Tunnel dynamic air exhaust structure and adjusting method

Abstract

The application relates to the technical field of tunnel construction, and discloses a tunnel dynamic air exhaust structure and a regulating method, which comprise an arched replacement frame which is arranged in close contact with the inner wall of the tunnel, the inside of the arched replacement frame is divided into mirror-symmetrical air supply cavities and air exhaust cavities by arched partition plates, and the arched partition plates are embedded with phase change heat storage layers; and a heat exchange system, wherein an air supply pipe is vertically fixed at the top center of the air supply cavity and is connected with an air supply device; through the spiral nesting structure of the air supply pipe and the air exhaust pipe, the device realizes efficient heat exchange between air supply and air exhaust, the reverse spiral design of the inner layer pipe and the outer layer pipe enhances air flow disturbance, improves heat transfer efficiency, makes the air supply absorb waste heat in the exhaust before entering the tunnel, significantly reduces air supply energy consumption, the phase change heat storage layers in the arched partition plates can dynamically absorb or release heat according to temperature difference, further optimizes energy utilization, and reduces energy waste.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of tunnel construction technology, specifically to a dynamic ventilation structure and adjustment method for tunnels. Background Technology

[0002] In tunnel construction, traditional ventilation systems typically employ independent intake and exhaust duct designs to achieve basic air circulation. These systems consist of supply ducts, exhaust ducts, and stationary fans, using mechanically driven forced ventilation. The supply ducts deliver fresh outside air to the tunnel face, while the exhaust ducts remove dust, harmful gases, and moisture generated during construction. The core of this design is maintaining airflow within the tunnel, but its structural form and functional implementation have significant limitations.

[0003] Traditional ventilation systems completely separate their intake and exhaust ducts, with no intersection or interaction between them. The supply duct typically runs along the tunnel axis, delivering air into the tunnel through fixed vents; the exhaust duct collects polluted air through vents located behind the working face and vents it outside the tunnel. This isolated design avoids the mixing of fresh and polluted air, but it also leads to low energy efficiency. Because the supply and exhaust paths are independent, heat cannot be transferred between them, and a significant amount of heat carried in the exhaust, whether high-temperature or low-temperature, is directly wasted and not reused in the supply process. One of the biggest drawbacks of traditional systems is the lack of a heat recovery mechanism. During exhaust, high-temperature exhaust gases generated inside the tunnel (such as heat from construction equipment or blasting) are directly discharged, while the supply system must consume additional energy to heat or cool the fresh air to maintain a suitable working environment. This unidirectional energy flow pattern significantly increases the overall energy consumption of the ventilation system, especially during cold or hot seasons, further increasing the load on air conditioning equipment and leading to higher operating costs.

[0004] Meanwhile, traditional ventilation systems generally lack integrated dynamic adjustment functions, relying primarily on the speed or start / stop control of fixed fans for both supply and exhaust air volumes. This static adjustment mode cannot accurately adjust according to real-time environmental conditions within the tunnel (such as dust concentration, temperature changes, or construction progress). For example, when dust concentration is low, the system still needs to maintain a high air volume to ensure safety, leading to increased energy consumption; while in areas where pollutants accumulate, a fixed air volume may be insufficient to dilute harmful gases in a timely manner, posing safety hazards.

[0005] In summary, while traditional tunnel ventilation systems can meet basic ventilation requirements, their independent duct design, static regulation mode, and lack of heat recovery mechanisms lead to significant energy waste, high operating costs, and insufficient environmental adaptability. These technical shortcomings provide directions for improvement in subsequent innovative designs. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide a dynamic ventilation structure for tunnels to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0007] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a dynamic ventilation structure for tunnels, comprising:

[0008] An arched replacement frame is fitted to the inner wall of the tunnel. Its interior is divided into mirror-symmetrical air supply chambers and exhaust chambers by arched partitions. The arched partitions are embedded with a phase change heat storage layer.

[0009] Heat exchange system:

[0010] The air supply pipe is vertically fixed at the center of the top of the air supply chamber and connected to an external air supply device.

[0011] The exhaust pipe passes through the air delivery chamber, with its inner tube spirally nested in the inner cavity of the air delivery pipe and its outer tube spirally wrapped around the outer wall of the air delivery pipe. The inner tube and the outer tube have opposite spiral directions and the same pitch.

[0012] Airflow control components:

[0013] The air inlets are linearly arrayed on the lower side wall of the air supply chamber, and the inner wall of the air inlets is circumferentially embedded with an electric heating film. The outer side of the air inlets is covered with an air intake filter assembly.

[0014] The exhaust ports are linearly arrayed on the upper sidewall of the exhaust chamber, and the exhaust ports are covered with an exhaust filter assembly.

[0015] The air supply volume adjustment component is slidably attached to the arched partition plate, and the opening area of ​​the air supply port is adjusted by vertical movement.

[0016] The exhaust volume adjustment component is slidably attached to the arched partition plate, and the opening area of ​​the exhaust port is adjusted by the arc movement;

[0017] The monitoring unit includes a first temperature and humidity sensor and a first wind speed sensor installed on the inner wall of the air supply chamber, and a second temperature and humidity sensor and a second wind speed sensor installed on the inner wall of the exhaust chamber.

[0018] According to the above technical solution, the arched replacement frame includes:

[0019] Top arc-shaped replacement cylinder: The inner wall is filled with expanding fireproof sealant, the surface is coated with nano-ceramic coating, and symmetrical fixing bolts are set on both sides. The fixing bolts are horizontally inserted into the slots of the pre-embedded suspension frame in the tunnel.

[0020] Bottom vertical displacement cylinder: Two bottom vertical displacement cylinders are symmetrically connected to the lower end of the top arc-shaped displacement cylinder. A composite sealing gasket is sandwiched between the side walls of the top arc-shaped displacement cylinder and the vertical displacement cylinder. A drainage and anti-clogging component is installed at an angle on the inner bottom surface of the bottom vertical displacement cylinder. The outer side of the bottom vertical displacement cylinder is covered with a honeycomb aluminum energy-absorbing layer. A spring shock absorber is installed at the bottom of the bottom vertical displacement cylinder.

[0021] According to the above technical solution, the composite sealing gasket includes:

[0022] Elastic rubber base layer;

[0023] A mesh reinforcement layer embedded within the elastic rubber base layer;

[0024] A microcapsule repair layer covering the outer surface of the elastic rubber base layer, the microcapsule repair layer containing a crack filler.

[0025] According to the above technical solution, the drainage anti-clogging component includes:

[0026] The inclined drainage surface is coated with a hydrophobic coating and has a heating element embedded inside. The inclined end of the inclined drainage surface is connected to a drain pipe.

[0027] The drain pipe is equipped with an ultrasonic transducer on its inner wall.

[0028] A hydraulically controlled check valve is installed at the outlet end of the drain pipe.

[0029] According to the above technical solution, the air delivery volume adjustment component includes:

[0030] Vertical moving cylinder: The outer arc surface of the vertical moving cylinder is attached to the inner wall of the air supply chamber, the inner plane of the vertical moving cylinder is attached to the arched partition plate, an air supply groove is opened in the middle of the vertical moving cylinder, and a first weight reduction groove is opened on the side wall of the vertical moving cylinder, which slides in contact with the first guide rail of the inner wall of the air supply chamber.

[0031] First drive motor: embedded in the top of the vertical moving cylinder, the first gear at the output end of the first drive motor meshes with the vertical rack on the arched spacer plate.

[0032] According to the above technical solution, the air intake filter assembly includes:

[0033] The first magnetic fixing frame is attached to the outer wall of the arched replacement frame by a first rectangular magnet array;

[0034] The central filtration zone, from the outside in, includes:

[0035] An angle-adjustable grid, wherein the grid bars are connected to a bevel gear set via a linkage shaft, and the tilt angle of the grid bars is adjusted by a drive motor, and the surface of the angle-adjustable grid is coated with a photocatalytic coating;

[0036] The first coarse filter screen is fixed to the inner frame of the first magnetic fixing bracket and is located behind the angle-adjustable grille.

[0037] According to the above technical solution, the exhaust volume regulating component includes:

[0038] An arc-shaped moving cylinder has an inner arc surface that abuts against the inner wall of the exhaust chamber, an outer plane that abuts against an arched partition plate, an exhaust groove in the middle of the arc-shaped moving cylinder, and a second weight-reducing groove on the side wall of the arc-shaped moving cylinder that slides in contact with the second guide rail of the inner wall of the exhaust chamber.

[0039] The second drive motor is embedded in the top of the arc-shaped moving cylinder, and the second gear at the output end of the second drive motor meshes with the arc-shaped rack on the arched spacer plate.

[0040] According to the above technical solution, the exhaust filter assembly includes:

[0041] The second magnetic fixing frame is attached to the outer wall of the arched replacement frame by a second rectangular magnet array;

[0042] The central filtration zone, from the outside in, includes:

[0043] The second coarse filter screen is made of stainless steel stamped mesh plate and fixed to the outside of the second magnetic fixing frame;

[0044] The adsorption layer is composed of activated carbon particles sandwiched between the second coarse filter screen and the fine filter screen;

[0045] The fine filter screen, configured as a microporous membrane, is fixed to the innermost side of the second magnetic fixing frame.

[0046] According to the above technical solution, the monitoring unit further includes:

[0047] A particulate matter sensor is embedded on one side of the exhaust pipe;

[0048] A gas composition sensor group, including a carbon monoxide sensor and a nitrogen dioxide sensor, is installed on the top of the exhaust chamber;

[0049] The differential pressure sensor has its front probe connected to the intake side of the exhaust filter assembly and its rear probe connected to the exhaust filter assembly's outlet side.

[0050] A method for adjusting a dynamic ventilation structure in a tunnel includes the following steps:

[0051] S1. Monitoring Data Acquisition:

[0052] The temperature, humidity and wind speed inside the air delivery chamber are collected in real time by the first temperature and humidity sensor and the first wind speed sensor.

[0053] The temperature, humidity and wind speed inside the exhaust chamber are collected in real time by the second temperature and humidity sensor and the second wind speed sensor.

[0054] The concentration of particulate matter inside the exhaust pipe is obtained using a particulate matter sensor.

[0055] The concentration of pollutants in the exhaust chamber is obtained through a gas composition sensor array;

[0056] The pressure difference between the front and rear ends of the exhaust filter assembly is obtained through a differential pressure sensor.

[0057] S2. Dynamic adjustment of supply and exhaust air volume:

[0058] Gas supply control:

[0059] When the wind speed in the air delivery chamber is lower than the set lower limit, the first drive motor is started to drive the vertical moving cylinder to move vertically upward. By reducing the area of ​​the vertical moving cylinder blocking the air delivery port, the air delivery volume is increased.

[0060] When the wind speed is higher than the set upper limit, the vertical moving cylinder is driven to move vertically downward, thereby reducing the air supply by increasing the blocking area;

[0061] Displacement control:

[0062] When the pollutant concentration in the exhaust chamber exceeds the threshold, the second drive motor is activated to drive the arc-shaped moving cylinder to move along the arc-shaped rack. By reducing the area of ​​the arc-shaped moving cylinder blocking the exhaust port, the exhaust volume is increased.

[0063] S3, Temperature Co-management:

[0064] When the temperature inside the air delivery chamber is below the freezing point threshold, the electric heating film at the air delivery port is activated to prevent freezing.

[0065] When the temperature inside the exhaust chamber is higher than that inside the air supply chamber and the temperature difference exceeds the set value, the phase change heat storage layer of the arched partition absorbs the waste heat of the exhaust chamber; when the temperature inside the air supply chamber is lower than that inside the exhaust chamber and the temperature difference exceeds the set value, the phase change heat storage layer releases heat into the air supply chamber.

[0066] S4. Airflow direction adjustment:

[0067] Based on the dust distribution within the tunnel, the drive motor is activated to adjust the angle of the adjustable grille bars, controlling the airflow to spray upwards or downwards.

[0068] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects achieved by the present invention are:

[0069] (1) High-efficiency heat exchange and energy recovery: This device achieves high-efficiency heat exchange between the supply and exhaust of air through a spiral nested structure of the supply and exhaust pipes. The reverse spiral design of the inner and outer pipes enhances airflow disturbance and improves heat transfer efficiency, enabling the supply air to absorb residual heat in the exhaust before entering the tunnel, significantly reducing the energy consumption of the supply air. At the same time, the phase change heat storage layer inside the arched partition can dynamically absorb or release heat according to the temperature difference, further optimizing energy utilization and reducing energy waste.

[0070] (2) Dynamic airflow regulation and precise control: The air supply volume regulation component and the exhaust volume regulation component achieve dynamic adjustment of the opening area of ​​the air supply port and the exhaust port through mechanical drive. Based on the real-time monitoring data such as wind speed and pollutant concentration by the sensors, the system can automatically adjust the air supply and exhaust volume to adapt to the dynamic changes in dust concentration, harmful gas concentration and ambient temperature during tunnel construction. This precise control mechanism ensures the stability of the ventilation effect and avoids energy waste caused by excessive air supply or exhaust.

[0071] (3) Multi-stage intelligent filtration and air purification: The intake and exhaust filter components adopt a multi-stage filtration design, intercepting particulate matter and harmful gases step by step from coarse filtration to fine filtration. The angle of the adjustable grille can be dynamically adjusted according to the dust distribution in the tunnel to optimize the airflow direction; the photocatalytic coating can decompose organic pollutants and improve purification efficiency. The activated carbon adsorption layer of the exhaust filter component is combined with the PTFE microporous membrane to remove harmful gases and intercept submicron-sized particulate matter, ensuring that the exhaust gas meets environmental protection standards.

[0072] (4) Structural stability and risk resistance: The arched replacement frame enhances the overall mechanical stability of the structure through the symmetrical connection design of the top arc-shaped replacement cylinder and the bottom vertical replacement cylinder. The elastic rubber base layer of the composite sealing gasket is combined with the mesh reinforcement layer to adapt to the vibration and deformation requirements during tunnel construction. The synergistic effect of the honeycomb aluminum energy-absorbing layer and the spring shock absorber effectively buffers external impacts and reduces the risk of equipment damage. The hydrophobic coating and ultrasonic transducer design of the inclined drainage anti-clogging component prevent water accumulation and blockage, ensuring the long-term stable operation of the drainage system.

[0073] (5) Modular design and convenient maintenance: The magnetic mounting bracket design of the device (such as the magnet array of the intake and exhaust filter components) enables rapid installation and disassembly of key components, significantly reducing maintenance time and costs. The independent modular layout of the sensor group and adjustment components facilitates fault location and replacement. The hydraulic check valve and self-healing sealing gasket design of the drainage anti-clogging component further reduce the need for manual intervention and improve the continuity of system operation.

[0074] (6) Environmental adaptability and safety assurance: The monitoring unit integrates temperature and humidity sensors, wind speed sensors, particulate matter sensors, and gas composition sensors to provide real-time feedback on air quality data inside the tunnel. The anti-freezing function of the electric heating film and the temperature difference regulation capability of the phase change heat storage layer ensure that the device can still operate normally in low or high temperature environments. For special working conditions such as gas, the system can reduce the concentration of harmful gases by dynamically adjusting the exhaust volume. Combined with emergency power supply and backup fan design, it fully ensures the safety of construction personnel.

[0075] (7) Environmental protection and sustainability: Waste heat is recovered through a heat exchange system, reducing energy consumption; a multi-stage filtration system reduces pollutant emissions, meeting environmental regulations. The device's self-healing sealing technology, modular maintenance design, and low-energy operation mode jointly promote the green development of tunnel construction ventilation systems, providing the industry with efficient, energy-saving, and sustainable solutions. Attached Figure Description

[0076] The accompanying drawings are provided to further illustrate the invention and form part of the specification. They are used in conjunction with embodiments of the invention to explain the invention and do not constitute a limitation thereof. In the drawings:

[0077] Figure 1 This is a first perspective view of the present invention;

[0078] Figure 2 This is a second perspective view of the present invention;

[0079] Figure 3 This is a third perspective view of the present invention;

[0080] Figure 4 This is a first partial three-dimensional schematic diagram of the present invention;

[0081] Figure 5 This is a second partial perspective view of the present invention;

[0082] Figure 6 This is a third partial perspective view of the present invention;

[0083] Figure 7 This is a fourth partial perspective view of the present invention;

[0084] Figure 8 This is a fifth partial perspective view of the present invention;

[0085] Figure 9 This is a sixth partial perspective view of the present invention;

[0086] Figure 10 This is a third-dimensional schematic diagram of the seventh part of the present invention;

[0087] Figure 11 This is the eighth partial perspective view of the present invention;

[0088] Figure 12 This is the present invention. Figure 5 A magnified view of a portion of point A in the middle;

[0089] Figure 13 This is the present invention. Figure 5 A magnified view of a portion of point B in the middle;

[0090] Figure 14 This is the present invention. Figure 6 A magnified view of a portion of point C in the middle;

[0091] Figure 15 This is the present invention. Figure 7 A magnified view of a portion of point D in the middle;

[0092] Figure 16 This is the present invention. Figure 9 A magnified view of a portion of point e in the middle;

[0093] In the diagram: 100-Arched replacement frame, 101-Air supply chamber, 102-Exhaust chamber, 110-Arched partition plate, 111-Phase change heat storage layer, 120-Top arc-shaped replacement cylinder, 121-Expanding fireproof sealant, 122-Nano ceramic coating, 123-T-type fixing bolt, 124-Suspension bracket, 130-Bottom vertical replacement cylinder, 131-Spring shock absorber, 132-Composite sealing gasket, 132a-Elastic rubber base layer, 132b-Mesh reinforcement layer, 132c-Microcapsule repair layer, 133-Drainage anti-clogging component, 133 a- Inclined drainage surface, 133b- Heating element, 133c- Drain pipe, 133d- Ultrasonic transducer, 133e- Hydraulic check valve, 201- Air supply pipe, 202- Air supply port, 203- Heating film, 204- Air intake filter assembly, 204a- First magnetic fixing bracket, 204b- First rectangular magnet array, 204c- Angle adjustable grille, 204d- Linkage shaft, 204e- Bevel gear set, 204f- Drive motor, 204g- First coarse filter screen, 204h- Photocatalytic coating, 205- Air supply volume adjustment Components, 205a-Vertical moving cylinder, 205b-Air supply channel, 205c-First weight reduction channel, 205d-First guide rail, 205e-First drive motor, 205f-First gear, 205g-Vertical rack, 301-Exhaust pipe, 302-Inner tube, 303-Outer tube, 304-Exhaust port, 305-Exhaust filter assembly, 305a-Second magnetic fixing frame, 305b-Second rectangular magnet array, 305c-Second coarse filter screen, 305d-Adsorption layer, 305e-Fine filter screen, 306-Exhaust volume Adjustment component, 306a-arc-shaped moving cylinder, 306b-exhaust trough, 306c-second drive motor, 306d-second gear, 306e-arc-shaped rack, 306f-second guide rail, 306g-second weight reduction groove, 400-monitoring unit, 401-first temperature and humidity sensor, 402-first wind speed sensor, 403-second temperature and humidity sensor, 404-second wind speed sensor, 405-particulate matter sensor, 406-carbon monoxide sensor, 407-carbon dioxide sensor, 408-differential pressure sensor. Detailed Implementation

[0094] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0095] Please see Figure 1-16 The present invention provides a technical solution: a dynamic ventilation structure for tunnels, comprising:

[0096] An arched replacement frame 100 is fitted to the inner wall of the tunnel. Its interior is divided into a mirror-symmetrical air supply chamber 101 and an exhaust chamber 102 by an arched partition 110. The arched partition 110 is embedded with a phase change heat storage layer 111.

[0097] Heat exchange system:

[0098] The air supply pipe 201 is vertically fixed to the center of the top of the air supply chamber 101 and is connected to an external air supply device.

[0099] The exhaust pipe 301 penetrates the air delivery chamber 101. Its inner tube 302 is spirally nested in the inner cavity of the air delivery pipe 201, and the outer tube 303 is spirally wrapped around the outer wall of the air delivery pipe 201. The inner tube 302 and the outer tube 303 have opposite directions of rotation and the same pitch.

[0100] Airflow control components:

[0101] The air inlets 202 are linearly arrayed on the lower side wall of the air supply chamber 101, and the inner wall of the air inlets 202 is circumferentially embedded with an electric heating film 203. The outer side of the air inlets 202 is covered with an air intake filter assembly 204.

[0102] The exhaust ports 304 are linearly arrayed on the upper sidewall of the exhaust chamber 102, and the exhaust port 304 is covered by an exhaust filter assembly 305.

[0103] The air supply volume adjustment component 205 is slidably attached to the arched partition plate 110, and the opening area of ​​the air supply port 202 is adjusted by vertical movement.

[0104] The exhaust volume adjustment component 306 is slidably attached to the arched partition plate 110, and the opening area of ​​the exhaust port 304 is adjusted by the arc movement;

[0105] The monitoring unit 400 includes a first temperature and humidity sensor 401 and a first wind speed sensor 402 installed on the inner wall of the air supply chamber 101, and a second temperature and humidity sensor 403 and a second wind speed sensor 404 installed on the inner wall of the exhaust chamber 102.

[0106] Specifically, the arched replacement frame 100 includes:

[0107] Top arc-shaped replacement cylinder 120: The inner wall is filled with expanding fireproof sealant 121, the surface is coated with nano ceramic coating 122, and T-shaped fixing bolts 123 are symmetrically arranged on both sides. The T-shaped fixing bolts 123 are horizontally inserted into the slots of the pre-embedded suspension frame 124 in the tunnel.

[0108] Bottom vertical displacement cylinder 130: Two bottom vertical displacement cylinders 130 are symmetrically connected to the lower end of the top arc-shaped displacement cylinder 120. A composite sealing gasket 132 is sandwiched between the side walls of the top arc-shaped displacement cylinder 120 and the vertical displacement cylinder 130. A drainage anti-clogging component 133 is inclinedly installed on the inner bottom surface of the bottom vertical displacement cylinder 130. The outer side of the bottom vertical displacement cylinder 130 is covered with a honeycomb aluminum energy-absorbing layer. A spring shock absorber 134 is installed at the bottom of the bottom vertical displacement cylinder 130.

[0109] The arched replacement frame 100, as the core supporting component of the dynamic ventilation structure used in tunnel construction, consists of a top arc-shaped replacement cylinder 120 and a bottom vertical replacement cylinder 130, forming a complete support system to ensure the stable operation of the entire ventilation system in the tunnel environment. The inner wall of the top arc-shaped replacement cylinder 120 is filled with expanding fireproof sealant 121, which expands when heated to form a fire barrier, effectively preventing the spread of fire and enhancing the sealing performance of the structure. The surface is coated with a nano-ceramic coating 122, which has excellent high-temperature resistance and wear resistance, protecting the cylinder from the high temperatures and mechanical wear that may occur during tunnel construction. T-shaped fixing bolts 123, symmetrically arranged on both sides, are used to fix the entire arched replacement frame to the inner wall of the tunnel. The T-shaped fixing bolts 123 are horizontally inserted into the slots of the pre-embedded suspension frame 124 in the tunnel, ensuring the stability of the arched replacement frame 100. The 00 is firmly connected to the tunnel structure to avoid displacement caused by vibration or external force during construction. The bottom vertical replacement cylinder 130 is composed of two cylinders symmetrically connected to the lower end of the top arc-shaped replacement cylinder 120. The composite sealing gasket 132 sandwiched between the side walls of the top arc-shaped replacement cylinder 120 and the vertical replacement cylinder 130 plays a key sealing role to prevent air leakage and external dust from entering. The honeycomb aluminum energy-absorbing layer covering the outside of the bottom vertical replacement cylinder 130 has excellent energy absorption characteristics and can absorb external impact energy during tunnel construction, protecting the internal structure from vibration and impact damage. The spring shock absorber 134 set at the bottom of the bottom vertical replacement cylinder 130 further enhances the shock absorption capacity of the entire structure, effectively buffers the vibration generated during construction, ensures the stable operation of the ventilation system in complex construction environments, and extends the service life of the equipment.

[0110] Specifically, the composite sealing gasket 132 includes:

[0111] Elastic rubber base layer 132a;

[0112] A mesh reinforcement layer 132b embedded inside the elastic rubber base layer 132a;

[0113] A microcapsule repair layer 132c is formed covering the outer surface of the elastic rubber base layer 132a, and the microcapsule repair layer 132c contains a crack filler.

[0114] As a key sealing component of the arched replacement frame 100, the composite sealing gasket 132 has a three-layer structure design that achieves multiple functions, ensuring sealing reliability in the tunnel construction environment. The elastic rubber base layer 132a constitutes the base layer of the composite sealing gasket 132, providing basic sealing performance and elasticity. This base layer is made of heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant rubber material, which can effectively fill the small gap between the top arc-shaped replacement cylinder 120 and the side wall of the bottom vertical replacement cylinder 130, preventing air leakage. At the same time, it has the ability to absorb vibration and impact during tunnel construction, reducing equipment operating noise and structural wear. The mesh reinforcement layer 132b embedded inside the elastic rubber base layer 132a adopts a high-strength mesh structure design. Its main function is to enhance the mechanical strength and compressive strength of the gasket. This mesh structure can effectively disperse external pressure, prevent the gasket from undergoing permanent deformation under high pressure, and improve the service life of the gasket. The presence of the mesh reinforcement layer 132b enables the composite sealing gasket 132 to maintain structural stability in the complex environment of tunnel construction, avoiding sealing failure due to pressure changes. The microcapsule repair layer 132c, which covers the outer surface of the elastic rubber base layer 132a, contains crack filler. When microcracks appear in the composite sealing gasket 132 during long-term use, the microcapsule repair layer 132c can automatically rupture, releasing the internal crack filler to fill the crack and restore sealing performance. Microcapsule technology (such as encapsulating repair agents, fragrances, and drugs) is a common method in materials science. The microcapsule layer is coated on the outer surface of the base layer (rather than mixed in the substrate), enabling rapid repair of crack surfaces. Combined with the mesh reinforcement layer, it improves mechanical strength and prevents microcapsule rupture from causing structural damage. With a weakened structure, this composite gasket is specifically designed for tunnel equipment to address the problem of crack propagation under vibration loads. This self-healing function significantly extends the service life of the gasket, reduces maintenance frequency and costs, and is particularly suitable for applications in long-term, high-vibration environments such as tunnel construction. The overall design of the composite gasket 132 achieves excellent sealing performance, mechanical strength, and self-healing capability through the synergistic effect of its three-layer structure. The elastic rubber base layer 132a provides basic sealing and elasticity, the mesh reinforcement layer 132b enhances structural strength, and the microcapsule repair layer 132c ensures long-term sealing reliability. This design not only meets the high requirements for sealing performance in the tunnel construction environment but also reduces maintenance costs through its self-healing function, thereby improving the overall reliability and service life of the system.

[0115] Specifically, the drainage anti-clogging component 133 includes:

[0116] An inclined drainage surface 133a is coated with a hydrophobic coating and has a heating element 133b embedded inside. The inclined end of the inclined drainage surface 133a is connected to a drain pipe 133c.

[0117] The drain pipe 133c has an ultrasonic transducer 133d installed on its inner wall;

[0118] A hydraulically controlled check valve 133e is installed at the outlet end of the drain pipe 133c;

[0119] The drainage anti-clogging component 133 is a key drainage component of the bottom vertical displacement cylinder 130, effectively solving the drainage clogging problem after heat exchange and ensuring the long-term stable operation of the drainage system. The inclined drainage surface 133a, as the starting part of the drainage anti-clogging component 133, has a hydrophobic coating sprayed on its surface, allowing water to slide off quickly and reducing the retention time of water on the surface, thus preventing freezing or clogging caused by water accumulation. The internally embedded heating element 133b can automatically start in low-temperature environments to prevent the inclined drainage surface 133a from freezing due to low temperatures, ensuring that the drainage surface remains unobstructed even in severe cold conditions. The drainage pipe 133c connected to the inclined end of the inclined drainage surface 133a is responsible for draining the water collected on the inclined drainage surface 133a, forming an effective drainage channel. The ultrasonic transducer 133d installed on the inner wall of the drainage pipe 133c prevents the accumulation of mud inside the drainage pipe through high-frequency vibration. Sand, gravel, and other impurities are removed to prevent pipe blockage and effectively extend the maintenance cycle of the drainage system. The hydraulic check valve 133e is installed at the outlet end of the drainage pipe 133c. Its function is to prevent external water from flowing back into the tunnel. When the water level outside the tunnel is higher than the outlet of the drainage pipe, the hydraulic check valve 133e automatically closes to prevent water backflow and ensure the dryness and safety of the tunnel interior environment. The overall design of the drainage anti-clogging component 133 forms a complete drainage anti-clogging system through the guidance of the inclined drainage surface 133a, the antifreeze of the heating element 133b, the anti-clogging of the ultrasonic transducer 133d, and the anti-backflow of the hydraulic check valve 133e. This system can not only effectively deal with the water accumulation generated during tunnel construction, but also maintain normal operation in cold environments, preventing tunnel structure damage and construction safety problems caused by poor drainage, and providing reliable drainage guarantee for tunnel construction.

[0120] Specifically, the air delivery volume regulating component 205 includes:

[0121] Vertical moving cylinder 205a: The outer arc surface of the vertical moving cylinder 205a is attached to the inner wall of the air supply chamber 101, the inner plane of the vertical moving cylinder 205a is attached to the arched partition plate 110, the middle part of the vertical moving cylinder 205a has an air supply groove 205b, and the side wall of the vertical moving cylinder 205a has a first weight reduction groove 205c that slides in contact with the first guide rail 205d of the inner wall of the air supply chamber 101;

[0122] First drive motor 205e: Embedded in the top of the vertical moving cylinder 205a, the first gear 205f at the output end of the first drive motor 205e meshes with the vertical rack 205g on the arched spacer plate 110;

[0123] The air supply volume regulating component 205 is a key component in the dynamic ventilation structure for tunnel construction, enabling dynamic adjustment of the air supply volume. The vertical moving cylinder 205a, as the core moving component of the air supply volume regulating component 205, has its outer arc surface abutting against the inner wall of the air supply chamber 101, and its inner plane abutting against the arched partition plate 110. This structural design ensures the stability of the vertical moving cylinder 205a during movement. The air supply slot 205b in the middle of the vertical moving cylinder 205a serves as the channel for airflow. The first weight-reducing groove 205c on the side wall slides in contact with the first guide rail 205d on the inner wall of the air supply chamber 101. This design not only reduces movement resistance but also ensures the precise vertical movement of the vertical moving cylinder 205a, avoiding swaying and offset. The first drive motor 205e is embedded in the top of the vertical moving cylinder 205a, serving as a power source to drive the entire adjustment assembly. The first gear 205f at the output end of the first drive motor 205e engages with the vertical rack 2 on the arched partition plate 110. The 0.5g meshing, this gear and rack transmission method ensures precise vertical displacement control. When the first drive motor 205e starts, the first gear 205f moves along the vertical rack 205g, driving the vertical moving cylinder 205a to move in the vertical direction, thereby changing the relative position of the air supply groove 205b and the air supply port 202, realizing the adjustment of the opening area of ​​the air supply port 202. Through this mechanical structure design, the air supply volume adjustment component 205 realizes precise control of the air supply volume in the air supply chamber 101. When it is necessary to increase the air supply volume, the first drive motor 205e drives the vertical moving cylinder 205a to move vertically upward, reducing the area of ​​the vertical moving cylinder 205a blocking the air supply port 202, and increasing the air supply volume. When it is necessary to decrease the air supply volume, it drives the vertical moving cylinder 205a to move vertically downward, increasing the blocking area and decreasing the air supply volume. This dynamic adjustment method can adjust the air supply volume in real time according to the actual needs in the tunnel, ensuring the air quality of the construction environment, while saving energy and improving the overall efficiency of the ventilation system.

[0124] Specifically, the intake filter assembly 204 includes:

[0125] The first magnetic fixing frame 204a is attracted to the outer wall of the arched replacement frame 100 by the first rectangular magnet array 204b;

[0126] The central filtration zone, from the outside in, includes:

[0127] An angle-adjustable grille 204c, the grille bars are connected to a bevel gear set 204e via a linkage shaft 204d, and the tilt angle of the grille bars is adjusted by a drive motor 204f. The surface of the angle-adjustable grille 204c is coated with a photocatalytic coating 204h.

[0128] The first coarse filter screen 204g is fixed to the inner frame of the first magnetic fixing bracket 204a and is located behind the angle-adjustable grille 204c.

[0129] The air intake filter assembly 204 is a component used in the dynamic exhaust structure for tunnel construction to purify the air supplied into the tunnel. The first magnetic fixing bracket 204a serves as the support structure for the air intake filter assembly 204. It is attached to the outer wall of the arched replacement frame 100 via a first rectangular magnet array 204b. This magnetic fixing method allows for quick installation and removal of the air intake filter assembly 204, facilitating daily maintenance and replacement. The design of the magnetic fixing bracket not only ensures the stability of the assembly but also avoids structural damage that may be caused by traditional bolt connections, improving installation efficiency and ease of use. To ensure longevity, the central filtration zone is equipped with filtration components arranged sequentially from the outside in, including an adjustable-angle grille 204c and a first coarse filter 204g, forming a multi-layered filtration system. The grille bars of the adjustable-angle grille 204c are connected to a bevel gear set 204e via a linkage shaft 204d, and the tilt angle of the grille bars is precisely adjusted by a drive motor 204f. This design allows the airflow direction to be dynamically adjusted according to the dust distribution in the tunnel, achieving directional airflow guidance. The photocatalytic coating 204h coated on the surface of the adjustable-angle grille 204c has photocatalytic degradation function, which is effective under light exposure. The system can decompose organic pollutants in the air, further improving the purification effect. The first coarse filter 204g is fixed to the inner frame of the first magnetic fixing bracket 204a and is located behind the angle-adjustable grille 204c. As the first filtration barrier, it is mainly used to intercept large particulate impurities and dust in the air. Its design position ensures that the air entering the tunnel is first filtered by the first coarse filter 204g, and then guided by the angle-adjustable grille 204c and photocatalytically treated to form an effective multi-stage filtration process. This filtration sequence design from the outside to the inside ensures that large particles are intercepted first, avoiding premature clogging of the fine filter layer and extending the service life of the entire filtration system. The air intake filter assembly 204 achieves efficient filtration of the air delivered into the tunnel through the convenient installation of the magnetic fixing bracket, the intelligent airflow control of the angle-adjustable grille, and the deep purification function of the photocatalytic coating. This design not only solves the problems of high dust and high concentration of harmful gases in tunnel construction, but also adapts to the dynamic changes in the tunnel environment through intelligent adjustment function, providing a cleaner and safer working environment for construction personnel.

[0130] Specifically, the displacement regulating component 306 includes:

[0131] The arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a has an inner arc surface that abuts against the inner wall of the exhaust chamber 102, and an outer plane that abuts against the arched partition plate 110. An exhaust groove 306b is opened in the middle of the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a, and a second weight-reducing groove 306g is provided on the side wall of the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a that slides in contact with the second guide rail 306f on the inner wall of the exhaust chamber 102.

[0132] The second drive motor 306c is embedded in the top of the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a. The second gear 306d at the output end of the second drive motor 306c meshes with the arc-shaped rack 306e on the arched partition plate 110.

[0133] The exhaust volume adjustment component 306 is a part in the dynamic ventilation structure for tunnel construction that realizes dynamic adjustment of exhaust volume. The arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a, as the core moving component of the exhaust volume adjustment component 306, has its inner arc surface against the inner wall of the exhaust chamber 102 and its outer plane against the arched partition plate 110. This structural design ensures the stability of the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a during movement. The exhaust groove 306b opened in the middle of the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a is the key channel for airflow. The second weight reduction groove 306g set on the side wall of the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a and the second guide on the inner wall of the exhaust chamber 102 The sliding contact of the rail 306f not only reduces movement resistance but also ensures precise movement of the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a in the arc direction, avoiding swaying and offset. The second drive motor 306c is embedded in the top of the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a, serving as a power source to drive the entire adjustment assembly. The second gear 306d at the output end of the second drive motor 306c meshes with the arc-shaped rack 306e on the arched spacer plate 110. This rack and pinion transmission method ensures precise arc displacement control. When the second drive motor 306c starts, the second gear 306d moves along the arc... The rack 306e moves, causing the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a to move along the arc-shaped path, thereby changing the relative position of the exhaust groove 306b and the exhaust port 304, and adjusting the opening area of ​​the exhaust port 304. Through this mechanical structure design, the exhaust volume adjustment component 306 achieves precise control of the exhaust volume in the exhaust chamber 102. When the pollutant concentration in the exhaust chamber 102 exceeds the set threshold, the second drive motor 306c drives the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a to move along the arc-shaped rack 306e, reducing the area of ​​the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a blocking the exhaust port 304 and increasing the exhaust volume. When the pollutant concentration drops to a safe range, the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a is driven to move in the opposite direction, increasing the shielding area and reducing the exhaust volume. This dynamic adjustment method can adjust the exhaust volume in real time according to the actual changes in pollutant concentration in the tunnel, ensuring the air quality of the construction environment, while saving energy and improving the overall efficiency of the ventilation system. The exhaust volume adjustment component 306 works in conjunction with the air supply volume adjustment component 205 to form a complete dynamic ventilation adjustment system, so that the air quality of the tunnel construction environment is always kept within a safe and comfortable range, providing a reliable environmental guarantee for tunnel construction.

[0134] Specifically, the exhaust filter assembly 305 includes:

[0135] The second magnetic fixing bracket 305a is attached to the outer wall of the arched replacement bracket 100 by the second rectangular magnet array 305b;

[0136] The central filtration zone, from the outside in, includes:

[0137] The second coarse filter screen 305c is a stainless steel stamped mesh plate, which is fixed to the outside of the second magnetic fixing frame 305a.

[0138] The adsorption layer 305d is made of activated carbon particles and sandwiched between the second coarse filter screen 305c and the fine filter screen 305e.

[0139] The fine filter 305e is a PTFE microporous membrane and is fixed to the innermost side of the second magnetic fixing bracket 305a.

[0140] The exhaust filter assembly 305 is the core component for purifying exhaust gases in the dynamic ventilation structure used in tunnel construction. Its design utilizes a multi-stage filtration system to effectively remove particulate matter and harmful gases carried in the exhaust chamber 102, ensuring that the emitted gases meet environmental protection requirements. The second magnetic mounting bracket 305a serves as the support structure for the exhaust filter assembly 305. It is attached to the outer wall of the arched replacement frame 100 via a second rectangular magnet array 305b. This magnetic fixing method facilitates easy installation, routine maintenance, and replacement, while avoiding potential damage to the structure caused by traditional bolt connections. The second magnetic mounting bracket 305a provides a stable installation foundation for the entire filter assembly, ensuring that the filtration system maintains stable operation even under the vibration environment of tunnel construction. The central filtration zone employs a three-stage filtration design from the outside in, forming a progressively enhancing purification process. The second coarse filter 305c is a stainless steel stamped mesh plate, fixed to the outside of the second magnetic mounting bracket 305a, serving as the first filtration barrier. Its high-strength metal material effectively intercepts large particulate impurities in the air, such as dust and gravel, preventing subsequent filter layers from prematurely failing due to the accumulation of large particles. The mesh size of the second coarse filter 305c is appropriately designed to ensure sufficient airflow while effectively blocking large particulate pollutants. The adsorption layer 305d is filled with activated carbon particles, sandwiched between the second coarse filter 305c and the fine filter 305e. The activated carbon particles have a large specific surface area and a rich microporous structure. This layer, located behind the coarse filter, efficiently adsorbs harmful components such as organic gases and sulfides, ensuring that large particles are intercepted and preventing activated carbon particles from clogging the filter, thus extending the service life of the adsorption layer 305d. The adsorption layer 305d is designed to target common harmful gases encountered in tunnel construction (such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide), achieving deep purification through a dual mechanism of physical adsorption and chemical reaction. The fine filter 305e is a PTFE microporous membrane, fixed to the innermost side of the second magnetic mounting bracket 305a. The PTFE microporous membrane has extremely small pore sizes, effectively intercepting submicron-sized particles, and also possesses hydrophobic and oleophobic properties, preventing liquid or oily contaminants from clogging the membrane. This layer serves as the final filtration barrier, ensuring the exhaust chamber... The exhaust gas from 102 contains almost no suspended particles, meeting stringent emission standards. The installation position of the fine filter 305e allows it to directly contact the purified gas, ensuring the final filtration effect while preventing fine particles not intercepted by the preceding filtration layers from affecting emission quality. The exhaust filter assembly 305 constructs a complete multi-stage purification system through the convenient installation of the second magnetic fixing bracket 305a, the primary filtration of the second coarse filter 305c, the deep purification of the adsorption layer 305d, and the fine filtration of the fine filter 305e. This design not only solves the problem of high concentration of particulate matter and many types of harmful gases in tunnel construction, but also reduces maintenance costs and improves the reliability and environmental performance of the system through modular structure.

[0141] Specifically, the monitoring unit 400 further includes:

[0142] Particulate matter sensor 405 is embedded on one side of exhaust pipe 301;

[0143] A gas composition sensor group, including a carbon monoxide sensor 406 and a nitrogen dioxide sensor 407, is installed on the top of the exhaust chamber 102;

[0144] The differential pressure sensor 408 has a front probe connected to the intake side of the exhaust filter assembly 305 and a rear probe connected to the exhaust filter assembly 305.

[0145] The monitoring unit 400 is the core monitoring system of the dynamic exhaust structure used in tunnel construction. It comprises a particulate matter sensor 405, a gas composition sensor group, and a differential pressure sensor 408, forming a comprehensive monitoring system for the air quality of the tunnel construction environment. The particulate matter sensor 405 is embedded in one side of the exhaust pipe 301 to monitor the particulate matter concentration within the exhaust pipe 301 in real time. The particulate matter sensor 405 can accurately detect fine particulate matter such as PM2.5, providing crucial data for the air quality of the tunnel construction environment and ensuring that the exhaust gas meets environmental protection requirements. The gas composition sensor group includes a carbon monoxide sensor 406 and a carbon dioxide sensor 407, installed on the top of the exhaust chamber 102. The carbon monoxide sensor 406 is based on… Based on the principle of electrochemistry, the gas concentration is determined by measuring the current generated by the redox reaction of carbon monoxide on the electrode, which can accurately detect toxic gases that may be generated during tunnel construction. The carbon dioxide sensor 407 utilizes the absorption characteristics of gases to infrared light of a specific wavelength to determine the nitrogen dioxide concentration by measuring the degree of infrared light absorption, which is suitable for detecting nitrogen oxides that may be generated during tunnel construction. The two sensors work together to comprehensively monitor the harmful gas components in the exhaust chamber 102, providing a guarantee for construction safety. The front probe of the differential pressure sensor 408 is connected to the air inlet side of the exhaust filter assembly 305, and the rear probe is connected to the air outlet side of the exhaust filter assembly 305, which is used to measure the pressure difference before and after the exhaust filter assembly 305. As the core component of pressure measurement, the differential pressure sensor 408 can detect the clogging status of the filter component in real time. When the differential pressure exceeds the set threshold, it indicates that the filter component may be clogged and needs to be maintained or replaced. The monitoring unit 400, through the coordinated work of the particulate matter sensor 405, the gas composition sensor group and the differential pressure sensor 408, realizes comprehensive monitoring of particulate matter concentration, harmful gas composition and filter component status in the tunnel construction environment. It provides reliable data support for the intelligent adjustment of the dynamic ventilation system, ensuring the safety of the tunnel construction environment and the compliance of air quality standards.

[0146] A method for adjusting a dynamic ventilation structure in a tunnel includes the following steps:

[0147] S1. Monitoring Data Acquisition:

[0148] The temperature, humidity and wind speed inside the air delivery chamber 101 are collected in real time by the first temperature and humidity sensor 401 and the first wind speed sensor 402.

[0149] The temperature, humidity and wind speed inside the exhaust chamber 102 are collected in real time by the second temperature and humidity sensor 403 and the second wind speed sensor 404.

[0150] The particulate matter concentration inside the exhaust pipe 301 is obtained by particulate matter sensor 405;

[0151] The concentration of pollutants in the exhaust chamber 102 is obtained through a gas composition sensor array;

[0152] The differential pressure difference between the front and rear ends of the exhaust filter assembly 305 is obtained through differential pressure sensor 408;

[0153] S2. Dynamic adjustment of supply and exhaust air volume:

[0154] Gas supply control:

[0155] When the wind speed in the air delivery chamber 101 is lower than the set lower limit, the first drive motor 205e is started to drive the vertical moving cylinder 205a to move vertically upward. By reducing the area of ​​the vertical moving cylinder 205a blocking the air delivery port 202, the air delivery volume is increased.

[0156] When the wind speed is higher than the set upper limit, the vertical moving cylinder 205a is driven to move vertically downward, thereby reducing the air supply by increasing the blocking area;

[0157] Displacement control:

[0158] When the pollutant concentration in the exhaust chamber 102 exceeds the threshold, the second drive motor 306c is activated to drive the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a to move along the arc-shaped rack 306e. By reducing the area of ​​the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a blocking the exhaust port 304, the exhaust volume is increased.

[0159] S3, Temperature Co-management:

[0160] When the temperature inside the air supply chamber 101 is lower than the freezing point threshold, the electric heating film 203 of the air supply port 202 is activated to prevent freezing.

[0161] When the temperature inside the exhaust chamber 102 is higher than the temperature inside the air supply chamber 101 and the temperature difference exceeds the set value, the phase change heat storage layer 111 of the arched partition plate 110 absorbs the waste heat of the exhaust chamber; when the temperature inside the air supply chamber 101 is lower than the temperature inside the exhaust chamber 102 and the temperature difference exceeds the set value, the phase change heat storage layer 111 releases heat to the air supply chamber.

[0162] S4. Airflow direction adjustment:

[0163] Based on the dust distribution within the tunnel, the drive motor 204f is activated to adjust the angle of the adjustable grille 204c, controlling the airflow to spray upwards or downwards.

[0164] Working principle: The dynamic ventilation structure for tunnel construction achieves efficient, energy-saving, and safe control of the tunnel construction environment through a precisely designed airflow path, heat exchange system, and intelligent monitoring and dynamic adjustment mechanism. Its working principle can be explained in detail below:

[0165] I. Overall airflow path and heat exchange mechanism

[0166] This device uses an arched replacement frame 100 as its core support structure. The interior is divided into a mirror-symmetrical air supply chamber 101 and an exhaust chamber 102 by an arched partition 110. Fresh air from outside enters the air supply chamber 101 through the air intake filter assembly 204 and is delivered into the tunnel construction area through the air supply port 202. Stale air inside the tunnel enters the exhaust chamber 102 through the exhaust port 304 and is discharged through the exhaust filter assembly 305. The air supply chamber 101 and the exhaust chamber 102 are completely isolated by the arched partition 110 with an embedded phase change heat storage layer 111 to prevent airflow mixing. The air supply is delivered from the bottom of the tunnel upwards to counteract the natural settling of dust, while the exhaust is drawn from the top downwards. Utilizing the rising effect of hot air, the two airflows form a counter-current convection, efficiently renewing the air inside the tunnel.

[0167] The heat exchange system achieves heat exchange between airflows through the air supply pipe 201 and the exhaust pipe 301. The inner tube 302 of the exhaust pipe 301 is spirally nested within the inner cavity of the air supply pipe 201, while the outer tube 303 is spirally wound around the outer wall of the air supply pipe 201. The inner tube 302 and the outer tube 303 have opposite spiral directions but the same pitch. This special structural design enables efficient heat exchange between the air supplied in the air supply chamber 101 and the exhaust in the exhaust chamber 102, transferring residual heat from the exhaust to the supply air, significantly reducing air supply energy consumption and achieving energy recycling.

[0168] II. Dynamic airflow regulation mechanism

[0169] The air delivery volume adjustment component 205 dynamically adjusts the opening area of ​​the air delivery port 202 by the vertical movement of the vertical moving cylinder 205a. When the first wind speed sensor 402 detects that the wind speed in the air delivery chamber 101 is lower than the set lower limit, the first drive motor 205e drives the vertical moving cylinder 205a to move vertically upward, reducing the area of ​​obstruction to the air delivery port 202 and increasing the air delivery volume. When the wind speed is higher than the set upper limit, the vertical moving cylinder 205a is driven to move vertically downward, increasing the obstruction area and decreasing the air delivery volume.

[0170] The exhaust volume adjustment component 306 dynamically adjusts the opening area of ​​the exhaust port 304 by the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a. When the gas composition sensor group detects that the pollutant concentration in the exhaust chamber 102 exceeds the threshold, the second drive motor 306c drives the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a to move along the arc-shaped rack 306e, reducing the obstruction area of ​​the exhaust port 304 and increasing the exhaust volume. When the pollutant concentration drops to a safe range, the arc-shaped moving cylinder 306a is driven to move in the opposite direction, increasing the obstruction area and reducing the exhaust volume.

[0171] III. Intelligent Filtration System

[0172] The air intake filter assembly 204 adopts a multi-stage filtration design, comprising, from the outside in, an angle-adjustable grille 204c and a first coarse filter 204g. The grille bars of the angle-adjustable grille 204c are connected to a bevel gear set 204e via a linkage shaft 204d. The tilt angle of the grille bars is adjusted by a drive motor 204f, allowing the airflow to be directed upwards or downwards according to the dust distribution within the tunnel, thus achieving directional airflow guidance. The photocatalytic coating 204h applied to the surface of the angle-adjustable grille 204c can decompose organic pollutants in the air under light conditions, improving the purification effect.

[0173] The exhaust filter assembly 305 also adopts a multi-stage filtration design, consisting of a second coarse filter 305c, an adsorption layer 305d, and a fine filter 305e from the outside in. The second coarse filter 305c is a stainless steel stamped mesh plate used to intercept large particulate impurities; the adsorption layer 305d is made of activated carbon particles used to adsorb harmful gases; and the fine filter 305e is a PTFE microporous membrane used to filter fine particulate matter, ensuring that the exhaust gas meets environmental protection requirements.

[0174] IV. Temperature Co-management Mechanism

[0175] The phase change heat storage layer 111 embedded in the arched partition plate 110 is the core of temperature coordinated management. When the temperature in the air supply chamber 101 is lower than the freezing point threshold, the electric heating film 203 embedded in the inner wall of the air supply port 202 activates antifreeze. When the temperature in the exhaust chamber 102 is higher than that in the air supply chamber 101 and the temperature difference exceeds the set value, the phase change heat storage layer 111 absorbs the waste heat of the exhaust chamber. When the temperature in the air supply chamber 101 is lower than that in the exhaust chamber 102 and the temperature difference exceeds the set value, the phase change heat storage layer 111 releases heat to the air supply chamber, realizing intelligent regulation and utilization of thermal energy.

[0176] V. Intelligent Monitoring and Control

[0177] The monitoring unit 400 includes a first temperature and humidity sensor 401 and a first wind speed sensor 402, a second temperature and humidity sensor 403 and a second wind speed sensor 404, a particulate matter sensor 405, a gas composition sensor group (carbon monoxide sensor 406 and nitrogen dioxide sensor 407), and a differential pressure sensor 408. These sensors monitor environmental parameters inside the tunnel in real time and provide data support for dynamic adjustment.

[0178] A particulate matter sensor 405 is embedded on one side of the exhaust pipe 301 to monitor the concentration of particulate matter in the exhaust pipe; a gas composition sensor group is installed on the top of the exhaust chamber 102 to monitor the concentration of harmful gases; the front probe of the differential pressure sensor 408 is connected to the intake side of the exhaust filter assembly 305, and the rear probe is connected to the exhaust outlet side of the exhaust filter assembly 305 to monitor the status of the filter assembly.

[0179] VI. Overall Results

[0180] This dynamic exhaust structure recovers waste heat through a heat exchange system, significantly reducing energy consumption; it precisely controls the supply and exhaust air volume according to actual needs through a dynamic airflow regulation mechanism, avoiding energy waste; it effectively purifies the incoming and outgoing air through an intelligent filtration system, ensuring the quality of the construction environment; it achieves intelligent utilization of thermal energy through temperature-coordinated management, improving system efficiency; and it ensures that the system operates within a safe range through intelligent monitoring and control, providing a safe and comfortable working environment for tunnel construction.

[0181] This dynamic ventilation structure not only solves common problems in tunnel construction such as high concentrations of harmful gases, excessive dust, and difficulty in temperature control, but also achieves efficient energy utilization through intelligent and dynamic management. It provides a safer, more environmentally friendly, and more efficient ventilation solution for tunnel construction, meeting the high standards required for ventilation systems in modern tunnel construction.

[0182] It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

[0183] Finally, it should be noted that the above descriptions are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or make equivalent substitutions for some of the technical features. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A dynamic ventilation structure for tunnels, characterized in that, include: An arched replacement frame (100) is fitted to the inner wall of the tunnel. Its interior is divided into a mirror-symmetrical air supply chamber (101) and an exhaust chamber (102) by an arched partition plate (110). The arched partition plate (110) is embedded with a phase change heat storage layer (111). Heat exchange system: The air supply pipe (201) is vertically fixed at the center of the top of the air supply chamber (101) and connected to an external air supply device; The exhaust pipe (301) passes through the air delivery chamber (101), and its inner tube (302) is spirally nested in the inner cavity of the air delivery pipe (201). The outer tube (303) is spirally wrapped around the outer wall of the air delivery pipe (201). The inner tube (302) and the outer tube (303) have opposite directions of rotation and the same pitch. Airflow control components: The air inlets (202) are linearly arrayed on the lower side wall of the air supply chamber (101), and the inner wall of the air inlets (202) is circumferentially embedded with an electric heating film (203). The outer side of the air inlets (202) is covered with an air intake filter assembly (204). The exhaust ports (304) are linearly arrayed on the upper side wall of the exhaust chamber (102), and the exhaust ports (304) are covered with exhaust filter components (305). The air supply volume adjustment component (205) is slidably attached to the arched partition plate (110), and the opening area of ​​the air supply port (202) is adjusted by vertical movement; The exhaust volume adjustment component (306) is slidably attached to the arched partition plate (110) and the opening area of ​​the exhaust port (304) is adjusted by the arc movement; The monitoring unit (400) includes a first temperature and humidity sensor (401) and a first wind speed sensor (402) installed on the inner wall of the air supply chamber (101), and a second temperature and humidity sensor (403) and a second wind speed sensor (404) installed on the inner wall of the exhaust chamber (102). The arched replacement frame (100) includes: Top arc-shaped replacement cylinder (120): The inner wall is filled with expanding fireproof sealant (121), the surface is coated with nano-ceramic coating (122), and T-shaped fixing bolts (123) are symmetrically arranged on both sides. The T-shaped fixing bolts (123) are horizontally inserted into the slots of the pre-embedded suspension frame (124) in the tunnel. Bottom vertical displacement cylinder (130): Two bottom vertical displacement cylinders (130) are symmetrically connected to the lower end of the top arc-shaped displacement cylinder (120). A composite sealing gasket (132) is sandwiched between the side walls of the top arc-shaped displacement cylinder (120) and the vertical displacement cylinder (130). A drainage anti-clogging component (133) is inclinedly installed on the inner bottom surface of the bottom vertical displacement cylinder (130). The outer side of the bottom vertical displacement cylinder (130) is covered with a honeycomb aluminum energy-absorbing layer. A spring shock absorber (134) is installed at the bottom of the bottom vertical displacement cylinder (130).

2. The tunnel dynamic ventilation structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The composite sealing gasket (132) includes: Elastic rubber base layer (132a); A mesh reinforcement layer (132b) embedded inside the elastic rubber base layer (132a). A microcapsule repair layer (132c) is formed covering the outer surface of the elastic rubber base layer (132a), and the microcapsule repair layer (132c) contains a crack filler.

3. The tunnel dynamic ventilation structure according to claim 2, characterized in that: The drainage anti-clogging component (133) includes: An inclined drainage surface (133a) is coated with a hydrophobic coating and has a heating element (133b) embedded inside. The inclined end of the inclined drainage surface (133a) is connected to a drain pipe (133c). The drain pipe (133c) has an ultrasonic transducer (133d) installed on its inner wall. A hydraulic check valve (133e) is installed at the outlet end of the drain pipe (133c).

4. The tunnel dynamic ventilation structure according to claim 3, characterized in that: The air delivery volume regulating component (205) includes: Vertical moving cylinder (205a): The outer arc surface of the vertical moving cylinder (205a) is attached to the inner wall of the air supply chamber (101), the inner plane of the vertical moving cylinder (205a) is attached to the arched partition plate (110), the middle part of the vertical moving cylinder (205a) is provided with an air supply groove (205b), and the side wall of the vertical moving cylinder (205a) is provided with a first weight reduction groove (205c) that slides in contact with the first guide rail (205d) on the inner wall of the air supply chamber (101). First drive motor (205e): Embedded in the top of the vertical moving cylinder (205a), the first gear (205f) at the output end of the first drive motor (205e) meshes with the vertical rack (205g) on ​​the arched spacer plate (110).

5. A tunnel dynamic ventilation structure according to claim 4, characterized in that: The intake filter assembly (204) includes: The first magnetic fixing frame (204a) is attached to the outer wall of the arched replacement frame (100) by the first rectangular magnet array (204b); The central filtration zone, from the outside in, includes: An angle-adjustable grille (204c) has grille bars connected to a bevel gear set (204e) via a linkage shaft (204d), and the tilt angle of the grille bars is adjusted by a drive motor (204f). The surface of the angle-adjustable grille (204c) is coated with a photocatalytic coating (204h). The first coarse filter (204g) is fixed to the inner frame of the first magnetic fixing bracket (204a) and is located behind the angle-adjustable grille (204c).

6. A tunnel dynamic ventilation structure according to claim 5, characterized in that: The displacement regulating assembly (306) includes: An arc-shaped moving cylinder (306a) has its inner arc surface abutting against the inner wall of the exhaust chamber (102), and its outer plane abutting against the arched partition plate (110). An exhaust groove (306b) is opened in the middle of the arc-shaped moving cylinder (306a), and a second weight-reducing groove (306g) is provided on the side wall of the arc-shaped moving cylinder (306a) in sliding contact with the second guide rail (306f) on the inner wall of the exhaust chamber (102). The second drive motor (306c) is embedded in the top of the arc-shaped moving cylinder (306a), and the second gear (306d) at the output end of the second drive motor (306c) meshes with the arc-shaped rack (306e) on the arched spacer plate (110).

7. A tunnel dynamic ventilation structure according to claim 6, characterized in that: The exhaust filter assembly (305) includes: The second magnetic fixing bracket (305a) is attached to the outer wall of the arched replacement bracket (100) by the second rectangular magnet array (305b); The central filtration zone, from the outside in, includes: The second coarse filter screen (305c) is a stainless steel stamped mesh plate, which is fixed to the outside of the second magnetic fixing frame (305a); The adsorption layer (305d) is made of activated carbon particles and sandwiched between the second coarse filter screen (305c) and the fine filter screen (305e); The fine filter (305e) is a PTFE microporous membrane and is fixed to the innermost side of the second magnetic fixing bracket (305a).

8. A tunnel dynamic ventilation structure according to claim 7, characterized in that: The monitoring unit (400) also includes: Particulate matter sensor (405): Embedded on one side of the exhaust pipe (301); Gas composition sensor group: including carbon monoxide sensor (406) and carbon dioxide sensor (407), installed on top of exhaust chamber (102); Differential pressure sensor (408): The front probe is connected to the intake side of the exhaust filter assembly (305), and the rear probe is connected to the exhaust outlet side of the exhaust filter assembly (305).

9. The method for adjusting a dynamic ventilation structure in a tunnel according to claim 8, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Monitoring Data Acquisition: The temperature, humidity and wind speed inside the air delivery chamber (101) are collected in real time by the first temperature and humidity sensor (401) and the first wind speed sensor (402); The temperature, humidity and wind speed inside the exhaust chamber (102) are collected in real time by the second temperature and humidity sensor (403) and the second wind speed sensor (404); The particulate matter concentration inside the exhaust pipe (301) is obtained by a particulate matter sensor (405); The concentration of pollutants in the exhaust chamber (102) is obtained by a gas composition sensor array; The differential pressure between the front and rear ends of the exhaust filter assembly (305) is obtained by the differential pressure sensor (408); S2. Dynamic adjustment of supply and exhaust air volume: Gas supply control: When the wind speed in the air delivery chamber (101) is lower than the set lower limit, the first drive motor (205e) is started to drive the vertical moving cylinder (205a) to move vertically upward. By reducing the area of ​​the vertical moving cylinder (205a) blocking the air delivery port (202), the air delivery volume is increased. When the wind speed is higher than the set upper limit, the vertical moving cylinder (205a) is driven to move vertically downward, thereby reducing the air supply by increasing the blocking area; Displacement control: When the pollutant concentration in the exhaust chamber (102) exceeds the threshold, the second drive motor (306c) is started to drive the arc-shaped moving cylinder (306a) to move along the arc-shaped rack (306e). By reducing the area of ​​the arc-shaped moving cylinder (306a) blocking the exhaust port (304), the exhaust volume is increased. S3, Temperature Co-management: When the temperature inside the air supply chamber (101) is lower than the freezing point threshold, the electric heating film (203) of the air supply port (202) is activated to prevent freezing. When the temperature inside the exhaust chamber (102) is higher than the temperature inside the air supply chamber (101) and the temperature difference exceeds the set value, the phase change heat storage layer (111) of the arched partition plate (110) absorbs the residual heat of the exhaust chamber; when the temperature inside the air supply chamber (101) is lower than the temperature inside the exhaust chamber (102) and the temperature difference exceeds the set value, the phase change heat storage layer (111) releases heat to the air supply chamber. S4. Airflow direction adjustment: Based on the dust distribution in the tunnel, the drive motor (204f) is activated to adjust the bar inclination angle of the adjustable grille (204c) to control the airflow to spray upwards or downwards.

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