Phenotypic screening-based crossbreeding method for black milk goats and application of phenotypic screening-based crossbreeding method
By employing three-line hybridization breeding and low-cost odor control technology, the problems of trait degradation and odor in traditional goat crossbreeding have been solved. This has enabled the development of a high-yielding, hornless, and black hornless high-yielding black milk goat crossbreeding method. This method solves the technical problem of high efficiency in achieving the hornless trait in traditional goat crossbreeding methods, achieving a balance between high yield, hornlessness, black color, and goat milk quality. It also overcomes the bottleneck of trait degradation in traditional goat crossbreeding, achieving a balance between high yield, hornlessness, black color, and goat milk quality.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202511422662.2
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-30
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-16
AI Technical Summary
Traditional goat crossbreeding methods result in the dilution of local breed genetic resources, disordered population genetic structure, gradual decline in milk production performance, excessive levels of goaty odor substances, long breeding cycles, and difficulty in overcoming the bottleneck of trait degradation, failing to meet the demand for both high yield, hornless, black traits and goat milk quality.
Using a three-line hybrid breeding method, Alpine dairy goats and Saanen dairy goats are crossed, and combined with low-cost odor control technology, hornless high-yield black dairy goats are bred. This includes specific gene selection, phenotypic screening and environmental management, controlling sheepfold conditions, adding specific feed and vaccination, and optimizing the breeding generation by generation.
The breeding of high-yielding, hornless, pure black goat breeds with low muttony odor has improved milk production, milk fat content, lamb survival rate, and goat milk quality, while reducing breeding costs, meeting market demands, and conforming to high-end dairy product standards.
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Abstract
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of livestock breeding, and relates to a black goat hybrid breeding method based on phenotype screening and application thereof, in particular to a hornless high-yield black goat breeding method based on three-line hybridization and application thereof. BACKGROUND
[0002] The traditional hybridization mode of goat hybridization is progressive hybridization and backcross, and a high-yield milk goat breed (such as Saanen milk goat and Nubian goat) is introduced as a male parent to be crossbred with a local black goat female parent generation by generation, and excellent traits are fixed through backcrossing. For example:
[0003] Henan milk goat: bred by crossbreeding Saanen milk goat with local goat, but the milk yield is low, and the offspring has serious performance degradation. Hainan black goat: introduced Nubian buck crossbreeding to improve growth rate and meat production performance, but the meat flavor may decrease. The defects of the traditional mode are excessive dependence on foreign sources, leading to dilution of local genetic resources, and blind crossbreeding causing genetic structure confusion of the population (such as the degradation of the germplasm of Henan milk goat due to insufficient crossbreeding planning).
[0004] Saanen milk goat is simply used (milk yield 3-6 kg / day), but the goat milk fat rate and protein content are low (3.5-3.8%), the intercornual gland of Alpine goat is developed, the goat milk quality is good but the content of skatole substances (hexanoic acid and octanoic acid) exceeds the standard (>1.2 mg / kg). The traditional progressive hybridization leads to the decrease of milk production performance generation by generation, and the daily average milk yield of F3 generation decreases to 2.8 kg. The existing low skatole feeding scheme has a high cost (>6.7 yuan per day per goat). In view of the problems existing in the prior art, the application provides a hornless black milk goat hybridization breeding method based on phenotype screening and application thereof, breaks through the trait degradation bottleneck of traditional hybridization, realizes commercial application through a low-cost skatole control process, and meets the market demand for upgrading and characteristic segmentation of goat milk quality.
[0005] 1. Saanen goat: high milk yield (≥800 kg / 270 d), but single coat color (mainly white), low hornless rate (<16%), and unable to meet the demand for characteristic breeding.
[0006] 2. Alpine goat: strong adaptability, but milk production performance fluctuates greatly (600-750 kg / 270 d), black individuals are rare and genetically unstable, and the goat carries horn genes and has a large skatole.
[0007] 3. Existing black gold goat and other black lines: although they have rare coat color, the milk yield is low (≤500 kg / 270 d).
[0008] 4. Core breeding technology bottleneck: negative correlation between black color and milk yield: In traditional breeding, black genes are often accompanied by a decrease in milk yield (e.g., Laoshan black goat milk yield decreases by 18%-25%)
[0009] 5. Linkage disorder of hornless gene: Mainstream hornless dairy goats (such as Guanzhong dairy goats) generally have horn remnants or reproductive defects, and may have adverse linkage with high-yield genes.
[0010] 6. Low efficiency of multi-trait aggregation: It takes ≥5 generations to stabilize the target traits through conventional progressive crossbreeding, with a cycle of more than 10 years. SUMMARY
[0011] The purpose of the present application is to provide a method for breeding hornless high-yield black dairy goats based on three-line aggregate breeding and its application. This method breaks through the trait degradation bottleneck of traditional crossbreeding, and simultaneously realizes commercial application through a low-cost skunk odor control process.
[0012] The specific technical solution is as follows:
[0013] In one aspect, the present application provides a method for breeding hornless high-yield black dairy goats based on three-line aggregate breeding, which comprises the following steps:
[0014] Step 1: Crossbreed Alpine dairy goats as sires with Sanneng dairy goats as dams to obtain F1 generation black rams;
[0015] Step 2: Crossbreed the F1 generation black rams obtained in step 1 as sires with Heijin dairy goats as dams to obtain F2 generation black does;
[0016] Step 3: Crossbreed the F2 generation black does obtained in step 2 as dams with Heijin dairy goats as sires to obtain F3 generation commercial does.
[0017] Further, in step 1, the Alpine dairy goats need to meet the following conditions: hornless, testicular diameter ≥ 6 cm, daily average crossing ≥ 5 times, semen density ≥ 3.1 billion / mL, survival rate ≥ 85%, body shape symmetrical, nipple base circumference ≥ 12 cm, testicular weight ≥ 260 g, and the Sanneng dairy goats are 2-3 times of parity, daily milk production ≥ 4.5 kg.
[0018] Further, in step 2, the F1 generation black rams are 8-10 months old with a body weight of ≥ 45 kg, and the Heijin dairy goats have a mammary vein diameter of ≥ 6 mm and are bright.
[0019] Further, in step 3, the F2 generation black does have a nipple spacing of < 5 cm, and the Heijin dairy goats have a maternal milk fat rate of ≥ 4.0%.
[0020] Further, 4-6% of flaxseed, paper mulberry leaves, mulberry leaves, and 1% of solid sodium bicarbonate powder (cost <0.8 yuan / day / sheep) are added in the feed of F3 commercial ewes during the lactation period, so that the content of hexanoic acid in milk is ≤1 mg / kg.
[0021] Further, the humidity of all hybridization stages of sheep house is kept at 50-65%, the ammonia concentration is <10 ppm, and the height of the sheep house from the ground is ≥70Cm, wherein the height of the ewe house from the ground is greater than or equal to 70Cm, and the height of the lamb house from the ground is greater than or equal to 40Cm.
[0022] Further, the F2 generation black ewes are regularly injected with vaccines after weaning.
[0023] Further, the vaccine contains goat infectious pleuropneumonia inactivated vaccine; four combined vaccines prevent fast epidemic, sudden attack, enterotoxemia, and lamb dysentery, which are inoculated twice in March and September respectively.
[0024] Further, 1% of wormwood, 1.5% of licorice, 1% of mulberry leaves, and 0.8% of whole pepper are added in the concentrate during the late pregnancy of all hybridization stages.
[0025] In another aspect, the application provides the application of the ewes obtained by the black goat hybrid breeding method based on phenotype screening in breeding.
[0026] Compared with the prior art, the method breaks through the trait degradation bottleneck of traditional hybridization, and realizes commercial application through a low-cost odor control process. At the same time, the daily milk yield, milk fat rate, and lamb survival rate are greatly improved. The ewes bred by the method have pure black, bright, and high-identifiability face and body fur, which are suitable for popularization and application in breeding. The specific embodiments are as follows:
[0027] 1. The F3 hornless black goat selected has the advantages of hornlessness, convenient management, convenient milking, reduced mutual injury and nutrient absorption, improved nutrient conversion rate, and reduced cost; the underdeveloped intercornual glands reduce odor and improve the quality of goat milk.
[0028] 2. Low odor, saving feeding cost, convenient management, improving animal welfare, reducing external injury and Staphylococcus aureus colonization, and indirectly reducing the amount of antibiotics used.
[0029] 3. The F3 milk goat has a small body size and a gentle character, which is 20-45% smaller than the general Saanen milk goat, has excellent genes, strong rumen microbial directional regulation ability, strong palatability, high feed conversion rate, and low production cost.
[0030] 4. The F3 black goat not only meets the market demand, but also has the antioxidant effect of goat milk melanin, which improves the activity of milk, makes the utilization of nutrients such as protein more sufficient, meets the demand of high-end dairy product market, has high identifiability, and is convenient for brand building.
[0031] 5. F3 milk goat has high milk yield, high lamb number and high survival rate, and the price of the lamb is 2-4 times of that of Sanneng milk goat or Guanzhong milk goat.
[0032] Table 12 Comparison table of milk goat lamb prices in 2024-2025
[0033] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0034] Figure 1 It is a flowchart of the three-line polybreeding-based hornless high-yield black milk goat breeding method of the present application.
[0035] Figure 2 It is an F3 generation adult high-yield female goat bred based on the three-line polybreeding of the present application.
[0036] Figure 3 It is an F3 generation young lamb bred based on the three-line polybreeding of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0037] The technical solutions of the present application will be further described in detail below in combination with the drawings and specific embodiments.
[0038] The flow of the three-line polybreeding-based hornless high-yield black milk goat breeding method of the present application is shown in Figure 1 .
[0039] Implementation case data (Yangling test field, 2019-2025) F1 breeding mainly achieves the requirement of high milk yield, innovative germplasm resource utilization, selects high-yield excellent female parent from Sanneng milk goat family population, selects high-yield offspring from Alps subline as male parent, constructs F1 generation, and preliminarily lays the foundation of high-yield genetic basis (F1 milk yield is as high as 1215 kg / 270 d).
[0040] Table 2 Comparison table of indicators
[0041] Indicator F3 generation mean Sannen control Lift range Daily milk production 4.75 kg 3.8 Kg +25％ Butterfat rate 4.0％ 3.7％ +8.1％ Protein content 3.9％ 3.7％ +5.4％ Lamb survival rate 94％ 81％ +16％ Somatic cell count 78 million / mL 105 million / mL -25.7％
[0042] Detailed steps of F1 breeding: first, select a strong body, black and shiny hair color, high milk yield, high lambing rate, reproductive organ developed, 1.5-2 years old hornless Alpine male goat as the father; select high milk yield, good milk quality, good motherhood, strong body, 2-3 hornless Saen milk goat with milk yield ≥4.5 Kg as the mother; through the same period of estrus technology, ① the vulva of the female goat is disinfected ② the pregnant plug is placed ③ the female goat is observed and nursed after the plug is placed. Two days before the same period of estrus, feed appropriate amount of electrolytic multi-vitamin solution. On D0, use diluted 35-38℃ new jieer disinfectant solution to spray the female goat's vulva, then use a white towel soaked in warm water to clean the female goat's vulva until the towel is not yellowish, and finally use a towel with added methylene blue saline to dry the vulva. One person fixes the plug gun and plug, and uses methylene blue gel to evenly smear around, the female goat's vulva is also smeared with methylene blue gel, one person fixes the female goat to a half-lying state, one person gently and slowly puts the plug gun into the vulva at 45 degrees, the plug is placed in the deep part of the vagina, and the tail of the plug is opened outside the vulva in Y shape. Observe whether the plug falls off in the morning, noon and evening, if it falls off, immediately replace it. On D7, inject 3mL Vade solution; on D11-13, inject 2.3mL, 1.2mL and 1mL FSH (500IU / 10mL) in the morning and at 7pm respectively, on D14, inject 0.5mL FSH (500IU / 10mL) in the morning and at 7pm, inject 0.1mL PMSG in the morning and take out the plug, on D15, after confirming that the female goat is in estrus, artificially inseminate and inject 25 micrograms of (diluted with physiological saline) A3 for promoting the discharge. Then, the donor female goat group is managed in detail. After 45 days, detect whether the female goat is pregnant by B-ultrasound. In the early stage, mainly feed roughage, and in the later stage, add appropriate amount of concentrate to supplement the nutrition of the female goat. The F1 generation of milk goats of the same batch are produced, and through a certain period of feeding, the F1 generation of milk goats with high milk yield, good milk quality and other excellent performances are screened.
[0043] Table 3: Body color characteristics of offspring
[0044]
[0045] Figure 2 The F3 generation of adult high-yield female goats bred based on the three-line polybreeding of the application; the characteristics are wedge-shaped body, large and curved udder, straight nose, large eyes, long ears, small body, hornless, high milk yield and convenient management.
[0046] Figure 3 The F3 generation of young lambs bred based on the three-line polybreeding of the application. The characteristics are pure black hair color, high recognition degree, distinctive features and good brightness.
[0047] A ram selection: for example, black gold ram, requires 3 generations of clear blood, parent generation is pure black color individual, rich luster, offspring pure black proportion ≥95%, daily average lactation is greater than 4Kg; testis diameter ≥6cm, daily average mount ≥5 times, semen density ≥3.1 billion / ML, survival rate ≥85%, body shape is symmetrical.
[0048] Artificial insemination management: 48 hours before ram semen collection, supplement lycopene extracted from watermelon, dose 10mg / Kg; feeding method, bran 10%, pea 20%, soybean meal 10%, corn flour 30%, watermelon extract mixture 30%.
[0049] Ram semen collection and sperm quality assurance method: first, fix the head of a ewe in estrus with a special bracket, one person holds the body of the ewe to prevent it from moving left and right, and one person uses a fake vagina with a semen collection cup to accurately shoot into the collection cup when the ram mounts; use a microscope to observe sperm survival rate and state, and confirm qualified, then use the laboratory developed sperm diluent for dilution.
[0050] Sperm diluent is prepared with a certain proportion of glucose, alligator yolk, goat milk, penicillin, streptomycin, glycerol and sodium citrate.
[0051] The indoor activity area of pregnant ewes is ≥3 square meters per sheep, the platform height is ≥0.7 meters above the ground, and automatic lifting windows are configured to balance heating and ventilation; the outdoor activity area is ≥4 square meters per sheep, there are activity areas on the sunny and shady sides of the north-south direction, and the ventilation is good.
[0052] The indoor activity area of lambs is ≥1 square meter per sheep, the platform height is ≥0.4 meters above the ground, and automatic lifting windows are configured to balance heating and ventilation; the outdoor activity area is ≥2 square meters per sheep, and the sunny side is set up with an activity area to meet the requirements of heating, wind protection and outdoor activity.
[0053] By selecting Alpine dairy goats and Saanen dairy goats as the initial paternal and maternal lines for crossbreeding, F1 generation black milk goats were obtained, and on this basis, F2 and F3 generation black milk goats were obtained through continuous crossbreeding and selection. A complete breeding database was established, and the performance data of each generation of black milk goats were collected, sorted and analyzed. Genetic evaluation model was used to evaluate the genetic value of individuals for breeding.
[0054] II. Crossbreeding process
[0055] 1. F1 crossbreeding
[0056] o Father: Alpine dairy goat
[0057] o Mother: Saanen dairy goat
[0058] o Result: F1 generation black nanny goats, 50% pure black hornless, the rest of the body color characteristics are ears, limbs, mouth, forehead and face are mostly white gray black, the rest of the body is mostly black, with horns.
[0059] 2. F2 generation cross
[0060] o Father: F1 generation black male goat
[0061] o Mother: black gold nanny goat
[0062] o Result: F2 generation black nanny goats, 70% pure black, the rest of the forehead, hooves, belly, and the rest of the body are mostly white, almost hornless, and the smell is smaller.
[0063] 3. F3 generation cross
[0064] o Father: black gold nanny goat
[0065] o Mother: F2 generation black female goat
[0066] o Result: F3 generation black nanny goats, more than 95% pure black hornless, face and whole body fur pure black, bright, nanny goats
[0067] milk, low smell, comprehensive nutritional value, suitable for infant food.
[0068] III. Production performance analysis
[0069] 1. Milk yield
[0070] o F1 generation (lactating) nanny goat: milk yield 646-1215 kg, milk fat 3.7-3.8%, protein 3.56-3.82%.
[0071] o F2 generation (lactating) nanny goat: milk yield 851-1287 kg, milk fat 3.75-3.95%, protein 3.67-3.97%. o F3 generation (growing / lactating) black nanny goat: milk yield 1000-1722 kg, milk fat 3.85-4.2%, protein 3.73-4.05%.
[0072] 2. Lactation quality
[0073] o F1 to F3 generations, the lactation quality of nanny goats gradually improves, and F3 generation reaches the level of special excellent.
[0074] 3. Disease resistance
[0075] o Each generation of black nanny goats shows excellent disease resistance.
[0076] 4. Feed conversion milk level
[0077] o F1 generation: 1.96-2.13:1
[0078] o F2 generation: 1.84-2.05:1
[0079] o F3 generation: 1.78-1.96:1
[0080] o Feed conversion efficiency improved from generation to generation.
[0081] Four, adaptability and stress resistance analysis
[0082] 1. Group ability
[0083] o Each generation of black nanny goat showed good group ability.
[0084] 2. Maternal
[0085] o Each generation of ewe showed excellent maternal performance.
[0086] 3. Stress resistance
[0087] o Each generation of black nanny goat showed excellent stress resistance and strong adaptability.
[0088] Five, other characteristics
[0089] 1. Interdigital gland development
[0090] o F1 generation is more developed, F2 generation has horn, F3 generation is not developed.
[0091] 2. Rancid smell
[0092] o F1 generation has higher rancid smell, F2 generation is more obvious, F3 generation is not obvious.
[0093] 3. Lambing rate
[0094] o F1 generation: 162-218%
[0095] o F2 generation: 171-234%
[0096] o F3 generation: 187-253%
[0097] o Lambing rate improved from generation to generation.
[0098] 4. Time of artificial feeding milk lamb to eat grass (feed) for the first time
[0099] Sanneng nanny goat 10-14 days old to eat grass (feed) for the first time
[0100] o F1 generation: 11-13 days
[0101] o F2 generation: 9-11 days
[0102] o F3 generation: 8-10 days
[0103] o The initial grass feeding time is shortened from generation to generation, reducing the cost of feeding lambs with sheep milk.
[0104] 5. Body type and meat quality of offspring
[0105] o The body type of each generation is medium, and the meat quality of non-milk fattening rams is excellent.
[0106] Sixth, Conclusion
[0107] o Through crossbreeding, we successfully bred black milk goats with high milk production, excellent milk quality, strong disease resistance, and strong environmental ability. In particular, F3 generation black milk goats not only have pure black and shiny body color, but also have low odor, making them very suitable for infant food. In addition, the non-corn feature also facilitates management and milking, reduces the risk of mutual injury, improves nutrient conversion rate, and reduces cost. In summary, black milk goat crossbreeding has achieved remarkable results and has broad promotion and application prospects. The excellent black milk goat breeds developed will be promoted and applied, and their performance and economic benefits in production practice will be evaluated. Based on the feedback from breeders, the breeding methods and technical routes will be continuously adjusted and optimized to ensure the continuous progress of breeding work and the maximization of benefits.
[0108] In summary, through scientific breeding methods and technical routes, we successfully bred black milk goat breeds with excellent genetic characteristics and production performance. These breeds not only meet the market demand for high-quality dairy products, but also provide strong support and guarantee for the development of the dairy goat breeding industry.
[0109] The above is only the preferred specific implementation of the present application, and the protection scope of the present application is not limited thereto. Any simple change or equivalent replacement of the technical solutions within the technical range disclosed in the present application can be obtained by those skilled in the art, and falls within the protection scope of the present application.
Claims
1. A method for crossbreeding black dairy goats based on phenotypic screening, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Alpine dairy goats are crossed with Saanen dairy goats as the female line to obtain F1 generation black rams; Step 2: Cross the F1 generation black rams obtained in Step 1 with black gold dairy goats as the mother to obtain the F2 generation black ewes. Step 3: Crossbreed the F2 generation black ewes obtained in Step 2 with the black gold dairy goats as the father to obtain the F3 generation commercial ewes.
2. The method for crossbreeding black dairy goats based on phenotypic screening according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step 1, the Alpine dairy goats must meet the following requirements: hornless, testicular diameter ≥6cm, mounting frequency ≥5 times per day, semen density ≥3.1 billion / ML, viability ≥85%, symmetrical body shape, teat base circumference ≥12cm, testicular weight ≥260g, and the Saanen dairy goats must have 2-3 parities and a daily milk production ≥4.5kg.
3. The method for crossbreeding black dairy goats based on phenotypic screening according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step 2, the F1 generation black rams are 8-10 months old and weigh ≥45kg, and the black gold dairy goats have udder vein diameter ≥6mm.
4. The method for crossbreeding black dairy goats based on phenotypic screening according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step 3, the teat spacing of the F2 generation black ewes is <5cm, and the maternal milk fat percentage of the black gold dairy goats is ≥4.0%.
5. The method for crossbreeding black dairy goats based on phenotypic screening according to claim 1, characterized in that, Add 4-6% flaxseed, mulberry leaves, and 1% solid sodium bicarbonate powder to the lactation feed of F3 generation commercial ewes.
6. The method for crossbreeding black dairy goats based on phenotypic screening according to claim 1, characterized in that, During all crossbreeding stages, sheep pens should maintain a humidity level of 50-65% and an ammonia concentration of <10ppm.
7. The method for crossbreeding black dairy goats based on phenotypic screening according to claim 1, characterized in that, After weaning, F2 generation black ewes are injected with goat infectious pleuropneumonia and a quadrivalent vaccine.
8. The method for crossbreeding black dairy goats based on phenotypic screening according to claim 7, characterized in that, The vaccine contains an inactivated vaccine for goat infectious pleuropneumonia; the quadrivalent vaccine prevents rapid disease, sudden death syndrome, enterotoxemia, and lamb dysentery, and is administered twice, in March and September respectively.
9. The method for crossbreeding black dairy goats based on phenotypic screening according to claim 1, characterized in that, Add 1% Artemisia argyi, 1.5% Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 1% Mulberry leaves, and 0.8% whole pepper to the concentrate during the late gestation period of all hybridization stages.
10. The application of ewes obtained by the phenotypic screening-based black goat crossbreeding method according to any one of claims 1 to 9 in breeding.