Gangue mixed base material layered pouring automatic gob-side roadway building design method

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of coal mining, in particular to a gangue mixed base material layered pouring automatic gob-side roadway building design method which comprises the steps that the optimal roadway building material ratio and width are screened based on an intelligent database, and the database is continuously updated; the gob-side entry building section is reinforced and supported, and the safety of the construction space is ensured; conveying cement and underground crushed gangue to a mixing station in front of a working face, and mixing according to a proportion; formwork erecting and gangue mixed base material layered pouring are completed through the novel filling formwork, and collaborative supporting is achieved; and the template is automatically recovered after the filling body is solidified. According to the method, different geological conditions are adapted in a layered pouring mode, green circulation is achieved by using underground gangue as aggregate, 'yielding-bearing 'collaborative support is achieved by combining an intelligent database and an automatic construction system, the roadway building efficiency is remarkably improved, the cost is reduced, and the method is suitable for efficient, safe and environment-friendly mining of a coal mine.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of coal mining technology, specifically to an automated design method for layered casting of gangue-mixed substrate along the goaf. Background Technology

[0002] Goaf retention is a commonly used pillarless mining technique in mines, but after repeated mining operations, the surrounding rock stability is poor. Goaf construction, as a means of goaf retention, has equally high requirements for filling materials, filling body width and strength. It not only needs to have reasonable working resistance and a certain deformation capacity, but also should have the characteristics of isolating the goaf, quick construction and low cost.

[0003] Currently, there is a lack of a systematic, automated, and adaptable tunneling method that can adapt to geological conditions. In particular, the lack of full utilization of underground gangue resources leads to high costs, low construction efficiency, and poor environmental performance. Therefore, in view of the above situation, there is an urgent need to develop an automated tunneling design method for layered casting of gangue-concrete substrate along the goaf to overcome the shortcomings in current practical applications. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide an automated design method for layered casting of gangue-mixed substrate along the goaf, so as to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0006] An automated design method for layered casting of gangue-concrete substrate along the goaf for tunnel construction includes the following steps:

[0007] S1: Optimal tunnel construction material mix and width are selected based on an intelligent database, and the database is continuously updated;

[0008] S2: Strengthen the support of the tunnel section along the goaf to ensure the safety of the construction space;

[0009] S3: Transport the cement and crushed gangue from underground to the mixing plant in front of the working face and mix them in proportion;

[0010] S4: Enhance the mechanical properties of the tunnel filling material and complete the formwork erection. Then, pour the gangue-mixed base material in layers. After the filling material solidifies, recycle the formwork.

[0011] As a further aspect of the present invention: Step S1 includes: collecting core data tables and constructing a database; studying the associated data model in the database to obtain quantitative grading standards; making a comprehensive judgment based on the evaluation results of multiple indicators to determine the final design level of the tunnel filling body; for different design levels of filling bodies, using Python data analysis and Scikit-learn machine learning model training to predict support effect based on case similarity, and selecting the optimal material ratio and tunnel width; comparing the data collected by field sensors with theoretical data, calibrating the data and importing it into the database to gradually improve the intelligent database; wherein, the core data tables include: basic engineering information table, support resistance and effect table, and support scheme parameter table, etc.; the database construction steps include: building a PostgreSQL software database system, data cleaning and preprocessing, and constructing an associated data model.

[0012] As a further aspect of the present invention: the quantitative grading standard can be divided into Level I (favorable conditions), Level II (general conditions), and Level III (unfavorable conditions); the design level of the filling body can be divided into D1 flexible pressure relief type, D2 balanced transition type, and D3 rigid support type; the optimal material ratio and tunnel width for different filling body design levels are as follows: when the filling body design level is D1 flexible pressure relief type, the optimal material ratio for tunnel construction is based on providing appropriate deformation, and the recommended tunnel width is 3-3.4m; when the filling body design level is D2 balanced transition type, the optimal material ratio for tunnel construction is based on the principle of support-pressure relief balance, and the recommended tunnel width is 4.4-4.8m; when the filling body design level is D3 rigid support type, the optimal material ratio for tunnel construction is based on the principle of strong support and limited pressure relief, and the recommended tunnel width is 5.8-6.2m.

[0013] As a further aspect of the present invention: Step S2 includes: anchoring the roadway roof and coal face with anchor bolts and cables for basic support; sequentially arranging dedicated end-end support type A, end-end support type B, self-moving high-strength roof control unit support and rock-blocking support behind the working face; after the end-end support is laid with netting, anchor cables are used to reinforce the roof of the roadway section; monitoring sensors are installed at corresponding positions; wherein, the self-moving high-strength roof control unit support should be arranged parallel to the rock-blocking support on the roadway side with equal length, and a series of high-strength hooks are welded to the top and rear edge of the tail beam of the rock-blocking support for installing metal mesh.

[0014] As a further aspect of the present invention: Step S3 includes: the gangue generated during tunneling and mining is not brought to the surface, but transported to the gangue yard underground, crushed by a loading crusher, and then transported to the mixing plant in front of the working face; the proportion of roadway building materials can be recommended by the intelligent database, but laboratory and field tests need to be conducted in advance; wherein, after the crusher crushes the gangue, it needs to be graded and screened to be divided into coarse aggregate, medium aggregate and fine aggregate.

[0015] As a further aspect of the present invention, the automatic screening step for gangue gradation includes: setting a fixed grid screen in front of the crusher for pre-screening, directly screening out materials that meet the required particle size; oversized materials are returned to the crusher via a return belt for further crushing, and after screening by a small double-layer drum screen, a closed-loop circulation is formed to ensure that all final products are qualified; wherein, the small double-layer drum screen can obtain gangue with different gradations by changing the screen mesh with different aperture sizes.

[0016] As a further aspect of the present invention: Step S4 includes: strengthening the mechanical properties of the tunnel filling body and rapidly erecting the formwork; pouring the gangue base material in layers through a high-pressure air pump duct; completing the tunnel construction along the goaf after the slurry solidifies; and recycling the formwork after a period of time following the completion of the filling operation.

[0017] As a further aspect of the present invention: the steps for enhancing the mechanical properties of the tunnel filling body and rapidly erecting the formwork are as follows: first, a steel mesh and bidirectional prestressed anchor rods are laid in the tunnel section to be constructed, and then tie rods are erected. The steel mesh and bidirectional prestressed anchor rods are both inside the filling template, and the tie rods penetrate the filling template. The filling template is hung between a self-moving high-strength roof control unit support and a rock retaining support arranged in parallel and equal lengths, and fixed with neodymium iron boron strong magnets. From the inside out, the sequence is: filling template, neodymium iron boron strong magnets, self-moving high-strength roof control unit support or rock retaining support. The filling template is equipped with grouting holes and shut-off valves, which automatically close when the grouting pressure reaches a set value.

[0018] As a further aspect of the present invention: the layered casting step includes: optimizing the gradation of the screened gangue material, with the upper layer adopting an incomplete gradation, mainly composed of fine and medium aggregates, and the lower layer adopting a completely uniform gradation, including fine, medium, and coarse aggregates, the specific proportions of which can also be provided by the intelligent database; if the compressive strength or variability is insufficient during laboratory and field testing, a certain amount of steel fiber or polymer can be added appropriately; the tunneling material is mixed in proportion at the mixing plant, and the lower layer is first cast to the design height through a high-pressure air pump duct, and the upper layer is cast after the lower layer has initially set.

[0019] As a further aspect of the present invention, step S4 further includes: after the upper slurry has solidified and the filling operation has been completed for a period of time, the support moves by itself, and the filling template is automatically demolded and recycled under the action of the magnet's own weight.

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0021] This invention provides an automated design method for goaf-side tunneling using layered casting of gangue-concrete substrate. Layered casting achieves coordinated support of the filling body through "pressure yielding and bearing capacity," combining reasonable working resistance and deformation capacity. An intelligent database is constructed to intelligently optimize support parameters. The use of underground gangue as aggregate eliminates the need for gangue to be brought to the surface, reducing costs and promoting green mining. The formwork and support system are highly automated, adapting to rapid face advancement. Construction is efficient, safe, and reliable, yielding significant economic and social benefits. Attached Figure Description

[0022] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating the automated design method for layered casting of gangue-concrete substrate along the goaf.

[0023] Figure 2 Flowchart for intelligent database filtering.

[0024] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the support layout for tunneling along the goaf.

[0025] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the automatic screening process for gangue gradation.

[0026] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the filling template structure.

[0027] Figure 6 A flowchart of the automated tunneling process along the goaf.

[0028] In the diagram: 1. Working face; 2. Basic frame; 3. Type A end support; 4. Type B end support; 5. Self-moving high-strength roof control unit support; 6. Rock retaining support; 7. Goaf; 8. Existing roadway section; 9. Roadway section to be constructed; 10. Mining roadway; 11. Filling template; 111. Neodymium iron boron strong magnet; 112. Grouting hole; 113. Gate valve; 12. Reinforcing mesh; 13. Bidirectional prestressed anchor bolt; 14. Tie anchor bolt; 15. High-pressure air pump duct. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The technical solution of this application will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0030] The embodiments of this application are described in detail below. Examples of these embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are only used to explain this application, and should not be construed as limiting this application.

[0031] Please see Figure 1 In one embodiment of the present invention, an automated design method for layered casting of gangue-mixed substrate along the goaf includes the following steps:

[0032] S1: Optimal tunnel construction material mix and width are selected based on an intelligent database, and the database is continuously updated;

[0033] S2: Strengthen the support of the tunnel section along the goaf to ensure the safety of the construction space;

[0034] S3: Transport the cement and crushed gangue from underground to the mixing station in front of working face 1 and mix them in proportion;

[0035] S4: Enhance the mechanical properties of the tunnel filling material and complete the formwork erection. Then, pour the gangue-mixed base material in layers. After the filling material solidifies, recycle the formwork.

[0036] Specifically, in step S1, firstly, core data tables are collected and a database is constructed. Next, the related data in the database is quantified and graded. Based on the evaluation results of multiple indicators, a comprehensive assessment is conducted to determine the final design level of the filling body. Finally, based on case similarity, Python data analysis and a Scikit-learn machine learning model are used to train a support effect prediction model, selecting the optimal material ratio and tunnel width. Data collected from on-site sensors is compared with theoretical data, and after data calibration, it is imported into the database to gradually improve the intelligent database.

[0037] like Figure 2 As shown, the core data tables include: a basic project information table, a support resistance and effect table, and a support scheme parameter table, etc.; the database construction steps include: building a PostgreSQL software database system, data cleaning and preprocessing, and building an associated data model.

[0038] The quantitative grading standards are shown in Table 1, and the key indicators include, but are not limited to, those in Table 1.

[0039]

[0040] Table 1. Quantitative Grading Standards for Roadway Backfill

[0041] When applying the above standards, a comprehensive evaluation principle should be followed. Generally, when most key indicators of the area to be filled are at Level I (favorable conditions) and there are no Level III (unfavorable conditions), the design level of the tunnel filling body is D1 (flexible pressure relief dominant type); when most key indicators of the area to be filled are at Level II (general conditions) and there are no Level III (unfavorable conditions), the design level of the tunnel filling body is D2 (balanced transition type); however, when one key indicator of the area to be filled reaches Level III (unfavorable conditions), even if most other indicators are at lower levels, the area to be filled should be classified as a higher level for management to ensure safety; for example, if most key indicators were originally at Level I (favorable conditions), but one key indicator reaches Level III (unfavorable conditions), the design level of the tunnel filling body should be upgraded to D2 (balanced transition type). When two or more key indicators of the area to be filled reach Level III (unfavorable conditions), the design level of the tunnel filling body is D3 (rigid support dominant type); the optimal material mix ratio and tunnel width for different design levels of the filling body are as follows:

[0042] When the design level of the filling body is D1 flexible pressure relief type, the optimal material ratio for tunneling should be based on the principle of adapting to deformation, and the recommended tunneling width is 3-3.4m;

[0043] When the design grade of the filling body is D2 balanced transition type, the optimal material mix ratio for tunneling should be based on the principle of optimal balance between support and pressure relief, and the recommended tunnel width is 4.4-4.8m;

[0044] When the design level of the filling body is D3 rigid support-dominated, the optimal material mix for tunneling should be based on the principle of strong support and limited pressure relief, and the recommended tunnel width is 5.8-6.2m.

[0045] The data collected by the field sensors are obtained from the roadway surface displacement gauge, the roof separation instrument, the pressure data of the self-moving high-strength roof control unit support and the rock retaining support, and the hydraulic sleeper of the anchor cable.

[0046] In step S2, the roadway roof and coal seams are first supported by anchor bolts and cables, followed by... Figure 3 As shown, behind the working face 1, a dedicated end support type A 3, an end support type B 4, a self-moving high-strength jacking control unit support 5, and a rock-blocking support 6 are arranged in sequence.

[0047] After the mesh is laid on the type A 3 and type B 4 end supports, the roof of the tunnel section is reinforced with anchor cables.

[0048] Install monitoring sensors at the appropriate locations.

[0049] Among them, the end bracket type A 3 and end bracket type B 4 have the functions of laying netting and avoiding anchor bolts, respectively. The self-moving strong jacking unit bracket 5 should be arranged parallel to the rock retaining bracket 6 and of equal length. The top beam and tail beam of the rock retaining bracket 6 are welded with a series of high-strength hooks for installing metal netting.

[0050] In step S3, the gangue generated during tunneling and mining is not brought to the surface but transported to the underground gangue yard. After being crushed by a loader crusher, it is transported to the mixing station in front of working face 1. The proportion of roadway building materials can be recommended by the intelligent database algorithm, but laboratory testing is required in advance.

[0051] Step S03 also includes: both gangue and cement are transported to the mixing station in front of the working face 1 by belt conveyor; the crusher crushes the gangue and performs gradation screening to divide it into coarse aggregate, medium aggregate and fine aggregate, wherein the belt conveyor is located in the mining roadway 10.

[0052] like Figure 4 As shown, the automatic screening step for gangue gradation includes:

[0053] A fixed grid screen is set up in front of the crusher for pre-screening, and the materials that meet the requirements are directly screened out;

[0054] Oversized materials are returned to the crusher via a return conveyor belt for further crushing. After being screened by a small double-layer drum screen, "qualified material" and "return material" are obtained, forming a closed-loop system of "crushing-screening-return material".

[0055] In this embodiment, we observe whether a small double-layer drum screen needs to be replaced with screens of different aperture sizes to obtain gangue of different grades.

[0056] In step S4, the mechanical properties of the tunnel filling body are first strengthened and the formwork is quickly erected. Then, the gangue base material is poured in layers through the high-pressure air pump duct 15. After the upper layer of slurry solidifies, the tunnel is constructed along the goaf. Finally, the formwork is recycled after a period of time after the filling operation is completed.

[0057] like Figure 3 and Figure 5 As shown, the steps for strengthening the mechanical properties of the tunnel filling body and erecting the formwork are as follows:

[0058] The filling template 11 is hung between the parallel, equally long self-moving high-strength roof control unit support 5 and the rock-blocking support 6 in the tunnel section 9 to be constructed, and fixed with neodymium iron boron strong magnets 111. From the inside out, the sequence is: filling template 11, neodymium iron boron strong magnets 111, and self-moving high-strength roof control unit support 5 or rock-blocking support 6. A neodymium iron boron strong magnet 111 is attached to each of the left and right sides of the support on the outer side of the filling template 11. There is a grouting hole 112 at 70% height on the front side and at the top of the front side of the filling template 11, and a shut-off valve 113 is installed at each grouting hole 112. The shut-off valve 113 consists of a mechanical sensor, a steel needle, and a circular steel plate. When the pressure reaches a preset value after grouting, the steel needle pushes the circular steel plate to automatically pop out. The filling template 11 is internally laid with a steel mesh 12, bidirectional prestressed anchor rods 13, and tie rods 14.

[0059] The layered pouring process includes: optimizing the gradation of the gangue material; the upper layer adopts an incomplete gradation, mainly composed of fine and medium aggregates. During the roof's rotation and subsidence, the medium aggregates slide and shift, transferring the stress of the overlying strata to the goaf side, reducing the roof pressure passively borne by the tunnel filling body, thus acting as a "pressure relief" measure against the overlying roof. Fine aggregates fill the pores, improving the stability of the upper layer of the filling body and also contributing to improved sealing. The lower layer adopts a completely uniform gradation, including fine, medium, and coarse aggregates. Adding coarse aggregates forms the main skeleton, resulting in a stronger and more rationally distributed force chain skeleton structure, enhancing the deformation resistance of the tunnel filling body and acting as a "bearing" measure against the upper layer and roof. The specific proportions can also be provided by the intelligent database.

[0060] If the compressive strength or variability is insufficient during the laboratory and field tests, a certain amount of steel fiber or polymer may be added.

[0061] The tunnel construction materials are mixed in proportion at the mixing plant, and the lower layer is poured to the design height through the high-pressure air pump pipe 15. After the lower layer has initially set, the upper layer is poured.

[0062] When the design grade of the filling body is D1 or D2, the lower layer serves as the support layer, with a filling height of approximately 60%-70% of the total filling height, while the upper layer serves as the pressure relief and sealing layer, with a filling height of approximately 30%-40% of the total filling height. When the design grade of the filling body is D3, the proportion of the lower layer can be appropriately increased to over 70%.

[0063] Step S4 also includes:

[0064] After the grout solidifies, the tunnel is constructed along the goaf. After a period of time, the support moves by itself, and the filling template 11 is automatically demolded and recycled under the weight of the neodymium iron boron strong magnet 111.

[0065] like Figure 6As shown, the automated goaf-side roadway construction process specifically includes: First, basic support is provided for the roadway roof and coal face with anchor cables. After the coal is cut at the working face 1, the basic frame 2 is moved, the end support is moved, the top net jack of the end support type A 3 extends, and the end support type B 4 automatically avoids the anchor cables to support the roadway roof. Next, the roof of the roadway section 9 to be constructed is reinforced with anchor cables. Then, the formwork space is cleared, and steel mesh 12, tie anchors 13 and bidirectional prestressed anchors 14 are laid to strengthen the mechanical properties of the filling body. Formwork is erected in the roadway section 9 to be constructed between the self-moving strong roof control unit support 5 and the gangue retaining support 6. Finally, after the gangue gradation is automatically screened, the roadway construction materials are mixed at the mixing plant according to the material ratio recommended by the intelligent database, so that the gangue-mixed base material is poured in layers from bottom to top. After a period of time after the upper layer is poured, the formwork unit is recycled, and the roadway section 9 to be constructed becomes the constructed roadway section 8. This automated process is repeated until the goaf-side roadway construction is completed.

[0066] This invention provides an automated goaf-side roadway design method for layered casting of coal gangue-concrete substrate. The method uses an intelligent database to select the optimal material ratio and roadway width, and continuously improves the database. It strengthens the support of the goaf-side roadway section to maintain the safety of the roadway space. Cement and crushed coal gangue from underground are transported to the front of the working face, and the roadway materials are mixed in a mixing plant according to the specified ratio. The mechanical properties of the roadway filling body are strengthened and the formwork is erected. Layered casting of the coal gangue-concrete substrate is then carried out, and the protective membrane is recovered after a period of time following the completion of the filling operation. This invention provides an automated goaf-side roadway design method for layered casting of coal gangue-concrete substrate. Through layered casting, the filling body has the ability to provide "pressure relief and load bearing" support, which helps to ensure reasonable working resistance while also allowing for a certain amount of deformation, and also serves to isolate the goaf. The novel filling template design and the construction of the intelligent database can effectively adapt to the rapid advancement of the coal face. Coal gangue generated during tunneling and mining is not brought to the surface, saving costs and promoting safe, efficient, and green mining.

[0067] The above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make several modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of the present invention, and these should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention. These will not affect the effectiveness of the implementation of the present invention or the practicality of the patent.

Claims

1. An automated design method for layered casting of gangue-concrete substrate along the goaf, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1: Optimal tunnel construction material mix and width are selected based on an intelligent database, and the database is continuously updated; S2: Strengthen the support of the tunnel section along the goaf to ensure the safety of the construction space; S3: Transport the cement and crushed gangue from underground to the mixing plant in front of the working face and mix them in proportion; S4: Enhance the mechanical properties of the tunnel filling material and complete the formwork erection. Then, pour the gangue-mixed base material in layers. After the filling material solidifies, recycle the formwork.

2. The automated goaf-side tunnel design method for layered casting of gangue-mixed substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S1 includes: Collect core data tables and build the database; By studying the correlation data model in the database, a quantitative grading standard is obtained. Based on the evaluation results of multiple indicators, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted to determine the final design grade of the tunnel filling body. For different backfill design levels, Python data analysis and Scikit-learn machine learning model training are used to train the support effect prediction model based on case similarity, and the optimal material ratio and tunnel width are automatically selected. The data collected by field sensors is compared with theoretical data, and the data is then imported into the database after calibration to gradually improve the intelligent database. The core data tables include: a basic project information table, a support resistance and effect table, and a support scheme parameter table, etc.; the database construction steps include: building a PostgreSQL software database system, data cleaning and preprocessing, and building an associated data model.

3. The automated goaf-side tunnel design method for layered casting of gangue-mixed substrate according to claim 2, characterized in that, The quantitative grading standard can be divided into Level I (favorable conditions), Level II (normal conditions), and Level III (unfavorable conditions). The design level of the filling body can be divided into D1 flexible pressure relief type, D2 balanced transition type, and D3 rigid support type. For different design levels of the filling body, the optimal material ratio and tunnel width are as follows: When the design level of the filling body is D1 flexible pressure relief type, the optimal material ratio for tunneling should be based on the principle of providing appropriate deformation, and the recommended tunneling width is 3-3.4m; When the design grade of the filling body is D2 balanced transition type, the optimal material mix ratio for tunneling should be based on the principle of support-pressure relief balance, and the recommended tunneling width is 4.4-4.8m; When the design level of the filling body is D3 rigid support-dominated, the optimal material mix for tunneling should be based on the principle of strong support and limited pressure relief, and the recommended tunnel width is 5.8-6.2m.

4. The automated goaf-side tunnel design method for layered casting of gangue-mixed substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S2 includes: Basic support is provided for the roadway roof and coal seams using anchor bolts and anchor cables. Behind the working face, a series of dedicated end support type A, end support type B, self-moving high-strength jacking control unit support and rock-blocking support are arranged in sequence. After the end support is laid with netting, the roof of the tunnel section is reinforced with anchor cables. Install monitoring sensors at the appropriate locations; The self-moving high-strength roof control unit support should be arranged parallel to the roadway side of the rock retaining support and of equal length. A series of high-strength hooks are welded to the top and rear edge of the tail beam of the rock retaining support for installing metal mesh.

5. The automated goaf-side tunnel design method for layered casting of gangue-mixed substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S3 includes: The gangue generated during tunneling and mining is not brought to the surface but is transported to the gangue yard underground. After being crushed by a loader and crusher, it is transported to the mixing plant in front of the working face. The proportions of materials used in tunnel construction can be recommended by the intelligent database, but laboratory and field tests must be conducted in advance. The crusher automatically screens the crushed gangue to separate it into coarse aggregate, medium aggregate, and fine aggregate.

6. The automated goaf-side tunnel design method for layered casting of gangue-mixed substrate according to claim 5, characterized in that, The automatic screening process for gangue gradation includes: setting up a fixed grid screen in front of the crusher for pre-screening, directly screening out materials that meet the required particle size; oversized materials are returned to the crusher via a return belt for further crushing, and after being screened by a small double-layer drum screen, a closed-loop circulation is formed to ensure that all final products are qualified; wherein, the small double-layer drum screen can obtain gangue with different gradations by changing the screen mesh with different aperture sizes.

7. The automated goaf-side tunnel design method for layered casting of gangue-mixed substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S4 includes: Strengthening the mechanical properties of tunnel filling materials and enabling rapid formwork erection; The gangue base material is poured in layers through a high-pressure air pump duct; After the grout solidifies, the tunnel along the goaf is constructed. After a period of time following the completion of the filling operation, the formwork is recycled.

8. The automated goaf-side tunnel design method for layered casting of gangue-mixed substrate according to claim 7, characterized in that, The steps for strengthening the mechanical properties of tunnel filling and rapid formwork erection are as follows: First, steel mesh and bidirectional prestressed anchor rods are laid in the section of road to be constructed, and then tie rods are erected. The steel mesh and bidirectional prestressed anchor rods are both inside the filling formwork, while the tie rods penetrate the filling formwork. The filling template is hung between the self-moving strong jacking unit support and the rock-blocking support arranged in parallel and equal lengths, and fixed with neodymium iron boron strong magnets. From the inside to the outside, the order is filling template, neodymium iron boron strong magnet, self-moving strong jacking unit support or rock-blocking support. The filling template is equipped with grouting holes and a shut-off valve, which automatically closes when the grouting pressure reaches a set value.

9. The automated goaf-side tunnel design method for layered casting of gangue-mixed substrate according to claim 8, characterized in that, The layered pouring step includes: The gradation of the screened gangue material is optimized. The upper layer adopts an incomplete gradation, mainly composed of fine and medium aggregates, while the lower layer adopts a completely uniform gradation, including fine, medium, and coarse aggregates. The specific proportions can also be provided by the intelligent database. If the compressive strength or variability is insufficient during laboratory and field testing, a certain amount of steel fiber or polymer may be added. The tunnel construction materials are mixed in proportion at the mixing plant, and the lower layer is poured to the design height through a high-pressure air pump duct. After the lower layer has initially set, the upper layer is poured.

10. The automated goaf-side tunnel design method for layered casting of gangue-mixed substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S4 also includes: after the upper slurry has solidified and the filling operation has been completed for a period of time, the support moves by itself, and the filling template is automatically demolded and recycled under the action of the magnet's own weight.

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