Method for improving Juncao planting soil based on wild-imitating cultivation of morchella esculenta

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a method for improving Juncao planting soil based on wild-imitating cultivation of morchella esculenta, which comprises the following steps: selecting a planting area, and treating a site: removing impurities, turning over and disinfecting; the method comprises the steps of strain preparation, sowing and moisturizing treatment, fruiting period management and picking. The method overcomes the defects of insufficient biological diversity of fungus grass planting soil, lack of ecological functions of morchella cultivation and low efficiency of under-forest space utilization, and integrates the development concepts of biological diversity improvement, space three-dimensional utilization and food output and practice of large food view.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of agricultural planting technology, and in particular relates to a method for improving the soil for growing morel mushrooms based on the semi-wild cultivation of morel mushrooms. Background Technology

[0002] The current state of Juncao (a type of grass) cultivation industry faces challenges in its relationship with soil ecology. As a perennial, high-yield, and high-quality herbaceous plant, Juncao has become an important crop with both ecological and economic value due to its rapid growth, strong soil stabilization and water retention capabilities, and high biomass yield. However, existing Juncao cultivation models suffer from soil ecological deficiencies, including a lack of diversity, degradation of soil physicochemical properties, and inefficient use of understory space. These deficiencies are specifically manifested as follows.

[0003] 1. Monoculture: Long-term monoculture of Juncao has led to a simple soil ecosystem structure. The number and ecological index of soil animals (such as springtails, mites, and springtails) and soil nematodes (especially beneficial functional groups) have continued to decline. The soil microbial community structure is unbalanced, the biodiversity level is low, and the stability and self-regulation capacity of the soil ecosystem are restricted. 2. Degradation of soil physical and chemical properties: The root exudates of Juncao are singular, and long-term planting can easily lead to soil nutrient imbalance (such as imbalance of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio), destruction of soil aggregate structure, and decrease in air permeability and water retention. In some areas, soil compaction or acidification occurs, which affects the sustainable growth of Juncao itself. 3. Inefficient use of forest space: The cool, humid microenvironment created by the planting of Juncao grass is not effectively utilized. The output per unit area of ​​land is limited to Juncao grass itself, and the added value potential of "three-dimensional space utilization" is not realized.

[0004] Existing shortcomings and ecological compatibility issues in morel cultivation techniques: Morel mushrooms are a rare edible and medicinal fungus with strong market demand. While their artificial cultivation techniques have gradually matured, existing cultivation methods have significant shortcomings: 1. High dependence on facilities: Traditional artificial cultivation of morel mushrooms mainly focuses on greenhouse cultivation or open field cultivation, with its core technology focused on yield and survival rate. Greenhouse facilities require artificial control of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light, which is costly and violates the "semi-wild" growth characteristics, leading to a decline in the quality of fruiting bodies; 2. Poor soil compatibility: Artificial cultivation often selects farmland soil, and long-term continuous cropping can easily lead to the accumulation of soil pathogens and nutrient depletion, resulting in unstable fruiting rate and large fluctuations in yield; 3. Ecological functions not fully realized: Existing cultivation techniques only focus on the food production function of morel mushrooms, without combining it with soil ecological improvement and biodiversity enhancement, and lack a technical design that integrates cultivation and ecology.

[0005] Although some studies have explored understory, such as planting Metasequoia glyptostroboides forests to utilize the shading environment and reduce facility costs, and there are also crop rotation models such as "fungus-bean-insect" to improve the compound benefits of land, these models are mostly limited to economic benefit accounting and have failed to systematically reveal and utilize the active regulation and amplification effects of the cultivation process on key ecological processes such as soil microorganisms, animal communities and nutrient cycling. Cultivation is regarded as a consumption process rather than an ecological construction process.

[0006] Technological Needs and Invention Motivations under a Holistic Food Perspective: Currently, the "Big Food View" emphasizes obtaining food from forests, grasslands, and wetlands to achieve coordinated development of food production and ecological protection. However, the ecological functions of Juncao (a type of grass) cultivation are not fully utilized. Juncao varieties such as Giant Napier Grass and Oasis No. 1 have attracted attention due to their strong potential for water and soil conservation and soil improvement. However, as mentioned above, existing technologies mainly use Juncao as an ecological barrier or feed source. The unique micro-environment formed under the forest canopy, such as specific shading rates, humidity, and litter layers, has not been systematically developed into an ecological niche for cultivating high-value crops. The positive effects of its interaction with soil organisms have not been actively guided and strengthened.

[0007] Existing technologies do not involve an integrated solution for "simulated wild cultivation of morel mushrooms under Juncao forests," and lack systematic regulation and monitoring designs for soil biodiversity (soil animals, nematodes), soil respiration, and soil physicochemical properties. Summary of the Invention

[0008] To address the aforementioned technical challenges, this invention provides a method for improving soil conditions for morel cultivation based on the metabolic characteristics of morel mushrooms and their interaction with soil. This method overcomes the deficiencies of insufficient biodiversity in the soil for morel cultivation, lack of ecological function in morel cultivation, and inefficient use of understory space. It balances biodiversity enhancement, three-dimensional space utilization, and food production, embodying the development concept of a comprehensive food perspective.

[0009] The present invention, which addresses the above technical problems, provides a method for improving soil for growing morel mushrooms based on simulated wild cultivation, comprising the following steps: (1) Select planting area: Select Oasis No. 1 or giant reed plantation area with 1-3 years of planting experience and good growth; The understory microenvironment of Juncao "Oasis No. 1" and Juncao "Giant Juncao"—namely, a shading rate of 60%-80%, air humidity of 70%-85%, and soil temperature of 10-25℃—is highly compatible with the semi-wild growth requirements of morel mushrooms. At the same time, as a saprophytic fungus, morel mushrooms can improve soil nutrient cycling by secreting extracellular enzymes during their growth, and their mycelium can provide habitat and food sources for soil animals and nematodes. The combination of the two can achieve an ecological closed loop of "Juncao-Morel mushroom-Soil organisms".

[0010] (2) Site preparation: clearing debris, tilling, and disinfection; (3) Preparation of strain: Selection and cultivation of morel mother strain. The culture medium formula includes the following components by weight: wheat grains 68-72%, sawdust 14-16%, corn cob 8-12%, gypsum 1-3%, sucrose 0.8-1.2%, superphosphate 0.8-1.2%, and vitamin B1 0.05%, with a water content of 60%-65%. (4) Sowing and moisturizing treatment: In autumn, from October to November, when the temperature is 15-20℃, avoid the period of high temperature ≥28℃ and low temperature ≤5℃. The amount of seed used is 150-200 kg / mu, which is sown evenly in two batches. After sowing, spray with clean water to keep the soil moisture content at 55%-60%. (5) Management during the fruiting period: Humidity control: Soil moisture content should be 60%-65%, and air humidity should be 80%-85%. Light regulation: The natural shade provided by the Juncao grass allows for diffused light intensity of 500-1000 lux; Ventilation management: Air circulation reduces carbon dioxide concentration; suitable carbon dioxide concentration range: ≤1000ppm (volume fraction). Pest and disease control: Biological control methods are used, and chemical pesticides are not used; (6) Timely harvesting: After harvesting, clean up any remaining stipes and caps to keep the understory clean. Harvest morel fruiting bodies when they reach a height of 8-12cm, the net-like structure on the cap surface is clear, and the color turns yellowish-brown.

[0011] Harvesting method and treatment: Cut the fruiting body at the base with scissors to avoid damaging the mycelium and soil structure. After harvesting, retain the morel mycelium and roots in the soil, and continue to monitor soil ecological indicators to allow the system to enter a period of natural nutrient cycling and soil fertility recovery.

[0012] In the optimized scheme, the planting area in step (1) has a gentle terrain, a slope of ≤15°, good drainage, and the soil type is loam or sandy loam with a pH value of 6.0-7.5 and a soil organic matter content of ≥1.5%; the understory shading rate is 65%-75%, which is adjusted by pruning the leaves of the Juncao grass to avoid direct sunlight.

[0013] In step (2), the soil is tilled to a depth of 10-20cm to break up the compacted soil layer.

[0014] In step (3), the mother culture has a purity of ≥98%, strong mycelial activity, white, dense mycelium, and no contamination from other microorganisms. The mother culture is cultivated for 30-40 days.

[0015] The culture medium formula in step (3) includes the following components by weight: 70% wheat grains, 15% sawdust, 10% corn cob, 2% gypsum, 1% sucrose, 1% superphosphate and 0.05% vitamin B1, with a water content of 60%-65%.

[0016] In step (3), the culture conditions are as follows: sterilize the culture medium with high pressure steam at 120-122℃ for 1.5-2.5 hours, then cool it to 24-26℃, inoculate the mother culture, and culture it in a dark environment at 16-18℃ for 14-16 days until the mycelium has fully grown on the culture medium.

[0017] In the optimized program, the culture conditions are as follows: sterilize at 121℃ with high-pressure steam for 2 hours, cool to 25℃, inoculate with the mother culture, and culture in a dark environment at 17℃ for 15 days until the mycelium has fully grown on the culture medium before use.

[0018] In step (4), the sowing method is as follows: dig furrows and ridges, sow the inoculum, and gently turn it over with a rake for 5-8 cm to mix the inoculum with the soil; cover with a 2-3 cm thick substrate to simulate the humus layer of wild growth.

[0019] The substrate is a mixture of decomposed Juncao leaves, humus, and decomposed broadleaf tree chips, with a mixing ratio of 2.8-3.2:1.8-2.2:1, and an optimized mixing ratio of 3:2:1; or the substrate is a mixture of decomposed corn stalks, humus, and perlite, with a mixing ratio of 1.8-2.2:1.8-2.2:1, wherein the amount of perlite added is ≤20%, mainly used to improve the aeration of the substrate and prevent substrate compaction from affecting mycelial respiration; in the optimized scheme, the substrate is fully decomposed Juncao leaves.

[0020] Preferably, the fully decomposed fallen leaves of Oasis No. 1 or Giant Napier grass are used.

[0021] The matrix properties: ① Degree of decomposition: It must be fully decomposed. The criteria for judgment are that the substrate is dark brown or black in color, there is no obvious residue of fungal straw, it can be naturally dispersed when squeezed into a ball, and there is no odor. The absence of odor is to avoid the undecomposed substrate generating high temperature during the decomposition process to burn the mycelium or release toxic gases to inhibit growth.

[0022] ② Physicochemical properties: The substrate pH value is 6.5-7.5, matching the soil pH value suitable for morel mushroom growth. The organic matter content is ≥30%, and the moisture content is maintained at 50%-55%, meaning it does not drip when squeezed and crumbles upon impact. In the optimized scheme, the substrate pH value is 7, and the moisture content is maintained at 54%.

[0023] ③ Impurity control: The substrate must be free of impurities such as stones, plastics, and metals, and must undergo sun-drying for 2-3 days or high-temperature curing at 55-60℃ for 48 hours to kill pathogens, insect eggs, and other harmful organisms, thus preventing pests and diseases. The optimized solution maintains the substrate at 57℃ for 48 hours.

[0024] In this invention, soil ecological indicators are monitored simultaneously during the planting process.

[0025] The detection indicators include soil animals, soil nematodes, soil respiration and soil physicochemical properties, as well as fruiting weight and fruiting quality.

[0026] Soil fauna community monitoring: Soil fauna were isolated using the Tullgren dry funnel method, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou evenness index were calculated.

[0027] Soil nematode community monitoring: Nematodes were isolated using the modified Baermann funnel method, trophic groups were identified, and maturity index (MI), structure index (SI), and enrichment index (EI) were calculated to assess soil ecosystem stability and nutrient channel status.

[0028] Soil respiration detection: Soil respiration rate was continuously measured using a portable soil respiration meter to characterize the total activity of soil microorganisms.

[0029] Soil physicochemical property monitoring: measuring soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available potassium, pH value and porosity.

[0030] The detection index system in this invention addresses the shortcomings of existing morel or Juncao cultivation technologies, which often rely on superficial indicators such as yield and survival rate, or only test basic soil physicochemical properties. For key biological indicators that more sensitively and comprehensively reflect the health and function of the soil ecosystem, such as the diversity and maturity indices of soil nematode communities, changes in soil animal communities, and soil respiration rates, there is a lack of synchronous and systematic in-situ monitoring schemes. This makes it impossible to scientifically assess the true impact of cultivation patterns on the soil ecosystem, let alone address the technical issues of proactively guiding the ecosystem towards a virtuous cycle through the optimization of technical parameters.

[0031] Compared with existing Juncao (a type of grass) cultivation technology and Morel mushroom cultivation technology, this invention has the following advantages: Key effect: Significantly enhances soil biodiversity in Juncao planting areas Enhancing soil animal diversity: By supplying morel mycelium, metabolites and decomposed substrate, soil animals are provided with abundant food sources and habitats. After the cultivation cycle ends, soil animal diversity is enhanced, breaking the situation of biodiversity scarcity caused by monoculture of fungi and grass. Soil nematode community optimization: The soil nematode community structure is more stable, the function is more complete, and the health of the soil ecosystem is significantly improved; Enhanced soil biological activity: During harvesting, the soil respiration rate increases, soil microbial activity is enhanced, and nutrient cycling efficiency is improved, providing a favorable soil environment for the growth of Juncao and subsequent organisms.

[0032] Secondary effect: Efficiently utilize forest understory space and practice a holistic food perspective.

[0033] Three-dimensional space utilization: Without occupying additional arable land or affecting the growth of Juncao, the cool and humid microenvironment under Oasis No. 1 and giant Juncao forest is fully utilized to realize the three-dimensional planting model of "Juncao + Morel mushrooms", thereby improving the utilization rate of land per unit area. Increased food production: While maintaining stable production of Juncao grass, the production of morel mushrooms has increased, achieving "double harvest from one field," enriching the variety of food supplies, and putting into practice the grand food concept of "getting food from forest land"; Reduced cultivation costs: No need to build greenhouses or other facilities; the natural shading and moisture retention provided by the mushroom grass reduces the cost of manual control, resulting in lower costs compared to traditional greenhouse cultivation.

[0034] Additional benefits: Improves soil physical and chemical properties and promotes ecological sustainability.

[0035] Improved soil fertility: After harvesting, the content of soil organic matter increases, and the content of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium also increases, resulting in a more balanced soil nutrient supply. Soil structure optimization: Soil bulk density is reduced, porosity is increased, and air permeability and water retention are significantly improved, effectively alleviating the soil compaction problem caused by long-term planting of Juncao grass; Ecological cycle construction: Morel mushrooms decompose the residue of mushroom grass and organic fertilizer, transforming them into usable nutrients for the mushroom grass to absorb and utilize, forming an ecological cycle of "mushroom grass-morel mushroom-soil", reducing the application of chemical fertilizers, reducing environmental pressure, and achieving ecological sustainable development.

[0036] It has strong applicability and is easy to promote.

[0037] This invention is applicable to various grass varieties such as Oasis No. 1 and Giant Napier Grass in suitable morel cultivation areas. The technical process is simple and easy to operate, requiring no professional equipment or advanced technology. Ordinary farmers can master it, making it suitable for large-scale promotion and application. It has extremely high practical value and ecological significance. Attached Figure Description

[0038] Figure 1 and Figure 2 In this invention Figure 1 Distribution of nematodes in different morel serotypes.

[0039] Figure 3 and Figure 4 This is a diagram showing the differences in available nutrients in soil among different morel mushroom strains in this invention.

[0040] Figure 5 and Figure 6 This is a diagram showing the differences in soil carbon and nitrogen among different morel serotypes in this invention.

[0041] Figure 7 The test site for this invention is shown in the following images: Giant Napier Grass (left: Oasis No. 1).

[0042] Figure 8 This invention illustrates the fruiting stages of different morel mushrooms under the Juncao forest. Detailed Implementation

[0043] The present invention will be further described below with reference to specific embodiments: Example 1 This invention achieves the dual goals of enhancing soil biodiversity and increasing food production by constructing a simulated wild cultivation environment under Oasis No. 1 and giant reed forests, combined with precise planting parameters and systematic ecological monitoring. The specific technical solution is as follows: (1) Preliminary preparation stage: site selection and pretreatment Site selection criteria: Select Oasis No. 1 or / and giant reed grass planting areas with 1-3 years of planting experience and good growth. The terrain should be flat (slope ≤15°), well-drained, with loam or sandy loam soil, pH value 6.0-7.5, and soil organic matter content ≥1.5%. The shade rate under the forest should be controlled at 65%-75%, which can be adjusted by pruning the leaves of the reed grass to avoid direct sunlight.

[0044] (2) Site preparation: Clearing away weeds, dead branches and leaves, and stones from under the trees, while preserving the integrity of the Juncao root system; Tillage: Till the soil manually or with a small rotary tiller to a depth of 10-20cm to break up the compacted soil layer; Disinfection: Spray evenly with a 5% quicklime solution (dosage 20L / ㎡), and after disinfection, cover with mulch film and keep the greenhouse closed for 3-5 days to kill pathogens and insect eggs; (3) Preparation of inoculum: Mother strain selection: Select morel mushroom strains with strong adaptability and good stress resistance. The strain purity should be ≥98%, with strong mycelial activity, white and dense mycelium, free from contamination by other microorganisms, and the culture time should be controlled at 30-40 days.

[0045] Cultivation preparation: Culture medium formula: 70% wheat grains, 15% sawdust, 10% corn cob, 2% gypsum, 1% sucrose, 1% superphosphate, 0.05% vitamin B1, water content 63%; Culture conditions: After autoclaving at 121℃ for 2 hours, cool to 25℃, inoculate with the mother culture, and culture in a dark environment at 17℃ for 15 days until the mycelium has fully grown on the culture medium.

[0046] (4) Simulated wild cultivation stage: sowing and moisture retention treatment

[0047] Sowing time: Choose autumn, October-November, when the temperature is 15-20℃, avoiding periods of high temperature ≥28℃ and low temperature ≤5℃; Sowing rate: The seed rate for cultivation is 150-200 kg / mu, which is sown evenly in two batches; Sowing method: Make furrows and ridges, sow the inoculum, and gently turn it over with a rake to a depth of 5-8cm to mix the inoculum with the soil; cover with a 2-3cm thick substrate to simulate the humus layer of wild growth.

[0048] The substrate is fully decomposed Juncao leaves, which are fully decomposed leaves of Oasis No. 1 or Giant Juncao.

[0049] Matrix characteristics: ① Decomposition degree: It needs to be fully decomposed. The criteria for judgment are that the substrate is dark brown or black in color, there is no obvious residue of fungal straw, it can be naturally dispersed when squeezed into a ball, and there is no odor. The absence of odor is to avoid the undecomposed substrate generating high temperature during the decomposition process to burn the mycelium or release toxic gases to inhibit growth.

[0050] ② Physicochemical properties: The substrate pH value is 7, which matches the soil pH value suitable for morel mushroom growth. The organic matter content is ≥30%, and the water content is maintained at 54%, meaning it does not drip when squeezed and crumbles when dropped.

[0051] ③ Impurity control: The substrate must be free of impurities such as stones, plastics and metals, and must be disinfected by sun exposure, spreading it out for 2-3 days or by high-temperature fermentation, maintaining it at 57℃ for 48 hours to kill pathogens and insect eggs and other harmful organisms, thus avoiding the occurrence of diseases and pests.

[0052] Moisturizing treatment: Spray water after sowing to keep the soil moisture content at 58%.

[0053] (5) Management during the fruiting period (30-60 days after sowing): Humidity control: Increase the frequency of water spraying to once every 1-2 days, increase the soil moisture content to 63%, and maintain the air humidity at 82%. Use a misting nozzle for water spraying to avoid direct impact on the fruiting bodies. Light regulation: Retain the natural shade of the grass to avoid direct sunlight and ensure sufficient diffused light (light intensity 500-1000 lux). Ventilation management: Maintain air circulation under the forest canopy to reduce carbon dioxide concentration. The suitable carbon dioxide concentration range is ≤1000ppm (volume fraction).

[0054] Pest and disease control: Hang yellow sticky insect traps (20 traps / acre) to attract and kill mushroom mosquitoes and flies, manually capture slugs and snails, and prohibit the use of chemical pesticides.

[0055] (6) Harvesting: Harvest morel fruiting bodies when they reach a height of 8-12cm, the cap surface has a clear reticulated structure, and the color turns yellowish-brown. Cut the fruiting body at the base to avoid damaging the mycelium and soil structure. After harvesting, clean up any remaining stipes and caps to keep the understory clean.

[0056] Example 2

[0057] Other contents are as in Example 1, wherein the culture medium formulation includes the following components by weight: 68% wheat grains, 14% sawdust, 8% corn cob, 1% gypsum, 0.8% sucrose, 0.8% superphosphate, and 0.05% vitamin B1, with a moisture content of 60%. Culture conditions: After autoclaving at 120℃ for 1.5 hours, cool to 26℃, inoculate with the mother culture, and culture in a dark environment at 16℃ for 14 days until the mycelium has fully grown on the culture medium.

[0058] The substrate is a mixture of decomposed leaf litter, humus, and decomposed broadleaf tree chips, with a mixing ratio of 2.8 or 3.2:1.8 or 2.2:1, or a mixing ratio of 3:2:1.

[0059] Matrix characteristics: ① Decomposition degree: It needs to be fully decomposed. The criteria for judgment are that the substrate is dark brown or black in color, there is no obvious residue of fungal straw, it can be naturally dispersed when squeezed into a ball, and there is no odor. The absence of odor is to avoid the undecomposed substrate generating high temperature during the decomposition process to burn the mycelium or release toxic gases to inhibit growth.

[0060] ② Physicochemical properties: The substrate pH value is 6.5, 7 or 7.5, which matches the soil pH value suitable for morel growth. The organic matter content is ≥30%, and the moisture content is maintained at 50 or 55%, that is, it does not drip when squeezed and crumbles when dropped.

[0061] ③ Impurity control: The substrate must be free of impurities such as stones, plastics and metals, and must be disinfected by sun exposure, spreading it out for 2-3 days or by high-temperature stacking and fumigation, maintaining it at 55 or 60℃ for 48 hours to kill pathogens and insect eggs and other harmful organisms, and avoid causing diseases and pests.

[0062] Moisturizing treatment: Spray water after sowing to keep the soil moisture content at 55%.

[0063] Humidity control during the fruiting period: Increase the frequency of water spraying, spraying once every 1-2 days, raising the soil moisture content to 60% and maintaining the air humidity at 80%. Use atomizing nozzles for water spraying to avoid direct impact on the fruiting bodies.

[0064] Example 3

[0065] Other contents are as in Example 1, wherein the culture medium formulation includes the following components by weight: 72% wheat grains, 16% sawdust, 12% corn cob, 3% gypsum, 1.2% sucrose, 1.2% superphosphate, and 0.05% vitamin B1, with a water content of 65%; Culture conditions: After autoclaving at 122℃ for 2.5 hours, cool to 24℃, inoculate with the mother culture, and culture in a dark environment at 18℃ for 30 days until the mycelium has fully grown on the culture medium.

[0066] The substrate is a mixture of decomposed corn stalks, humus and perlite in a ratio of 1.8 or 2.2:1.8 or 2.2:1, or 2:2:1. The amount of perlite added is ≤20%, which is mainly used to improve the aeration of the substrate and prevent substrate compaction from affecting mycelial respiration.

[0067] Matrix characteristics: ① Decomposition degree: It needs to be fully decomposed. The criteria for judgment are that the substrate is dark brown or black in color, there is no obvious residue of fungal straw, it can be naturally dispersed when squeezed into a ball, and there is no odor. The absence of odor is to avoid the undecomposed substrate generating high temperature during the decomposition process to burn the mycelium or release toxic gases to inhibit growth.

[0068] ② Physicochemical properties: The substrate pH value is 6.6, 7.2 or 7.4, which matches the soil pH value suitable for morel growth. The organic matter content is ≥30%, and the moisture content is maintained at 50, 54 or 55%, that is, it does not drip when squeezed and crumbles when dropped.

[0069] ③ Impurity control: The substrate must be free of impurities such as stones, plastics and metals, and must be disinfected by sun exposure, spreading it out for 2-3 days or by high-temperature stacking and fumigation, maintaining it at 55, 59 or 60℃ for 48 hours to kill pathogens and insect eggs and other harmful organisms, and avoid causing diseases and pests.

[0070] Moisturizing treatment: Spray water after sowing to keep the soil moisture content at 60%.

[0071] Humidity control during the fruiting period: Increase the frequency of water spraying, spraying once every 1-2 days, raising the soil moisture content to 65% and maintaining the air humidity at 85%. Use atomizing nozzles for water spraying to avoid direct impact on the fruiting bodies.

[0072] Example 4

[0073] Other contents are as in Example 1, wherein the culture medium formulation includes the following components by weight: 69% wheat grains, 15% sawdust, 9% corn cob, 1.5% gypsum, 0.9% sucrose, 0.9% superphosphate, and 0.05% vitamin B1, with a moisture content of 63%; Culture conditions: After autoclaving at 121℃ for 1.85 hours, cool to 25℃, inoculate with the mother culture, and culture in a dark environment at 17℃ for 15 days until the mycelium has fully grown on the culture medium.

[0074] The substrate is fully decomposed Juncao leaves, which are either Oasis No. 1 or Giant Juncao leaves.

[0075] Matrix characteristics: ① Decomposition degree: It needs to be fully decomposed. The criteria for judgment are that the substrate is dark brown or black in color, there is no obvious residue of fungal straw, it can be naturally dispersed when squeezed into a ball, and there is no odor. The absence of odor is to avoid the undecomposed substrate generating high temperature during the decomposition process to burn the mycelium or release toxic gases to inhibit growth.

[0076] ② Physicochemical properties: The substrate pH value is 6.8, which matches the soil pH value suitable for morel mushroom growth. The organic matter content is ≥30%, and the water content is maintained at 53%, meaning it does not drip when squeezed and crumbles when dropped.

[0077] ③ Impurity control: The substrate must be free of impurities such as stones, plastics and metals, and must be disinfected by sun exposure, spreading it out for 2-3 days or by high-temperature fermentation, maintaining it at 56℃ for 48 hours to kill pathogens and insect eggs and other harmful organisms, thus avoiding the occurrence of diseases and pests.

[0078] Moisturizing treatment: Spray water after sowing to keep the soil moisture content at 57%.

[0079] Humidity control during the fruiting period: Increase the frequency of water spraying, spraying once every 1-2 days, raising the soil moisture content to 62% and maintaining the air humidity at 83%. Use atomizing nozzles for water spraying to avoid direct impact on the fruiting bodies.

[0080] Example 5 Soil Ecological Testing

[0081] In Example 1, soil ecological indicators were monitored simultaneously during the planting process. The specific plan is as follows: 1. Soil animals: Five sampling points were set up in each plot (using the five-point sampling method). After being mixed evenly, 200g of soil samples were retained using the quartering method. The sampling depth was 0-10cm. Soil animals were separated using the Tullgren dry funnel method. The number of animals was counted, the taxa were identified, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson dominance index, and Pielou evenness index were calculated. 2. Soil nematodes: Samples were taken simultaneously with soil animals. Nematodes were isolated using a modified Baermann funnel method. The taxa were identified under a microscope (classified by nutritional type as herbivorous, bacterivorous, fungivorous, and omnivorous-predatory). Abundance (number per 100g dry soil) was counted, and maturity index (MI), structure index (SI), and enrichment index (EI) were calculated. 3. Soil respiration: Soil respiration measurement system: Portable soil respiration meter, used to continuously and accurately measure soil respiration rate; Monitoring equipment: Soil thermometer, etc., used to synchronously record meteorological data such as temperature, humidity, and light; Data acquisition and storage equipment: Such as data logger, computer, etc., used to collect, store and analyze experimental data in real time.

[0082] 4. Soil physicochemical properties: Collected soil samples were brought back to the laboratory, sieved through a 2mm sieve to remove impurities, and then air-dried and stored as samples for chemical property determination. The moisture content of dried morel mushrooms was controlled in accordance with the physicochemical indicators specified in GB 7096-2014 "National Food Safety Standard for Edible Fungi and Their Products". Soil organic carbon (SOC) content was determined using a TOC instrument; total nitrogen content was determined using the Kjeldahl method, referring to NY / T 1121.24-2012 "Soil Testing Part 24: Determination of Total Nitrogen in Soil - Automatic Nitrogen Analyzer Method"; total phosphorus content was determined using the NaOH fusion-molybdenum-antimony colorimetric method, referring to NY / T 88-1988 "Determination of Total Phosphorus in Soil"; total potassium content was determined using the NaOH fusion-flame photometric method, referring to NY / T 87-1998 "Determination of Total Potassium in Soil"; soil pH was determined using NY / T 1377-2007 "Determination of Soil pH"; soil electrical conductivity (EC) was determined using HJ 802-2016 "Determination of Soil Electrical Conductivity - Electrode Method"; and soil organic matter content was determined using the potassium dichromate oxidation method, referring to NY / T The method for determining soil organic matter content was based on NY / T889-2004, "Determination of Available and Slow-release Potassium Content in Soil". The physical properties of soil, including mass water content, maximum water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity, capillary porosity, soil aeration, total porosity, and lower limit of optimum moisture content, were determined using LY-T 1215-1999, "Determination of Physical Properties of Forest Soil Moisture".

[0083] 5. Data Recording and Analysis: Establish a monitoring database to record raw data on soil animal populations, raw data on nematode populations, and various ecological indices. Use SPSS software for statistical analysis to assess the impact of the cultivation process on the soil ecosystem.

[0084] Harvesting and subsequent processing: 6. Select test areas after harvesting: Select a 1m×1m test area in different test areas, weigh the mature morel mushrooms harvested each time, measure the weight of a single mushroom with a balance, record it as g, and number them according to the harvesting order.

[0085] Calculate the weight of mushrooms per square meter: G = ∑_(k=1)^ng_n, Plant weight variance: =( @∑_(k=1)^n(g_k □(-) g ) ^2 )_ / n.

[0086] Calculate the dispersion of morel strain weight to determine the quality of mature morel mushrooms.

[0087] Based on the on-site investigation at the experimental base, the planting area of ​​morel mushrooms in the two experimental areas was measured. Each planting plot at the base is 10m long and 6m wide, and the calculated area of ​​the experimental area is 60m2. The actual planting area is about 70% of the plot area. After deducting the area that cannot be planted, such as the area around the ditches, the effective planting area of ​​morel mushrooms in the plot is calculated as 60%. The estimated yield of morel mushrooms is as follows.

[0088] Morel mushroom yield per hectare of experimental area =

[0089] G×1000×60%

[0090] After harvesting, continue to monitor soil ecological indicators, preserve morel mycelium in the grass and soil, promote soil nutrient cycling, and provide support for the next season's cultivation or grass growth.

[0091] Experiment 1

[0092] Sample plot preparation: In October 2024, a comparative experiment was conducted in a village in Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province, using different Juncao (giant Juncao (abbreviated as J) and Oasis No. 1 (abbreviated as L)) under forest cultivation. All were cultivated in a semi-wild manner, and each planting site was selected with a cultivation area of ​​10m×6m.

[0093] Experimental design: Each experimental area is set up with 3 replicates as one experimental plot, for a total of 6 plots.

[0094] Cultivation and Management: Morel mushrooms were sown from late November to early December 2024 according to the method of this invention, and the harvest of morel mushrooms was completed from early March to mid-May 2025. Different morel mushroom varieties were marked as 7M, 6M and TL, respectively. The experiment was conducted according to the above scheme, and the experimental results are as follows.

[0095] 1. Characteristics of soil nematode communities after different cultivation treatments of morel mushrooms of different types: like Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, a total of 16 genera of nematodes were captured in this experiment. Thirteen genera were found in the giant reed grass plots, while CK, 7M, 6M, and TL plots contained 7, 8, 8, and 8 genera, respectively. The dominant genera in CK were *Scalyx* and *Scalyx stalkus*, while the dominant genera in 7M, 6M, and TL were *Scalyx*, *Scalyx padus*, and *Scalyx true*. Significant differences in nematode numbers were observed in soils from different fungal types within the giant reed grass plots. Analysis showed that 6M had the highest nematode count (169), followed by 7M (142), TL had a lower count (94.6), and CK had the lowest count (73.3), indicating that planting morel mushrooms increased the number of dominant nematode genera and the overall nematode population.

[0096] Eleven genera were identified in the oasis plots. CK, 7M, 6M, and TL had 9, 9, 7, and 6 genera respectively. The dominant genera in CK and 6M were *Scalyx*, *Scalyx*, and *Scalyx*. The dominant genera in 7M were *Scalyx*, *Scalyx*, *Scalyx*, and *Scalyx*. The dominant genera in TL were *Scalyx*, *Scalyx*, and *Scalyx*. Compared with CK (71.3), the number of 6M (70.3) nematodes decreased in 7M (62), while the number of nematodes increased in TL (83.6), but neither was significant. This indicates that planting morel mushrooms altered the soil nematode community structure but had little impact on the nematode population.

[0097] 2. Soil nematode ecological index characteristics after cultivation of different plots and fungal types of morel mushrooms: Compared with the control group, the soil nematode richness, evenness, and diversity indices all increased after cultivating three types of morel mushrooms in the giant reed sample plots, with evenness and diversity indices reaching significant levels. Among them, the 7M morel mushroom showed the greatest increase in evenness and diversity indices, with evenness increasing by 35.38% and 33.33% respectively, and diversity increasing by 53.19% and 38.84% respectively compared to the control group. Cultivating three types of morel mushrooms led to increases in richness, evenness, and diversity indices, as well as a richer and more stable and evenly distributed soil nematode species. The effect of morel mushroom 7M was more significant, as shown in Table 1 below. Table 1 Soil Nematode Ecological Index

[0098] Compared with the control group, the soil nematode richness index decreased, but not significantly, after cultivating three types of morel mushrooms in the oasis plot. The soil nematode evenness and diversity indices increased, but also not significantly, after cultivating 7M and TL morel mushrooms. The soil nematode evenness and diversity indices decreased after cultivating 6M morel mushrooms. This indicates that the richness, evenness, and diversity indices did not change significantly after cultivating the three types of morel mushrooms. Cultivation of 7M and TL morel mushrooms showed a trend towards simpler soil nematode community structure but more stable and even distribution. Cultivation of 6M morel mushrooms showed a trend towards simpler soil nematode community structure and weaker community stability.

[0099] 3. Analysis of mushroom growth under different planting sites, fungal types, and number of flushes: No morel mushrooms were produced in plot 7M of the Oasis, while one flush of mushrooms was produced in plot 6M, for a total of 4 mushrooms. Plot TL produced two flushes of mushrooms, for a total of 15 mushrooms. The fresh and dry weights of TL mushrooms were both greater than those of 6M mushrooms, and the caps of TL mushrooms were wider, the stems were longer, and the fruiting bodies were larger overall.

[0100] The 6M morel plot produced no fruiting mushrooms, while the TL plot produced 5 flushes (17 mushrooms in total), and the 7M plot produced 3 flushes (55 mushrooms in total). The 7M plot produced morel fruiting bodies, but its fresh and dry weights were significantly lower than the TL plot, and its cap and stem were also smaller. See Table 2 below: Table 2. Measurement of mushroom growth indicators under different planting sites, fungal types, and number of flushes.

[0101] 4. Analysis of soil environmental factors for different morel typologies in different plots: In the oasis plots, compared with the control group, the TL cultivation significantly increased the contents of electrical conductivity (EC), pH, available potassium (AK), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total nitrogen (TN). Soil EC, AK, and SOC contents were all significantly increased (P<0.05), while TN and available phosphorus (AP) showed no significant change. EC was 93.39% higher than the control group. pH decreased, and total carbon (TC) content decreased significantly, with TC decreasing by 4.22% compared to the control group. Compared with the control group, 6M cultivation significantly increased the contents of TC, EC, SOC, and TN, with TC and EC increasing by 34.27% and 55.65%, respectively. pH and AP and AK contents were significantly decreased, with pH significantly decreasing, exacerbating the acidic soil environment. 7M cultivation significantly increased pH and the contents of EC, AK, SOC, and TN. Soil EC, AK, SOC, and TN contents were all significantly increased, with EC increasing by 115.08% compared to the control group. TC and AP contents were significantly decreased, with TC decreasing by 4.78% compared to the control group. Cultivating morel mushrooms increases the levels of EC, AK, SOC, and TN, while decreasing the levels of TC and AP.

[0102] In giant reed grass plots, compared to the control group, cultivation of TL morel mushrooms significantly increased the contents of EC, AP, and AK, with EC increasing by 138.47% compared to the control group; TC, SOC, TN, and pH were all significantly decreased, with TC decreasing by 18.39% compared to the control group. Compared to the control group, 6M cultivation increased the contents of EC, AP, and AK, with EC and AK contents reaching significant levels, increasing by 101.55% compared to the control group; pH and TC, SOC, and TN contents were all decreased, with TC, SOC, and TN contents reaching significant levels, decreasing by 25.74% compared to the control group. Compared to the control group, 7M cultivation increased the contents of EC, AP, and AK, with EC and AK contents reaching significant levels, increasing by 55.39% compared to the control group; TC, pH, SOC, and TN contents were all decreased, with TC, SOC, and TN contents reaching significant levels, decreasing by 24.32% compared to the control group. Cultivating morel mushrooms increased the contents of EC, AP, and AK, and decreased the contents of pH, TC, SOC, and TN. Figures 3-6 And as shown in Tables 3 and 4 below: Table 3 Soil environmental factors for different morel serotypes in oasis plots

[0103] Table 4 Soil environmental factors for different morel tyloses in giant reed plots

[0104] The method in this invention not only successfully cultivates morel mushrooms under giant reed grass and Oasis No. 1 forests, generating economic output, but more importantly, it can significantly improve soil biodiversity (such as significantly increasing the nematode diversity index) through agricultural production activities themselves, and directionally improve soil physicochemical properties, achieving a synergistic win-win situation for agricultural production and ecological restoration; it provides an innovative model that is operable, monitorable, and scalable for the development of ecological agriculture.

[0105] The above embodiments / experimental examples are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the implementation methods. Those skilled in the art will recognize that various variations or modifications can be made based on the above description. It is neither necessary nor possible to exhaustively list all possible implementation methods. However, obvious variations or modifications derived therefrom remain within the scope of this invention.

Claims

1. A method for improving soil for growing morel mushrooms based on simulated wild cultivation, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: (1) Select planting area: Select Oasis No. 1 or Giant Napier grass planting area with a planting period of 1-3 years; (2) Site preparation: clearing debris, tilling, and disinfection; (3) Preparation of strain: Selection and cultivation of morel mother strain. The culture medium formula includes the following components by weight: wheat grains 68-72%, sawdust 14-16%, corn cob 8-12%, gypsum 1-3%, sucrose 0.8-1.2%, superphosphate 0.8-1.2%, and vitamin B1 0.05%, with a moisture content of 60%-65%. (4) Sowing and moisturizing treatment: In autumn, from October to November, when the temperature is 15-20℃, the seed rate is 150-200 kg / mu, and it is sown evenly in two batches; after sowing, spray with clean water to keep the soil moisture content at 55%-60%; (5) Management during the fruiting period: Humidity control: Soil moisture content should be 60%-65%, and air humidity should be 80%-85%. Light regulation: The natural shade provided by the Juncao grass allows for diffused light intensity of 500-1000 lux; Ventilation management: Air circulation to reduce carbon dioxide concentration; carbon dioxide concentration range: ≤1000ppm. Pest and disease control: Biological control methods are adopted; (6) Harvesting: After harvesting, clean up any remaining stipes and caps to keep the understory clean.

2. The method for improving soil for growing morel mushrooms based on simulated wild cultivation, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that: The planting area in step (1) has a gentle terrain with a slope of ≤15° and the soil type is loam or sandy loam. pH value 6.0-7.5, soil organic matter content ≥1.5%; forest shade rate 65%-75%.

3. The method for improving soil for growing morel mushrooms based on simulated wild cultivation, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that: In step (2), the soil is tilled to a depth of 10-20cm.

4. The method for improving soil for growing morel mushrooms based on simulated wild cultivation, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that: In step (3), the mother culture strain has a purity of ≥98%, strong mycelial activity, white and dense mycelia, and is free from contamination by other microorganisms. The culture time for each strain is 30-40 days.

5. The method for improving soil for growing morel mushrooms based on simulated wild cultivation, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that: The culture medium formula in step (3) includes the following components by weight: 70% wheat grains, 15% sawdust, 10% corn cob, 2% gypsum, 1% sucrose, 1% superphosphate and 0.05% vitamin B1, with a water content of 60%-65%.

6. The method for improving soil for growing morel mushrooms based on simulated wild cultivation, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that: In step (3), the culture conditions are as follows: sterilize by high-pressure steam at 120-122℃ for 1.5-2.5 hours, then cool to 24-26℃, inoculate the mother culture, and culture in a dark environment at 16-18℃ for 14-16 days until the mycelium has fully grown on the culture medium.

7. A method for improving soil for growing morel mushrooms based on simulated wild cultivation, as described in claim 6, characterized in that: In step (3), the culture conditions are as follows: after sterilizing at 121℃ for 2 hours with high-pressure steam, cool to 25℃, inoculate the mother culture, and culture in a dark environment at 17℃ for 15 days until the mycelium has fully grown on the culture medium.

8. The method for improving soil for growing morel mushrooms based on simulated wild cultivation, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that: The sowing method in step (4) is as follows: dig furrows and ridges, sow the inoculum, and gently turn it over with a tool for 5-8 cm to mix the inoculum with the soil; cover with a 2-3 cm thick substrate to simulate the humus layer of wild growth.

9. A method for improving soil for growing morel mushrooms based on simulated wild cultivation, as described in claim 8, characterized in that: The substrate is a mixture of decomposed Juncao leaves, humus, and decomposed broadleaf tree chips, with a mixing ratio of 2.8-3.2:1.8-2.2:1, and an optimized mixing ratio of 3:2:1; or the substrate is a mixture of decomposed corn stalks, humus, and perlite, with a mixing ratio of 1.8-2.2:1.8-2.2:1, wherein the amount of perlite added is ≤20%; in the optimized scheme, the substrate is decomposed Juncao leaves; more preferably, the decomposed Juncao leaves are those of Oasis No. 1 or Giant Juncao.

10. A method for improving soil for growing morel mushrooms based on simulated wild cultivation, as described in claim 1, characterized in that: Soil ecological indicators are monitored simultaneously during the planting process in steps (1) to (6).

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