Parking lot authigenic plant planting method based on carbon solid storage

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of urban ecological engineering, in particular to a parking lot authigenic plant planting method based on carbon immobilization. The invention provides a parking lot authigenic plant planting method based on carbon immobilization, which is characterized in that a three-stage ecological rotation mechanism is introduced into vegetation construction according to the sequence of a pioneer plant period, a green manure turning and pressing soil returning period and an authigenic plant community succession period to form a parking lot authigenic plant pool, and the parking lot authigenic plant planting based on carbon immobilization is realized. The invention aims to improve the greening ecological benefit and carbon sink capacity of the parking lot by optimizing the soil structure and adopting the crop rotation technology, provides a plant pool structure which adapts to the environment of the parking lot, has high-carbon solid storage capacity and can realize autonomous ecological circulation, and improves the soil health, inhibits diseases and prolongs the plant coverage period through the crop rotation technology. The problems that traditional parking lot greening depends on manual intervention, and the carbon sink benefit is low are solved, and continuous carbon sink under the low maintenance cost is achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of urban ecological engineering technology, and in particular to a method for planting self-growing plants in parking lots based on carbon sequestration. Background Technology

[0002] With the acceleration of urbanization, parking lots, as an important part of urban infrastructure, are occupying an ever-expanding area, making their greening and ecological construction increasingly important. Currently, traditional parking lot greening uses artificial turf or monoculture, which has low carbon sequestration capacity; and it requires manual replanting, which cannot form a self-sustaining cycle, resulting in insufficient long-term carbon sequestration benefits.

[0003] In existing technologies, some eco-friendly parking lots attempt to improve their ecological performance through methods such as vegetated swales and permeable paving. While these methods can alleviate runoff pollution, the plant communities require artificial selection, and the carbon sequestration function has not been quantitatively designed. Common problems include: low plant survival rates leading to short carbon sequestration cycles; energy consumption from human intervention offsetting ecological benefits; and a lack of resilient designs for the high-frequency traffic conditions in parking lots.

[0004] Plant communities that can maintain population stability and adapt to environmental competition through natural reproduction without continuous human intervention in specific habitats are called free-living plants. In recent years, they have been introduced into the field of urban ecological restoration due to their low maintenance and high adaptability. However, existing research has largely focused on wasteland ecological reconstruction and has not yet addressed the synergistic problem of root restriction and microclimate regulation in parking lot scenarios. How to achieve a plant planting structure that sustains carbon sequestration and a low-disturbance planting method for free-living plants has become a pressing technical bottleneck that needs to be overcome. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for planting self-growing plants in parking lots based on carbon sequestration, in order to solve the problems existing in the prior art. It aims to improve the ecological benefits and carbon sequestration capacity of parking lot greening by optimizing soil structure and adopting crop rotation technology.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, this invention provides a method for planting self-sustaining plants in parking lots based on carbon sequestration. By introducing a three-stage ecological rotation mechanism in the vegetation construction, following the order of pioneer plant stage, green manure incorporation and soil return stage, and self-sustaining plant community succession stage, a self-sustaining plant pond is formed in the parking lot, thereby realizing the planting of self-sustaining plants in parking lots based on carbon sequestration.

[0007] Preferably, the soil layer structure during the pioneer plant stage comprises a five-layer composite structure from top to bottom, wherein: the first layer is a fast-growing humus layer, the raw materials of which include native soil, straw and coconut coir; the second layer is a rhizosphere bioactivation layer, the raw materials of which include cold-resistant microbial agents, decomposed straw, peat and vermiculite; the third layer is a compacted buffer layer, the raw materials of which include gravel, medium sand and stone powder; the fourth layer is a temporary drainage layer, the raw materials of which include coarse sand and gravel; and the fifth layer is a subsoil preparation layer, which is 100% native soil of the site.

[0008] Preferably, by mass fraction, the first layer contains 50% native soil, 30% straw, and 20% coconut coir; Preferably, by mass fraction, the second layer contains 3% cold-resistant microbial inoculant, 40% decomposed straw, 40% peat moss, and 17% vermiculite; the cold-resistant microbial inoculant is 60% Bacillus subtilis, 30% Bacillus spp., and 10% Streptomyces jingyangensis. Preferably, by mass fraction, the third layer contains 60%-70% crushed stone, 20%-30% medium sand, and 5%-10% stone powder, wherein the particle size of the crushed stone ranges from 10 to 30 mm, the particle size of the medium sand ranges from 0.25 to 2 mm, and the particle size of the stone powder ranges from ≤5 mm. Preferably, by mass fraction, the fourth layer contains 70% coarse sand and 30% gravel, wherein the coarse sand has a particle size range of 1-5 mm and the gravel has a particle size range of 10-30 mm; Preferably, the thickness of the first layer is 10cm; Preferably, the thickness of the second layer is 5cm; Preferably, the thickness of the third layer is 10cm; Preferably, the fourth layer is 6 cm thick.

[0009] Preferably, based on the soil layer structure of the pioneer plant stage, the construction of the pioneer plant stage includes the following steps: sowing pioneer plant seeds on the surface of the fast-growing humus layer, then covering with soil, and supplementing with manual weeding to ensure that the coverage rate of pioneer plants is greater than 80%. When the plant height reaches 15-20cm, it is cut back to the field with a stubble of 5-8cm and the soil is tilled.

[0010] Preferably, the pioneer plant is foxtail grass. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv Astragalus membranaceus Astragalus laxmannii Jacq White clover Trifolium repens L. One or more of long-haired vitex and smooth Kentucky bluegrass; Preferably, the pioneer plants are foxtail grass, astragalus root, and white clover; the seeding rate of the pioneer plants is as follows: foxtail grass is sown at a rate of 8 grams per square meter, astragalus root is sown at a rate of 6 grams per square meter, and white clover is sown at a rate of 5 grams per square meter. The fine root network of foxtail grass, a grass family plant, can effectively break up soil compaction and suppress dust; Astragalus membranaceus, a legume family plant, can supplement soil nitrogen through nitrogen fixation by rhizobia; and white clover can quickly cover the ground surface and reduce soil erosion with its creeping growth characteristics, and its root system also has nitrogen fixation capabilities. The synergy of these three plants can further improve soil improvement efficiency and lay a good foundation for subsequent plant growth.

[0011] Preferably, the soil covering thickness is 2-3 cm; Preferably, the frequency of manual weeding intervention is ≤ 2 times / month; Preferably, the tillage depth is 5cm; Preferably, the seed of the pioneer plant is sown in April or May; Preferably, the harvesting and returning of crops to the field takes place from late August to early September.

[0012] Preferably, based on the pioneer plant stage constructed above, the construction of the green manure turning and returning to soil stage includes the following steps: after the soil is turned over, green manure is mixed in to form a dense surface cover layer; after the green manure has overwintered, the above-ground parts are turned over as a whole; if drought occurs after turning over, water can be added appropriately to maintain the soil moisture at 15%-25%; after 15-30 days of decomposition, subsequent operations are carried out.

[0013] Preferably, the green manure includes one or more of hairy vetch, plantain, alfalfa, white clover, wild fireball, February orchid, and winter pasture 70 ryegrass; the green manure sowing rate is 5-10 kg per mu; the green manure is mixed and sown in early September; Preferably, the turning and pressing time is early April of the following year; the turning and pressing thickness is 20cm.

[0014] Preferably, based on the green manure turning and returning to the soil period constructed above, the construction of the native plant community succession period includes the following steps: after 15-30 days of decomposition, native plant seeds are sown, and then a low-intervention management strategy is implemented until the proportion of native plants is >85% and then artificial intervention is stopped; during the process, the root network formed during the pioneer plant period is completely preserved to avoid damage to the established soil microbial symbiotic system caused by tillage.

[0015] Preferably, the low-intervention management strategy includes: removal of invasive species at a frequency of ≤1 time / month and / or artificial irrigation at a frequency of once / week; Preferably, the native plant seeds are mixed with native soil at a mass ratio of 1:10 before sowing; the sowing amount of the native plant seeds is 1-3 kg per mu; the native plant seeds are one or more of alfalfa, alfalfa, wild fireball, white clover, foxtail grass, dandelion, and burnet root. Preferably, after ceasing human intervention, from October to December each year, the dead and fallen branches are cut off and the cut-off parts are left on the ground to form an internal closed loop of nutrients and a self-sustaining synergy of landscape function.

[0016] Preferably, the area outside the self-growing plant pool in the parking lot is a non-planting module, which serves as the parking area; the non-planting module is a composite soil structure, which includes, from top to bottom: a permeable layer, a root barrier layer, a nutrient layer, a capillary conduction layer, and a water storage layer.

[0017] Preferably, the permeable layer is a 5 cm thick layer made of gravel and zeolite particles with a particle size of 10–20 mm mixed in a 3:1 volume ratio, with a permeability coefficient of not less than 2.5 mm / s. This allows for efficient drainage of surface runoff and preliminary filtration of suspended impurities in the water. Below this is a root barrier layer made of polypropylene non-woven fabric, approximately 2 cm thick, with a tensile strength greater than 8 kN / m. This effectively blocks deep-rooted plants from penetrating the ground while maintaining good aeration and water distribution. Below the root barrier layer is a nutrient layer, up to 25 cm thick, made of humus, vermiculite, and biochar in a 6:3:1 mass ratio, with a porosity controlled at around 38% and a bulk density of approximately 0.95 g / cm³. To ensure a long-term nutrient supply for the plants in the planting area, 1.2 kg of slow-release compound fertilizer granules (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio of 8-12-6) are added to each cubic meter of nutrient substrate. Below the nutrient layer is an 8-cm-thick capillary conduction layer, composed of sandy loam with a silt content of 30% and well-rotted straw fragments (no more than 5cm in length) in a 4:1 mass ratio, forming a continuous and stable water transport channel. The bottom layer of the system is a 7-cm-thick water storage layer, filled with a composite of 15-25mm diameter expanded clay and highly absorbent resin (3g per square meter). A 50mm diameter blind drain pipe is installed at the bottom of this layer, connecting to the municipal stormwater network. A 5-cm-thick air buffer layer is reserved at the top to cope with soil frost heave in Northeast China during winter.

[0018] The permeable layer rapidly drains rainwater using a mixture of gravel and zeolite; the root barrier layer prevents deep root penetration; the nutrient layer provides a growth substrate composed of humus and biochar; the capillary conduction layer ensures continuous water transport; and the water storage layer, combined with expanded clay and superabsorbent resin, dynamically regulates the water and fertilizer balance. Each soil layer works synergistically through a vertical water cycle mechanism: rainwater rapidly infiltrates through the permeable layer, diffuses evenly through the root barrier layer to the nutrient layer for storage; the capillary conduction layer, with its excellent water conductivity, continuously transports water upwards to meet the absorption needs of plant roots; and the water storage layer temporarily stores excess rainwater during the rainy season and discharges excess water through blind pipes. The superabsorbent resin can absorb hundreds of times its own weight in water under humid conditions (with an expansion rate of no less than 300%). During dry periods, it is slowly released into the upper soil through capillary action. Together with the slow-release fertilizer in the nutrient layer, it forms a dynamic balance system of water and fertilizer linkage, thereby ensuring that plants can continue to grow healthily in an environment that is neither waterlogged in the rainy season nor dry in the dry season, providing a strong guarantee for the construction of self-growing plant ponds in parking lots using planting modules.

[0019] The present invention discloses the following technical effects: 1. This invention provides a plant pool structure that is adapted to the parking lot environment, possesses high carbon sequestration capacity, and can achieve autonomous ecological cycling. Through crop rotation technology, it improves soil health, suppresses diseases, and extends the plant cover cycle. It solves the problems of traditional parking lot greening relying on manual intervention and having low carbon sequestration efficiency, achieving sustainable carbon sequestration with low maintenance costs.

[0020] 2. This invention is an adaptive planting system based on a three-stage synergistic succession mechanism and a five-layer composite soil structure; it includes an ecological rotation system encompassing the pioneer plant stage, the green manure incorporation stage, and the native plant community succession stage, as well as a soil structure layer optimization strategy. This invention proposes a three-stage synergy—the pioneer plant stage, the green manure incorporation stage, and the native plant self-succession stage—to achieve a gradual transformation of parking lot greening from artificial intervention to natural resilience.

[0021] The three-stage collaborative succession mechanism is as follows: The first stage is the pioneer plant period, which focuses on activating degraded soil in a short period of time. Grasses and leguminous plants are broadcast as pioneer free-growing plants; their dense root network effectively breaks up soil compaction and suppresses dust. After sowing, the soil is covered to optimize the germination microenvironment, supplemented by manual weeding less than twice a month to ensure a pioneer plant coverage rate of over 80%, laying the physical and nutrient foundation for subsequent stages.

[0022] The second stage is the green manure incorporation period, aimed at enhancing the ecosystem's resilience. The main steps involve sowing green manure into the pioneer plant community in early September to form a dense surface cover layer, significantly blocking the infiltration of de-icing agents during winter. After the plants safely overwinter through physiological mechanisms such as osmotic regulation and metabolic stagnation, the green manure is incorporated into the soil layer to a depth of 0–20 cm in early April of the following year. Within 7–10 days, the microbial community is activated, releasing readily available nutrients. The key control point is maintaining soil moisture at 15%–25% after incorporation and allowing it to decompose for 15–30 days to avoid the inhibitory effect of autotoxic substances on seed germination.

[0023] The third stage is the community succession period, which is the transition from artificial management to a natural steady state. In mid-April of the second year, the selected native plant seeds are mixed with the native soil at a mass ratio of 1:10 and sown to preserve the root network of pioneer plants as the ecological framework and avoid tilling to avoid damaging the established microbial symbiotic system. From then on, it is only necessary to cut the dead branches and leave them on the ground in October to December each year to form a nutrient closed loop and a self-sustaining landscape function synergy.

[0024] In summary, this invention initiates soil improvement through physicochemical processes in the first stage, followed by biological enhancement of stress resistance and nutrient cycling in the second stage. This process embodies a step-by-step withdrawal of human intervention, moving from high-frequency management to precise regulation until the system undergoes low-maintenance self-succession, providing a model for ecological regeneration in high-stress urban gray spaces.

[0025] The specific optimization strategy for the five-layer soil structure of this invention is as follows: Based on the soil layer structure during the pioneer plant stage, a stress-resistant foundation is constructed. The core consists of "fast-growing humus layer - rhizosphere biological activation layer - compacted buffer layer - temporary drainage layer - subsoil preparation layer". The first layer, a fast-growing humus layer, uses native soil, straw, and coconut coir as raw materials to provide a medium for rapid planting and accelerate the root establishment of pioneer plants. The second layer, a rhizosphere bio-activation layer, consists of decomposed straw, peat moss, vermiculite, and cold-resistant fungicides. By stimulating rhizosphere interactions, accelerating nutrient turnover, and resisting freeze-thaw damage, it significantly improves the planting efficiency and overwintering survival rate of pioneer plants in cold-region parking lots. The third layer, a compacted buffer layer, uses crushed stone as the core strength and medium sand and stone powder as filling to ensure homogeneity and stability. This constructs a structural layer that is compressive-resistant, has good load-dispersing capacity, and moderate elastic buffering, improving the overall compressive strength of the soil to adapt to the parking lot environment. The fourth layer, a temporary drainage layer, consists of coarse sand and gravel, which can improve water conductivity and achieve rapid drainage. The fifth layer, a subsoil preparation layer, is 100% native soil. It breaks up compaction, guides deep-rooted plants to grow downwards, and stabilizes the deep structure (see...). Figure 1 ).

[0026] The green manure turning and compaction period promotes nutrient cycling and enhances efficiency. Relying on the soil structure and construction process during the pioneer plant stage, a synergistic mechanism is formed from top to bottom: a green manure residue layer, a humification-active layer, a nutrient buffer transition layer (nutrient release and enrichment layer), a leaching buffer layer, and a drainage stabilization layer, thus solving the problem of nutrient loss in cold regions. The green manure residue layer is based on the stubble left after the harvest of pioneer plants (mainly the fibrous root network of foxtail grass (Poaceae), and the stolons and fine roots of Astragalus membranaceus and white clover (Fabaceae), and is evenly covered with a layer of freshly cut aboveground green manure plant debris, forming a bioactive layer; the green manure plant residue is buried in layers to form a humification-active layer, with pioneer plant residue buried shallowly in the humification-active upper layer and green manure residue buried deeply in the lower layer to form a slow-release carbon pool; the nutrient buffer layer mainly adsorbs and retains nutrients released from the upper layer, forming a long-lasting fertility pool; the leaching buffer layer can intercept and temporarily store infiltrated nutrients to prevent loss; the drainage stabilization layer ensures that excess water is quickly discharged, maintaining the overall structural stability (see...). Figure 2 ).

[0027] The succession period of native plant communities is a period in which native herbaceous plants exert their self-sustaining and regulatory capabilities. Based on the aforementioned pioneer plant period and green manure incorporation period, a stable structure was established consisting of a litter cover layer, a decomposed organic layer, a mycorrhizal symbiotic layer, a biological barrier layer, and an ecological substrate layer. The litter cover layer is formed by the natural accumulation of plant litter, naturally protecting the topsoil, while the underlying decomposed organic layer continuously supplies nutrients. This decomposed organic layer, composed of decomposed organic matter transformed from the litter by microorganisms, provides a stable and continuous supply of nutrients and enhances the soil's water and fertilizer retention capacity. The mycorrhizal symbiotic layer, based on cold-resistant fungi in the rhizosphere bio-activation layer during the pioneer plant stage, extends through the network of roots of the pioneer plant host to the biological barrier layer (a dense protective zone composed of specific beneficial microbial communities introduced and colonized by the roots). Both layers are functionally connected through the plant roots, jointly forming a mechanism to suppress soil-borne diseases. The synergistic formation of these layers creates a self-sustaining, stable soil structure that inhibits soil-borne diseases. The ecological substrate layer provides planting space for plants and firmly connects the upper structure with the deeper soil layers, forming a self-sustaining, benignly cycling soil ecosystem (see...). Figure 3 ).

[0028] 3. This invention, a parking lot self-sustaining plant pool based on the concept of carbon sequestration, is an ecological engineering technology integrating a composite soil structure and an adaptive planting system. The non-planting module constructs a five-layer composite soil system vertically: a permeable layer, a root barrier layer, a nutrient layer, a capillary layer (capillary conduction layer), and a water storage layer. Simultaneously, the planting module introduces a three-stage ecological rotation mechanism: "pioneer plant stage – green manure incorporation stage – self-sustaining plant community succession stage," to achieve low-carbon maintenance, high-efficiency carbon sink, and ecological self-sustaining goals for the parking lot habitat. The planting method in the planting module is divided into three stages of synergistic succession: the pioneer plant stage rapidly improves the soil; the green manure incorporation stage utilizes green manure to enhance nutrients; and the self-sustaining plant community succession stage relies on local native species to achieve low-intervention management. This invention significantly improves carbon sequestration efficiency by synergistically optimizing soil permeability, water retention, and organic matter content through a multi-layered structure and extending the plant cover cycle through a rotation model. Its adaptive water circulation system and resilient design adapt to the high-frequency rolling environment of parking lots, taking into account both ecological restoration and landscape benefits, providing a low-cost and sustainable greening solution for urban low-carbon construction.

[0029] 4. This invention improves soil physical properties such as permeability and water retention by employing a five-layer composite soil structure and a three-stage synergistic succession system. Through the application of plant root exudates, biochar, and green manure incorporation, it significantly increases soil organic matter content, promotes microbial activity, and enhances soil carbon sequestration capacity. The system is designed with an adaptive planting pattern, including three stages: pioneer plant stage, green manure incorporation stage, and self-sustaining plant community succession stage. This allows plants to grow and renew naturally in different seasons, reducing the need for human intervention. Furthermore, by optimizing species combinations, it extends the plant cover cycle, thus achieving sustainable carbon sequestration at low cost. Based on the self-sustaining plant vertical planting system, through multi-level carbon capture, root interlocking, and niche complementarity, it enhances carbon sequestration efficiency, doubles resistance to compaction, and reduces maintenance costs, achieving a synergistic leap in ecological function and landscape benefits. Attached Figure Description

[0030] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0031] Figure 1 This is a diagram of the soil layer structure during the pioneer plant stage of this invention; Figure 2 This is a soil layer structure diagram during the green manure incorporation and return period of this invention; Figure 3 This is a soil layer structure diagram of the succession period of the native plant community according to the present invention; Figure 4 This is a flowchart of the carbon sequestration-based parking lot self-growing plant planting method in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a horizontal diagram showing the transformation of each layer in the three stages of the pioneer plant stage, the green manure incorporation stage, and the succession stage of the native plant community in Embodiment 1 of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0032] Various exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail. This detailed description should not be considered as a limitation of the present invention, but rather as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features, and embodiments of the present invention.

[0033] It should be understood that the terminology used in this invention is merely for describing particular embodiments and is not intended to limit the invention. Furthermore, with respect to numerical ranges in this invention, it should be understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the range is also specifically disclosed. Any stated value or intermediate value within a stated range, as well as each smaller range between any other stated value or intermediate value within said range, is also included in this invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may be independently included or excluded from the range.

[0034] Unless otherwise stated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. While only preferred methods and materials have been described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the implementation or testing of this invention. All references to this specification are incorporated by way of citation to disclose and describe methods and / or materials associated with those references. In the event of any conflict with any incorporated reference, the content of this specification shall prevail.

[0035] Various modifications and variations can be made to the specific embodiments described in this specification without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Other embodiments derived from this specification will also be apparent to those skilled in the art. This specification and embodiments are merely exemplary.

[0036] The terms “include,” “including,” “have,” “contain,” etc., used in this article are all open-ended terms, meaning that they include but are not limited to.

[0037] The raw materials involved in the embodiments of the present invention are all commercially available products, and their source does not affect the implementation of the present invention.

[0038] The following experiments of this invention were conducted in a parking lot in Changchun City. Regarding the selection of native plants and resistant plants whose habits are adapted to the site, the specific types of native plants in Changchun City parking lots are listed in Table 1. Based on Tables 1 and 2: In specific embodiments of the present invention, the pioneer plants used in the pioneer plant stage are, for example, foxtail grass, astragalus root, and white clover. Other plants with rapid planting, soil improvement, or nitrogen fixation functions, such as long-haired vitex and smooth bluegrass, can also be used in the pioneer plant stage. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, alfalfa and hairy vetch are used as green manures during the green manure turning and returning to the soil. Other leguminous green manure plants that meet the preferred requirements of the present invention, such as white clover, wild fireball, plantain, February orchid and winter pasture 70 ryegrass, can also be used during the green manure turning and returning to the soil. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the native plants used during the self-succession period are, for example, a mixture of alfalfa, saxaul, wildfireball, white clover, foxtail grass, dandelion, and burnet root. Based on the CSR (competitive stress disturbance) ecological strategy theory, other native plants that meet the needs of artificial transition to natural steady state during the community succession period, are compatible with the established microbial symbiotic system, and can participate in nutrient closure can also be used during the self-succession period of native plants.

[0039] Table 1 All bacterial strains used in the embodiments of this invention were purchased from the market.

[0040] Example 1 Step 1: Select a newly planned parking lot in Changchun City and divide it into several planting modules and non-planting modules according to the parking location. The non-planting modules are parking areas for parking vehicles.

[0041] Step 2: Construct a composite soil structure using non-planting modules, consisting of the following layers from top to bottom: a permeable layer, a root barrier layer, a nutrient layer, a capillary layer, and a water storage layer. Among these: Permeable layer (5cm thick): It is made of gravel with a particle size of 10-20 mm and zeolite particles mixed in a volume ratio of 3:1, with a permeability coefficient of 2.5 mm / s. It is used to efficiently guide and drain surface runoff and to initially filter suspended impurities in water bodies.

[0042] Root barrier layer (2cm thick): Made of polypropylene nonwoven fabric with a tensile strength of 8 kN / m, it effectively blocks deep-rooted plants from penetrating while maintaining good air permeability and water distribution.

[0043] Nutrient layer (25cm thick): composed of humus, vermiculite, and biochar in a mass ratio of 6:3:1, with a porosity controlled at approximately 38% and a bulk density of about 0.95 g / cm³. To ensure long-term nutrient supply to the plants, 1.2 kg of slow-release compound fertilizer granules (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio of 8-12-6) are added to each cubic meter of nutrient substrate.

[0044] The capillary layer (8cm thick) is composed of sandy loam with a silt content of 30% and decomposed straw fragments (not exceeding 5cm in length) mixed in a 4:1 mass ratio, forming a continuous and stable water transport channel.

[0045] Water storage layer (7cm thick): It is filled with 15-25 mm ceramsite and highly absorbent resin (42.9 grams per cubic meter).

[0046] The bottom of the water storage layer is equipped with a 50 mm diameter blind drain pipe that connects to the municipal rainwater pipe network, while the top is reserved with a 5 cm air buffer layer to cope with the problem of soil frost heave in Northeast China during winter.

[0047] Step 3: Select plots of land at the edge of the parking lot or between parking spaces as planting modules. The soil structure of the planting modules should be configured as a five-layer composite structure from top to bottom. Specifically: The first layer is a fast-growing humus layer, 10 cm thick, composed of 50% native soil, 30% straw and 20% coconut coir by mass fraction, used to provide a medium for the rapid establishment of the roots of pioneer plants. The second layer is the rhizosphere biological activation layer, 5 cm thick, composed of 3% cold-resistant microbial inoculant, 40% decomposed straw, 40% peat moss, and 17% vermiculite by mass fraction; the cold-resistant microbial inoculant is 60% Bacillus subtilis, 30% Bacillus spp., and 10% Streptomyces jingyangensis, used to activate rhizosphere interaction, accelerate nutrient turnover, and resist freeze-thaw damage, thereby improving plant planting efficiency and overwintering survival rate; The third layer is a compacted buffer layer, 10 cm thick, made of 60% crushed stone, 30% medium sand and 10% stone powder. The crushed stone has a particle size range of 10-30 mm, the medium sand has a particle size range of 0.25-2 mm, and the stone powder has a particle size range of ≤5 mm. It is used to improve the overall compressive strength of the soil to adapt to the parking lot environment. The fourth layer is a temporary drainage layer, 6 cm thick, consisting of 70% coarse sand (particle size 1-5 mm) and 30% gravel (particle size 10-30 mm), used to improve water conductivity and achieve rapid drainage; The fifth layer is the subsoil preparation layer, 15 cm thick, made of 100% native soil from the site. It is used to break up deep compaction, guide deep-rooted plants to grow downwards, and stabilize the deep soil structure.

[0048] Step 4: Optimize the soil structure of the planting module in three stages (see...) Figure 4 ): S1. Sowing (April 15th, or April-May): After clearing surface debris, make shallow furrows 1-2cm deep with a row spacing of 20cm, and sow foxtail grass in sequence. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv (8g / m²), Astragalus membranaceus (yellow stem) Astragalus laxmannii Jacq(6g / m²), white clover Trifolium repens L. (5g / m²), and finally cover with 2-3cm of soil.

[0049] S2. Management (April 16 - August 25, June - August are both acceptable): Manually remove weeds (twice a month) to ensure that the coverage of pioneer plants is >80%.

[0050] S3. Harvesting and returning to the field (August 28, late August to early September are both acceptable): When the plant height reaches 15-20cm, use a rotating blade to cut the plant with a stubble height of 5-8cm, crush the residue and cover it in place, the biomass return rate is ≥90%, and the shallow soil layer (5cm) is tilled to promote the decomposition of organic matter.

[0051] S4. Green manure sowing (September 4th or early September are both acceptable): Within 7 days after the pioneer plants are cut, mix alfalfa and hairy vetch in a 1:1 ratio, with a total sowing amount of 10 grams per square meter. Then lightly press and cover with 1-2 cm of soil to ensure that the seeds are in contact with the soil. The germination rate is greater than or equal to 75%.

[0052] S5. Winter dormancy period (November to March of the following year): Stop artificial intervention (such as irrigation and fertilization) and utilize the plant's own cold resistance mechanisms, such as increased cell sap concentration and metabolic stagnation, to safely overwinter.

[0053] S6. Turning and Composting (April 15th, early April is acceptable): After the soil thaws, use a rotary tiller to turn the green manure into the 0-20cm soil layer, and irrigate with 10-15mm of water to activate microorganisms. After 7-10 days, the C / N ratio will be less than or equal to 20:1. After turning and compacting, let it stand for 15 days to avoid the autotoxic effect of decomposition. During this step of turning and compacting the green manure, replenish water to maintain the soil moisture content at 15-18%. This not only activates the exogenous bacteria premixed in the substrate, but also allows the microbial agent to diffuse in the soil layer during the turning and compaction process, achieving uniform distribution in the rhizosphere.

[0054] S7. Community Construction (April 20th, mid-April is also acceptable): Mix the improved artificially planted seeds (20% alfalfa, 15% saxaul, 15% wildfireball, 10% white clover, 25% foxtail grass, 10% northeastern dandelion, and 5% Sanguisorba officinalis, with a total sowing rate of 3 grams per square meter. The selected seeds are mainly cold-resistant, with legumes mostly having hard dormancy and herbaceous plants being non-dormant or dormant at low temperatures. They are mainly perennial (foxtail grass is an annual), all tolerant of poor soil, and most tolerate light trampling, suitable for self-cultivation in parking lots in cold regions) with the native soil at a mass ratio of 1:10, and then sow them evenly in the site. Preserve the root network of the pioneer plants and do not disturb the soil.

[0055] S8. Low-intervention management (May-October): Only remove invasive species such as ragweed, ≤1 time / month; after a one-time check of the water storage layer and capillary layer, add water at 35L / m² and let it stand for 24 hours. If the water level drops by ≤5%, the capacity is intact. When the water storage layer is full, the soil moisture of the top 0-12cm layer reaches 20%-30% for 24 hours and the capillary media is not blocked, that is, the water conveyance channel is unobstructed; when supplying water, add water to the water storage layer as needed, apply slow-release fertilizer once during the seedling stage, and rely on the capillary layer to deliver water to the top soil at 12cm / d, and cancel artificial irrigation; monitor the proportion of native plants monthly in conjunction with the removal of invasive species. When the proportion is >85%, stop artificial intervention.

[0056] S9. Litter disposal (October-December): Based on the condition of the community, dry and dead branches are cut off, and no other maintenance and management activities are carried out.

[0057] One to two years after the above treatment, the ecological structure formed during the succession period of the native plant community in this embodiment is shown in Table 2.

[0058] Table 2 Table 2 shows that during the pioneer plant phase, *Astragalus membranaceus* and *Vigna pubescens* were planted to utilize their rapid and efficient ecological functions to initiate the restoration process and overcome the initial harsh conditions. In the later / stabilized phase, *Vigna pubescens* naturally withdrew or was artificially controlled, giving way to more persistent target species (such as white clover and other perennial herbs). *Astragalus membranaceus*, due to its enduring competitiveness, was selected as part of the stable community, continuing to perform nitrogen fixation, landscape, and ecological functions.

[0059] In this embodiment, regarding plant configuration and succession strategies, the system prioritizes native plants from Northeast China, using strong cold resistance, short growing season, and shallow root systems as the main selection criteria to construct a three-stage synergistic succession model. The first stage is the pioneer plant stage, typically involving sowing highly adaptable herbaceous plants such as foxtail grass, astragalus, and white clover in April or May of the first year after establishment. Sowing depth is controlled at 2–3 cm, with June to August being the critical growth period. Stubble is left for harvesting when the plants reach 15–20 cm in height from late August to early September. The core objective of this stage is to rapidly improve site conditions, enhance soil structure stability and nutrient base, laying the foundation for the system's subsequent self-sustaining capacity. The second stage is the green manure incorporation stage, where alfalfa and hairy vetch are sown as winter green manure crops in early September of the same year, covered with 1–2 cm of soil and moderately compacted to ensure seed-soil contact. The winter dormancy management stage lasts from November to February of the following year, culminating in the incorporation of green manure plants into the field in early April. This initiative aims to release nutrients through the decomposition of green manure, further improving the soil's physical and chemical properties. The third stage is the succession period of the native plant community. Based on the CSR (Competitive Stress Disturbance) ecological strategy theory, in mid-April, pioneer plant roots are preserved, and after the green manure has decomposed, native native plants such as foxtail grass, wild fireball, and small white-flowered burnet are sown. From May to October, a low-intervention management strategy is implemented, with only moderate mowing of dried plant debris from October to December based on the community's growth status. This promotes material cycling and long-term carbon sequestration, ultimately achieving the goal of ecological self-sustainability and low-carbon refined management of the parking lot habitat.

[0060] After the above treatment, a three-stage ecological rotation mechanism was introduced in the vegetation construction according to the order of pioneer plant period, green manure incorporation and soil return period, and self-generated plant community succession period to form a self-generated plant pool in the parking lot, realizing the planting of self-generated plants in the parking lot based on carbon sequestration. The soil structure during the pioneer plant stage consists of a five-layer composite structure from top to bottom: the first layer is a fast-growing humus layer, the second layer is a rhizosphere bio-activation layer, the third layer is a compacted buffer layer, the fourth layer is a temporary drainage layer, and the fifth layer is a subsoil preparation layer. After treatments S1-S3, the green manure incorporation stage is entered, constructing a five-layer composite structure from top to bottom: the first layer is a green manure residue layer, the second layer is a humification-active layer, the third layer is a nutrient buffer transition layer, the fourth layer is a leaching buffer layer, and the fifth layer is a drainage stabilization layer. After treatments S4-S6, the self-succession stage of the free-living plants is entered, constructing a five-layer composite structure from top to bottom: the first layer is a litter cover layer, the second layer is a decomposed organic layer, the third layer is a mycorrhizal symbiotic layer, the fourth layer is a biological barrier layer, and the fifth layer is an ecological substrate layer. The mycorrhizal symbiotic layer and the biological barrier layer are functionally connected through plant roots, jointly forming a mechanism to inhibit soil-borne diseases. These layers work together to form a stable soil structure with self-sustaining capabilities. The corresponding transformations of each layer during the evolution of the pioneer plant stage, the green manure incorporation stage, and the native plant community succession stage are described below. Figure 5 .

[0061] In summary, this invention effectively overcomes the problem of "low plant survival rate leading to short carbon sequestration cycle" in traditional ecological parking lots through its proposed three-stage synergistic succession mechanism. Taking Changchun City as an example, this study constructed a progressive transformation system from the pioneer plant stage, the green manure incorporation stage, to the community succession stage. In the pioneer plant stage, native plants with strong adaptability were selected, and their root networks rapidly improved soil structure, enhancing soil aeration and water retention, laying the foundation for subsequent plant growth. In the green manure incorporation stage, the mixed sowing and incorporation of green manure plants further increased soil organic matter content and nutrient cycling efficiency, enhancing the plant community's stress resistance and sustainable growth capacity. Entering the community succession stage, the system relies on CSR theory for plant configuration, forming a multi-layered plant community structure with competition, stress tolerance, and weed strategies, enabling self-renewal and stable continuation with minimal human intervention. This process not only significantly improves the survival rate of plants under high-frequency compaction in parking lots and extreme climatic conditions, but also extends the carbon retention time in plants and soil through continuous vegetation cover and return of litter to the fields, thereby effectively extending the carbon sequestration cycle and continuously enhancing ecological functions.

[0062] The embodiments described above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Various modifications and improvements made by those skilled in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for planting self-growing plants in a parking lot based on carbon sequestration, characterized in that, By introducing a three-stage ecological rotation mechanism in the order of pioneer plant stage, green manure incorporation and soil return stage, and self-sustaining plant community succession stage in vegetation construction, a self-sustaining plant pool is formed in the parking lot, realizing the planting of self-sustaining plants in the parking lot based on carbon sequestration.

2. The method for planting self-growing plants in parking lots based on carbon sequestration according to claim 1, characterized in that, The soil layer structure during the pioneer plant stage comprises a five-layer composite structure from top to bottom, wherein: The first layer is a fast-growing humus layer, whose raw materials include native soil, straw and coconut coir; The second layer is the rhizosphere biological activation layer, and the raw materials include cold-resistant microbial agents, decomposed straw, peat moss and vermiculite; The third layer is a compacted buffer layer, and the raw materials include crushed stone, medium sand and stone powder; The fourth layer is a temporary drainage layer, made of coarse sand and gravel; The fifth layer is the subsoil preparation layer, which is 100% of the original soil of the site.

3. The method for planting self-growing plants in parking lots based on carbon sequestration according to claim 2, characterized in that, By mass fraction, the first layer consists of 50% native soil, 30% straw, and 20% coconut coir. By mass fraction, the second layer contains 3% cold-resistant microbial inoculant, 40% decomposed straw, 40% peat moss, and 17% vermiculite; Based on mass fraction, the cold-resistant microbial inoculant consists of 60% Bacillus subtilis, 30% Bacillus jellyoidis, and 10% Streptomyces jingyangensis. According to the mass fraction, the third layer contains 60%-70% crushed stone, 20%-30% medium sand and 5%-10% stone powder, wherein the particle size of the crushed stone ranges from 10-30mm, the particle size of the medium sand ranges from 0.25-2mm, and the particle size of the stone powder ranges from ≤5mm. According to the mass fraction, the fourth layer contains 70% coarse sand and 30% gravel, wherein the coarse sand has a particle size range of 1-5 mm and the gravel has a particle size range of 10-30 mm. The first layer is 10cm thick; the second layer is 5cm thick; the third layer is 10cm thick; and the fourth layer is 6cm thick.

4. The method for planting self-growing plants in parking lots based on carbon sequestration according to claim 2, characterized in that, The construction of the pioneer plant stage includes the following steps: Seeds of pioneer plants are sown on the surface of the fast-growing humus layer, then covered with soil and supplemented with manual weeding to ensure that the coverage of pioneer plants is greater than 80%. When the plants reach a height of 15-20cm, they are cut and returned to the field with a stubble of 5-8cm, and the soil is then tilled.

5. The method for planting self-growing plants in parking lots based on carbon sequestration according to claim 4, characterized in that, The pioneer plants are one or more of the following: foxtail grass, astragalus root, white clover, long-haired vitex, and smooth Kentucky bluegrass; The thickness of the covering soil is 2-3 cm; The frequency of manual weeding intervention is ≤ 2 times / month; The tillage depth is 5cm; The seed sowing time for the pioneer plant is from April to May; the harvesting and returning of the crop to the field is from late August to early September.

6. The method for planting self-growing plants in parking lots based on carbon sequestration according to claim 4, characterized in that, The construction of the green manure incorporation and soil return period includes the following steps: After the soil is tilled, green manure is mixed in to form a dense surface cover layer. After the green manure has overwintered, the above-ground parts should be turned over and compacted as a whole. After turning over and compacting, the soil moisture should be maintained at 15-25%. After decomposition for 15-30 days, subsequent operations can be carried out.

7. The method for planting self-growing plants in parking lots based on carbon sequestration according to claim 6, characterized in that, The green manure includes one or more of the following: hairy vetch, alfalfa, plantain, white clover, wild fireball, February orchid, and winter pasture 70 ryegrass; the green manure sowing rate is 5-10 kg per mu; the green manure is mixed and sown in early September; The pressing and tumbling process takes place in early April of the following year; the pressing and tumbling thickness is 20cm.

8. The method for planting self-growing plants in parking lots based on carbon sequestration according to claim 6, characterized in that, The construction of the succession period of the native plant community includes the following steps: After 15-30 days of decomposition, native plant seeds are sown, and then a low-intervention management strategy is implemented until the proportion of native plants is >85% before stopping artificial intervention; during the process, the root network formed during the pioneer plant period is fully preserved to avoid damage to the established soil microbial symbiotic system caused by tillage.

9. The method for planting self-growing plants in parking lots based on carbon sequestration according to claim 8, characterized in that, The native plant seeds are mixed with native soil at a mass ratio of 1:10 before sowing; the sowing amount of the native plant seeds is 1-3 kg per mu; the native plant seeds are one or more of alfalfa, alfalfa, wild fireball, white clover, foxtail grass, dandelion and burnet root. And / or, the low-intervention management strategy includes: removal of invasive species at a frequency of ≤1 time / month and / or manual irrigation at a frequency of once / week; And / or, after ceasing human intervention, from October to December each year, the dead and fallen branches are cut off and the cut debris is left on the ground to form an internal closed loop of nutrients and a self-sustaining synergy of landscape function.

10. The method for planting self-growing plants in parking lots based on carbon sequestration according to claim 1, characterized in that, The area outside the self-growing plant pool in the parking lot is a non-planting module, which serves as the parking area; the non-planting module is a composite soil structure, which includes, from top to bottom: a permeable layer, a root barrier layer, a nutrient layer, a capillary layer, and a water storage layer.

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