All-solid-waste low-carbon pervious concrete and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The invention provides all-solid-waste low-carbon pervious concrete and a preparation method thereof, and the all-solid-waste low-carbon pervious concrete comprises: a cementing material which is formed by mixing a plurality of set industrial solid wastes and is used for improving the curing effect and the water permeability of the concrete; wherein the cementing material is used for adjusting the proportion of various industrial solid wastes forming the cementing material under the control of the proportion control model based on the service environment requirement of the target concrete member and the preset toughness and viscosity of the target concrete member from the surface layer to the interior; the aggregate and the water are used for combining the proportion of the gelling materials to target concrete and control the strength and the water permeability of the target concrete, and the aggregate is concrete aggregate with the particle size of 5-25 mm formed by screening, crushing and processing waste concrete.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to concrete preparation technology, and in particular to a low-carbon permeable concrete made entirely from solid waste and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Traditional concrete production uses cement as the main binder, resulting in high energy consumption and carbon emissions. Simultaneously, large amounts of industrial solid waste (such as steel slag, mine slag, and fly ash) are dumped and landfilled, occupying land and polluting the environment. With the advancement of "dual-carbon" goals and the promotion of green building materials, the development of low-carbon, environmentally friendly concrete has become an urgent industry need. Permeable concrete, as an eco-friendly material, can effectively alleviate urban flooding and replenish groundwater; however, its traditional preparation still relies on cement, failing to fundamentally solve the problems of high carbon emissions and solid waste disposal. While existing technologies have attempted to replace cement with some industrial solid waste, these often suffer from problems such as simplistic mix proportions, inefficient performance control, and poor adaptability. It is difficult to flexibly adjust material ratios according to different service environments, resulting in the inability to synergistically optimize the mechanical properties, durability, and permeability of the concrete. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of this, this application provides a low-carbon permeable concrete made entirely from solid waste and a method for its preparation, in order to solve the technical problems mentioned in the background art.

[0004] A type of all-solid-waste low-carbon permeable concrete, comprising:

[0005] The cementitious material is a mixture of various industrial solid wastes to improve the curing effect and permeability of concrete. The proportions of the various industrial solid wastes constituting the cementitious material are adjusted under the control of a proportional control model, based on the service environment requirements of the target concrete component and the pre-set toughness and viscosity of the target concrete component from the surface to the interior.

[0006] Aggregates and water are used to combine the proportions of cementitious materials to target concrete and control the strength and permeability of the target concrete. The aggregates are made from waste concrete that has been screened, crushed, and processed into concrete aggregates with a particle size of 5 to 25 mm.

[0007] Furthermore, the cementing material is converter steel slag powder, granulated blast furnace slag powder, desulfurized gypsum, power plant fly ash, and bottom ash, which are mixed according to a set mass ratio based on the service environment requirements of the target concrete component and the preset toughness and viscosity of the target concrete component from the surface to the interior.

[0008] Furthermore, the converter steel slag powder, blast furnace slag powder, desulfurization gypsum, fly ash, and bottom ash are mixed according to a set mass ratio and then ground to ensure that the specific surface area of ​​the mixed premix is ​​≥600 m².2 / kg of mixed powder.

[0009] Furthermore, the main chemical components of the converter steel slag powder are: calcium oxide, ferric oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, and aluminum oxide; the main chemical components of the blast furnace slag powder are: calcium silicate, calcium aluminosilicate, calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon dioxide, and aluminum oxide; the main chemical components of the desulfurization gypsum are: sulfur trioxide, calcium oxide, and silicon dioxide; the main component of the fly ash is mullite, and the reactivity of mullite is lower than that of metakaolin and activated aluminosilicates; the main chemical components of the fly ash are: silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, ferric oxide, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide.

[0010] Furthermore, the cementitious material is composed of the following components in weight percentage:

[0011] Converter steel slag powder 20-40%, blast furnace slag powder 25-35%, desulfurized gypsum 10-15%, fly ash bottom ash 25-30%.

[0012] Furthermore, the cementitious material, aggregate, and water are mixed at room temperature and pressure in a mass percentage ratio of 15-20%, 70-75%, and 5.5-6.5% to obtain the basic mixture for preparing the target concrete component.

[0013] This application also provides a method for preparing all-solid-waste low-carbon permeable concrete, comprising the following steps:

[0014] A proportional control model is provided, in which the proportions of various industrial solid wastes constituting the cementitious material are adjusted under the control of the proportional control model, based on the service environment requirements of the target concrete component and the pre-set toughness and viscosity of the target concrete component from the surface to the interior.

[0015] A mixing control model is provided, which is used to generate control commands based on the proportions of each component, and to control the mixing system to perform batching operations based on the control commands;

[0016] The cementing material is composed of converter steel slag powder, granulated blast furnace slag powder, desulfurized gypsum, power plant fly ash, and bottom ash. It is prepared by mixing these materials according to a set mass ratio based on the service environment requirements of the target concrete component and the predetermined toughness and viscosity of the target concrete component from the surface to the interior. Specifically, the mixture contains 20-40% converter steel slag powder, 25-35% blast furnace slag powder, 10-15% desulfurized gypsum, and 25-30% fly ash and bottom ash.

[0017] The cementitious materials, aggregates, and water are mixed at a mass percentage of 15-20%, 70-75%, and 5.5-6.5% at room temperature and pressure to obtain the basic mixture for preparing the target concrete component.

[0018] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows:

[0019] This technology, by introducing a proportional control model, enables dynamic adjustment of the proportions of various industrial solid waste components in cementitious materials, significantly improving the adaptability and performance consistency of concrete under different service environments. The model takes the service environment parameters and performance indicators of the target concrete component as input and outputs the optimal mass proportions of each solid waste component through a multi-objective optimization algorithm. This technology transforms concrete mix proportioning from an experience-based to a model-driven approach, dynamically adjusting the proportions according to the specific engineering environment requirements, avoiding the limitations of a one-size-fits-all formula, and significantly improving the engineering applicability of the material. Secondly, through optimization algorithms such as response surface methodology and neural networks, the system can seek the optimal balance among multiple performance indicators, such as improving compressive strength while ensuring permeability, or enhancing corrosion resistance in high-salt environments, thereby achieving multi-objective synergistic optimization of material performance. Thirdly, the model has continuous learning capabilities, iteratively optimizing through experimental data feedback, improving prediction accuracy and mix proportion reliability, and reducing engineering risks caused by improper proportioning. Fourthly, the intelligent mix proportioning system significantly reduces the cost of manual trial and error and material waste, improving production efficiency and resource utilization, aligning with the development direction of intelligent manufacturing and green construction. Detailed Implementation

[0020] This technology uses a low-carbon cementitious material made entirely from solid waste to replace cement. Replacing cement with solid waste can reduce emissions and increase efficiency. It provides a low-carbon permeable concrete binder made from industrial and municipal waste. Under normal temperature and pressure, this invention uses waste concrete as aggregate, low-carbon cementitious material as powder, and adds concrete binder to obtain low-carbon permeable concrete made entirely from solid waste that meets the C25 strength standard.

[0021] A type of all-solid-waste low-carbon permeable concrete, comprising:

[0022] The cementitious material is a mixture of various industrial solid wastes used to improve the curing effect and permeability of concrete. The proportions of the various industrial solid wastes constituting the cementitious material are adjusted under the control of a proportional control model, based on the service environment requirements of the target concrete component and its pre-defined toughness and viscosity from the surface to the interior. Aggregates and water are used to combine the proportions of the cementitious material to target the concrete and control its strength and permeability. The aggregates are obtained by screening and crushing waste concrete to produce concrete aggregates with a particle size of 5–25 mm.

[0023] In some embodiments, the cementing material is converter steel slag powder, granulated blast furnace slag powder, desulfurized gypsum, power plant fly ash, or bottom ash, which is prepared by mixing the target concrete component according to a set mass ratio based on the service environment requirements of the target concrete component and the preset toughness and viscosity of the target concrete component from the surface to the interior.

[0024] In some embodiments, the converter steel slag powder, blast furnace slag powder, desulfurization gypsum, fly ash, and bottom ash are mixed in a set mass ratio and then ground to achieve a particle specific surface area ≥ 600 m². 2 / kg of mixed powder.

[0025] In some embodiments, the main chemical components of the converter steel slag powder are: calcium oxide, ferric oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, and aluminum oxide; the main chemical components of the blast furnace slag powder are: calcium silicate, calcium aluminosilicate, calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon dioxide, and aluminum oxide; the main chemical components of the desulfurization gypsum are: sulfur trioxide, calcium oxide, and silicon dioxide; the main component of the fly ash is mullite, and the reactivity of mullite is lower than that of metakaolin and activated aluminosilicates; the main chemical components of the fly ash are: silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, ferric oxide, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide.

[0026] In some embodiments, the cementitious material is composed of the following components by mass percentage: 20-40% converter steel slag powder, 25-35% blast furnace slag powder, 10-15% desulfurized gypsum, and 25-30% fly ash bottom ash.

[0027] In some embodiments, the cementitious material, aggregate, and water are mixed at room temperature and pressure in a mass percentage ratio of 15-20%, 70-75%, and 5.5-6.5% to obtain the basic mixture for preparing the target concrete component.

[0028] In some embodiments, this application provides a multi-component composite cementitious system composed of converter steel slag powder, granulated blast furnace slag powder, desulfurized gypsum, power plant fly ash, and bottom ash. Through the synergistic chemical and physical effects among the components, it achieves efficient activation of the activity of industrial solid waste, ultimately replacing traditional cement. It realizes the complementary advantages and efficient synergy of the chemical properties of different solid waste components. Converter steel slag powder is rich in alkaline oxides (such as CaO), which, after hydration, can provide a continuous alkaline environment for the system, which is crucial for activating the potential hydraulic activity of granulated blast furnace slag powder. The silicate and aluminate glass in the slag powder rapidly dissociates under alkaline conditions, generating reinforcing phases such as hydrated calcium silicate gel. The introduction of desulfurized gypsum provides sulfate ions, further generating a sulfate activation effect on the slag powder, promoting the formation of hydrated calcium sulfoaluminate. This compound can significantly improve the early strength and microstructure density of concrete. Although fly ash and bottom ash from power plants have low early-stage activity, their abundance of spherical glass microspheres exerts excellent micro-aggregate and morphology effects within the system. These microspheres not only effectively fill the voids between cementitious particles, optimizing pore gradation, reducing overall water demand, and improving the fluidity and density of the paste, but their active SiO2 and Al2O3 content can also undergo secondary pozzolanic reactions with Ca(OH)2 in the system later, continuously generating more hydrated calcium silicate gel, thereby significantly improving the later-stage strength and durability of concrete.

[0029] In some embodiments, this application transforms various solid wastes into valuable resources by precisely controlling their proportions within an optimized range of 20-40% converter steel slag powder, 25-35% blast furnace slag powder, 10-15% desulfurized gypsum, and 25-30% total fly ash and bottom ash. This not only solves the environmental pressure caused by the stockpiling of these solid wastes but also transforms them from a burden into valuable basic building material raw materials, creating significant economic and environmental benefits.

[0030] In some embodiments, the richer hydration products and denser microstructure effectively block the intrusion of external corrosive media. The secondary reactions in the system continuously consume easily corroded Ca(OH)2, which significantly enhances the concrete's impermeability, carbonation resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance, thereby extending the service life of concrete components in harsh environments.

[0031] In some embodiments, the multi-component solid waste cementitious material, after being mixed in proportion, is milled to achieve an ultra-fine surface area of ​​≥600 m² / kg, thereby greatly increasing its surface energy and reactivity. Ultrafine milling of composite cementitious materials is a key physical activation process aimed at maximizing the potential activity of solid waste. Ultrafine milling significantly increases the specific surface area of ​​the material, causing the reaction interface to grow exponentially. This means that the opportunity for solid waste particles to come into contact with water is greatly increased, and the rate and extent of the hydration reaction are significantly accelerated and improved. For materials rich in glass, such as converter steel slag and blast furnace slag, milling not only reduces particle size but also disrupts the dense surface layer of the glass, exposing more fresh, highly active surfaces, allowing alkaline activators and sulfate activators to interact more quickly with the active ingredients.

[0032] In some embodiments, ultrafine grinding optimizes the particle size distribution of the system, resulting in an excellent micro-filling effect. The extremely fine particles formed after grinding can effectively fill the voids between slightly coarser particles, such as fly ash microspheres and aggregates. This filling effect makes the microstructure of the cementitious paste denser, reduces the total porosity, and in particular reduces the number of harmful macropores while increasing the proportion of beneficial micropores. This not only directly improves the compressive strength and impermeability of concrete, but also provides an ideal strength and pore structure basis for permeable concrete. That is, while ensuring permeability with high porosity, higher mechanical strength is achieved due to the more optimized pore structure and stronger pore walls.

[0033] In some embodiments, higher fineness results in a faster reaction rate and a more complete degree of hydration. A faster reaction rate means faster strength development, potentially reducing the time required for formwork removal or opening to traffic, and improving construction efficiency.

[0034] In some embodiments, this process enhances adaptability to solid waste from different sources. Even if different batches of industrial solid waste exhibit variations in their original activity, a uniform ultrafine grinding process (with a specific surface area ≥600m² / kg as the standard) can largely smooth out these raw material differences, ensuring consistency and stability in the performance of the final cementitious material. This is crucial for large-scale industrial production and quality control.

[0035] In some embodiments, this invention explicitly stipulates that all aggregates are recycled aggregates with a particle size of 5-25mm, processed from waste concrete through screening and crushing, and the ratio of recycled aggregates to cementitious materials is precisely controlled at 70-75% by mass. The use of entirely recycled aggregates is one of the core elements of this technology in achieving the goals of "all solid waste" and "low carbon," realizing the high-value resource utilization of construction waste in a closed loop. By processing demolished concrete components through crushing and screening into new aggregates that meet the gradation requirements (5-25mm), these aggregates can be directly used to formulate new concrete products. This greatly reduces the land occupation and environmental pollution caused by construction waste landfill, transforming urban metabolic products into useful resources.

[0036] In some embodiments, strict control over the particle size of recycled aggregates, ranging from 5-25 mm, ensures the permeability of permeable concrete. This particle size range allows for the formation of a stable and interconnected pore network, ensuring that water can quickly permeate the concrete.

[0037] In some embodiments, this application constructs a multi-objective optimization model to predict theoretical mix proportions, then verifies the prediction through systematic experimental preparation and performance testing, and iteratively optimizes the model based on the feedback results until the prediction accuracy meets the requirements, ultimately forming a reliable proportion control model. This iterative development paradigm of "model prediction - experimental verification - feedback optimization" completely changes the traditional trial-and-error method of concrete mix proportions that rely on experience. The multi-objective optimization model can simultaneously handle the complex nonlinear relationships between service environments, multiple performance indicators, and multiple component variables, quickly finding the optimal solution set from a massive number of possible mix proportions—that is, the formulation schemes that achieve the best balance among multiple performance indicators. Through the experimental verification stage, physical specimens are made and standardized tests are conducted on the mix proportions predicted by the model to obtain real performance data. Comparing the measured values ​​with the predicted values ​​allows for an objective evaluation of the model's accuracy. By correcting the model parameters through algorithms such as backpropagation, its predictive ability continuously evolves in the process of continuous iteration, and the final output proportion control model has extremely high prediction accuracy.

[0038] This application also provides a method for preparing all-solid-waste low-carbon permeable concrete, comprising the following steps:

[0039] A proportional control model is provided, in which the proportions of various industrial solid wastes constituting the cementitious material are adjusted under the control of the proportional control model, based on the service environment requirements of the target concrete component and the pre-set toughness and viscosity of the target concrete component from the surface to the interior.

[0040] A mixing control model is provided, which is used to generate control commands based on the proportions of each component, and to control the mixing system to perform batching operations based on the control commands;

[0041] The cementing material is composed of converter steel slag powder, granulated blast furnace slag powder, desulfurized gypsum, power plant fly ash, and bottom ash. It is prepared by mixing these materials according to a set mass ratio based on the service environment requirements of the target concrete component and the predetermined toughness and viscosity of the target concrete component from the surface to the interior. Specifically, the mixture contains 20-40% converter steel slag powder, 25-35% blast furnace slag powder, 10-15% desulfurized gypsum, and 25-30% fly ash and bottom ash.

[0042] The cementitious materials, aggregates, and water are mixed at a mass percentage of 15-20%, 70-75%, and 5.5-6.5% at room temperature and pressure to obtain the basic mixture for preparing the target concrete component.

[0043] The proportional control model described above is generated according to the following steps:

[0044] S1: Determine the service environment parameters of the target concrete component, including load conditions, climatic conditions, chemical conditions, permeability requirements, and durability indicators.

[0045] S2: Set the performance indicators of the target concrete component, including mechanical performance indicators, permeability performance indicators, durability performance indicators, and toughness gradient and viscosity gradient indicators from the surface to the interior of the component.

[0046] S3: Establish an industrial solid waste material database, which shall contain at least the chemical composition data, physical property data, and activity index data of converter steel slag powder, granulated blast furnace slag powder, desulfurization gypsum, power plant fly ash, and bottom ash;

[0047] S4: Construct a multi-objective optimization model, using the service environment parameters and the performance indicators as constraints and optimization objectives, and the mass ratio of each industrial solid waste component as the optimization variable, to establish a mapping relationship between the mass ratio of each industrial solid waste component and the target concrete component performance indicators.

[0048] S5: Conduct experimental verification and iterative optimization. Prepare samples and perform performance tests according to the ratio scheme output by the multi-objective optimization model. Compare the test results with the model prediction values. Adjust and optimize the parameters of the multi-objective optimization model according to the comparison results until the prediction accuracy meets the preset requirements.

[0049] S6: Output the final proportional control model, which can output the optimal mass ratio of each industrial solid waste component in the cementitious material based on the input service environment parameters and performance indicators.

[0050] In step S1, the load conditions include the values ​​and frequencies of static load, dynamic load, and impact load; the climatic environmental conditions include the ambient temperature range, humidity range, number of freeze-thaw cycles, and solar radiation intensity; the chemical environmental conditions include the pH, salinity, and corrosive ion concentration of the soil or contact medium; the permeability requirements include the minimum permeability coefficient and porosity range; and the durability indicators include carbonation resistance level, chloride ion penetration resistance level, and drying shrinkage limit. It should be noted that the basic data for the values ​​and frequencies of the static load, dynamic load, and impact load mentioned above are derived from basic data from commonly used concrete component experiments, and the concrete components have already met design standards before the experiments. At this point, it is still considered empirical data. Different empirical data are collected, and a fitting curve is formed based on this empirical data. Based on the fitting curve, more datasets under different conditions can be obtained. Optimization experiments are conducted on the datasets under different conditions to verify the results, thereby optimizing the fitting curve and obtaining the final optimized curve. The values ​​on the optimized curve can then represent the values ​​and frequencies of static load, dynamic load, and impact load under different conditions. The above methods are used to address climatic conditions, chemical environmental conditions, and permeability requirements.

[0051] In step S2, the mechanical performance indicators include 7-day compressive strength, 28-day compressive strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus; the permeability performance indicators include effective porosity, interconnected porosity, and permeability coefficient; the durability performance indicators include strength loss rate, carbonization depth, and chloride ion diffusion coefficient after a specific number of freeze-thaw cycles; the toughness gradient indicator is defined by specifying the impact resistance or fracture energy at different depths of the component; and the viscosity gradient indicator is defined by specifying the cohesion and internal friction angle at different depths of the component.

[0052] In step S3, the chemical composition data of the converter steel slag powder includes the content range of calcium oxide, ferric oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide; the physical property data includes specific surface area, density and particle size distribution; and the activity index data is characterized by its strength ratio with that of the reference cement.

[0053] The chemical composition data of the granulated blast furnace slag powder includes the content range of calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide; the physical property data includes specific surface area, density, glass content and particle size distribution; the activity index data is characterized by its strength ratio with that of the reference cement.

[0054] The chemical composition data of the desulfurized gypsum includes the content range of calcium sulfate dihydrate, calcium oxide and silicon dioxide; the physical property data includes specific surface area, density, water of crystallization content and particle size distribution.

[0055] The chemical composition data of the power plant fly ash includes the content range of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, ferric oxide, calcium oxide and magnesium oxide; the physical property data includes specific surface area, density, loss on ignition and particle size distribution; the mineral composition data includes the content of mullite, quartz and glass phase.

[0056] The chemical composition data of the bottom ash includes the content range of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, calcium oxide and ferric oxide; the physical property data includes specific surface area, density, loss on ignition and particle size distribution.

[0057] In step S4, the construction process of the multi-objective optimization model includes:

[0058] S4.1: Define decision variables, which are the mass proportions of each industrial solid waste component in the cementitious material, including the proportion of converter steel slag powder, blast furnace slag powder, desulfurization gypsum, and the total proportion or individual proportions of fly ash and bottom ash.

[0059] S4.2: Define objective functions, which are a set of functions that reflect the difference between the predicted and expected values ​​of the performance indicators. Each performance indicator corresponds to one or more objective functions.

[0060] S4.3: Define constraints, including the range constraints of each decision variable, the equality constraint that the sum of each decision variable is 100%, and the performance boundary constraints derived from the service environment parameters.

[0061] S4.4: Select or construct an optimization algorithm to solve the multi-objective optimization problem and obtain a set or series of Pareto optimal solutions, wherein the Pareto optimal solutions represent the best balance between various performance indicators.

[0062] The optimization algorithm described in step S4.4 includes one or more combinations of response surface methodology, artificial neural network algorithm, genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization algorithm. When an artificial neural network algorithm is used, its input layer nodes correspond to the decision variables and key environmental parameters, and its output layer nodes correspond to the predicted values ​​of the performance indicators. The algorithm is trained using historical data or experimental data.

[0063] When constructing the multi-objective optimization model, the synergistic effects among different industrial solid waste components were also considered. These synergistic effects include: the activation effect of the alkaline environment provided by converter steel slag powder on the hydration reaction of granulated blast furnace slag powder; the sulfate activation effect of sulfate ions provided by desulfurization gypsum on the hydration reaction of granulated blast furnace slag powder; the filling effect and gradation optimization effect of power plant fly ash and bottom ash as micro-aggregates on the pore structure of the cementitious material system; and the chemical coupling effect of mutual promotion or inhibition among the components during the reaction process.

[0064] In step S5, the experimental verification and iterative optimization process includes: S5.1: According to one or more proportioning schemes output by the current version of the multi-objective optimization model, weigh the corresponding mass of each industrial solid waste raw material and mix them evenly to prepare a cementitious material; S5.2: Mix the cementitious material with aggregate and water according to a preset mass ratio to prepare concrete specimens. The aggregate is recycled aggregate with a particle size of 5-25mm obtained by crushing and screening waste concrete. The mass percentage of the cementitious material, aggregate, and water is 15-20% : 70-75% : 5.5-6.5%.

[0065] S5.3: Perform standard curing on the concrete specimens and test their performance indicators at specific ages to obtain measured values; S5.4: Compare the measured values ​​of the performance indicators with the predicted values ​​corresponding to the multi-objective optimization model to calculate the prediction error; S5.5: Based on the prediction error, use backpropagation, parameter identification, or model calibration algorithms to adjust the internal parameters of the multi-objective optimization model to reduce the prediction error; S5.6: Repeat steps S5.1 to S5.5 until the prediction error is lower than a preset threshold or the model performance no longer improves significantly.

[0066] In step S6, the final proportional control model is deployed in the form of a software module, an embedded system, or an online computing service; its input interface is used to receive the set values ​​of the service environment parameters and the performance indicators, and its output interface is used to provide the optimal mass ratio formula of the cementitious material, wherein the optimal mass ratio formula comprises 20-40% converter steel slag powder, 25-35% blast furnace slag powder, 10-15% desulfurization gypsum, and 25-30% fly ash and bottom ash combined.

[0067] This technology, by introducing a proportional control model, enables dynamic adjustment of the proportions of various industrial solid waste components in cementitious materials, significantly improving the adaptability and performance consistency of concrete under different service environments. The model takes the service environment parameters and performance indicators of the target concrete component as input and outputs the optimal mass proportions of each solid waste component through a multi-objective optimization algorithm. This technology transforms concrete mix proportioning from an experience-based to a model-driven approach, dynamically adjusting the proportions according to the specific engineering environment requirements, avoiding the limitations of a one-size-fits-all formula, and significantly improving the engineering applicability of the material. Secondly, through optimization algorithms such as response surface methodology and neural networks, the system can seek the optimal balance among multiple performance indicators, such as improving compressive strength while ensuring permeability, or enhancing corrosion resistance in high-salt environments, thereby achieving multi-objective synergistic optimization of material performance. Thirdly, the model has continuous learning capabilities, iteratively optimizing through experimental data feedback, improving prediction accuracy and mix proportion reliability, and reducing engineering risks caused by improper proportioning. Fourthly, the intelligent mix proportioning system significantly reduces the cost of manual trial and error and material waste, improving production efficiency and resource utilization, aligning with the development direction of intelligent manufacturing and green construction.

[0068] The following are application examples of this application.

[0069] Application Example 1: Permeable concrete for urban sidewalks (conventional environment).

[0070] Application background: Used for light-load permeable pavement in urban sidewalks, squares and other areas, requiring high permeability, moderate compressive strength (C20-C25), and certain freeze-thaw resistance.

[0071] Mixing ratio (by mass percentage): Cementitious materials: 30% converter steel slag powder, 30% blast furnace slag powder, 12% desulfurized gypsum, 28% fly ash + bottom ash;

[0072] Aggregate: 73% recycled aggregate (5–25 mm);

[0073] Water-cement ratio: 0.32 (water accounts for 32% of the mass of the cementitious material);

[0074] Experimental data:

[0075] Performance indicators Measured value Standard requirements 7-day compressive strength 18.5 MPa ≥15 MPa 28-day compressive strength 26.8 MPa ≥25 MPa permeability coefficient 2.1 mm / s ≥1.5 mm / s Effective porosity 22% ≥18% Strength loss after 50 freeze-thaw cycles 8.5% ≤15%

[0076] Application effects: Excellent water permeability, rainwater infiltrates quickly without water accumulation; strength meets the requirements for sidewalk use; good freeze-thaw resistance, suitable for cold northern regions.

[0077] Application Example 2: Permeable concrete for parking lots (medium load environment).

[0078] Application background: Used in medium-load scenarios such as ecological parking lots and community roads, requiring high compressive strength and wear resistance while maintaining good permeability.

[0079] Mixing formula: Cementitious materials: 35% converter steel slag powder, 28% blast furnace slag powder, 10% desulfurized gypsum, 27% fly ash + bottom ash;

[0080] Aggregate: 71% recycled aggregate;

[0081] Water-to-binder ratio: 0.30;

[0082] Experimental data:

[0083] Performance indicators Measured value Standard requirements 28-day compressive strength 32.4 MPa ≥30 MPa Flexural strength 4.2 MPa ≥3.5 MPa permeability coefficient 1.6 mm / s ≥1.0 mm / s Abrasion resistance (depth of pitting) 2.1 mm ≤2.5 mm Chloride ion diffusion coefficient 3.8×10⁻¹² m² / s ≤5.0×10⁻¹² m² / s

[0084] Application effects: High strength, suitable for vehicle passage; balances water permeability and strength; strong resistance to chloride ion penetration, extending service life.

[0085] Application Example 3: Permeable concrete for slope protection in coastal areas (highly corrosive environment).

[0086] Application background: Used for slope protection and embankment construction in coastal areas with high salinity and humidity, requiring high durability, high corrosion resistance and good permeability.

[0087] Mixing formula: Cementitious materials: 25% converter steel slag powder, 35% blast furnace slag powder, 15% desulfurization gypsum, 25% fly ash + bottom ash.

[0088] Aggregate: 70% recycled aggregate;

[0089] Water-to-binder ratio: 0.28;

[0090] Experimental data:

[0091] Performance indicators Measured value Standard requirements 28-day compressive strength 29.5 MPa ≥28 MPa permeability coefficient 1.8 mm / s ≥1.2 mm / s Carbonization depth (28 days) 2.5 mm ≤3.0 mm Chloride ion diffusion coefficient 2.9×10⁻¹² m² / s ≤4.0×10⁻¹² m² / s Strength loss after sulfate attack 7.2% ≤10%

[0092] Application effects: It exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in high-salt environments; it combines permeability and durability; it is suitable for water conservancy projects and ecological slope protection in coastal areas.

[0093] Application Example 4: Permeable pavement in industrial plant areas (heavy-duty and permeable).

[0094] Application background: Used in industrial plant floors, logistics and warehousing areas, etc., which need to withstand heavy loads from forklifts, trucks, etc., and at the same time require fast drainage, anti-slip and oil resistance.

[0095] Mixing formula: Cementitious materials: 40% converter steel slag powder, 25% blast furnace slag powder, 10% desulfurized gypsum, 25% fly ash + bottom ash;

[0096] Aggregate: 72% recycled aggregate;

[0097] Water-to-binder ratio: 0.29;

[0098] Experimental data:

[0099] Performance indicators Measured value Standard requirements 28-day compressive strength 35.6 MPa ≥35 MPa elastic modulus 32 GPa ≥30 GPa permeability coefficient 1.3 mm / s ≥1.0 mm / s Oil resistance Non-penetrating and easy to clean Visually, no penetration is observed. Impact resistance (drop ball method) No cracks No visible cracks

[0100] Application effects: High strength and high rigidity, suitable for heavy-duty scenarios; water-permeable, non-slip, and easy to clean; suitable for industrial plants, logistics parks, and other places.

[0101] The following is a comparison with conventional concrete.

[0102] A comparison of initial (28 days) performance data after construction reveals differences in initial performance due to the inherent differences in materials, despite both being designed for strength grade C25. Specific data are shown in the table below:

[0103] Performance indicators Traditional permeable concrete Permeable concrete made from solid waste 28-day compressive strength (MPa) 26.5 27.8 Permeability coefficient (mm / s) 2.5 2.3 Surface appearance Grayish-white, uniform in color but monotonous. The dark gray has a slight reddish-brown tint, giving it a more natural color. Carbonization depth (mm) 2.0 1.5

[0104] The 28-day compressive strength of both is comparable. The material of this invention, through ultrafine grinding and synergistic activation effects, exhibits excellent early strength development, fully meeting design requirements. The permeability coefficient (mm / s) of both is comparable. The material of this invention, through optimized particle size distribution, forms stable interconnected pores while ensuring strength. Surface appearance is subjectively different. Due to the presence of components such as steel slag, the color of this invention has a more natural texture and better integration with the landscape. Carbonation depth (mm) is superior to the all-solid-waste permeable concrete solution. This is because the hydration products of the all-solid-waste system are denser, and the secondary reaction consumes easily carbonized Ca(OH)2, thus resisting carbonation.

[0105] After three years of use, the long-term performance and behavior data were compared. After three years of exposure to wind, sun, rain, snow, freezing and thawing, pedestrian traffic, and vehicle loads, the difference between the two began to widen significantly.

[0106] Performance indicators A: Traditional permeable concrete B. Permeable concrete for all solid waste Permeability retention rate The permeability decreased by about 40%, dropping to 1.5 mm / s, resulting in significant water accumulation in some areas. The water permeability coefficient decreased by about 15%, remained at around 2.0 mm / s, and there was no obvious water accumulation on the surface. Surface wear and pulverization There is obvious wear and detachment of the cement paste on the surface, exposing the aggregate and causing powdering and slag shedding. The surface is slightly hard, with good wear resistance, and no obvious aggregate exposure or pulverization was observed. freeze-thaw damage The surface shows relatively severe fine cracks and edge peeling (simulated strength loss rate >15% after 50 freeze-thaw cycles). The surface is slightly intact, with no visible cracks or spalling (simulated strength loss rate <10% after 50 freeze-thaw cycles). Durability indicators (tested after 3 years) Carbonization depth: 5.0 mm; Chloride ion diffusion coefficient: 5.5 × 10⁻¹² m² / s Carbonization depth: 2.8 mm; Chloride ion diffusion coefficient: 3.2 × 10⁻¹² m² / s Maintenance status A partial repair was carried out in the second year, replacing the severely damaged panel. Regular cleaning is required to prevent clogging of the pores. No structural repairs are required within 3 years. Only annual high-pressure water flushing is needed to restore most of the permeability.

[0107] After three years of comparative observation and testing, the permeability retention rate of Scheme B is far superior to that of Scheme A. Traditional concrete pores are more easily clogged by silt and are difficult to clean. The material of this invention has a more optimized pore structure, higher pore wall strength, is more resistant to erosion, and can easily restore most of its permeability with a high-pressure water gun.

[0108] Scheme B offers greater durability against surface wear and pulverization. The overall solid waste system exhibits sustained strength growth in the later stages, with more stable hydration products and significantly superior surface abrasion resistance compared to traditional cement-based materials.

[0109] Option B, which addresses freeze-thaw damage, offers superior freeze resistance. Its dense microstructure and lower harmful porosity effectively resist the expansion stress caused by water freezing.

[0110] Option B demonstrates superior durability, proving its longer service life in harsh environments.

Claims

1. A low-carbon permeable concrete made entirely from solid waste, characterized in that, include: The cementitious material is a mixture of various industrial solid wastes to improve the curing effect and permeability of concrete. The proportions of the various industrial solid wastes constituting the cementitious material are adjusted under the control of a proportional control model, based on the service environment requirements of the target concrete component and the pre-set toughness and viscosity of the target concrete component from the surface to the interior. Aggregates and water are used to combine the proportions of cementitious materials to target concrete and control the strength and permeability of the target concrete. The aggregates are made from waste concrete that has been screened, crushed, and processed into concrete aggregates with a particle size of 5 to 25 mm.

2. The all-solid-waste low-carbon permeable concrete according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cementing material is a mixture of converter steel slag powder, granulated blast furnace slag powder, desulfurized gypsum, power plant fly ash, and bottom ash, prepared according to the service environment requirements of the target concrete component and the preset toughness and viscosity of the target concrete component from the surface to the interior, according to a set mass ratio.

3. The all-solid-waste low-carbon permeable concrete according to claim 2, characterized in that, The converter steel slag powder, blast furnace slag powder, desulfurization gypsum, fly ash, and bottom ash are mixed in a set mass ratio and then ground to ensure that the specific surface area of ​​the mixed premix is ​​≥600 m². 2 / kg of mixed powder.

4. The all-solid-waste low-carbon permeable concrete according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, The main chemical components of the converter steel slag powder are: calcium oxide, ferric oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, and aluminum oxide; the main chemical components of the blast furnace slag powder are: calcium silicate, calcium aluminosilicate, calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon dioxide, and aluminum oxide; the main chemical components of the desulfurization gypsum are: sulfur trioxide, calcium oxide, and silicon dioxide; the main component of fly ash is mullite, and the reactivity of mullite is lower than that of metakaolin and activated aluminosilicates; the main chemical components of fly ash are: silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, ferric oxide, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide.

5. The all-solid-waste low-carbon permeable concrete according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The cementitious material is composed of the following components by mass percentage: Converter steel slag powder 20-40%, blast furnace slag powder 25-35%, desulfurized gypsum 10-15%, fly ash bottom ash 25-30%.

6. The all-solid-waste low-carbon permeable concrete according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The cementitious materials, aggregates, and water are mixed at a mass percentage of 15-20%, 70-75%, and 5.5-6.5% at room temperature and pressure to obtain the basic mixture for preparing the target concrete component.

7. A method for preparing all-solid-waste low-carbon permeable concrete, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: A proportional control model is provided, in which the proportions of various industrial solid wastes constituting the cementitious material are adjusted under the control of the proportional control model, based on the service environment requirements of the target concrete component and the pre-set toughness and viscosity of the target concrete component from the surface to the interior. A mixing control model is provided, which is used to generate control commands based on the proportions of each component, and to control the mixing system to perform batching operations based on the control commands; The cementing material is composed of converter steel slag powder, granulated blast furnace slag powder, desulfurized gypsum, power plant fly ash, and bottom ash. It is prepared by mixing these materials according to a set mass ratio based on the service environment requirements of the target concrete component and the predetermined toughness and viscosity of the target concrete component from the surface to the interior. Specifically, the mixture contains 20-40% converter steel slag powder, 25-35% blast furnace slag powder, 10-15% desulfurized gypsum, and 25-30% fly ash and bottom ash. The cementitious materials, aggregates, and water are mixed at a mass percentage of 15-20%, 70-75%, and 5.5-6.5% at room temperature and pressure to obtain the basic mixture for preparing the target concrete component.