordinate system.

[0225] For the Dirac equations of free particles in singularity mechanics:

[0226]

[0227] We can also directly set the complex three-dimensional spatial coordinate system describing the spherical wave equation under the singularity mechanics as having three coordinate axes that are both real and imaginary, and then use the existing coordinate equation to directly draw the graphs of the two types of numbers given by the equation in the complex three-dimensional spatial coordinate system.

[0228] And the following physical equations:

[0229] The positive and negative energy state solutions of the Dirac equation for a free particle under singularity mechanics, let:

[0230]

[0231] After derivation, the plane wave solution sequence of the Dirac equation for free particles under singularity mechanics can be obtained:

[0232]

[0233] Where α = ±1.

[0234] The general solution to the Dirac equation under singularity mechanics is:

[0235]

[0236] We can directly set the complex three-dimensional spatial coordinate system describing the spherical wave equation under the singularity mechanics as having three coordinate axes that are both real and imaginary, and then use the existing coordinate equation to directly draw the graphs of the two types of numbers given by the equation in the complex three-dimensional spatial coordinate system.

[0237] Mathematical expressions are a tool that can be used in physics. This means that the reason why the gravitational constant in the mathematical expression of the law of universal gravitation is a constant value is actually artificially set. If we set the gravitational constant to be a non-constant value, then we can make the law of universal gravitation hold even when the gravitational constant is not a constant value by modifying the definition of length, the definition of time, and the definition of space.

[0238] Similarly, there is the mathematical expression of Einstein's general relativity, which maintains the gravitational constant by modifying the meaning of distance r and the definition of space.

[0239] Real-world physics experimental data cannot be arbitrarily processed using pure mathematical multiplication and division. This is because physics is not mathematics; physics typically has a minimum physical unit. Within this minimum physical unit, discussing or analyzing a phenomenon loses its physical meaning. Therefore, real-world physics experimental data cannot be arbitrarily processed using mathematical multiplication and division. A simple example of this problem is the apple-sharing math problem from elementary school. Suppose we have 10 apples, and 5 people are sharing them; then each person receives 2 apples.

[0240] In physics, a human being is a entity with a minimum physical unit. This minimum physical unit cannot be less than 1, nor can it be 1.27 people. Therefore, we cannot have 0.857 people or 1.27 people sharing an apple.

[0241] It is particularly important to note that all physical laws and equations involving square roots should be calculated and analyzed using a complex three-dimensional coordinate system. For example, with the Lorentz transformation, using a complex three-dimensional coordinate system will lead to more new conjectures derived from mathematical derivation. However, mathematical conclusions derived from mathematical derivation are not necessarily conclusions that can occur or appear in physical reality. As mentioned above, we cannot have 0.857 or 1.27 people share an apple, let alone have zero people share one apple, and then work backward to conclude that there are infinitely many apples. In other words, mathematical proofs are not equivalent to proofs from physical experiments.

[0242] If a physical quantity in a physical law is a variable within the square root, then when using a complex three-dimensional coordinate system for calculation and analysis, special restrictions need to be applied at the boundaries. Real numbers cannot cross boundaries into the imaginary space, and imaginary numbers cannot cross boundaries into the real space.

[0243] The above examples allow for a multi-faceted understanding of the physical meaning of using complex three-dimensional spatial coordinate systems from different perspectives.

[0244] In fact, complex three-dimensional coordinate systems are also needed for thermodynamic motion. By analogy, we can easily establish complex coordinate axes involving temperature scales and then use them as a tool to analyze thermal motion.

[0245] With the thermodynamic knowledge above, we can use it to analyze the dynamic patterns of temperature changes in a cat's eyes.

[0246] During the experiment, we can continuously observe the temperature of the cat's eyes to see if there are significant temperature changes throughout the process before and after the cat emits light. If so, we can use a three-dimensional temperature scale coordinate system with T... x The temperature scale axis is used to describe the thermal motion velocity of a cat's eye, meaning that the cat's eye has measurable temperature changes. This can be achieved by using an object along the T-axis. x The velocity V of the thermal motion of the temperature scale axis x The calculation formula is as follows:

[0247]

[0248] The velocity V of the cat's eye thermal motion was calculated. x .

[0249] If the object is described by its thermal motion along an absolute temperature scale, changing its own temperature scale, this thermal motion can be represented by the thermal velocity V. The velocity V of the cat's eye along the absolute temperature scale is:

[0250]

[0251] The speed of thermal motion V of a cat's eyes x To calculate the thermal velocity V of the cat's eye, it is necessary to measure the time it takes for the eye to heat up or cool down, and to measure the eye's temperature before and after the heating or cooling process. With these two sets of data, and by substituting them into the formula above, the thermal velocity V of the cat's eye can be obtained. x Or V.

[0252] As the preceding analysis shows, if the thermal motion velocity of the cat's eye is variable, then this change can be analyzed and calculated using the laws of thermal motion in thermodynamics, namely:

[0253]

[0254] The hotspot mass m above could be the mass of a portion of the muscle tissue in the cat's eye.

[0255] A key characteristic of thermal motion is that, at the same temperature, a large number of atoms or molecules involved in thermal motion can have vastly different rates of motion. For example, in a glass of sodium chloride solution at room temperature in thermal equilibrium, the water molecules, sodium ions, and chloride ions within the solution can have drastically different rates of motion, even at the same temperature. This characteristic of fluid thermal motion allows the water molecules, sodium ions, and chloride ions with higher rates of motion to move upwards along the side wall of the glass containing the salt water until they exhaust their kinetic energy and stop.

[0256] Note that this phenomenon doesn't involve a single salt droplet flowing upwards. A salt droplet contains a large number of slow-moving water molecules, sodium ions, and chloride ions, so it cannot flow upwards along the side of the glass containing salt water. However, the fast-moving water molecules, sodium ions, and chloride ions can continuously travel upwards along the side of the glass, adhering to the wall. This upward diffusion of faster-moving molecules due to thermal motion eventually causes the dissolved salt in the water to crystallize and solidify on the inner and outer walls of the glass, making it appear as if these salt crystals could jump up to the inner wall to crystallize. In reality, however, the sodium chloride crystals are formed by thermal motion propelling them upwards along the inner wall of the glass.

[0257] The phenomenon that the various atoms or molecules involved in thermal motion can have large differences in their motion rates may be highly related to the mechanism by which a cat's eyes become bright at night. That is, if there are also some high-speed moving cells in a cat's eyes, these high-speed moving cells may be the reason why a cat's eyes become bright at night.

[0258] As we all know, what appears to be a completely dark night is actually filled with infrared radiation invisible to the human eye. However, even when infrared radiation is reflected by an object, it generally does not become visible light unless the reflected infrared radiation undergoes a blue shift. Under normal circumstances, the liquid crystal molecules in an animal's eye are in their ground state. Regardless of their arrangement, the liquid crystal molecules in an animal's eye will not undergo a blue shift reflection when exposed to infrared radiation. Therefore, an animal's eyes generally do not emit light during the day or at night.

[0259] However, if certain animals could be given an eye that causes a small number of rapidly moving cellular molecules on its surface to enter an excited or metastable state, then when external infrared radiation acts on these regularly arranged, excited or metastable cellular molecules, these molecules will transition to higher energy levels or ionized states, and then return to the ground state, emitting photons. Because the molecules that transition to higher energy levels do not return exactly to their original metastable state, but rather transition to all lower energy levels, including the ground state, the reflected light undergoes a blue shift, becoming visible light such as blue, yellow, or green light that the human eye can see.

[0260] As can be seen from the above analysis, the way animal eyes glow at night is not simply because they reflect the extremely weak visible light in the night sky, but because they reflect infrared rays that are invisible to the human eye. Furthermore, when reflecting infrared rays, they undergo a blue shift, turning them into visible light. This is why we can see the light reflected from animal eyes even when we cannot see the incident light.

[0261] Light reflection includes specular reflection and diffuse reflection. Specular reflection occurs when parallel light rays strike a smooth surface and are reflected in parallel directions. Diffuse reflection occurs when parallel light rays strike an uneven surface and are reflected in all directions. Based on existing images, the bright light emitted by animal eyes at night more closely resembles the effect of specular reflection.

[0262] In three-dimensional space, macroscopic mechanical energy automatically transforms into microscopic mechanical energy, or thermal energy, which in turn automatically transforms into light energy. The light energy then dissipates into the boundless universe. There is no heat death trend in the universe; there is only the automatic and spontaneous transformation of macroscopic and microscopic mechanical energy into light energy. In other words, mechanical energy and thermal energy eventually become photons and fly away.

[0263] As analyzed above, under the influence of gravity, the accelerated motion of charged particles does not produce electromagnetic radiation, a fact proven by the absence of electromagnetic radiation from objects stationary on the ground. It is generally believed that Earth's gravity does no work on objects stationary on the ground because the apparent stillness is counteracted by a supporting force, thus appearing motionless. However, this understanding is completely incorrect. Objects stationary on the ground are composed of atoms, and atoms possess thermal motion. This thermal motion of the atoms makes the seemingly still object not truly stationary. In other words, the thermal motion of the atoms causes a non-zero displacement in the direction of gravity. This atomic thermal motion is not counteracted by a supporting force. However, the individual charged particles constituting the object do not produce electromagnetic radiation under the influence of gravity, and the acceleration of charged particles by gravity does not result in any loss of electromagnetic radiation energy.

[0264] If an electron is placed at a coordinate point sufficiently close to a positron, the electron will accelerate toward the coordinate point where the positron is located under the influence of the positron's electric field. The matter that makes up the electron can be accelerated to the speed of light by the electric field of the positron. This physical phenomenon occurs in the annihilation reaction of electron-positron pairs.

[0265] The volume term of electromagnetic waves is a crucial physical quantity for receiving, transmitting, and resolving electromagnetic waves emitted by antennas. We can use a vivid analogy to understand the shape of the volume term of electromagnetic waves emitted by a circuit. The volume term of electromagnetic waves emitted from a wire grows from the circuit and antenna. Therefore, the shape and size of the circuit and antenna will definitely affect the shape and size of the volume term of electromagnetic waves emitted by the circuit.

[0266] The energy of electromagnetic waves radiated from a circuit must come from the circuit. Since this electromagnetic wave once rested on the circuit, the initial state of the volume term of this electromagnetic wave can definitely be found on the circuit. The biggest difference between electromagnetic waves and a steady electric field is that electromagnetic waves can participate in the gravitational force. The accelerated motion of electric charge gives the electric charge a mass that can participate in the gravitational force.

[0267] One important physical property of electromagnetic waves is that they can be reflected by metal mesh. Of course, electromagnetic waves can also pass through metal mesh. The phenomenon that electromagnetic waves can pass through metal mesh and can also be intercepted by metal mesh can be used as a physical experimental method for us to understand the volume term of electromagnetic waves.

[0268] If an electromagnetic wave can penetrate a metal mesh with a pore size of one meter, then the volume of the electromagnetic wave can be considered to be less than one meter. If an electromagnetic wave cannot penetrate a metal mesh with a pore size of one meter, then the volume of the electromagnetic wave can be considered to be greater than one meter.

[0269] The volume term of an electromagnetic wave determines its volume. Since an electromagnetic wave has volume, it must have a boundary line or boundary surface. The change of the electric field of an electromagnetic wave is based on the boundary line or boundary surface of the electromagnetic wave.

[0270] There are two types of light: one is photons emitted by positive charges, which have positive charge, and the other is photons emitted by negative charges, which have negative charge.

[0271] Photons have no inertial mass, but they do have gravitational mass. In addition to frequency, wavelength, and speed, photons also have a modifiable property: shape!

[0272] An accelerating electric field emits light, but a changing electric field does not necessarily emit light. An electron moving at a constant speed along the X-axis will cause a change in the electric field at point P1 as it approaches and leaves the X-axis. If observed at point P1, the change in electric field strength can be measured. However, it is obvious that no electromagnetic waves are emitted from point P1 in space. Therefore, generating a changing electric field at a certain point in space does not necessarily result in the emission of electromagnetic waves.

[0273] In summary, by analyzing the mechanism by which a cat's eye emits controlled light at a specific time, we can develop a new type of lighting device.

Claims

1. An experimental apparatus for verifying the property of a cat's eye emitting bright light at night, characterized in that: Includes a base (1) and a visible light spectrometer. The base (1) has a vertical plate (2) along the left and right vertical directions. The front surface of the plate (2) is coated with a black coating. The plate (2) has a circular plane mirror mounting hole, a first convex mirror mounting hole, a second convex mirror mounting hole, a third convex mirror mounting hole, a fourth convex mirror mounting hole, a fifth convex mirror mounting hole, and a sixth convex mirror mounting hole. A plane mirror (3) is installed in the plane mirror mounting hole. A first convex mirror (4) is installed in the first convex mirror mounting hole. The mirrors are equipped with a No. 2 convex mirror (5), a No. 3 convex mirror (6), a No. 4 convex mirror (7), a No. 5 convex mirror (8), and a No. 6 convex mirror (9). The mirrors of the No. 1 convex mirror (4), the No. 2 convex mirror (5), the No. 3 convex mirror (6), the No. 4 convex mirror (7), the No. 5 convex mirror (8), and the No. 6 convex mirror (9) have different radii of curvature. The entrance slit (10) of the visible light spectrometer is set in the middle of the upright plate (2) with its opening facing forward. Multiple light sources that can project visible light onto the surface of the upright plate (2) facing forward are provided in front of the upright plate (2).

2. The experimental apparatus according to claim 1 for verifying the property of a cat's eye emitting bright light at night, characterized in that: The plane mirror mounting hole is located above the entrance slit (10), and the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth convex mirror mounting holes are located below the entrance slit (10). The diameter of the plane mirror mounting hole, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth convex mirror mounting holes is 10mm-30mm.

3. The experimental apparatus for verifying the property of a cat's eye emitting bright light at night, as described in claim 2, is characterized in that: The illuminance meter probe is located on the upright plate (2) near the mounting holes of the planar reflector and / or the mounting holes of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth convex reflectors.

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