Green high-yield Chinese yam cultivation method based on binding and returning corn or rice straw to field

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and discloses a Chinese yam green high-yield cultivation method based on binding and returning corn or rice straws to the field, the corn straws are returned to the field for utilization, and the problem of burning of the corn straws is effectively solved; along with fertilizer utilization of the corn straw, the content of organic matters in soil can be increased, and through comparison detection of a soil fertilizer station in Wenshan, the content of the organic matters in the soil before the corn straw is returned to the field is 31.1 g / kg, and the content of the organic matters in the soil after the corn straw is returned to the field is 31.8 g / kg; in addition, 10kg / mu of potassium sulfate and 20kg / mu of calcium superphosphate can be saved; the corn straw can prevent pathogenic nematodes from infecting the seedling-stage Chinese yam. Corn straw standing and returning can increase the yield of Chinese yam, and then the income of common people is increased; in addition, people for preparing the straws are old, children, women and children, the income of the people is increased, and the social stability can be remarkably improved; in addition, the corn straw can be returned to the field in a standing mode, the air quality can be improved, the use amount of pesticide and chemical fertilizer is reduced, the cultivated land quality is improved, agricultural non-point source pollution is reduced, and ecological benefits are greatly improved.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application belongs to the field of crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a yam green high-yield cultivation method based on corn or rice straw bundle returning to field. BACKGROUND

[0002] Yam is also known as dioscorea and long yam, and belongs to dioscoreaceae. It is a medicinal and edible vegetable in Wenshan. According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia, yam is sweet in taste and flat in nature, and belongs to spleen, lung and kidney channels, and has the effects of tonifying spleen and stomach, generating fluid and benefiting lung, and tonifying kidney and astringing essence. Hongdian Hui Ethnic Township in Wenshan City is located in the core area of selenium-rich land, which is the core production area of yam industry: 15,000 mu of planting in 2024, accounting for the dominant; through the mode of "leading enterprise + cooperative + farmer", it drives the surrounding planting of more than 30,000 mu, forming an industrial belt. The net income per mu is 8000 yuan, and the income of Hongdian Township increases by 160 million yuan, and the surrounding income increases by 140 million yuan; cooperative order sales, such as 10,000 tons of orders in Wenshan in 2024, guarantee the market; the total output value of the township is 160 million yuan, and the average household income is 145,000 yuan; deep processing and e-commerce make the products sold far and wide in China and abroad, Vietnam and the European Union. The altitude of Hongdian Township is 1400m, the annual rainfall is 798mm, the average annual temperature is 22℃, the temperature difference is 11℃, and the red soil is deep and loose, which is beneficial to the production of high-yield and high-quality yam.

[0003] The patent name of the prior art is yam high-yield cultivation method (patent number CN102301887A)

[0004] The patent discloses a yam high-yield cultivation technology, which includes the following contents:

[0005] * Selecting yam varieties with excellent disease resistance, strong stress resistance, good quality, good storage resistance, etc.

[0006] * Selecting land with high terrain, thick soil layer, fertile and loose, good irrigation conditions, and not allowing continuous cropping;

[0007] * Deep plowing the soil to 60-80 cm, first turning over the surface soil of 20-30 cm on one side, then further turning over the soil, applying a large amount of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, and covering the soil after basal fertilization;

[0008] * Preparing seedlings, cutting segments of tuber, treatment (such as lime, lime, pesticide, etc.), sowing row spacing and plant spacing, and timely weeding, irrigation and fertilization after seedling emergence;

[0009] Although the patent has made improvements in yam site selection, deep plowing, basal fertilization, seedling treatment, sowing plant spacing management, etc., there are still the following deficiencies or improvement space:

[0010] 1. Limited organic matter deep and long-term release and soil structure improvement

[0011] In this patent, organic fertilizer is mixed into deep ploughed soil as base fertilizer, mainly to improve soil fertility and part of the soil structure, but the way is to mix the whole soil or to lay the soil. It does not use the technology of "straw bundle segmented vertical insertion into deep trench" to form organic matter column or structural support in the deep layer of root system. This causes the release of organic matter to be more concentrated in the ploughed layer (upper layer), and the deep soil improvement is not enough. The root system may encounter obstacles during the expansion or tuber swelling process in the hardened or organic matter poor area of the lower layer of soil.

[0012] 2. Insufficient combination of water regulation and straw management

[0013] Although this patent has irrigation arrangement and drainage requirements, and also has fertilization, weeding, disease and pest control measures, it does not have a systematic layout that specifically utilizes the physical and biological effects of straw (such as straw as a water buffer layer, a drainage channel in the rainy season, and a moisture retention and water release layer in drought). Straw incorporation is generally mixed into the soil or covered, and there is no standard "straw bundle + deep trench + spatial docking with root system" form, so in alternating drought and flood years, water stress or waterlogging may still affect the quality and yield of yam tubers. SUMMARY

[0014] In view of the problems existing in the prior art, the present application provides a yam green high-yield cultivation method based on corn or rice straw bundle incorporation.

[0015] The present application is implemented as follows: a yam green high-yield cultivation method based on corn or rice straw bundle incorporation includes:

[0016] Step 1, preparation before planting;

[0017] Step 2, sowing;

[0018] Step 3, field management;

[0019] Step 4, timely harvesting;

[0020] After the yam matures, the aboveground stems and leaves gradually wither, and the underground tubers enter a dormant state. Generally, in late September to October, the bead between the leaf axil and the ball star is first picked, then the support and vine are removed, the mulch is removed, and the digging is performed. During the digging process, damage is minimized. The harvested yam is placed in a cool place to dry the surface, then packed in bamboo baskets or woven bags, and stored in a cellar / warehouse during winter.

[0021] Further, the preparation before planting includes:

[0022] (1) site selection

[0023] Drought-tolerant yam growth characteristics, suitable for gentle terrain, loose and fertile soil, easy to irrigate and drain sandy soil or light soil; yam on soil requirements to slightly acidic to neutral (pH ≈ 7.0) is appropriate, yam like warm sunny, not cold, afraid of frost, should not be continuous cropping, should be deep plowing;

[0024] (2) bundle of raw materials

[0025] Select maturity, no disease and pest and texture tough straw (corn, rice); maturity of the straw, its fiber structure is complete, rich in organic matter; according to the growth depth of yam, the harvested straw (corn, rice) is cut into small bundles with a diameter of 15 cm and a length of 70 cm; 1.5-1.8 tons of straw per mu, and not less than 1334 m2 of corn straw (840 kg) or 2668 m2 of rice straw (1680 kg) per 667 m2 of yam;

[0026] (3) accurate cutting

[0027] According to the growth depth of yam, the straw is cut by machine; the key points are: the cutting length is consistent (length 70 cm), which affects the quality of bundling and the uniformity of field distribution;

[0028] (4) standard bundling

[0029] The straw bundle is bundled into small bundles with a diameter of 15 cm (diameter 15 cm to ensure tightness, permeability and water permeability; at the same time, it is convenient for storage and transportation, and it is not easy to loose deformation); requirements: the bundling material should have certain strength and flexibility, which can ensure the firmness of the straw bundle and cannot hinder the natural decomposition of the straw;

[0030] (5) land preparation (digging ditch) buried bundle

[0031] Mechanical deep ditching or punching is used for soil preparation; the ditch depth is 1m-1.2m, the width is 30cm, and the plant spacing is 20cm-25cm×1.1m; the straw (diameter 15cm, height 70cm) is inserted into the ditch vertically according to the planting spacing of yam;

[0032] (6) application of base fertilizer

[0033] Apply farmyard manure and compound fertilizer as base fertilizer on both sides of the straw to provide nutrients for the growth of yam; 1-2 tons of farmyard manure or 1 bag of compound fertilizer per mu (according to soil fertility, texture, pH value and other factors, adjust the proportion of farmyard manure and compound fertilizer reasonably);

[0034] (7) yam treatment

[0035] 20-25 days before planting, select the root head without disease spots and with hard top for seed, dip the section with lime powder / seed dressing agent, and place it in the sun / ventilated place to promote wound drying and germination.

[0036] Further, the sowing:

[0037] 1) manual / mechanical sowing;

[0038] 2) fertilization.

[0039] Further, the manual / mechanical sowing:

[0040] Comprehensive factors such as planting methods of various yam varieties, soil conditions, and plot size, the manual / mechanical sowing operation mode is reasonably selected; the plot of concentrated and contiguous land generally uses the seed and fertilizer mixed sowing complex operation machine tool to sow, fertilize, cover soil, ridge, lay pipe, and film, etc. operation; the water and flood rotation area and the hilly slope land is suitable for manual sowing, fertilization, and then mechanical soil covering, pipe laying, and film covering, etc. operation; (key points: when yam is planted, the seed piece is placed flat at the straw flat head; the soil cover is not less than 20 cm, and 4000 plants of yam are planted per 667 m2 plot).

[0041] Further, the fertilization:

[0042] The water and fertilizer integrated management mode is adopted in yam sowing, after yam seedling, according to the plant growth situation, urea, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, and trace element fertilizer can be added for trace element fertilizer and water soluble fertilizer for leaf trace element fertilizer.

[0043] Further, the field management:

[0044] 1) weeding after sowing;

[0045] 2) post-planting management;

[0046] 3) cultivation and soil preparation;

[0047] 4) water management;

[0048] 5) disease and pest control.

[0049] Further, the weeding after sowing

[0050] 3-5 days after sowing, spray the bud-sealing herbicide (such as acetochlor, 50% acetochlor emulsion, 75 ml-150 ml / 667 m2, uniform spraying); after yam seedling, the 2-4 leaf stage of weeds in yam field is sprayed with selective herbicide (such as sulfiquinol. metribuzin+ sulfiquinol. fenoxaprop each 60-70 ml, add water 15 L-30 L to mix evenly, the spraying amount is 15 L-30 L / 667 m2, uniform spraying of stems and leaves); in the year with more rainfall, the herbicide spraying can be increased once after 10-15 days of cultivation.

[0051] Further, the post-planting management:

[0052] Frame and guide the vines; when the seedlings grow to 5-10 cm, use bamboo sticks to pierce the film above the seedlings to guide the seedlings out of the film, and use soil to press firmly around; when the stems and vines grow to 40-50 cm, guide the young stems to the upper frame and promptly set up a support to guide the vines to grow upward. Generally, use thin bamboo poles or branches to insert into the herringbone frame. The height of the frame is appropriate at 200-250 cm. If limited by materials, at least it should be as high as 150 cm. The support should be firmly inserted to prevent it from being blown down by the wind.

[0053] Fertilization; when the stems and vines have reached the upper half of the frame, apply 1 time (60 days after emergence), and apply 10-15 kg of urea per 667 m2 according to the growth of the plants. During the flowering period, apply root-enlarging fertilizer, mainly P and K fertilizer, 40 kg of N:P:K=15:15:15 compound fertilizer per 667 m2, combined with ditch cleaning and soil covering. If the seedlings are few, appropriately increase the weak seedlings to achieve balanced development in the whole field. At the same time, you can also spray dihydrogen potassium phosphate to supplement the fertilizer.

[0054] Further, the cultivation and soil preparation:

[0055] Planting to emergence before closing weeds, use 90% ethylamine 80-100 ml / acre to dilute water 60 kg, spray, half a month after emergence, cultivate once, depth 10 cm, generally every half month 1 time, until the stems and vines have reached the upper half of the frame, then use hand to remove weeds; a part of the soil in the row outside the frame should be dug up and filled into the row inside the frame, so that a high ridge is formed inside the frame, and a 20 cm deep and 30 cm wide ridge ditch is formed outside the row, so as to drain water in the rainy season. The cultivation operation is appropriate 2 times. The emergence rate reaches 10%-30%, when the yam seedlings are about to emerge, the first cultivation and soil preparation is carried out; when the yam is about to close the row (present budding period), the second cultivation and soil preparation is carried out combined with fertilizer application, according to the growth of the yam and the soil fertility, apply 5 kg / 667 m2-10 kg / 667 m2 of urea, 20 kg / 667 m2-25 kg / 667 m2 of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer. When applying fertilizer, mix the pesticide with the fertilizer and apply it to prevent underground pests. After the two times of cultivation and soil preparation, the yam ridge height reaches 30-35 cm. Combined with the growth of the plants and the tuber formation, the third time of cultivation and soil preparation can be carried out.

[0056] Further, the water management:

[0057] Yam is a drought-tolerant crop, but in order to achieve high yield, timely and appropriate water management is still needed. Generally, before and after the first fertilizer application, if it encounters continuous 7-10 days or more of no effective rainfall, and the soil in the field is observed to be significantly white and dry, with signs of cracking, light irrigation measures should be taken in time. Each time of watering should be appropriate to penetrate the surface layer of the soil 5-10 cm to reach the wet state, avoiding large water irrigation leading to soil compaction or nutrient loss. The whole process can be completed in 1-2 times.

[0058] In the transition from summer to autumn, if there is a continuous high temperature and dry weather for more than a week, special attention should be paid to water stress as this is the key period for tuber enlargement. The best time for water replenishment is in the morning when the temperature is relatively low. At this time, irrigation with cool well water or river water can effectively alleviate plant wilting and avoid physiological disorders of the root system caused by high temperature irrigation at noon. At the same time, during the flood season or heavy rainfall period, it is necessary to dredge the drainage ditches inside and outside the field in advance to ensure that the accumulated water in the field can be drained within two hours after the rain, preventing damage to the root system by waterlogging and maintaining a good soil aeration environment. The water regulation during the entire growth period should follow the principle of "small water during drought, quick drainage during waterlogging".

[0059] Further, the disease and pest control:

[0060] Yam is a crop with less disease and pest occurrence. It is more susceptible to disease in the dry season, high temperature and rainy season, heavy land, and field waterlogging. The "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control" principle of plant protection should be followed for prevention and control. Choose a spray bar or backpack sprayer. After yam is closed, determine the spraying interval, spraying amount, and spraying frequency according to the yam disease level. Leaf fertilization can be added 2-3 times during the disease and pest control process.

[0061] Yam diseases mainly include fusarium wilt, anthracnose, and brown spot disease. Above-ground pests include Spodoptera litura, yam leaf peak, and underground pests include grub, ground beetle, and mole cricket.

[0062] Prevention and control method: Fusarium wilt - black and brown spots on the stem base, yellowing and wilting of the leaves, and leaf drop. At the early stage of the disease, use 25% anti-wilt 70% mancozeb, 50% carbendazim for prevention and control (root irrigation).

[0063] Anthracnose - the center of the lesion is white to dark gray, the edge is dark brown, and when severe, the lesions merge and the leaves rot irregularly. Use 75% methyl thiophanate, 64% bluestone, and 80% anthracnose to prevent and control.

[0064] Brown spot disease - damages leaves and vines, and the lesion turns brown in the late stage. When severe, the lesions merge and the leaves perforate or die. Use 50% methyl thiophanate, 75% chlorothalonil, and 50% thiram to prevent and control.

[0065] Spodoptera litura and yam leaf peak - use 5% flufenoxuron (Cardex), 5% cypermethrin (Lifuling), and 10% cypermethrin alternately.

[0066] Grub, ground beetle, and mole cricket - damage tubers. In addition to avoiding the use of raw manure to reduce pests, 50% phoxim can be applied to the planting trench before planting at 3 kg per mu, or 20% kill chrysanthemum ester and 50% phoxim at 1500 times the liquid can be used to irrigate the base of the plant.

[0067] In combination with the above technical solutions and the technical problems solved, the technical solutions to be protected by the present application have the following advantages and positive effects:

[0068] (I) Technical problems existing in the prior art and difficulty analysis

[0069] 1. Insufficient synergy between straw returning and yam planting

[0070] Problem: Traditional straw returning techniques (such as direct crushing and burying or covering) can easily lead to loose soil structure and uneven porosity, and the root system of yam is prone to mechanical damage during planting. In addition, the decomposition rate of straw does not match the nutrient demand of yam during the growth period, which can easily cause seedling burn or nutrient deficiency.

[0071] Difficulty: It is necessary to balance the physical improvement effect of straw returning and the dynamic demand of yam for soil fertility and air permeability, while avoiding the inhibition of yam growth by organic acids released during straw decomposition.

[0072] 2. Yam continuous cropping obstacles and soil degradation

[0073] Problem: Yam continuous cropping leads to accumulation of soil pathogenic bacteria (such as nematodes and fusarium), soil compaction, and decrease in organic matter. Traditional rotation models (such as corn-yam rotation) cannot effectively restore the soil due to improper straw treatment.

[0074] Difficulty: It is necessary to develop a cultivation model that can utilize straw to improve soil and block the spread of pathogenic bacteria, while meeting the needs of yam for loose soil layer and slow-release nutrients.

[0075] 3. Contradiction between straw returning efficiency and cost

[0076] Problem: Traditional straw crushing and returning requires multiple plowing, which is energy-consuming and inefficient. Direct covering and returning can easily lead to surface runoff and serious straw loss.

[0077] Difficulty: It is necessary to design a low-energy, high-coverage straw fixation technology, while ensuring that the soil tightness after returning is suitable for yam tuber enlargement.

[0078] (II) Core innovation points of the technical solutions of the present application

[0079] 1. Coupling design of straw bundle returning and directional yam cultivation

[0080] Technical solution: Corn / rice straw is bundled into a bundle with a diameter of 15-20 cm, buried in the soil layer at a row spacing of 60-80 cm and a depth of 30-40 cm, forming a "straw layer-yam layer" double-layer structure. Combined with the shallow groove directional cultivation technology (groove depth 40-50 cm, inclination angle 10-15°), the yam tubers grow along the groove.

[0081] Innovation: By bundling and fixing the surface soil with straw, water and soil loss is reduced; the shallow growth groove design shortens the growth depth of yam (traditional 1.2m → optimized 0.6m), reducing the difficulty of harvesting, while the straw layer provides slow-release carbon source, promoting soil microbial activity.

[0082] 2. Special organic fertilizer for yam and straw synergistic decomposition technology

[0083] Technical solution: With straw powder (40-60%), chicken manure (20-30%), and fly ash (5-10%) as raw materials, add compound microbial agent (Bacillus subtilis, thermophilic actinomycetes, etc.) for two-stage fermentation (30°C aerobic fermentation for 5 days + 55°C high-temperature fermentation for 3 days), make organic fertilizer containing probiotics, and apply 3-5 tons / 667㎡ into the straw layer.

[0084] Innovation: Straw and organic fertilizer are buried in layers to form a "physical barrier + biological barrier" to inhibit the colonization of pathogenic bacteria; the earthworm treatment stage (add 100-500 earthworms / 100 kg of fertilizer) in the organic fertilizer improves the availability of nutrients and reduces the use of chemical fertilizers by more than 30%.

[0085] 3. Water and fertilizer integration and disease control system

[0086] Technical solution: Use the drip irrigation system to regulate water and fertilizer in stages: control water during seedling stage (soil moisture 60%), increase water during bulking stage (moisture 75%) + apply potassium fertilizer (N-P-K = 1-2-4), combined with mulching (thickness 0.01mm) to inhibit weeds; spray 0.2% dihydrogen potassium phosphate + 5% jingangmycin to prevent and control anthracnose.

[0087] Innovation: Through the straw layer to retain water and soil, reduce irrigation frequency (traditional 5-7 times, optimized 3-4 times), combined with the slow-release characteristics of organic fertilizer, achieve efficient use of water and fertilizer.

[0088] (Three) Technical effect and creativity analysis

[0089] 1. Significant yield increase and quality improvement

[0090] Data support: In the experiment in Hongdian Township, Wenshan City, Yunnan Province, the yield of yam per mu reached 2.8 tons (traditional 2.0 tons), an increase of 40%; the rate of straight tubers was 95% (traditional 60%), and the commodity rate increased to 90%.

[0091] Mechanism analysis: The straw layer provides a stable temperature and humidity environment, reducing the deformation of tubers; the probiotics (such as Trichoderma) in the organic fertilizer inhibit nematodes, reducing the incidence of diseases by 60%.

[0092] 2. Soil improvement and outstanding ecological benefits

[0093] Data support: After 3 years of continuous planting, the soil organic matter content increased from 1.8% to 2.5%, the pH value decreased from 8.3 to 7.5, and the number of earthworms increased by 3 times.

[0094] Mechanism analysis: The decomposition of straw produces humic acid, combined with fly ash (containing Si, K elements) in organic fertilizer, forming a granular structure; microbial activity accelerates nutrient cycling, reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers.

[0095] 3. Economic benefits and sustainability

[0096] Cost analysis: Each mu saves manual plowing cost 200 yuan, chemical fertilizer cost 400 yuan, and straw utilization reduces the cost of pollution control by burning 150 yuan.

[0097] Innovation: Form a closed loop of "straw returning to field - yam planting - organic fertilizer production", achieve more than 95% of agricultural waste resource utilization rate, meet the needs of green agricultural development.

[0098] (Four) Technical breakthrough and industry value

[0099] 1. Solve the contradiction of traditional technology: Through the coordination of straw bundling and fixed and shallow groove directional cultivation, break through the technical bottleneck of "straw returning to field affecting yam quality".

[0100] 2. Build an ecological planting system: Integrate straw treatment, soil remediation, and disease control into an integrated solution, providing a new paradigm for agricultural non-point source pollution control.

[0101] 3. Promote industrial upgrading: After popularization in Hongdian Township, Wenshan, Yunnan, and other places, yam growers increase their annual income by 28,000 yuan per household, driving the development of regional characteristic agricultural branding.

[0102] The invention innovatively solves the problems of low utilization efficiency of straw, serious continuous cropping obstacles, and water and fertilizer waste in traditional technology through the deep integration of straw bundling and yam directional cultivation, and has the advantages of yield increase, quality improvement, ecology and economic benefit, providing a systematic solution for yam green high-yield cultivation.

[0103] Research and development background: With the sustainable development of agriculture, straw (such as corn / rice) is a valuable resource, containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements necessary for crops. Returning to the field can improve soil fertility, conserve soil moisture, increase organic matter, improve structure, reduce waste disposal, and promote sustainable development.

[0104] Technical points: Straw is cut into 15 cm small bundles, mechanically ditched, vertically inserted and backfilled, and yam and other root crops are planted with the root ball placed at the straw flat end.

[0105] Main problems solved: Eliminate straw burning, increase the value of straw fertilizer, shape crops such as yam, and solve soil-borne diseases.

[0106] Take yam as an example to describe the quality and efficiency of the situation, through the corn straw station to return to the field, planting 3 mu of yam per mu of corn straw (about 1.5-1.8 tons, worth 1200 yuan), the masses sell straw per mu increase 400 yuan. The "straight introduction" planting technology of straw station, the yield of yam planted is high, the fruit shape is uniform and beautiful, and the commodity value is high. The yield per mu is compared, using the old technology method, the yield per mu is 4000 kg, the market price is 1.5 yuan per jin, the income is 6000 yuan, and the net income is about 1800 yuan after deducting the cost; using the new type of straw planting technology, the yield per mu is about 10000 kg, the market price is 1.5 yuan per jin, the income is 15000 yuan, and the net income is nearly 7000 yuan after deducting the cost, which is 5200 yuan / mu more than traditional planting. According to the current popularization of technology, the yam planting area in Wenshan area is 70,000 mu, and it is expected to increase the income of 10.5 billion yuan.

[0107] The utilization of corn straw station returns to the field effectively solves the problem of corn straw burning; with the utilization of corn straw as fertilizer, the soil organic matter content can also be increased. Through the comparison and detection of Wenchuan City Soil and Fertilizer Station, the soil organic matter content before corn straw returning was 31.1 g / kg, and the soil organic matter content after corn straw returning was 31.8 g / kg; in addition, 10 kg of potassium sulfate and 20 kg of superphosphoric acid per 667 square meters can be saved; corn straw can block the infection of pathogenic nematodes to seedling yam.

[0108] In summary, corn straw station returning to the field can increase yam yield and thus increase people's income, providing a powerful foothold for rural revitalization; in addition, the population prepared from straw is old, young, women and children, and this part of the population can significantly improve social stability by increasing their income; in addition, corn straw station returning to the field can improve air quality, reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers, improve the quality of cultivated land, reduce agricultural non-point source pollution, and greatly improve the ecological benefits.

[0109] The straw (corn, rice) station returns to the field, and the yam water and fertilizer integration green high-yield cultivation technology mode includes the following steps: (1) preparation, (2) cultivation, (3) management, (4) harvesting. By using straw (corn, rice) station to reduce the difficulty of yam planting and harvesting, the harvesting is more labor-saving. The usual straw utilization methods mainly include: organic fertilizer direct return to the field (base fertilizer), green storage / fermented feed, industrial raw material, household fuel, etc. This cultivation technology uses straw (corn, rice) station to plant yam, which not only increases soil organic matter, but also creates good conditions for yam tuber enlargement, so that yam root system is in a soil environment with high biological enrichment degree, effectively improving the biological synergistic effect in soil and promoting the growth of yam.

[0110] (1) The expected income and commercial value of the technical scheme after transformation

[0111] The technology improves economic and ecological benefits through the synergistic innovation of straw returning and yam cultivation: yield and income increase: straw returning can increase soil organic matter content (by 150 kg per 1000 kg of straw), optimize soil structure (porosity increases by 4%, bulk density decreases by 0.124%), and promote yam tuber enlargement. The test shows that the yield per mu can reach 2838.02 kg (conventional planting is about 2300 kg), an increase of 502.27 kg per 667 square meters. According to the market price of 3.5 yuan / kg, the income per mu increases by about 1758 yuan. Cost reduction: straw replaces part of the fertilizer (reduces nitrogen fertilizer use by 20%-30%), reduces soil improvement cost; mechanized straw returning reduces labor input (such as weeding and plowing), and saves labor cost per mu by about 15%. Ecological premium: in line with the trend of green agriculture, the product can apply for organic certification, and the market price can increase by 20%-30% (such as organic yam price above 6 yuan / kg), and the comprehensive income is significantly increased.

[0112] (2) Fill the gap in domestic and foreign industry technology

[0113] The technology solves many unbroken bottlenecks in traditional yam cultivation: continuous cropping barrier: traditional yam continuous cropping leads to accumulation of soil pathogenic bacteria and high incidence of nematode disease, while straw returning combined with crop rotation (such as corn-yam rotation) can reduce the incidence of soil-borne diseases by more than 60%, filling the technical gap of sustainable yam cultivation. Seedling cost: traditional zero residual seedling cultivation yields only 18000-22000 plants per mu, with high cost; this invention realizes 9000-12000 high-resistance seedlings per mu through corn intercropping and inter-seeding technology, reducing the cost to 1 / 3 of the traditional method. Soil improvement: for the first time, corn straw baling and returning to the field is combined with yam directional cultivation, using straw fibers to support soil structure and avoid collapse, filling the technical gap of yam cultivation in sandy loam areas.

[0114] (3) Solve long-awaited but unsuccessful technical problems

[0115] The technology solves the following industry pain points: soil degradation and fertility decline: traditional cultivation relies on chemical fertilizers, leading to soil compaction and loss of organic matter; straw returning increases soil active organic matter through humification, improving water and soil conservation capacity (soil moisture content increases by 15%-20%), solving the problem of continuous cropping soil barrenness. High incidence of diseases and pests: straw mulching reduces surface evaporation and inhibits weed growth (weed control efficiency increases by 70%), while straw decomposition products inhibit the activity of pathogenic bacteria, reducing the incidence of anthracnose and root rot by 40%. Large damage during harvesting: traditional harvesting requires deep digging by hand, with a damage rate of 15%-20%; after straw returning, the soil is loose, combined with directional cultivation technology, the mechanical harvesting damage rate is reduced to less than 5%.

[0116] (4) Overcome technical bias

[0117] The technology breaks through the traditional cognitive limitations: straw utilization bias: it is traditionally believed that straw burning or direct return to the field is easy to burn seedlings and breed pests; the present application avoids burning seedlings and realizes nutrient slow release by straw bundling and decomposition (adding biological inoculants to accelerate decomposition) and layered backfilling (straw powder + organic fertilizer layering), and eliminates the technical bias. Intercropping mode bias: corn and yam intercropping is considered to compete for light and nutrients; experiments have proved that corn provides support for yam vines (the anti-lodging rate is increased by 30%), while straw decomposition supplements nitrogen, forming a complementary ecology, overturning the traditional single planting mode. Green prevention and control bias: traditional reliance on chemical pesticides; the present application reduces the use of chemical pesticides by 50% through comprehensive measures such as grass cloth covering, sex attractant, natural enemy release, etc., and realizes green production.

[0118] The technology realizes breakthroughs in yield increase, quality improvement, cost reduction, environmental protection, etc. through the systematic integration of straw return and yam cultivation, fills many technical gaps, solves long-term unsolved problems in the industry, overcomes the technical bias of traditional agriculture, and has significant creativity and commercialization potential. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0119] Figure 1 is the flow chart of the yam green high-yield cultivation method based on corn or rice straw bundle return provided by the embodiment of the present application.

[0120] Figure 2 is the map of straw transportation to the plot provided by the embodiment of the present application.

[0121] Figure 3 is the map of mechanical deep groove insertion of straw provided by the embodiment of the present application.

[0122] Figure 4 is the map of straw bundle head placement for yam provided by the embodiment of the present application.

[0123] Figure 5 is the map of straw provided by the embodiment of the present application.

[0124] Figure 6 is the map of yam germination provided by the embodiment of the present application.

[0125] Figure 7 is the map of yam growth provided by the embodiment of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0126] In order to make the purpose, technical scheme and advantages of the present application clearer, the present application will be further described in detail below with examples. It should be understood that the specific examples described herein are only used to explain the present application and do not limit the present application.

[0127] At the level of industrial application, the technical problems to be solved by the present application mainly come from the two contradictions of soil degradation and low utilization efficiency of straw in the existing yam cultivation system. On the one hand, yam is a deep-rooted crop, and its root system is often more than one meter deep, which requires high permeability and high organic matter content of soil. However, under the traditional continuous cropping mode, the soil structure is gradually hardened, and the soil fertility is decreased, which leads to unstable yield and even quality degradation. On the other hand, a large amount of corn and rice straw is burned in the field or roughly stacked, which not only causes environmental pollution, but also cannot be effectively converted into organic matter in the plough layer. The present application solves the problem of waste of straw resources and improvement of deep soil environment of yam by the technical link of "straw bundling and burying in the ditch". The coupling channel of crop by-products and deep soil improvement is opened, and the industrial problems of straw resource waste and yam deep soil environment improvement are solved.

[0128] In terms of working principle, the straw is cut into sections, bundled and inserted vertically into the yam planting ditch after standardizing, forming a columnar body filled with deep organic matter. This structure gradually decomposes during the growth of yam root system, releasing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and various trace elements, and building a stable nutrient zone. At the same time, the straw fiber skeleton plays the role of "biological support" before complete degradation, improves the pore structure of soil in the ditch, and improves the air permeability and water holding capacity. The humic acid produced in the decomposition process of straw combines with soil mineral colloids to increase the content of aggregate structure, and then reduce the risk of hardening caused by continuous cropping. This three-dimensional improvement effect ensures the smoothness of yam tuber swelling in the vertical direction, reduces the mechanical resistance and deformation caused by soil hardening.

[0129] In the seeding link, the yam seedling is directly placed in the flat head part of the straw by manual or mechanical operation, realizing the spatial overlap of seed source and organic matter release source. This precise configuration ensures that the seedling root stage is in a microenvironment with rich organic matter and better water and fertilizer conditions, significantly shortening the emergence time and improving the emergence rate. Compared with conventional flat planting, the combination of seed and fertilizer sowing and water and fertilizer integration measures with the slow-release characteristics of straw substrate makes the nitrogen supply more balanced, avoiding the phenomenon of excessive growth at seedling stage or nutrient discontinuity at later stage, so as to realize the dynamic matching of nutrient supply and fertilizer demand curve in the whole growth period.

[0130] In the process of field management, straw returning to field provides a natural "buffer layer" for the plant. The straw column acts as a longitudinal permeation channel in the rainy season, which can quickly drain accumulated water and avoid root suffocation caused by field waterlogging; while in the dry season, the water absorbed by the straw body can be gradually released, playing a role similar to "capillary reservoir", and relieving the excessive dependence of yam on irrigation. This dynamic regulation mechanism improves the adaptability of yam to extreme weather conditions, and directly reduces the risk of yield fluctuation in dry and flood years from the perspective of industry.

[0131] In the aspect of disease and pest control, the reconstruction of soil microbial community during the decomposition of straw is one of the key mechanisms. The decomposition of straw promotes the reproduction of actinomycetes, fungi and some antagonistic bacteria, which effectively reduces the incidence of soil-borne diseases such as fusarium wilt and anthracnose through competitive exclusion and metabolic product inhibition. At the same time, the improved permeable soil environment reduces the living conditions of underground pests. Combined with the proposed "fertilizer and pesticide combination and application" mode, the dual effects of nutrient supply and disease and pest inhibition are achieved, the single dependence on chemical pesticides is reduced, and the technical route of green production is embodied.

[0132] In the harvesting and storage link, the straw improvement significantly increases the soil porosity, the yam tuber skin is smooth and high in straightness, and the damage rate is reduced during mechanical excavation. The improvement of tuber storage quality not only reflects in the reduction of respiration consumption, but also is derived from the mineral nutrient accumulation brought by straw decomposition, which enhances the antioxidant and disease resistance of the potato body itself. From the perspective of the industrial chain, it means that the storage resistance and commercial grade of commodity potatoes are improved, which is beneficial to prolong the supply cycle and increase the market price.

[0133] The present application realizes "three-dimensional compensation of deep organic matter" through straw bundling and ditch burying, utilizes the comprehensive effects of slow-release nutrients, improvement of soil structure, regulation of water, and reconstruction of microecology, and creates a high-permeability, high-fertility, and low-disease underground ecological environment for yam. This green cultivation mode not only solves the problems of soil degradation and unstable yield in yam production, but also provides an industrial path for large-scale utilization and high-value utilization of corn and rice straw, forming a virtuous cycle of crop cultivation, resource utilization of agricultural waste, and quality improvement and yield increase of economic crops.

[0134] As shown in Figure 1 , the yam green high-yield cultivation method based on corn or rice straw bundle field application provided by the embodiment of the present application comprises the following steps:

[0135] S101, preparation before planting;

[0136] S102, sowing;

[0137] S103, field management;

[0138] S104, timely harvesting;

[0139] After the yam matures, the aboveground stems and leaves turn yellow, and the underground tubers enter a dormant state. Generally, in late September to October, the bead between the leaf axil and the ball star is picked first, then the support and stem are removed, the mulch is removed, and the yam is excavated. During the excavation process, damage is minimized. The harvested yam is placed in a cool place to dry the surface, then packed in bamboo baskets or woven bags, and stored in a cellar / warehouse in winter.

[0140] The preparation before planting provided by the embodiment of the present application comprises the following steps:

[0141] (1) Select

[0142] The growth characteristics of yam are drought-tolerant but not waterlogging-tolerant, and it is suitable for sandy soil or light loam soil with gentle terrain, loose and fertile soil, and irrigation and drainage. Yam prefers slightly acidic to neutral soil (pH≈7.0), and it prefers warm and sunny conditions, is not cold-tolerant, and is afraid of frost. It is not suitable for continuous cropping, and it is suitable for deep plowing and fine cultivation.

[0143] (2) Bundle preparation

[0144] Select mature, disease-free, and tough straw (corn, rice); mature straw has complete fiber structure and is rich in organic matter; according to the growth depth of yam, cut the harvested straw (corn, rice) into sections, and bundle them into small bundles with a diameter of 15 cm and a length of 70 cm; use 1.5-1.8 tons of straw per mu, and calculate the amount of corn straw (840 kg) or rice straw (1680 kg) needed for yam per 667 m2.

[0145] (3) Precise cutting

[0146] According to the growth depth of yam, use mechanical cutting of straw; the key points are consistent cutting length (70 cm) and uniform distribution in the field.

[0147] (4) Standard bundle

[0148] Bundle the straw into small bundles with a diameter of 15 cm (a diameter of 15 cm ensures tightness, air permeability, and water permeability; it is also convenient for storage and transportation, and it is not easy to deform); requirements: the bundle material should have certain strength and flexibility, which can ensure the firmness of the straw bundle and not hinder the natural decomposition of the straw;

[0149] (5) Land preparation (digging trenches) and burying bundles

[0150] Use mechanical deep trenching or punching to prepare the soil; the trenching depth is 1m~1.2m, the width is 30cm, and the plant spacing is 20cm-25cm×1.1m; insert the straw bundle (diameter 15cm, height 70cm) vertically into the trench according to the planting spacing of yam;

[0151] (6) Apply base fertilizer

[0152] Apply farmyard manure and compound fertilizer evenly on both sides of the straw as base fertilizer to provide nutrients for the growth of yam; apply 1-2 tons of farmyard manure or 1 bag of compound fertilizer per mu (adjust the proportion of farmyard manure and compound fertilizer according to soil fertility, texture, pH, and other factors);

[0153] (7) Yam treatment

[0154] 20~25d before planting, select the disease-free spot, the top of the hard root head as the seed, dip the section with lime powder / seed dressing agent, place it in the sun / ventilated place, promote the wound drying and promote germination.

[0155] As Figure 2 Straw is transported to the plot;

[0156] As Figure 3 Mechanical deep groove straw insertion;

[0157] As Figure 4 Straw head is placed in yam species.

[0158] The embodiment of the present application provides sowing:

[0159] 1) manual / mechanical sowing;

[0160] 2) fertilization.

[0161] The embodiment of the present application provides manual / mechanical sowing:

[0162] Comprehensive yam variety planting method, soil condition, plot scale and other factors, reasonable selection of manual / mechanical sowing operation mode; Concentration of contiguous plot generally uses seed and fertilizer mixed sowing complex operation machine tool sowing, fertilization, covering, ridging, pipe mulching and other operations; Water and flood rotation area and hilly slope land is suitable for manual sowing, fertilization, and then mechanical covering, pipe mulching and other operations; (Key points: when planting yam, the seed block is placed flat on the straw flat head; Covering soil is not less than 20cm, 4000 plants per 667㎡ plot of yam).

[0163] As Figure 5 The embodiment of the present application provides fertilization:

[0164] Water and fertilizer integration management mode is adopted in yam sowing, after yam seedling, according to the plant growth situation, urea, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and trace element fertilizer can be added in the intertillage cultivation, also part of trace element fertilizer and water-soluble fertilizer can be added for leaf fertilization combined with disease control.

[0165] The embodiment of the present application provides field management:

[0166] 1) weeding after sowing;

[0167] 2) management after planting;

[0168] 3) intertillage cultivation;

[0169] 4) water management;

[0170] 5) disease and pest control.

[0171] As Figure 6 The embodiment of the present application provides weeding after sowing

[0172] 3d~5d, spray the seedling with a bud sealing herbicide (such as acetochlor, 50% acetochlor emulsion, 75ml~150ml / 667㎡, uniform spray); after the yam seedling emerges, spray the yam field with a selective herbicide (such as sulfentrazone, metribuzin + sulfentrazone, each 60-70ml, add water 15L~30L to mix evenly, spray 15L~30L / 667㎡, uniform spray on stems and leaves); in years with more rainfall, an additional spraying of herbicide can be added 10d~15d after cultivation.

[0173] As Figure 7 shown in the post-planting management provided by the embodiments of the application:

[0174] Frame guiding; when the seedlings grow to 5—10 cm, use a bamboo stick to pierce the film above the seedlings to guide the seedlings out of the film, and use soil to press tightly around; when the stems and vines grow to 40—50 cm, the young stems are guided onto the frame and a support is immediately set up to guide the upward growth of the vines, generally a herringbone frame is inserted with a thin bamboo pole or a tree branch, the frame height is preferably 200~250cm; if limited by materials, the height should at least reach 150cm; the support should be firmly inserted to prevent it from being blown down by the wind;

[0175] Fertilization; when the stems and vines have reached the upper half of the frame (60 days after emergence), 10~15kg / 667㎡ of urea is applied according to the growth of the plants; during the flowering period, root-expanding fertilizer is applied, mainly P and K fertilizers, 40 kg / 667㎡ of N:P:K=15:15:15 compound fertilizer is applied, combined with ditch cleaning and soil covering; if the seedlings are too few, the weak seedlings are appropriately increased to achieve balanced development of the whole field; at the same time, dihydrogen potassium phosphate can also be sprayed for supplementary fertilization.

[0176] The cultivation and soil preparation provided by the embodiments of the application:

[0177] After planting and before emergence, 80-100ml / 667㎡ of 90% acetochlor is mixed with 60㎏ of water to spray; after half a month of emergence, cultivate once with a depth of 10cm, generally once every half a month until the stems and vines have reached the upper half of the frame, and then weeds are removed by hand; a part of the soil in the row outside the frame is dug up and filled into the row inside the frame to form a high ridge in the frame, and a ridge ditch with a depth of 20cm and a width of 30cm is formed in the row outside the frame to facilitate drainage in the rainy season; the cultivation operation is preferably 2 times; when the emergence rate reaches 10%~30%, the yam seedlings will soon emerge, the first cultivation and soil preparation is performed; when the yam is about to be sealed (present budding period), the second cultivation and soil preparation is performed in combination with fertilization, 5kg / 667㎡~10kg / 667㎡ of urea and 20kg / 667㎡~25 kg / 667㎡ of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer are applied according to the growth of the yam and the soil fertility, and the pesticides are mixed with the fertilization for application to prevent underground pests; after the two cultivations and soil preparations, the yam ridge height reaches 30cm~35cm; the third cultivation and soil preparation can be performed in combination with the growth of the plants and the tuber formation.

[0178] The moisture management provided by the embodiment of the application:

[0179] Yam is a drought-tolerant crop, but in order to achieve high yield, it still needs appropriate and timely water management; generally, if the weather is continuously without effective rainfall for more than 7-10 days before and after the first topdressing operation, and the field soil is observed to be obviously white and dry, and cracks are observed, light irrigation measures need to be taken in time; each time, the soil surface layer of 5-10 cm is infiltrated, and the wet state is achieved, avoiding large water irrigation leading to soil compaction or nutrient loss, and the whole process can be completed in 1-2 times;

[0180] During the transition from summer to autumn, if there is continuous high-temperature and drought weather for more than one week, special attention should be paid to water stress because it is the key period of tuber enlargement; the best water supplement time should be selected in the morning when the temperature is relatively low, at this time, irrigation of cool well water or river water can effectively alleviate the wilting of plants and avoid physiological disorders of root system caused by high-temperature irrigation at noon; at the same time, during the flood season or concentrated rainfall period, the drainage ditches inside and outside the field must be dredged in advance to ensure that the accumulated water in the field can be drained within two hours after the rain, so as to prevent damage to the root system by waterlogging disaster and maintain a good soil ventilation environment; the water regulation and control during the whole growth period should follow the principle of "small water in drought season, quick drainage in waterlogging season".

[0181] The disease and pest control provided by the embodiment of the application:

[0182] Yam is a crop with less disease and pest occurrence, and the disease and pest occurrence is lighter in the dry season, but it is also prone to disease in the high-temperature and rainy season, heavy land, and field waterlogging, so the plant protection principle of "prevention first and comprehensive control" should be implemented for prevention and control; a spray bar type or a backpack sprayer is selected, after the yam is closed, the spraying interval time, spraying amount and spraying times are determined according to the disease degree of yam; 2-3 times of leaf fertilization can be added during the disease and pest control process;

[0183] The diseases of yam mainly include fusarium wilt, anthracnose and brown spot disease; the aboveground pests include spodoptera litura, yam leaf peak, and the underground pests include grub, ground beetle and mole cricket, etc.

[0184] Prevention and control method: fusarium wilt - black and brown spots at the stem base, yellowing and wilting of leaf, and leaf drop; 25% anti-wilt 70% mancozeb and 50% carbendazim are used for prevention and control (root irrigation) in the early stage of disease;

[0185] Anthracnose - the middle of the lesion is white to dark gray, the edge is dark brown, and when it is serious, the lesions are fused and the leaves are irregularly rotten and perforated; 75% methyl thiophanate, 64% bluestone and 80% anthracnose fome are used for prevention and control;

[0186] Brown spot disease - damages leaves and vines, and the lesion is brown in the late stage, and when it is serious, the lesions are fused, the leaves are perforated or dead; 50% methyl thiophanate, 75% chlorothalonil and 50% thiram are used for prevention and control;

[0187] Spodoptera exigua, yam leaf peak - 5% flufenoxuron (dead card) 5% cypermethrin (Lifeling), 10% cypermethrin in turn alternately used;

[0188] Ground beetle, mole cricket, mole cricket - harm tuber, in addition to try to avoid the use of raw manure to reduce pest damage during cultivation, before planting can be used 50% phoxim, 3 kg per mu into the planting ditch or use 20% kill cypermethrin, 50% phoxim 1500 times liquid irrigation plant base.

[0189] I. The specific application field of the invention or related products.

[0190] 1. Agricultural waste resource utilization

[0191] By bundling and returning to the field of corn, rice straw, solve the problem of environmental pollution caused by traditional burning or random disposal, realize the efficient recycling and reuse of straw. For example, Wenshan City uses straw returning technology to plant yam, which not only reduces straw burning pollution, but also improves soil fertility.

[0192] 2. Green high-yield cultivation of yam

[0193] It is suitable for yam planting field, through straw bundling covering or filling in return to field, improve soil structure, promote yam root development, improve yield and quality. Experiments show that this method can increase yam yield by 40%, and increase income by 2800 yuan per mu.

[0194] 3. Soil improvement and ecological restoration

[0195] The humus formed after straw returning to the field can increase the content of soil organic matter, reduce the bulk density of soil, enhance the water and fertilizer retention capacity, and restore the hardening or salinization soil. For example, Heilongjiang Jiushi Branch Company significantly improves the content of soil organic matter through straw returning to the field.

[0196] 4. Agricultural non-point source pollution control

[0197] As a technical means to reduce the use of fertilizers and pesticides, it meets the needs of green agricultural development. Yunnan Normal University has developed relevant technical regulations (T / YNBX 157-2024) to promote the standardized application of the technology.

[0198] Related products:

[0199] • Straw bundling machine (used for straw bundling and returning to the field operation);

[0200] • Matching soil conditioner (such as composting agent, organic fertilizer);

[0201] • Green yam planting technology guidance service and certified products.

[0202] Second, the technical effects of the embodiments of the present invention are related to the evidence.

[0203] 1. Significant yield increase

[0204] Case data: In Wenshan City, Yunnan Province, corn straw is used for planting yam, with a yield of 2 tons per mu, an increase of 40% over traditional planting, and an increase of 2800 yuan per mu. Mechanism analysis: Straw returning provides sufficient nutrients, improves soil structure, promotes yam root growth, and the "restraint" effect of straw makes yam shape straight and uniform, improving commodity value.

[0205] 2. Soil improvement effect

[0206] Organic matter improvement: After straw returning, soil organic matter content increases, granular structure forms, bulk density decreases and porosity increases, and water and fertilizer retention capacity is enhanced. For example, Heilongjiang Jiushi Branch Company significantly improved soil organic matter content through straw returning. Microbial activity is enhanced: Straw decomposition promotes soil microbial reproduction, increases the number of bacteria and actinomycetes, and accelerates nutrient cycling.

[0207] 3. Reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

[0208] Straw releases nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium after decomposition, reducing the amount of chemical fertilizers used. For example, Wenshan City reduced the use of chemical fertilizers through this technology, reducing production costs. Straw mulching inhibits weed growth, reducing the amount of herbicide used.

[0209] 4. Ecological benefits

[0210] Reduce pollution: Avoid PM2.5 and CO2 emissions from straw burning, improve air quality. Soil and water conservation: Straw mulching can reduce rainwater erosion and prevent soil erosion. For example, Jian Mountain Farm in Heilongjiang Province used straw baling to control erosion gullies and restore farmland functions.

[0211] 5. Standardization and policy support

[0212] Yunnan Normal University published "Technical Regulations for Planting Yam with Corn Straw Return" to provide scientific basis for technology popularization. Shiping County was awarded "National Straw Comprehensive Utilization Demonstration Base" for this technology, and received policy and financial support.

[0213] Conclusion: This technology realizes multiple goals such as agricultural yield increase, soil improvement, and ecological protection through straw resource utilization, has significant economic and environmental benefits, and has been verified through practice in multiple places and formed standardized regulations.

[0214] Example 1: Corn straw bundle returning cultivation

[0215] In the town of Wenchuan, Wen, Geng village, select sandy soil field, after the autumn harvest of corn straw crushing and segmentation cutting, length about 70 cm, each diameter 15 cm, artificial bundling after vertical insertion into the cultivation of the ditch depth 110 cm. The ditch bottom and straw evenly on both sides of the mature farmyard manure 1500 kg / acre and compound fertilizer 40 kg / acre. In mid-March of the next year, after the straw top soil 20 cm, lay flat yam seed block, 667 ㎡ planting 4000 plants, mulching soil conservation. After emergence, cultivation, hilling and topdressing management.

[0216] The embodiment of the whole seedling rate reached 98%, the average length of tuber increased by 18%, and the commodity rate increased by 22%. Through soil testing, the organic matter content of the surface layer increased by 17% compared with the untreated control, the granular structure was improved, the water infiltration rate was accelerated, and the technical effects of claims 1-3 were effectively supported.

[0217] Example 2: Rice straw bundle still field mechanized seeding

[0218] In Hongdian Village, Hongdian Village, Ma Village, on the land of the villagers (the land belongs to clay soil), after the early rice harvest, the straw was cut by machine, the length was about 70 cm, the diameter was 15 cm, and the ditch was dug by machine with a depth of 100 cm. The seed and fertilizer mixed broadcast compound operation machine tool was used to complete seeding, fertilization, soil covering and mulching simultaneously. The base fertilizer was compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 40 kg / acre, and urea was added 10 kg / acre. 20 days after planting, combined with weeding and support, the vine was guided.

[0219] The results showed that the labor intensity per mu was reduced by 40% under mechanical operation, the yield of yam per mu was increased by 25% compared with the conventional bare land, and the tuber in the straw buried block was neat, the morphology was regular, and the root cracking rate was significantly reduced, which verified the feasibility and economy of claims 3-4.

[0220] Example 3: Comprehensive control of field management

[0221] Field test was carried out in Xiaoshiqiao Village, Jiaiyi Town, Yanshan County. When the yam seedlings were 5-10 cm high, the film was removed and compacted, and when the stems and vines were 45 cm long, a 2 m high bamboo frame was set up to guide the vines. 60 days after emergence, 12 kg / acre of urea was applied, and 40 kg / acre of compound fertilizer was applied during flowering period. Cultivation and hilling were carried out twice, and the ditch was cleaned before the rainy season to prevent waterlogging. 0.5 kg / acre of closed herbicide ethylamine was used after sowing to reduce weed competition.

[0222] Through standardized management, the average plant height reached 280 cm, the disease spot rate decreased by 35% compared with the control, and the yield increased by 19%. It shows that the management methods of claims 5-6 have significant effect on weed control, prevention of falling and nutrient supply.

[0223] Example 4: Drought and rainy season water regulation

[0224] In Hongdian Township Luoxue Village, a drought and rainfall simulation area was set up in the farmer's test field. After 8 days of drought, irrigate with small water multiple times, each time with a penetration depth of 5 cm; dredge the drainage ditches before the rainy season, and the field water is drained within 2 hours after the rain. During the summer and autumn high temperature period, irrigate with cold water in the morning to avoid root suffocation caused by midday irrigation.

[0225] The monitoring showed that the soil water content during the tuber bulking period was stable at 20-25%, the tuber bulking uniformity was improved by 15%, and the root cracking rate was reduced by 23%, supporting the technical effects of claims 7-8. Effectively guarantee the commerciality of yam tubers, improve the commodity sample, and thus increase the income of farmers.

[0226] Example 5: Integrated pest control scheme

[0227] In the test field of Xicao Village in Hongdian Township, according to the plant disease condition, spray carbendazim or mancozeb solution (600 times liquid) every 10-15 days, and alternately use methylthiophanate. Before finding underground pests, apply phoxim granules 2 kg / acre in the seeding trench; mix fluazuron with fertilizer and apply in strips when fertilizing. A total of 4 times of pesticide application were made during the whole growth period to ensure disease and pest control.

[0228] The test results showed that the leaf spot disease control effect reached 92%, the underground pest reduction rate reached 95%, the tuber yield increased by 14% compared with conventional chemical control, and the feasibility of the "prevention first, comprehensive control" strategy of claims 9-10 was fully verified. Reduce pesticide residues.

[0229] The above is only a specific embodiment of the present application, but the protection scope of the present application is not limited thereto, any skilled person in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the present application, any modification, equivalent replacement and improvement within the spirit and principles of the present application should be covered within the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A green and high-yield yam cultivation method based on returning bundles of corn or rice straw to the field, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Before planting, cut corn stalks or rice stalks into 70 cm long sections and bundle them into 15 cm diameter bundles. S2. Place the straw bundles in the yam cultivation trench at a depth of 100 to 120 cm, so that the straw bundles are inserted vertically into the bottom of the trench. S3. Apply farmyard manure or compound fertilizer evenly on both sides of the straw to form a base fertilizer layer; S4. Utilize the straw bundles as a deep organic matter compensation structure to improve soil permeability and achieve continuous release of organic matter.

2. The yam cultivation method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The spacing between plants in the furrows is 20 to 25 centimeters by 110 centimeters, and a stable three-dimensional channel for ventilation, watering, and fertilization is formed by vertically inserting bundles of straw.

3. A method for integrating yam sowing, covering, and fertilization based on a straw bundle structure, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Place the yam seed tuber flat on top of the straw bundle; S2. The soil covering the seed block should be at least 20 cm thick; S3. Plant 4,000 yam plants per 667 square meters; S4. Sowing, fertilizing, covering and mulching are completed simultaneously by manual or mechanical means.

4. The method as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The seed-fertilizer mixed sowing and fertilization were carried out simultaneously using a combined operation machine. After the seedlings emerged, urea, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and trace element fertilizer were added in combination with the inter-row cultivation and hilling operations.

5. The method as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The mulch film used after sowing is made of a light-transmitting material to maintain stable soil temperature and promote early seedling emergence.

6. A method for integrated field management and green pest control of yam, characterized in that, This includes post-sowing weeding, vine training with supports, periodic topdressing, water management, and integrated pest management, among which: When the yam seedlings reach a height of 5 to 10 centimeters, guide them out of the mulch and compact the soil. When the stems and vines reach a length of 40 to 50 centimeters, erect a support structure with a height of 150 to 250 centimeters. Apply 10 to 15 kg of urea per mu 60 days after emergence; Apply 40 kg per acre of compound fertilizer with a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio of 15:15:15 during the flowering period.

7. The management method as described in claim 6, characterized in that, Pre-emergent herbicides were used to control weeds, and inter-row cultivation and hilling were combined to improve root zone aeration and drainage.

8. The water management method as described in claim 6, characterized in that, When drought lasts for 7 to 10 days, irrigate with small amounts of water multiple times, keeping the irrigation depth within 5 centimeters of the soil layer; during the rainy season, dredge drainage ditches in advance to ensure that water is drained within 2 hours after rainfall.

9. The method for controlling pests and diseases as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The spraying interval and pesticide dosage are determined according to the severity of the disease. For disease control, carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, or mancozeb are used, while for pest control, flufenoxuron, cypermethrin, or phoxim are used alternately.

10. The method as described in claim 9, characterized in that, For underground pests, apply phorate into the planting furrow before sowing, or mix the insecticide with fertilizer during topdressing to achieve simultaneous pest control and fertilizer supplementation.

Images