Full-life-cycle carbon footprint monitoring method and device based on hydropower engineering and storage medium

Abstract

The invention provides a full-life-cycle carbon footprint monitoring method and device based on hydropower engineering and a storage medium, and relates to the technical field of hydropower engineering carbon emission monitoring. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, identifying carbon source entities (energy type, building material type, mechanical type and waste type) and entity characteristics (carbon background value, circulation time length and stage connection identification) of each stage (preparation planning, engineering construction, continuous operation and retirement termination) of the whole life cycle of the hydropower engineering; constructing a carbon source entity cross-stage circulation network; tracking a carbon form transformation track of the carbon source entity in the carbon source entity; positioning a carbon footprint key link; and finally, integrating the key links, the conversion tracks and the circulation network, drawing a hydroelectric engineering full-life-cycle carbon footprint monitoring general map, covering the carbon source entity circulation path, the conversion association and the carbon emission ratio condition of the key links in each stage, and effectively improving the scientificity and effectiveness of hydroelectric engineering carbon emission monitoring and management.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of carbon emission monitoring technology for hydropower projects, and more specifically, to a method, equipment, and storage medium for monitoring the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle. Background Technology

[0002] In today's context of global attention to climate change and vigorous promotion of energy conservation and emission reduction, the carbon emissions of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle are crucial for assessing the effectiveness of the green transformation of the energy structure and for formulating scientific and reasonable emission reduction strategies.

[0003] Currently, carbon emission monitoring for hydropower projects mostly focuses on partial carbon emission accounting during the construction or operation phases, lacking a systematic consideration of the entire lifecycle of hydropower projects from planning to decommissioning. Furthermore, existing monitoring methods often simply count energy consumption and direct carbon emissions at each stage, failing to deeply identify different types of carbon source entities and their characteristics, nor to construct a network of carbon source entity transfer relationships between different stages. This results in the inability to accurately track the carbon form transformation process of carbon source entities throughout their entire lifecycle, making it difficult to pinpoint key links that significantly impact the overall carbon footprint. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of the aforementioned problems, and in conjunction with the first aspect of the present invention, embodiments of the present invention provide a method for monitoring the carbon footprint of a hydropower project throughout its entire life cycle, the method comprising: Identify carbon source entities and their characteristics at each stage of the entire life cycle of a hydropower project. The stages of the entire life cycle of a hydropower project include the pre-planning stage, the construction stage, the continuous operation stage, and the termination and decommissioning stage. The carbon source entities include energy-type entities, building material-type entities, mechanical entities, and waste-type entities. The characteristics of the entities include the carbon background value, circulation duration, and stage transition markers of the carbon source entities. A cross-stage carbon source entity circulation network is constructed. Based on the stage connection identifier in the entity characteristics, the carbon source entities discharged in the previous stage are connected to the carbon source entities received in the next stage, forming a cross-stage carbon source entity circulation network containing connection nodes, connection paths and entity loss information. Track the carbon form transformation trajectory of carbon source entities in the cross-stage carbon source entity flow network, and based on the connection nodes in the cross-stage carbon source entity flow network, record the form change of carbon source entities and carbon emission transfer information at each connection node to generate carbon source entity transformation trajectory. Locate the key links in the carbon footprint of the carbon source entity conversion trajectory, and determine the key links and their impact range that have a significant impact on the overall carbon footprint based on the carbon emission transfer information of each connecting node in the carbon source entity conversion trajectory and the entity loss information in the cross-stage flow network of the carbon source entity. By integrating the key links of the carbon footprint, the transformation trajectory of carbon source entities, and the cross-stage flow network of carbon source entities, a comprehensive monitoring map of the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle is drawn. The comprehensive monitoring map of the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle includes the flow path of carbon source entities at each stage, the transformation correlation, and the proportion of carbon emissions in the key links of the carbon footprint.

[0005] In another aspect, embodiments of the present invention also provide a computer device, characterized in that it includes: A processor; a machine-readable storage medium for storing machine-executable instructions of the processor; wherein the processor is configured to execute the above-described method for monitoring the full life-cycle carbon footprint of hydropower projects by executing the machine-executable instructions.

[0006] In another aspect, embodiments of the present invention also provide a computer program product, the computer program product including machine-executable instructions, the machine-executable instructions being stored in a computer-readable storage medium, the processor of a computer device reading the machine-executable instructions from the computer-readable storage medium, the processor executing the machine-executable instructions, causing the computer device to execute the above-described method for monitoring the carbon footprint of a hydropower project throughout its entire life cycle.

[0007] Based on the above, by accurately identifying carbon source entities and their characteristics at each stage of the entire life cycle of hydropower projects, a cross-stage flow network of carbon source entities covering the entire stages of pre-planning, engineering construction, continuous operation, and decommissioning is constructed. This presents the flow relationship of carbon source entities between different stages. Then, by tracking the carbon form transformation trajectory of carbon source entities in the flow network, it is possible to record the form change and carbon emission transfer information of carbon source entities at each connection node. Next, the key links of the carbon footprint can be located, and the parts and scope of impact that have a significant impact on the overall carbon footprint can be accurately identified. Finally, the overall carbon footprint monitoring map of the entire life cycle is drawn, which integrates information from multiple aspects such as key links, transformation trajectories, and flow networks. It intuitively shows the flow path, transformation correlation, and carbon emission proportion of carbon source entities at each stage, effectively improving the effectiveness of carbon emission monitoring and management of hydropower projects. Attached Figure Description

[0008] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the execution flow of the full life cycle carbon footprint monitoring method based on hydropower projects provided in this embodiment of the invention.

[0009] Figure 2This is a schematic diagram of exemplary hardware and software components of a computer device provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0010] The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating a method for monitoring the carbon footprint of a hydropower project throughout its entire life cycle, provided by an embodiment of the present invention. The following is a detailed description of this method.

[0011] Step S110: Identify the carbon source entities and entity characteristics of each stage of the entire life cycle of the hydropower project. The stages of the entire life cycle of the hydropower project include the pre-planning stage, the construction stage, the continuous operation stage, and the termination and decommissioning stage. The carbon source entities include energy-type entities, building material-type entities, mechanical-type entities, and waste-type entities. The entity characteristics include the carbon background value, circulation duration, and stage transition identifier of the carbon source entity.

[0012] This embodiment takes a large-scale hydropower station project as the application scenario. The large-scale hydropower station project usually involves multiple complex stages from the early planning to the final decommissioning. The entire life cycle spans a long period of time and the types of carbon source entities are diverse. It is necessary to systematically identify the carbon source entities and their characteristics at each stage.

[0013] Step S111: Traverse the activity documents of each stage of the entire life cycle of the hydropower project, and extract the substances and energy forms involved in carbon release in each stage as carbon source entities. Carbon source entities in the pre-planning stage include fuel consumed by survey equipment, electricity consumed by planning electronic equipment, and fuel consumed by material transportation in the early stage; carbon source entities in the construction stage include diesel consumed by cement, steel, and construction machinery, electricity consumed by temporary power supply equipment, and construction waste; carbon source entities in the continuous operation stage include lubricating oil consumed by generator sets, electricity consumed by maintenance equipment, dam seepage prevention materials, and waste oil generated during operation; carbon source entities in the termination and decommissioning stage include fuel consumed by dismantling equipment, construction waste, transportation waste, and site remediation materials.

[0014] During the preliminary planning phase of the hydropower station project, relevant activity documents covered survey process records, planning and design process data, and preliminary material transportation arrangements. A comprehensive review of these documents revealed that the fuel consumed by various mechanical equipment used in the survey operations, the electricity consumed by electronic equipment such as computers and plotters during the planning and design process, and the fuel consumed in transporting preliminary materials such as survey tools and initial samples from storage locations to the survey site all release carbon during use. Therefore, these were extracted as carbon source entities for the preliminary planning phase. The activity documents for the construction phase included construction process records, records of the use of various building materials, operation logs of construction machinery, and electricity consumption records of temporary facilities. It was clear from these documents that the production and use of building materials such as cement and steel generate carbon emissions; the diesel fuel consumed by construction machinery such as excavators and tower cranes; the electricity consumed by temporary power supply equipment providing power to the construction site; and construction waste such as concrete blocks and scrap steel bars generated during construction all fall under the category of carbon-releasing material forms during the construction phase. These were extracted as carbon source entities for this phase. The activity documents for the continuous operation phase include generator operation records, equipment maintenance manuals, and daily dam monitoring reports. Based on these documents, the lubricating oil consumed during generator operation, the electricity consumed by maintenance equipment such as welding machines and cleaning machines, the seepage prevention materials used to prevent leakage in the dam, and the waste oil replaced during generator operation are all substances that release carbon during the continuous operation phase and are identified as carbon source entities for this phase. The activity documents for the decommissioning phase involve dismantling plans, waste disposal plans, and site remediation plans. These documents extract the dismantling equipment such as crushers and loaders used to dismantle the dam and powerhouse structures, the large amounts of concrete blocks, bricks, and other construction debris generated during dismantling, the fuel consumed by the vehicles used to transport these wastes, and the site remediation materials used for leveling and vegetation restoration of the decommissioning site. These substances release carbon during their respective processes and are identified as carbon source entities for the decommissioning phase.

[0015] Step S112: For each extracted carbon source entity, collect its basic information at the corresponding stage as entity features. For energy-type entities, the carbon background value in the entity features is the amount of carbon released per unit of energy combustion; the circulation time in the entity features is the time interval from energy procurement to consumption; and the stage transition identifier in the entity features is the next stage that the waste generated after energy consumption enters. For building material-type entities, the carbon background value in the entity features is the amount of carbon accumulated during the building material production process; the circulation time in the entity features is the time interval from the arrival of the building material to its consumption or disposal; and the stage transition identifier in the entity features is the next stage that the waste generated after energy consumption enters. The segment transition marker indicates the processing stage after the building materials are discarded; for mechanical entities, the carbon background value in the entity characteristics is the amount of carbon accumulated during the manufacturing process per unit mass of machinery, the circulation time in the entity characteristics is the time interval between the installation and decommissioning of the machinery, and the segment transition marker in the entity characteristics indicates the disposal stage after the machinery is decommissioned; for waste-type entities, the carbon background value in the entity characteristics is the amount of carbon released during the waste treatment process, the circulation time in the entity characteristics is the time interval between the generation and completion of waste treatment, and the segment transition marker in the entity characteristics indicates the destination stage of the residue after waste treatment.

[0016] For each carbon source entity extracted above, detailed basic information needs to be collected in its corresponding stage to form entity characteristics. Taking diesel fuel as an example among energy-type entities, during the engineering construction stage, diesel fuel consumed by construction machinery is an important energy-type carbon source entity. Its carbon background value needs to be determined as the amount of carbon released per unit volume or mass of diesel fuel during combustion; the circulation time is the entire time interval from the purchase and storage of diesel fuel to its consumption by construction machinery; the stage transition marker is the subsequent treatment stage to which waste gas, particulate matter, and other waste generated after diesel combustion enters, such as the waste gas purification treatment stage. For cement as a building material entity, its carbon background value is the amount of carbon accumulated throughout the entire production process of cement, from raw material mining, raw meal preparation, clinker calcination to finished product packaging; the circulation time is the time interval from when cement arrives at the construction site and is accepted, to when it is consumed in construction processes such as concrete mixing, or discarded due to expiration or damage; the stage transition marker is the treatment stage to which construction waste generated after cement use enters, such as the stage of transportation to a construction waste treatment plant for processing. For mechanical entities like generator sets, the carbon background value is the carbon content per unit mass obtained by dividing the carbon accumulated during the manufacturing process, including the processing, assembly, and testing of various components, by the mass of the generator set. The circulation period is the time interval from when the generator set is installed, commissioned, and put into operation at the power station until it reaches its service life or is decommissioned due to malfunction or other reasons. The stage transition marker is the disposal stage the generator set enters after decommissioning, such as the stage where it is dismantled and recycled by a professional recycling and dismantling organization. For waste entities like construction waste, the carbon background value is the amount of carbon released during landfilling, incineration, or other treatment processes. The circulation period is the time interval from when the construction waste is generated during construction until it is transported to a treatment site and completes all treatment processes. The stage transition marker is the destination stage of leachate, ash, and other residues generated after the construction waste treatment; for example, leachate may enter the wastewater treatment stage.

[0017] Step S1121: For energy-type entities, obtain the type and purchase quantity of energy-type entities through energy procurement records, query the corresponding carbon emission coefficient table according to the type of energy-type entity, and determine the amount of carbon released per unit of energy combustion as the carbon background value of the energy-type entity; determine the time interval from energy warehousing to complete consumption of the energy-type entity through energy warehousing records and energy consumption records, and use this time interval as the circulation time of the energy-type entity; determine the name of the next stage to which the product enters according to the product destination record after energy consumption as the stage transition identifier of the energy-type entity. If the exhaust gas after fuel combustion enters the exhaust gas treatment stage, then the stage transition identifier of the energy-type entity is the stage where the exhaust gas treatment is located.

[0018] For energy-related entities in this hydropower station project, taking diesel fuel consumed by construction machinery as an example, the process begins by reviewing diesel purchase records to identify the type of diesel purchased, such as No. 0 diesel or No. -10 diesel, as well as the quantity purchased each time. Then, based on the identified diesel type, the carbon emission coefficient table published by relevant departments or industry associations is consulted. This table details the amount of carbon released per unit quantity of different energy sources during combustion. The corresponding unit carbon emission of that type of diesel is obtained and determined as the carbon background value for this energy-related entity. The energy warehousing records detail the time and quantity of diesel fuel received each time, while the energy consumption records record the time and quantity of diesel fuel consumed by each piece of construction machinery each time. By analyzing these records, the time difference between the start of warehousing for a particular batch of diesel fuel and the final time when all construction machinery has consumed that batch is identified as the circulation time of that batch of diesel fuel. Meanwhile, diesel combustion produces exhaust gases. By reviewing the records of the waste products' destinations after energy consumption, it can be seen that these exhaust gases are collected and transported to the exhaust gas treatment device set up at the construction site for treatment. The operation of the exhaust gas treatment device is a specific treatment link in the engineering construction phase. Therefore, the phase in which this exhaust gas treatment occurs is identified as the phase transition marker for diesel as an energy entity. For the electricity consumed by planned electronic equipment, which is an energy entity, the source and quantity of electricity supply are determined through electricity purchase records. Based on the type of electricity (such as the proportion of thermal power generation and hydropower generation), the corresponding carbon emission coefficient is looked up, and the amount of carbon released per unit of electricity consumption is calculated as the carbon background value. The time interval from electricity access to its complete consumption is determined through electricity access records (equivalent to warehousing records) and electronic equipment power consumption records (energy consumption records) as the circulation time. Based on the destination of the heat and other byproducts generated after electricity consumption, such as being dissipated into the environment through a heat dissipation system, if this environmental impact requires treatment in a subsequent specific phase, then this treatment phase is identified as the phase transition marker.

[0019] Step S1122: For building material entities, obtain the cumulative carbon content from raw material mining to production and molding through the carbon emission report provided by the building material manufacturer. Divide the cumulative carbon content by the total amount of the building material entity to obtain the carbon background value per unit of building material, which is used as the carbon background value of the building material entity. Determine the time interval from the arrival of the building material entity to its complete use or disposal through the building material arrival acceptance record and building material usage record, and use this time interval as the circulation time of the building material entity. According to the disposal plan after the building materials are disposed of, determine the stage of waste disposal as the stage transition marker of the building material entity. If the steel scrap is sent back to the smelter for disposal, and the smelter's disposal process is an extension of the termination and decommissioning stage, then the stage transition marker of the building material entity is the termination and decommissioning stage.

[0020] Taking the steel used in this hydropower station project as an example, as a building material entity, the first step is to obtain the carbon emission report from the steel manufacturer. This report should cover the carbon emissions generated at each stage of steel production, from iron ore mining, beneficiation, sintering, ironmaking, steelmaking to rolling. The cumulative carbon emissions from these stages are summed to obtain the cumulative carbon content during the steel production process. Then, this cumulative carbon content is divided by the total mass of the batch of steel to obtain the carbon content per unit mass of steel, which is used as the carbon background value for this building material entity. The building material arrival and acceptance record records the specific time when the steel arrived at the construction site and passed inspection. The building material usage record details the time and amount of steel used in various construction stages such as steel structure fabrication and concrete reinforcement, until the entire batch of steel is used up, or when some is marked as discarded due to rust, dimensional discrepancies, or other reasons. By calculating the interval from the arrival and acceptance time to the time of complete use or disposal, the circulation time of the steel is obtained. For steel scrap generated during construction, according to the project's waste disposal plan, this scrap will be collected and sent back to the steel smelter for remelting. Since the smelter's processing is an extension of the waste disposal after the hydropower station's decommissioning, and decommissioning is part of the final decommissioning phase, this final decommissioning phase is designated as the transition marker for steel as a building material. For other building materials such as cement, the cumulative carbon content is determined by obtaining carbon emission reports from manufacturers, and then the unit carbon background value is calculated; the circulation time is determined through on-site acceptance records and usage or disposal records; and the transition marker is determined based on the disposal phase indicated by the post-disposal treatment plan.

[0021] Step S1123: For mechanical entities, obtain carbon emission data for each stage of the mechanical entity's production process through the mechanical manufacturing manual, and obtain the mass of the mechanical entity. Divide the total carbon content of the mechanical manufacturing by the mass of the mechanical entity to obtain the carbon content per unit mass as the carbon background value of the mechanical entity. Determine the time span from the mechanical entity's commissioning completion record to its decommissioning record through the mechanical installation and commissioning completion record, and use this time span as the circulation time of the mechanical entity. According to the disposal plan after the mechanical entity is decommissioned, determine the stage in which the mechanical entity is dismantled or recycled as the stage transition marker for the mechanical entity. After the generator set is decommissioned, it enters the dismantling stage. The dismantling stage belongs to the termination of decommissioning stage, so the stage transition marker for the mechanical entity is the termination of decommissioning stage.

[0022] Taking the generator set in this hydropower station project as an example, as a mechanical entity, its manufacturing manual usually contains relevant information about the production process. From this, carbon emission data for each stage of the generator set's manufacturing process can be obtained, such as carbon emissions from component casting, machining, assembly, and painting. Summarizing the carbon emission data from these stages yields the total carbon content of the mechanical manufacturing. Simultaneously, the total mass of the generator set is obtained from its technical parameters. Dividing the total carbon content of the mechanical manufacturing by the total mass of the generator set yields the carbon content per unit mass, which is used as the carbon background value for this mechanical entity. The mechanical installation and commissioning completion record details the time when the generator set was installed, commissioned, and officially put into operation at the hydropower station site after acceptance. The mechanical decommissioning record records the time when the generator set stopped operation and was taken out of service due to reaching its design service life, performance failure to meet requirements, or other reasons. The time span between these two points in time is the generator set's operational lifespan. According to the overall plan of the hydropower station project, the generator units will enter a dedicated dismantling phase after decommissioning. This phase involves dismantling the units, recovering usable components, and disposing of unusable parts. Since the dismantling phase is a crucial part of the decommissioning process, it is designated as the phase transition marker for the generator units as a mechanical entity. A similar method is used for other mechanical entities, such as construction cranes and excavators. Carbon emission data for each stage of production is obtained from their manufacturing manuals to calculate the carbon background value per unit mass; the circulation time is determined based on installation and commissioning completion records and decommissioning records; and the phase to which they belong is determined based on the post-decommissioning disposal plan, serving as the phase transition marker.

[0023] Step S1124: For waste-type entities, obtain the carbon release per unit mass of waste treated through the waste treatment process description as the carbon background value of the waste-type entity; determine the time interval from the generation to the completion of treatment of the waste-type entity through waste generation records and waste treatment completion records, and use this time interval as the circulation time of the waste-type entity; determine the stage that the residue enters according to the destination of the waste after treatment as the stage transition marker of the waste-type entity. After construction waste is landfilled, the later maintenance of the landfill site belongs to the termination and decommissioning stage, then the stage transition marker of the waste-type entity is the termination and decommissioning stage.

[0024] Taking the construction waste generated during the construction of this hydropower station project as an example, as a waste-type entity, the first step is to obtain a detailed description of the construction waste treatment process. This detailed description explains the carbon released during the treatment process, such as the decomposition of organic matter and chemical reactions during landfill disposal. From this, the amount of carbon released per unit mass of construction waste can be obtained, which serves as the carbon background value for this waste-type entity. The waste generation record records the specific time when the construction waste was generated during construction, while the waste treatment completion record records the time it took for the construction waste to be transported to a landfill or other treatment site and complete all treatment processes, such as landfill covering and compaction. The interval from the generation time to the treatment completion time is calculated as the circulation time of the construction waste. After landfill disposal, construction waste will produce residues such as leachate and landfill gas. Depending on the treatment plan, these residues will have corresponding destinations; for example, leachate may be collected and transported to a wastewater treatment plant for treatment, and landfill gas may be collected and utilized or incinerated. The post-construction waste management work at the landfill site, such as vegetation restoration and settlement monitoring, falls under the scope of the hydropower station's decommissioning phase. Therefore, the decommissioning phase is designated as the transition marker for the construction waste as a waste-type entity. For other waste-type entities such as waste oil generated during operation, the carbon release per unit mass is obtained from their treatment process descriptions as the carbon background value; the circulation time is determined based on generation and treatment completion records; and the transition marker is determined based on the stages involved in the disposal of the treated residues.

[0025] Step S1125: Assign the collected carbon background value, circulation duration and stage transition identifier to each carbon source entity to form a complete record of the entity characteristics of each carbon source entity.

[0026] After collecting the carbon background values, circulation durations, and stage transition markers for all carbon source entities at each stage of the hydropower station project, a dedicated record entry was created for each carbon source entity. For example, for diesel fuel, an energy-type carbon source entity during the construction phase, the record entry specifies its corresponding carbon background value as the amount of carbon released per unit of diesel fuel combustion, its circulation duration as the time interval from diesel fuel entering the storage facility to its complete consumption, and its stage transition marker as the stage of waste gas treatment. For cement, a building material-type carbon source entity, its carbon background value is recorded as the cumulative carbon content per unit mass of cement produced, its circulation duration as the time interval from its arrival on site to its consumption or disposal, and its stage transition marker as the construction waste treatment stage. Through this method, the collected information is associated with the corresponding carbon source entity, ensuring that each carbon source entity has a complete record of its entity characteristics.

[0027] Step S113: Classify and organize the collected entity features according to the carbon source entity type, establish the correspondence between carbon source entity type and entity features, and ensure that the entity feature description format of the same type of carbon source entity is consistent. The carbon background value, circulation duration and stage transition identifier of each carbon source entity are recorded.

[0028] After collecting the entity characteristics of all carbon source entities, they were classified and categorized into four types: energy entities, building material entities, machinery entities, and waste entities. Energy entities, such as fuel for exploration equipment, electricity for planning electronic equipment, and fuel for preliminary material transportation during the pre-planning phase, and diesel for construction machinery and electricity for temporary power supply equipment during the engineering construction phase, were grouped into one category and given a unified entity characteristic description format. These included the carbon release per unit of energy combustion (carbon background value), the time interval from procurement to consumption (circulation duration), and the next stage the waste enters after energy consumption (stage transition indicator). Building material entities, such as cement and steel during the engineering construction phase, and dam seepage prevention materials during the continuous operation phase, were grouped into another category and uniformly described as the cumulative carbon production (carbon background value), the time interval from entry to consumption or waste (circulation duration), and the treatment stage after waste (stage transition indicator). Mechanical entities, such as generator sets in the continuous operation phase and dismantled equipment in the decommissioning phase, are grouped together and described using a unified format: cumulative carbon content per unit mass (carbon background value), the time interval from installation to decommissioning (circulation time), and the disposal phase after decommissioning (phase transition identifier). Waste entities, such as construction waste from the engineering construction phase, waste oil in the continuous operation phase, and construction debris in the decommissioning phase, are also grouped together and described using a unified format: carbon content released during treatment (carbon background value), the time interval from generation to completion of treatment (circulation time), and the destination of post-treatment residues (phase transition identifier). This classification establishes a clear correspondence between carbon source entity types and entity characteristics, ensuring consistent description formats for carbon source entities of the same type, facilitating subsequent data processing and analysis.

[0029] Step S114: Associate and store the carbon source entities of each stage with their corresponding entity features to form a carbon source entity-feature combination for each stage. The carbon source entity-feature combination for the pre-planning stage includes the carbon background value of the exploration equipment fuel, the flow time of the exploration equipment fuel from procurement to consumption, and the identifier of the exploration equipment fuel associated with the engineering construction stage; the carbon background value of the power of the planned electronic equipment, the flow time of the power of the planned electronic equipment from power supply to consumption, and the identifier of the power of the planned electronic equipment associated with the engineering construction stage.

[0030] For each stage of the hydropower station project, all carbon source entities extracted in that stage are associated with their corresponding entity features and stored, thus forming a carbon source entity-feature combination for each stage. Taking the preliminary planning stage as an example, the carbon source entity of exploration equipment fuel oil is associated with its entity features, including the carbon background value (the amount of carbon released per unit of fuel oil combustion), circulation time (the time interval from fuel oil procurement to consumption by the exploration equipment), and stage connection identifier (the next stage associated with the waste generated by the fuel oil combustion, such as the exhaust gas treatment stage in the construction stage), forming the exploration equipment fuel oil-feature combination. Similarly, the carbon source entity of planning electronic equipment power is associated with its carbon background value (the amount of carbon released per unit of power consumption), circulation time (the time interval from power supply to the completion of electronic equipment consumption), and stage connection identifier (the next stage associated with the heat and other effects of power consumption, such as the environmental heat dissipation treatment stage in the construction stage), forming the planning electronic equipment power-feature combination. The same approach is used for the construction phase, continuous operation phase, and decommissioning phase, where the carbon source entities of each phase are associated and stored with their corresponding carbon background values, circulation durations, and phase transition identifiers, forming carbon source entity-feature combinations for each phase. This associated storage ensures a one-to-one correspondence between the carbon source entities and their characteristic information for each phase, facilitating subsequent tracking and analysis of the circulation and transformation of carbon source entities at each phase.

[0031] Step S115: Summarize the carbon source entity-feature combinations of each stage to form a set of carbon source entities and entity features covering all stages of the entire life cycle of the hydropower project. Each entry in the set of carbon source entities and entity features includes the stage to which it belongs, the name of the carbon source entity, the carbon background value of the carbon source entity, the circulation time of the carbon source entity, and the stage connection identification information of the carbon source entity.

[0032] The carbon source entities and their characteristics generated during the preparatory planning phase, engineering construction phase, continuous operation phase, and decommissioning phase are summarized. During the summarization process, each entry is ensured to contain complete information: the phase it belongs to, such as "preparatory planning phase" or "engineering construction phase"; the specific name of the carbon source entity, such as "exploration equipment fuel oil," "cement," "generator set," or "construction waste"; the carbon background value of the carbon source entity, i.e., the carbon release or accumulation per unit quantity determined earlier; the circulation time of the carbon source entity, i.e., the time interval from when the carbon source entity enters the current phase to when it is consumed or disposed of in that phase; and the phase transition identifier of the carbon source entity, i.e., the next phase to which the carbon source entity flows after the current phase ends. Through the above summarization, a comprehensive set of carbon source entities and their characteristics covering all stages of the hydropower station project's entire life cycle is formed. This set of carbon source entities and their characteristics clearly shows in which stage each carbon source entity is generated, what its carbon characteristics are, and in which subsequent phase it will flow.

[0033] Step S120: Construct a cross-stage carbon source entity circulation network. Based on the stage connection identifier in the entity characteristics, connect the carbon source entities discharged in the previous stage with the carbon source entities received in the next stage to form a cross-stage carbon source entity circulation network containing connection nodes, connection paths and entity loss information.

[0034] Based on the aforementioned set of carbon source entities and their features, the flow relationship between different stages is determined using the stage connection identifier of each carbon source entity. By precisely connecting the carbon source entities emitted in the previous stage with those received in the next stage, a network structure that clearly displays the cross-stage flow of carbon source entities is constructed. This network structure includes connection nodes, which identify the entry and exit points of carbon source entities flowing between stages; connection paths, which represent the paths traversed by carbon source entities as they flow from one stage to another; and entity loss information, which records the loss of carbon source entities during the flow process, including the amount lost and the resulting carbon emissions.

[0035] Step S121: Analyze the stage transition identifier in the entity features to clarify the target stage from which each carbon source entity flows from the current stage to the next stage. In the pre-planning stage, the exhaust gas generated after the fuel combustion of the exploration equipment is regarded as a waste type entity. The stage transition identifier of the waste type entity points to the engineering construction stage, thus clarifying that the waste type entity flows from the pre-planning stage to the engineering construction stage.

[0036] For each carbon source entity in the set of entity characteristics, a detailed analysis of its stage transition identifiers is required. These stage transition identifiers contain specific information about the next stage the carbon source entity will move to after completing its mission or usage in the current stage. For example, in the preliminary planning stage, exploration equipment consumes fuel during operation, producing exhaust gases. These exhaust gases, as a new type of waste carbon source entity, will, after analysis, point to the engineering construction stage in its corresponding entity characteristics. This clearly indicates that the waste entity (exhaust gas) will flow from the preliminary planning stage to the engineering construction stage, where it may undergo further processing or have other impacts. Similarly, for construction waste in the engineering construction stage, analyzing its stage transition identifiers clarifies whether the waste will flow to the continuous operation stage for reuse or to the decommissioning stage for final disposal. By performing the above analysis of the stage transition identifiers of all carbon source entities, the flow direction and target stage of each carbon source entity can be accurately determined.

[0037] Step S122: Set up a connection node between the current stage and the target stage. The connection node of the current stage is the output position where the carbon source entity leaves the current stage, and the connection node of the target stage is the input position where the carbon source entity enters the target stage. In the construction stage, construction waste is used as the carbon source entity. The output position of the carbon source entity is the waste accumulation area at the construction site. The input position of the continuous operation stage corresponding to the carbon source entity is the entrance of the waste treatment plant. The waste accumulation area at the construction site is the output connection node of the construction stage, and the entrance of the waste treatment plant is the input connection node of the continuous operation stage.

[0038] After determining the flow of the carbon source entity from the current stage to the target stage, corresponding connection nodes need to be set between these two stages. The connection node for the current stage is defined as the output location where the carbon source entity leaves the current stage; this location is the specific point where the carbon source entity will flow out after completing all relevant processes in the current stage. The connection node for the target stage is the input location where the carbon source entity enters the target stage; that is, the specific location where the carbon source entity begins processing or participates in the target stage's processes after arriving at the target stage. Taking construction waste from the engineering construction stage as an example, construction waste, as a carbon source entity, needs to flow to other stages for processing after being generated and initially accumulated during the engineering construction stage. Its output location leaving the engineering construction stage is the area on the construction site specifically used for waste accumulation, i.e., the construction site waste accumulation area. Therefore, the construction site waste accumulation area is set as the output connection node for the engineering construction stage. If the target stage corresponding to this construction waste is the continuous operation stage, then its input location into the continuous operation stage is the entrance of the waste treatment plant responsible for processing this type of waste in the continuous operation stage. Therefore, the waste treatment plant entrance is set as the input connection node for the continuous operation stage. By setting the above-mentioned output connection node and input connection node for each pair of current stage and target stage, the specific entry and exit positions of the carbon source entity in the flow between stages can be clearly marked.

[0039] Step S123: Connect the output connection node and the input connection node to form a connection path. The description of the connection path includes the path length, the physical transportation method and the carbon release links during transportation. The connection path from the concrete mixing plant in the construction phase to the concrete repair area in the continuous operation phase includes the transportation distance, the tanker transportation method and the carbon release links of tanker fuel combustion during transportation.

[0040] After setting up the output and input connection nodes, these two nodes are connected to form a connection path for the carbon source entity to flow from the current stage to the target stage. The description of the connection path needs to include several key elements. The path length refers to the physical distance between the output and input connection nodes, which can be measured and determined based on the actual geographical location and transportation route. The entity transportation method refers to the specific method used to transport the carbon source entity from the output connection node to the input connection node, such as road transport, rail transport, water transport, or pipeline transport. The carbon emission during transportation refers to the carbon emissions generated during the transportation of the carbon source entity due to the energy consumed by the transportation vehicle (such as fuel and electricity). This is an indispensable part of the connection path description because it directly relates to the accurate calculation of the carbon footprint. For example, the connection path from the concrete mixing plant (as the output connection node) during the construction phase to the concrete repair area (as the input connection node) during the continuous operation phase, its length is the transportation distance between the concrete mixing plant and the concrete repair area; the transportation method may be tanker trucks; and the carbon release during transportation mainly refers to the carbon release generated by the tanker trucks burning fuel oil during transportation. By describing these elements of the connection path in detail, we can comprehensively reflect the transportation of carbon source entities in the cross-phase flow process and their impact on the carbon footprint.

[0041] Step S124: Record the loss of carbon source entities in the connection path. The loss is the amount of carbon source entity reduced from the output connection node to the input connection node. For building material entities, the loss is the amount of building material entities scattered during transportation; for energy entities, the loss is the amount of energy entities volatilized during transportation or storage. Correlate the amount of loss with the corresponding carbon background value of the carbon source entity to form the carbon emission amount in the loss process as entity loss information.

[0042] During the transport of carbon source entities from the output connection node to the input connection node via the connection path, a certain degree of loss is inevitable due to various factors. It is necessary to record this loss in detail. The loss is specifically represented by the difference between the quantity of the carbon source entity when it leaves the output connection node and the quantity when it arrives at the input connection node; that is, the reduced quantity. The causes and manifestations of loss differ for different types of carbon source entities. For building materials such as cement and steel, some material may scatter during transportation due to packaging damage or improper loading and unloading; this scattered quantity represents the loss of the building material entity. For energy sources such as fuel oil and natural gas, volatilization may occur during transportation due to improper container sealing, or the quantity may decrease during storage due to evaporation; this volatilized or reduced quantity represents the loss of the energy source entity. After recording the loss quantity, it is necessary to correlate and calculate it with the corresponding carbon background value of the carbon source entity. Specifically, the amount of loss is multiplied by the carbon background value (the amount of carbon released per unit amount of carbon source entity). The result is the amount of carbon emissions generated during the loss process, and this amount of carbon emissions is recorded as an important component of entity loss information.

[0043] Step S1241: For building material entities, the output quantity of the building material entity is measured at the output connection node; the input quantity of the building material entity is measured at the input connection node; the difference between the output quantity and the input quantity of the building material entity is taken as the loss quantity of the building material entity in the connection path. The steel output during the construction phase is the corresponding quantity, and the steel received during the continuous operation phase is the corresponding quantity. The difference between the two is the loss quantity of steel during transportation.

[0044] To determine the amount of loss of building material entities along the connection path, a method of measurement is adopted at the start and end points of the flow path. At the output connection node, when the building material entity is about to flow out from the current stage, a calibrated measuring tool (such as a weighbridge, counter, etc.) is used to accurately measure it, obtaining the output quantity of the building material entity, which is recorded in detail. When the building material entity arrives at the input connection node of the target stage through the connection path, the receiving building material entity is measured again using a measuring tool of the same precision, obtaining the input quantity of the building material entity, which is also recorded in detail. Then, the difference between the output quantity recorded at the output connection node and the input quantity recorded at the input connection node is the amount of loss of the building material entity during the transportation process along the connection path. For example, the steel output from a certain output connection node (such as the material warehouse outlet at the construction site) during the construction phase is measured as a certain quantity. When this steel is transported to the input connection node (such as the material warehouse inlet at the maintenance workshop) during the continuous operation phase, the received input quantity is measured as another quantity. Subtracting these two quantities gives the difference, which is the amount of steel lost during the connection path from the construction phase to the continuous operation phase. This loss may include spillage during transportation, weight reduction due to rust, etc.

[0045] Step S1242: For energy-type entities, determine the output quantity of the energy-type entity based on the metering data of the energy storage container of the output connection node, and determine the receiving quantity of the energy-type entity based on the metering data of the energy storage container of the input connection node; taking into account the evaporation or leakage factors of the energy-type entity during transportation, the difference between the output quantity and the receiving quantity of the energy-type entity is taken as the loss quantity of the energy-type entity. When transporting fuel from the fuel depot to the construction site, the difference between the amount of fuel leaving the depot and the amount of fuel entering the depot is the fuel loss quantity.

[0046] For energy-type entities, determining the amount of loss requires considering both the metering data from the storage container and the characteristics of the transportation process. At the output connection node, energy-type entities are typically stored in specific energy storage containers (such as oil tanks, gas tanks, electricity meters, etc.). By reading the metering data on these storage containers, the amount of energy-type entities output can be accurately determined. At the input connection node, energy-type entities are similarly stored in corresponding energy storage containers. By reading the metering data from these input storage containers, the amount of energy-type entities received can be determined. Because energy-type entities, especially liquid and gaseous energy sources, are easily affected by environmental factors such as temperature and pressure during transportation, evaporation or leakage may occur, all of which can lead to losses during transportation. Therefore, the difference between the amount of energy output determined by the output connection node and the amount of energy received determined by the input connection node is calculated, and the result is taken as the amount of loss of the energy-type entity along the connection path. For example, when transporting fuel from a fuel depot (output connection node) to a construction site (input connection node), the fuel tank metering data at the fuel depot shows a certain amount of fuel leaving the depot, while the fuel tank metering data at the construction site shows a different amount of fuel entering the depot. The difference between these two values ​​represents the amount of fuel lost during transportation due to evaporation, leakage, and other reasons.

[0047] Step S1243: For mechanical entities, record the initial mass of the mechanical entity at the output connection node; record the current mass of the mechanical entity at the input connection node; subtract the current mass from the initial mass as the loss amount of the mechanical entity.

[0048] During the cross-stage transfer of mechanical entities, the loss is mainly reflected in the reduction of mass, which may be due to wear and tear of parts, loss of components, or damage and detachment of parts due to collisions or scratches during transportation. Therefore, a mass measurement method is used to determine the amount of loss of mechanical entities. At the output connection node, when the mechanical entity is about to be transferred out of the current stage, it is weighed using a high-precision weighing device, and the mass at this time is recorded as the initial mass. After the mechanical entity is transported through the connection path to the input connection node of the target stage, it is weighed again using the same weighing device, and the mass at this time is recorded as the current mass. The difference between the initial mass recorded at the output connection node and the current mass recorded at the input connection node is the amount of loss of the mechanical entity during the transportation of the connection path. For example, when a construction machine is output from the output connection node (such as the construction machine parking area) during the construction phase, its initial mass is measured as a certain value; after being transported to the input connection node (such as the equipment dismantling site) during the final decommissioning phase, its current mass is measured as a different value. The difference between the two values ​​represents the amount of loss incurred by the machine during transportation.

[0049] Step S1244: For waste entities, weigh the waste entity at the output connection node and record the output weight of the waste entity; weigh the received waste entity at the input connection node and record the received weight of the waste entity; subtract the received weight of the waste entity from the output weight of the waste entity as the loss quantity of the waste entity. When construction waste is transported from the construction site to the landfill, the difference between the weight of the construction waste when it is loaded onto the truck and the weight of the construction waste when it is unloaded is the loss quantity of the construction waste.

[0050] Waste materials, such as construction waste, waste oil, and slag, are typically measured by weight during cross-stage transport. Therefore, the determination of their loss is primarily based on weighing. At the output connection node, when a waste material is collected and prepared for transport, it is weighed using appropriate weighing equipment (such as a weighbridge), and the weight is recorded as the output weight. After the waste material arrives at the input connection node of the target stage via the connection path, it is weighed again using the same weighing equipment before or during unloading, and the weight is recorded as the received weight. The difference between the output weight recorded at the output connection node and the received weight recorded at the input connection node represents the loss of the waste material during transport along the connection path. For example, construction waste is loaded and transported from the output connection node (such as the waste accumulation area at the construction site) during the construction phase. The output weight is obtained by weighing the waste at the time of loading. When the waste is unloaded at the input connection node (such as the unloading area of ​​the landfill) at the end of the decommissioning phase, the receiving weight is obtained by weighing the waste. The difference between these two values ​​is the amount of loss of construction waste during transportation, which may include the weight reduction caused by scattering or flying during transportation.

[0051] Step S1245: Correlate the recorded loss quantity of various carbon source entities with the corresponding carbon background value of the carbon source entity to obtain the amount of carbon released during the loss process, which serves as the core data in the entity loss information.

[0052] After determining the loss quantities of various carbon source entities—energy, building material, machinery, and waste—in the connection path, it is necessary to correlate these loss quantities with the carbon background value of each type of carbon source entity. The carbon background value represents the amount of carbon contained in a unit quantity of that carbon source entity or the amount of carbon released during processing. Therefore, multiplying the loss quantity of each type of carbon source entity by its corresponding carbon background value yields the amount of carbon released by that entity during the loss process. For example, the loss quantity of steel, a building material entity, is a certain value, and its carbon background value is the amount of carbon released per unit mass of steel. Multiplying the two gives the amount of carbon released by the steel during the loss process. Similarly, multiplying the loss quantity of fuel, an energy source entity, by its carbon background value per unit quantity yields the amount of carbon released by the fuel loss. The carbon released during the loss process calculated above is the core data in the entity loss information and is of great significance for comprehensively and accurately calculating the total carbon emissions of carbon source entities during cross-stage circulation.

[0053] Step S125: Process all carbon source entities with stage connection identifiers in the above manner, integrate the connection nodes, connection paths and entity loss information between each stage, and construct a mesh-structured cross-stage flow network of carbon source entities. Each connection in the cross-stage flow network of carbon source entities corresponds to the cross-stage flow relationship of a carbon source entity, and each connection is marked with the location of the connection node, the characteristics of the connection path and the entity loss information.

[0054] For all carbon source entities with stage-connection markers throughout the entire lifecycle of the hydropower station project, the complete process described above—from parsing stage-connection markers, setting connection nodes and paths, to recording entity loss information—was followed. After processing all these carbon source entities, all connection nodes, connection paths, and corresponding entity loss information between each stage were systematically integrated. These connection nodes and paths intertwine to form a complex network structure, namely the carbon source entity cross-stage flow network. In this network structure, each connection uniquely corresponds to the cross-stage flow relationship of a carbon source entity from one stage to another. Furthermore, to clearly demonstrate the specific details of each flow relationship, each connection is marked with detailed information on the specific locations of the output and input connection nodes involved, the characteristics of the connection path (such as path length, transportation mode, carbon release links, etc.), and the entity loss information of the carbon source entity on that connection path (such as the amount of loss and the amount of carbon released). Through the above integration and marking, the constructed carbon source entity cross-stage flow network can intuitively and accurately reflect the flow of all carbon source entities between each stage of the entire lifecycle.

[0055] Step S130: Track the carbon form transformation trajectory of carbon source entities in the carbon source entity cross-stage flow network. Based on the connection nodes in the carbon source entity cross-stage flow network, record the form change of carbon source entities and carbon emission transfer information at each connection node to generate the carbon source entity transformation trajectory.

[0056] After constructing the cross-stage circulation network of carbon source entities, the next step is to track the circulation process of these entities within the network, focusing particularly on the transformation of their carbon forms. Connecting nodes, as key nodes in the circulation of carbon source entities within the network, are crucial locations for recording carbon form transformations. At each connecting node, the form of the carbon source entity before entering the node and after leaving the node is recorded in detail, analyzing the type of form change (physical or chemical). Simultaneously, information on the transfer of carbon emissions due to form changes at that connecting node is recorded, i.e., the amount of carbon released or absorbed by the carbon source entity during the form transformation process. This recorded information is organized and correlated according to the circulation sequence of the carbon source entities within the network, thereby generating a carbon source entity transformation trajectory that comprehensively reflects the changes in carbon form and the transfer of carbon emissions throughout the entire process from generation to final disposal.

[0057] Step S131: Extract all connecting nodes from the cross-stage circulation network of the carbon source entity, sort the connecting nodes according to the circulation order of the carbon source entity to form a node sequence, including fuel procurement nodes, fuel storage nodes, and fuel combustion nodes in the pre-planning stage, and exhaust gas collection nodes and exhaust gas treatment nodes in the engineering construction stage.

[0058] First, all connecting nodes need to be extracted from the constructed cross-stage carbon source entity flow network. These connecting nodes include both output and input nodes at each stage, serving as key points in the carbon source entity's flow path. Then, for each specific carbon source entity, all related connecting nodes are sorted according to its actual flow path and sequence within the network. The sorting is based on the order in which the carbon source entity passes through these connecting nodes in the network, i.e., the order in which the carbon source entity, from its generation, sequentially passes through each processing, transportation, and conversion stage until its final disposal. This sorted series of connecting nodes constitutes the node sequence of the carbon source entity. For example, for fuel oil in the pre-planning stage, its journey begins with procurement, goes through storage, is burned in exploration equipment, and the resulting exhaust gas enters the collection and treatment stage during the engineering construction phase. Therefore, the related connecting nodes include the fuel procurement node (the node where fuel is purchased from suppliers) in the pre-planning stage, the fuel storage node (the node where fuel is stored before being used by the exploration equipment), the fuel combustion node (the node where fuel is burned in the engine of the exploration equipment), and the exhaust gas collection node (the node where exhaust gases generated during combustion are collected) and exhaust gas treatment node (the node where exhaust gases are purified) in the engineering construction stage. Arranging these connecting nodes according to the fuel flow sequence forms the node sequence of this carbon source entity.

[0059] Step S132: Record the morphology of the carbon source entity at each connection node, and record the morphological changes of the carbon source entity. Morphological changes include physical morphological changes and chemical morphological changes. Physical morphological changes include solid building material entities breaking into fragments and liquid energy entities evaporating into gas. Chemical morphological changes include fuel combustion producing carbon dioxide and metal materials corroding to produce oxides. Record the state of the carbon source entity before and after the morphological change as the initial morphology and the transformed morphology, respectively.

[0060] As the carbon source entity flows through each connecting node in the node sequence, its morphology at that node needs to be carefully observed and recorded in detail. Simultaneously, special attention should be paid to whether the carbon source entity undergoes a morphological change at that connecting node, and what type of morphological change occurs. Morphological changes are mainly divided into two types: physical morphological changes and chemical morphological changes. Physical morphological changes refer to situations where the chemical composition of the carbon source entity remains unchanged, only its physical state changes. For example, a solid building material entity (such as a concrete block) is broken into fragments at a breaking node; its chemical composition remains the same as concrete, but its physical state changes from large solid blocks to small fragments. A liquid energy entity (such as gasoline) evaporates into a gas due to increased temperature at a storage node; its chemical composition remains unchanged, but its physical state changes from liquid to gas. Chemical morphological changes refer to situations where the chemical composition of the carbon source entity changes, generating new substances. For example, fuel oil reacts chemically with oxygen at a combustion node to generate new substances such as carbon dioxide and water; metallic materials undergo corrosion reactions under specific environments to generate new substances such as metal oxides. For carbon source entities that undergo morphological changes, their state before entering the connection node is recorded as the initial state, and their new state after leaving the connection node is recorded as the transformed state. For carbon source entities that do not undergo morphological changes, their initial state and transformed state are the same.

[0061] Step S133: Record the carbon emission transfer information caused by the change in form at each connection node. The carbon emission transfer information is the amount of carbon released or absorbed by the carbon source entity during the process of changing from the initial form to the transformed form. The amount of carbon released is recorded as a positive value, and the amount of carbon absorbed is recorded as a negative value. In the fuel combustion node, the amount of carbon released when fuel is converted into carbon dioxide is the carbon emission transfer information of that connection node.

[0062] When a carbon source entity undergoes a morphological change at a connection node, whether physical or chemical, it may be accompanied by a transfer of carbon emissions, i.e., the release or absorption of carbon. Accurate recording of this carbon emission transfer information is necessary. Carbon emission transfer information is defined as the amount of carbon released or absorbed by a carbon source entity during its transformation from its initial form to its transformed form. To distinguish between release and absorption, released carbon is recorded as a positive value, and absorbed carbon as a negative value. For example, at a fuel combustion node, liquid fuel (initial form) reacts chemically with oxygen during combustion to transform into carbon dioxide gas (transformed form). This process releases a large amount of carbon; therefore, the carbon emission transfer information for this connection node is the amount of released carbon and is recorded as a positive value. Conversely, if a chemical reaction occurs at a connection node where the carbon source entity absorbs carbon, such as plants absorbing carbon dioxide for photosynthesis to produce organic matter, then the carbon emission transfer information for this connection node is the amount of absorbed carbon and is recorded as a negative value. For carbon source entities that only undergo physical changes while maintaining the same carbon content, the information on carbon emission transfer is zero.

[0063] For example, in step S1331: For a carbon source entity whose physical form has changed, analyze whether the carbon content of the carbon source entity has changed before and after the change in form. If the carbon source entity only changes its physical form and the carbon content remains unchanged, then the carbon emission transfer information of the connection node is zero. If the solid material is broken into fragments and the total carbon content of the solid material remains unchanged, then the carbon emission transfer information of the connection node is zero.

[0064] For carbon source entities that undergo only a physical change at the connection node, it is crucial to analyze whether their carbon content changes before and after the change. Physical changes typically do not alter the chemical composition of a substance. Therefore, if a carbon source entity only undergoes a physical change at the connection node—such as breaking a large solid into smaller particles, evaporating a liquid into a gas, or liquefying a gas into a liquid—without an increase or decrease in its internal carbon content, then there will be no release or absorption of carbon during this transformation. Consequently, the carbon emission transfer information at this connection node is determined to be zero. For example, if a solid concrete block is broken into concrete fragments at a breakage node, this process only changes the physical form of the concrete block from large to small; its total carbon content remains unchanged. Therefore, the carbon emission transfer information at this breakage connection node is zero.

[0065] Step S1332: For carbon source entities whose chemical form has changed, determine the conversion ratio of carbon elements in the carbon source entity according to the chemical reaction equation. In the fuel combustion reaction, all carbon elements in the fuel are converted into carbon dioxide, and the conversion ratio of carbon elements is complete conversion.

[0066] When a carbon source undergoes a chemical change at a junction, its chemical composition changes, generating new substances. To determine the transfer of carbon emissions during this chemical change, analysis of the chemical reaction equation is necessary. The chemical reaction equation clarifies the quantitative relationship between reactants and products. By analyzing the form and proportion of carbon in the reactants and products, the conversion ratio of carbon in the carbon source can be determined. For example, fuel oil's main component is hydrocarbons, and its combustion reaction can be represented as hydrocarbons reacting with oxygen under ignition conditions to produce carbon dioxide and water. In this reaction, all the carbon in the fuel oil is converted to carbon dioxide, thus confirming a complete conversion ratio. Similarly, in the corrosion reaction of metallic materials, assuming iron reacts with oxygen and water to form iron oxide (rust), the conversion ratio of carbon in the iron (if steel contains carbon) in the corrosion products can be determined based on the chemical reaction equation.

[0067] Step S1333: Obtain the amount of carbon source entities participating in the morphological change at the connection node, and determine the total carbon amount of the carbon source entities by combining the carbon background value of the carbon source entities. The total carbon amount is the amount of carbon source entities participating in the change multiplied by the carbon background value of the carbon source entities.

[0068] After determining the proportion of carbon element conversion at the junction node where the carbon source entity undergoes a chemical change, it is necessary to obtain the amount of carbon source entity actually involved in the change at that junction node. This amount involved in the change can be determined using the measurement methods mentioned in the previous steps (such as mass, volume, quantity, etc.), depending on the type of carbon source entity and the measurement method. Then, by combining the carbon background value of the carbon source entity (i.e., the amount of carbon contained in a unit amount of the carbon source entity), the total amount of carbon involved in the change can be calculated. The specific calculation method is to multiply the amount of carbon source entity involved in the change by its carbon background value; the result is the total amount of carbon involved in the change at that junction node. For example, at the fuel combustion node, the amount of fuel involved in the combustion reaction is a certain value, and the carbon background value of this fuel is the amount of carbon contained in a unit amount of fuel. Then, the total amount of carbon involved in the change is equal to the amount of fuel involved in combustion multiplied by its carbon background value.

[0069] Step S1334: Determine the amount of carbon released or absorbed by the carbon source entity after conversion based on the carbon element conversion ratio. If it is the amount of carbon released, it is recorded as a positive value; if it is the amount of carbon absorbed, it is recorded as a negative value. If the amount of carbon released by fuel combustion is positive, the carbon emission transfer information of the connection node is positive; if the carbon dioxide absorbed by plants is converted into biomass, the carbon emission transfer information of the connection node is negative.

[0070] After obtaining the total carbon content of the carbon source entities involved in the chemical transformation and the carbon conversion ratio, the amount of carbon released or absorbed by the carbon source entities during the chemical transformation process can be calculated. If the carbon conversion is from the release of carbon from the carbon source entity (such as the release of carbon from the combustion of fuel to produce carbon dioxide), then the amount of carbon released is equal to the total carbon content multiplied by the carbon conversion ratio. If the carbon conversion is from absorption by new substances (such as plants absorbing carbon from carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and converting it into biomass), then the amount of carbon absorbed is equal to the total carbon content multiplied by the carbon conversion ratio. According to the previous rules, the amount of carbon released is recorded as a positive value, and the amount of carbon absorbed is recorded as a negative value. For example, when fuel is burned, all carbon is converted into carbon dioxide and released, and the total carbon content is a certain value. Then the amount of carbon released is equal to the total carbon content multiplied by 100% (all converted), and the carbon emission transfer information of this connection node is this positive value. For the connection node where plants absorb carbon dioxide, assuming the total carbon content is a certain value and the carbon element conversion ratio is that all of it is converted into biomass, then the amount of carbon absorbed is equal to the total carbon content multiplied by 100%, and the carbon emission transfer information of this connection node is this negative value.

[0071] Step S1335: The amount of carbon released or absorbed is determined as the carbon emission transfer information at the connection node and recorded under the entry of the corresponding connection node in the carbon source entity conversion trajectory.

[0072] After calculating the amount of carbon released or absorbed by the carbon source entity at the connection node due to morphological change, this amount of carbon is recorded as the carbon emission transfer information for that connection node in the transformation trajectory generated for that carbon source entity. In the transformation trajectory, each connection node has a corresponding entry to record relevant information at that node, including the initial form, transformation form, type of morphological change, and carbon emission transfer information. The calculated amount of released or absorbed carbon is accurately recorded under the corresponding connection node's entry to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the information in the transformation trajectory. For example, under the entry for the fuel combustion node, the initial form is liquid fuel, the transformation form is carbon dioxide gas, the type of morphological change is chemical morphological change, and the carbon emission transfer information is the calculated positive carbon amount.

[0073] Step S134: Associate the node sequence, the morphological changes of each connected node, and the corresponding carbon emission transfer information in sequence to form a carbon source entity transformation trajectory. Each element in the carbon source entity transformation trajectory includes the name of the connected node, the initial morphology of the carbon source entity, the transformation morphology of the carbon source entity, and the carbon emission transfer information. The element corresponding to the planned fuel combustion node includes the planned fuel combustion node, liquid fuel, carbon dioxide gas, and the corresponding amount of carbon released.

[0074] After recording the morphological changes and carbon emission transfer information of each connected node in the node sequence, it is necessary to organically correlate the scattered information according to the order of the node sequence. Specifically, this means corresponding each connected node in the node sequence with its corresponding morphological changes (including initial and transformed forms) and carbon emission transfer information to form a coherent sequence. This coherent sequence is the carbon source entity transformation trajectory. In the carbon source entity transformation trajectory, each element represents a connected node in the node sequence and includes the name of the connected node, the initial form of the carbon source entity at that node, the transformed form after morphological change, and the carbon emission transfer information generated at that node. For example, for a fuel combustion node in the pre-planning stage, the corresponding element in the transformation trajectory includes the connected node name (pre-planned fuel combustion node), the initial form (liquid fuel), the transformed form (carbon dioxide gas), and the amount of carbon released at that node (i.e., carbon emission transfer information). Through the above correlation, the carbon source entity transformation trajectory can clearly show the morphological changes and carbon transfer of the carbon source entity at each connected node.

[0075] Step S135: Connect the transformation trajectories of the same carbon source entity at different stages, so that the entire process from the generation of the carbon source entity to its final disposal is included in the transformation trajectory, forming a carbon source entity transformation trajectory. The carbon source entity transformation trajectory covers the connection nodes, morphological changes and carbon emission transfer information of the carbon source entity at all relevant stages.

[0076] A carbon source entity may undergo multiple distinct stages throughout its life cycle, each potentially forming a local transformation trajectory. To comprehensively reflect the entire process of this carbon source entity from its generation to its final disposal, these local transformation trajectories distributed across different stages need to be linked together. This linking is based on the flow relationship of the carbon source entity within a cross-stage circulation network; that is, the endpoint of the transformation trajectory in one stage connects to the starting point of the transformation trajectory in the next stage. Through this linking, the connection nodes, morphological changes, and carbon emission transfer information of the same carbon source entity at each stage are integrated into a unified carbon source entity transformation trajectory. This resulting carbon source entity transformation trajectory comprehensively covers all relevant information from all stages involved in the carbon source entity's entire existence, including the connection nodes traversed at each stage, the morphological changes occurring at each node, and the resulting carbon emission transfers. For example, the exhaust gas generated from fuel combustion during the pre-planning stage flows to the engineering construction stage as a waste entity. Its transformation trajectory in the pre-planning stage (from fuel procurement to combustion) and its transformation trajectory in the engineering construction stage (from exhaust gas collection to treatment) are linked together through the flow relationship of this exhaust gas entity, forming a complete transformation trajectory of the exhaust gas from generation to treatment.

[0077] Step S140: Locate the key links in the carbon footprint of the carbon source entity conversion trajectory. Based on the carbon emission transfer information of each connecting node in the carbon source entity conversion trajectory and the entity loss information in the cross-stage flow network of the carbon source entity, determine the key links in the carbon footprint that have a significant impact on the overall carbon footprint and the scope of their impact.

[0078] After generating the transformation trajectories of all carbon source entities, an in-depth analysis of these trajectories is necessary to identify the key links that have the most significant impact on the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire lifecycle. The identification of these key links is primarily based on two aspects: first, the carbon emission transfer information at each connecting node in the carbon source entity transformation trajectory, reflecting the carbon emissions generated by the morphological changes of the carbon source entities at each node; and second, the entity loss information in the cross-stage flow network of carbon source entities, reflecting the carbon emissions generated by the losses of carbon source entities during the flow process. Through comprehensive analysis and evaluation of these two aspects, connecting nodes or node combinations with large carbon emissions and significant contributions to the overall carbon footprint are identified and designated as key links in the carbon footprint. Simultaneously, the scope of influence of each key link needs to be determined, i.e., the degree and extent of its impact on its upstream and downstream connecting nodes and related carbon source entity flow paths.

[0079] Step S141: Summarize the carbon emission transfer information of all connected nodes in the carbon source entity conversion trajectory, and calculate the proportion of the carbon emission transfer information of each connected node to the total carbon emissions of the carbon source entity throughout its entire life cycle. The total carbon emissions of the carbon source entity throughout its entire life cycle is the sum of the carbon emission transfer information of the carbon source entity at all connected nodes.

[0080] For each carbon source entity, the carbon emission transfer information of all connected nodes in its transformation trajectory needs to be aggregated first. This means summing up the carbon emission transfer information (including the amount of positive carbon released and the amount of negative carbon absorbed) generated by the carbon source entity at each connected node in its node sequence. This sum is the total carbon emission of the carbon source entity throughout its entire life cycle. Then, for each connected node in the carbon source entity's transformation trajectory, the ratio of the node's carbon emission transfer information to the total carbon emission of the carbon source entity throughout its entire life cycle is calculated. This ratio is the proportion of the connected node's carbon emission transfer information to the total carbon emission. By calculating this ratio, the weight of each connected node in the carbon source entity's total life cycle carbon emission can be intuitively seen. The higher the proportion, the greater the impact of the connected node on the carbon footprint of the carbon source entity.

[0081] Step S142: Extract the entity loss information in the cross-stage carbon source entity transfer network, add the carbon emission amount in the entity loss information corresponding to each connection node to the carbon emission transfer information of that connection node, and obtain the node's comprehensive carbon impact.

[0082] From the constructed cross-stage carbon source entity flow network, entity loss information associated with each connection node is extracted. This loss information includes the carbon emissions generated by the carbon source entity due to loss when passing through the connection path to that node. This carbon emission generated by loss is added to the connection node's own carbon emission transfer information (i.e., carbon emission transfer due to morphological changes). The result of this addition comprehensively considers the carbon emissions caused by both morphological changes and path losses at the connection node, and is defined as the node's comprehensive carbon impact. The comprehensive carbon impact more comprehensively reflects the actual impact of a connection node on its carbon footprint because it includes not only active morphological transformation carbon emissions at the node but also passive flow loss carbon emissions.

[0083] Step S143: Set the node influence limit and identify the connecting nodes whose total carbon influence exceeds the node influence limit as candidate critical links.

[0084] To identify key links with a significant impact on the overall carbon footprint from all connected nodes, a node impact threshold needs to be established. The node impact threshold is a threshold used to measure whether the carbon impact of a connected node is significant. Setting this threshold requires comprehensive consideration of various factors, including the scale of the hydropower project, carbon reduction targets, industry averages, and monitoring accuracy requirements. This can be achieved through statistical analysis of the combined carbon impact of all connected nodes, such as calculating the mean, median, and standard deviation, and then using these statistics to set the threshold value. For example, the node impact threshold could be set as a multiple of the average combined carbon impact of all connected nodes, or as a value that covers a predetermined proportion of high-impact nodes. After setting the node impact threshold, the combined carbon impact of each connected node is compared to this threshold value. If the combined carbon impact of a connected node exceeds the node impact threshold, then that connected node is considered to have a significant impact on the overall carbon footprint and is identified as a candidate key link.

[0085] Step S1431: Summarize the total carbon impact of all connected nodes in the carbon source entity transformation trajectory, and calculate the arithmetic mean of the total carbon impact of the connected nodes.

[0086] First, it is necessary to summarize the combined carbon impact of all connected nodes involved in the carbon source entity transformation trajectory throughout the entire life cycle of the hydropower station project. This means collecting the combined carbon impact data of each connected node, forming a dataset containing the carbon impact values ​​of all connected nodes. Then, the arithmetic mean of this dataset is calculated. The arithmetic mean is calculated by adding the combined carbon impact values ​​of all connected nodes in the dataset, obtaining a sum, and then dividing the sum by the total number of connected nodes in the dataset. The calculated arithmetic mean reflects the average level of the combined carbon impact of all connected nodes.

[0087] Step S1432: Multiply the arithmetic mean by a preset multiple as the node influence limit. The multiple is determined according to the scale of the hydropower project and the accuracy requirements of carbon footprint monitoring. The node influence limit can screen out the connection nodes with prominent influence without omitting important connection nodes.

[0088] After calculating the arithmetic mean of the combined carbon impact of all connected nodes, a preset multiplier needs to be determined. This multiplier is not a fixed value but should be selected by comprehensively considering the scale of the hydropower project and the specific requirements for carbon footprint monitoring accuracy. For large-scale hydropower projects, with numerous carbon source entities and complex flow paths, the multiplier may need to be appropriately increased to ensure that the selected key links truly have a significant impact. For small and medium-sized projects, the multiplier can be appropriately reduced to avoid overlooking nodes that, although their absolute values ​​are small, have a relatively important impact. Furthermore, if high monitoring accuracy is required and more detailed capture of carbon impact details is desired, the multiplier can be set lower, and vice versa. The node impact limit is obtained by multiplying the arithmetic mean by this preset multiplier. For example, if the arithmetic mean is A and the preset multiplier is B (the value of B may range from 1.2 to 3.0, determined based on the actual project conditions), then the node impact limit is A × B. The purpose of setting this boundary is to ensure that the connection nodes that have a significant impact on the overall carbon footprint can be effectively screened out, while avoiding misjudging those nodes with a smaller impact as key links, and also ensuring that those connection nodes that make important contributions to the overall carbon footprint are not overlooked.

[0089] Step S1433: Compare the total carbon impact of each connection node with the node impact limit. If the total carbon impact of a connection node is greater than the node impact limit, then the connection node is identified as a candidate critical link.

[0090] After obtaining the node influence limits, the overall carbon impact of each connected node is compared one by one. Specifically, the overall carbon impact of a single connected node is compared to the node influence limit. If the overall carbon impact of a connected node is greater than the node influence limit, the connected node is considered to have a prominent contribution to the carbon footprint and is marked as a candidate critical link. For example, if the overall carbon impact of a connected node is C and the node influence limit is D, and C > D, then the node is included in the candidate critical link list. This process needs to traverse all connected nodes to ensure that no potentially high-impact nodes are overlooked.

[0091] Step S1434: Based on the carbon source entity flow sequence, automatically eliminate candidate key links with abnormal data. If the carbon emission transfer information of a certain connection node is abnormally high but does not actually affect the overall carbon footprint, then remove the candidate key link attribute of that connection node.

[0092] After initially identifying candidate critical links, data anomaly screening is necessary. This is because during data collection or calculation, individual connection nodes may show abnormally high carbon emission transfer information due to metering errors, abnormal events (such as sudden leaks that were promptly controlled and did not have a lasting impact on subsequent flows), etc. Although the overall carbon impact value of such nodes exceeds the limit, they do not continuously and significantly affect the overall carbon footprint during normal flow. The screening method is to analyze the carbon impact of the connection nodes before and after the candidate critical link in conjunction with the flow sequence of the carbon source entity. If the abnormally high carbon impact of the node is an isolated event, and the carbon impact of its upstream and downstream nodes is at a normal level, and the anomaly does not have a lasting chain effect on the carbon footprint of the overall carbon source entity flow path, then it is identified as a data anomaly node and its candidate critical link attribute is removed. For example, if a fuel transportation connection node has an abnormally high recorded loss carbon emission due to a metering instrument malfunction, but the carbon impact of its upstream and downstream fuel storage and combustion nodes is normal, and no large-scale leak occurred during actual transportation, then this node should be excluded.

[0093] Step S1435: Retain the candidate key links that meet the requirements to form the final candidate key link list. The candidate key link list includes the name of the connecting node, the comprehensive carbon impact of the connecting node, and the stage information of the connecting node.

[0094] After eliminating data anomalies, the remaining candidate critical links need to be compiled into a final candidate critical link list. This list should contain sufficiently detailed information, including at least the name of the connecting node for each candidate critical link (e.g., "concrete batching plant output node during the construction phase"), the comprehensive carbon impact value (or relative level) corresponding to that node, and the specific phase to which that connecting node belongs (e.g., "construction phase"). This list format clearly demonstrates all validated potential critical links that have a significant impact on carbon footprint.

[0095] Step S144: Analyze the position and associated connection nodes of the candidate key links in the carbon source entity conversion trajectory, and identify the upstream and downstream connection nodes of the candidate key links. The upstream and downstream connection nodes are the connection nodes that are directly connected to the candidate key links through the connection path.

[0096] For each candidate critical link in the final list, a thorough analysis of its specific location within the corresponding carbon source entity's conversion trajectory is required. This involves tracing back the node sequence of the carbon source entity to identify the direct connecting nodes preceding the candidate critical link (upstream nodes) and the direct connecting nodes following it (downstream nodes). Upstream and downstream connecting nodes are defined as nodes directly connected to the candidate critical link via a single path, excluding indirectly connected nodes. For example, if the candidate critical link is a "fuel combustion node," its upstream connecting node might be a "fuel storage node" (fuel is directly transported to the combustion node via pipeline), and its downstream connecting node might be an "exhaust gas collection node" (exhaust gas generated during combustion directly enters the collection system). Clearly defining the upstream and downstream connecting nodes helps to define the boundaries of the critical link's influence scope.

[0097] Step S145: Define the candidate key link and its upstream and downstream connecting nodes as the scope of influence of the link. The scope of influence of the link includes the candidate key link itself and all directly related upstream and downstream connecting nodes.

[0098] After identifying the upstream and downstream connecting nodes of the candidate critical link, the scope of influence of the candidate critical link itself, together with all its directly related upstream and downstream connecting nodes, constitutes the scope of influence of that candidate critical link. This is because the carbon impact of a critical link is not only reflected in itself, but may also affect directly connected upstream and downstream nodes through material flow, energy flow, etc. Furthermore, the state of upstream and downstream nodes may, in turn, affect the carbon emissions of the critical link. For example, the fuel quality and storage temperature of the upstream "fuel storage node" of the "fuel combustion node" may affect combustion efficiency and carbon emissions, while the collection efficiency of the downstream "exhaust gas collection node" will affect the actual amount of carbon emitted into the environment. Therefore, the scope of influence must cover these directly related nodes to comprehensively assess the combined impact of the critical link.

[0099] Step S146: Merge and deduplicate the candidate key links and their impact ranges for all carbon source entities, remove duplicated connection nodes and ranges, and finally determine the key links of the carbon footprint covering the entire life cycle of the hydropower project and their corresponding impact ranges. Each key link of the carbon footprint corresponds to a scope of impact that includes its upstream and downstream connection nodes.

[0100] Because the transformation trajectories of different carbon source entities may overlap, candidate key links of different carbon source entities may involve the same connection nodes or have overlapping influence ranges. Therefore, it is necessary to merge and deduplicate the candidate key links and influence ranges of all carbon source entities. Specifically, the connection nodes of all candidate key links are compared. If two or more candidate key links point to the same connection node, they are merged into one key link. For the influence range of a link, if the influence ranges of different key links contain the same connection node, the overlapping nodes are merged into the corresponding influence range to avoid duplicate marking. After merging and deduplication, a final set of key links for the carbon footprint covering the entire life cycle of a hydropower project (preliminary planning, construction, continuous operation, and decommissioning) is obtained. Each key link has its own clear and unique influence range, which includes the key link itself and its direct upstream and downstream connection nodes.

[0101] Step S150: Integrate the key links of the carbon footprint, the transformation trajectory of carbon source entities, and the cross-stage flow network of carbon source entities to draw a comprehensive carbon footprint monitoring map of the entire life cycle of the hydropower project. The comprehensive carbon footprint monitoring map of the entire life cycle of the hydropower project includes the flow path, transformation correlation, and carbon emission proportion of carbon source entities at each stage.

[0102] After identifying the key stages of the carbon footprint and their impact scope, it is necessary to organically integrate three core elements: information on key carbon footprint stages, the transformation trajectory of each carbon source entity, and the cross-stage flow network of carbon source entities. Ultimately, a comprehensive life-cycle carbon footprint monitoring map of a hydropower project needs to be visualized. The core objective of this comprehensive life-cycle carbon footprint monitoring map of a hydropower project is to intuitively and comprehensively display the flow paths of carbon source entities at each stage of their life cycle, the transformation relationships between different stages, and the proportion of key carbon footprint stages in the overall carbon emissions.

[0103] Step S151: Based on the carbon source entity cross-stage circulation network as the basic framework, retain the connection nodes, connection paths and entity loss information in the carbon source entity cross-stage circulation network as the underlying structure of the overall monitoring map.

[0104] When drawing up the overall monitoring map, the existing cross-stage carbon source entity flow network should be used as the underlying framework. This underlying structure must fully preserve all connecting nodes in the network (including input and output nodes at each stage), the connecting paths between nodes (including path length diagrams and transportation mode identifiers), and entity loss information (such as loss type and carbon emission loss) along each connecting path. The construction of the underlying structure should strictly follow the actual flow logic of the carbon source entities, ensuring that the spatial arrangement of nodes and paths at each stage matches the actual engineering process. For example, the "cement entry input node" in the construction phase should be connected to the "cement production output node" in the pre-planning phase via a connecting path labeled "tanker truck transportation," with the average carbon emission loss during this transportation process marked next to the path.

[0105] Step S152: Mark the morphological changes and carbon emission transfer information in the carbon source entity transformation trajectory on the corresponding connection nodes of the underlying structure. Each connection node displays the initial morphology, transformation morphology, and carbon emission transfer information of that connection node, so that the connection nodes in the underlying structure contain more detailed transformation information.

[0106] At the connection nodes of the underlying structure, detailed information extracted from the carbon source entity's transformation trajectory needs to be overlaid. For each connection node, the initial form of the carbon source entity at that node (e.g., "liquid diesel"), the transformed form after the form change (e.g., "carbon dioxide gas + water vapor"), and the carbon emission transfer information generated during this process (e.g., "carbon released: XXX units") should be displayed next to the node graphic or through a pop-up information box. If no form change occurs at the node (e.g., a simple transportation transfer node), the initial form and the transformed form are the same, and the carbon emission transfer information is zero. Through this step, the connection nodes, which originally only indicated the flow location, become information carriers containing transformation details, enhancing the information richness of the overall diagram. For example, the "fuel combustion node" should be labeled with the initial form "liquid fuel", the transformed form "CO2, H2O, particulate matter", and the carbon emission transfer information "carbon released: XX (calculated based on combustion reaction)".

[0107] Step S153: Mark the location of the key carbon footprint link in the underlying structure with a specific symbol, and present the scope of the link's influence in the underlying structure in the form of a region box. The region box covers the key carbon footprint link and its upstream and downstream connecting nodes, and the node's comprehensive carbon impact of the key carbon footprint link is marked within the region box.

[0108] To highlight key elements of the carbon footprint, specific visual symbols different from ordinary connection nodes should be used for marking. For example, red five-pointed stars, circles with bold borders, or icons with flashing effects can be used. Simultaneously, the impact range of each key element should be delineated on the diagram using a semi-transparent bounding box (e.g., a light red shading). The boundaries of the bounding box should precisely cover the key element and all its direct upstream and downstream connection nodes. In the blank space inside the bounding box or in a dedicated labeling area, the total carbon impact value (or relative percentage) of the key carbon footprint element should be clearly indicated, such as "Total Carbon Impact of Node: XX units (X% of the total carbon emissions of this carbon source entity)". Through symbol marking and bounding boxes, key elements can be visually distinguished from ordinary nodes, and their impact range and intensity can be displayed.

[0109] Step S154: Arrange the connection paths in the underlying structure in chronological order according to the time sequence of each stage of the hydropower project's entire life cycle, so that the monitoring map presents the carbon source entity flow relationship from left to right in the preparatory planning stage, engineering construction stage, continuous operation stage and termination and decommissioning stage, and the connection nodes and connection paths of each stage are distinguished by different colors.

[0110] To reflect the entire lifecycle time dimension, the layout of the monitoring master plan should be arranged chronologically from left to right, following the order of the preparatory planning phase, engineering construction phase, continuous operation phase, and decommissioning phase. Connecting nodes and paths within each phase should be arranged relatively centrally, and phases can be distinguished by vertical dividing lines or background color blocks. Furthermore, to enhance phase identification, all connecting nodes (including input and output nodes) and connecting paths within each phase should use a unified color scheme. For example, blue for the preparatory planning phase, green for the engineering construction phase, yellow for the continuous operation phase, and purple for the decommissioning phase. Node colors can be distinguished by fill colors, and path colors by line colors. In this way, viewers can quickly determine the phase to which a node or path belongs based on color, understanding the flow of the carbon source entity along the timeline.

[0111] Step S155: Add carbon source entity type identifiers to the overall monitoring map. Carbon source entities of the same type are represented by the same line style during the circulation process. Energy-type entities are represented by dashed lines, building material-type entities by solid lines, machinery-type entities by double solid lines, and waste-type entities by dotted lines.

[0112] To distinguish the flow paths of different types of carbon source entities, the line styles of the connecting paths need to be differentiated. Specifically: energy-type entities (such as fuel oil and electricity) are represented by dashed lines; building material-type entities (such as cement and steel) are represented by solid lines; machinery-type entities (such as generator sets and construction machinery) are represented by double solid lines; and waste-type entities (such as construction waste and waste oil) are represented by dotted-dashed lines. The thickness of the lines can be adjusted according to the relative carbon impact of each type of carbon source entity in the project; the greater the impact, the thicker the line. For example, during the construction phase, a "steel transportation path" (building material type) is represented by a thick solid line, while a "temporary power supply line" (energy type) is represented by a thin dashed line. Through the combination of line styles and thicknesses, the flow of different types of carbon source entities and their relative importance can be intuitively identified.

[0113] Step S156: Summarize the total carbon emission data for each stage and list them by stage in the sidebar of the overall monitoring chart. The total carbon emission data for each stage corresponds to the sum of carbon emission transfer information of all carbon source entities within that stage.

[0114] A dedicated data summary area, or sidebar, should be set up on the side of the overall monitoring chart (usually the right or bottom). The sidebar should list the total carbon emissions data for each stage in the order of preliminary planning, engineering construction, continuous operation, and decommissioning. The total carbon emissions data for each stage is obtained by summing the carbon emission transfer information (including carbon emissions from morphological changes and losses) of all carbon source entities at each connecting node in their transformation trajectory within that stage. Data presentation can include numerical values ​​(e.g., "XX tons of carbon equivalent") and percentages (e.g., "X% of total lifecycle carbon emissions"). The sidebar can also include summary data for total lifecycle carbon emissions. For example, "Total carbon emissions during the preliminary planning stage: XX units (X%); Total carbon emissions during the engineering construction stage: XX units (Y%);...", with "Total lifecycle carbon emissions: XX units" displayed at the bottom.

[0115] Step S157: Visualize the integrated information to form a comprehensive monitoring map of the carbon footprint of a hydropower project throughout its entire life cycle, which includes stage divisions, carbon source entity flow paths, connection node transformation information, key carbon footprint identifiers, and total carbon emissions for each stage. All elements in the comprehensive monitoring map of the carbon footprint of a hydropower project throughout its entire life cycle are related. Clicking on any connection node will display the carbon source entity transformation trajectory and the entity characteristic information of the carbon source entity corresponding to that connection node.

[0116] After completing the overlay and layout of all information layers, professional visualization software (such as GIS mapping software, professional flowchart drawing tools, or a custom-developed carbon footprint monitoring platform) is used to finally render and present the integrated information. The final overall map of the full life cycle carbon footprint monitoring of the hydropower project should be an interactive visualization interface, where all elements (nodes, paths, area boxes, etc.) maintain data correlation. When a user selects any connecting node by clicking or touching, the system should immediately pop up a detailed information window, displaying the complete transformation trajectory of the carbon source entity corresponding to that connecting node (morphological changes and carbon transfer information arranged in a node sequence) and the entity characteristic information initially recorded for that carbon source entity (carbon background value, circulation duration, stage transition markers, etc.). For example, clicking on the "Cement Use Node in the Construction Stage" should display the transformation trajectory of cement from production to use, listing its carbon background value (cumulative carbon content during production), circulation duration from entry to use, and the treatment stage after disposal. Through interactive visualization, information traceability from the macro-level overall map to the micro-level details can be achieved.

[0117] Throughout the entire process of collecting and processing carbon source entity data, some privacy-sensitive data may be involved, such as supplier business information in energy procurement records and personal operation records of construction personnel (if directly related to the use of the carbon source entity). To protect privacy, data anonymization techniques must be employed. For commercially sensitive information such as supplier names and contact information, anonymization is used, replacing specific names with codes such as "Supplier A" and "Supplier B." For operation records involving individuals, identifying information such as names and employee numbers is removed, retaining only non-identifying data such as equipment numbers and operation times related to the use of the carbon source entity. Simultaneously, data storage employs encryption technology (such as the AES-256 encryption algorithm), and access permissions are set with multi-level control, ensuring that only authorized personnel can view the raw data, thus guaranteeing that privacy-sensitive data is not leaked during collection, transmission, storage, and use.

[0118] To ensure the accuracy and applicability of carbon footprint monitoring methods, the monitoring model needs to be validated and updated regularly. Validation methods include comparing data with independent third-party carbon audit data from actual projects. If the deviation exceeds a preset threshold (e.g., ±5%), the data acquisition process or calculation logic needs to be checked. Annually, based on the latest industry carbon emission coefficient tables (e.g., annual energy carbon emission coefficients published by relevant departments), project progress (e.g., entering a new life cycle stage), and newly emerging carbon source entity types, the carbon background value calculation parameters and carbon source entity classification standards should be updated to ensure that the overall monitoring map reflects the latest carbon footprint status. For example, if a new low-consumption fuel product is introduced during the continuous operation phase, the carbon background value and related conversion trajectory calculations for that fuel product need to be updated.

[0119] Based on the same inventive concept, please refer to Figure 2The diagram shows a schematic block diagram of a computer device 100 provided in this application embodiment for performing the above-described method for monitoring the carbon footprint of a hydropower project throughout its entire life cycle. The computer device 100 may include a communication unit 110, a machine-readable storage medium 120, and a processor 130.

[0120] In this embodiment, both the machine-readable storage medium 120 and the processor 130 are located in the computer device 100 and are separately configured. The machine-readable storage medium 120 can also be integrated into the processor 130 and can communicate with external systems via the communication unit 110. The machine-readable storage medium 120 stores machine-executable instructions for executing the scheme of this application, and the processor 130 executes the machine-executable instructions stored in the machine-readable storage medium 120 to implement the full life-cycle carbon footprint monitoring method based on hydropower engineering provided in the aforementioned method embodiments.

[0121] It should be noted that, in order to simplify the description of the present invention and thus help to understand one or more embodiments of the invention, multiple features may sometimes be grouped into one embodiment, drawing or description thereof in the foregoing description of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for monitoring the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle, characterized in that, The method includes: Identify carbon source entities and their characteristics at each stage of the entire life cycle of a hydropower project. The stages of the entire life cycle of a hydropower project include the pre-planning stage, the construction stage, the continuous operation stage, and the termination and decommissioning stage. The carbon source entities include energy-type entities, building material-type entities, mechanical entities, and waste-type entities. The characteristics of the entities include the carbon background value, circulation duration, and stage transition markers of the carbon source entities. A cross-stage carbon source entity circulation network is constructed. Based on the stage connection identifier in the entity characteristics, the carbon source entities discharged in the previous stage are connected to the carbon source entities received in the next stage, forming a cross-stage carbon source entity circulation network containing connection nodes, connection paths and entity loss information. Track the carbon form transformation trajectory of carbon source entities in the cross-stage carbon source entity flow network, and based on the connection nodes in the cross-stage carbon source entity flow network, record the form change of carbon source entities and carbon emission transfer information at each connection node to generate carbon source entity transformation trajectory. Locate the key links in the carbon footprint of the carbon source entity conversion trajectory, and determine the key links and their impact range that have a significant impact on the overall carbon footprint based on the carbon emission transfer information of each connecting node in the carbon source entity conversion trajectory and the entity loss information in the cross-stage flow network of the carbon source entity. By integrating the key links of the carbon footprint, the transformation trajectory of carbon source entities, and the cross-stage flow network of carbon source entities, a comprehensive monitoring map of the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle is drawn. The comprehensive monitoring map of the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle includes the flow path of carbon source entities at each stage, the transformation correlation, and the proportion of carbon emissions in the key links of the carbon footprint.

2. The method for monitoring the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that... The identification of carbon source entities and their characteristics at each stage of the entire life cycle of a hydropower project includes: By traversing the activity documents of each stage of the entire life cycle of a hydropower project, the carbon-releasing substances and energy forms involved in each stage are extracted as carbon source entities. Carbon source entities in the pre-planning stage include fuel consumed by surveying equipment, electricity consumed by planning electronic equipment, and fuel consumed by material transportation in the early stage; carbon source entities in the construction stage include diesel consumed by cement, steel, and construction machinery, electricity consumed by temporary power supply equipment, and construction waste; carbon source entities in the continuous operation stage include lubricating oil consumed by generator sets, electricity consumed by maintenance equipment, dam seepage prevention materials, and waste oil generated during operation; carbon source entities in the decommissioning stage include fuel consumed by dismantling equipment, construction waste, transportation waste, and site remediation materials. For each extracted carbon source entity, its basic information at the corresponding stage is collected as entity features. For energy-type entities, the carbon background value in the entity features is the amount of carbon released per unit of energy combustion, the circulation time in the entity features is the time interval from energy procurement to consumption, and the stage transition marker in the entity features is the next stage that the waste generated after energy consumption enters. For building material-type entities, the carbon background value in the entity features is the amount of carbon accumulated during the building material production process, the circulation time in the entity features is the time interval from the arrival of building materials to their consumption or disposal, and the stage transition marker in the entity features is the processing stage that the building materials enter after disposal. For machinery-type entities, the carbon background value in the entity features is the amount of carbon accumulated during the manufacturing process per unit of machinery mass, the circulation time in the entity features is the time interval from the installation of machinery to its decommissioning, and the stage transition marker in the entity features is the disposal stage that the machinery enters after decommissioning. For waste-type entities, the carbon background value in the entity features is the amount of carbon released during waste treatment, the circulation time in the entity features is the time interval from the generation of waste to its completion of treatment, and the stage transition marker in the entity features is the destination stage of the waste residue after treatment. The collected entity features are classified and organized according to the carbon source entity type, and a correspondence between carbon source entity type and entity features is established to ensure that the entity feature description format of the same type of carbon source entity is consistent. The carbon background value, circulation duration and stage transition identifier of each carbon source entity are recorded. The carbon source entities at each stage are associated and stored with their corresponding entity features to form a carbon source entity-feature combination for each stage. The carbon source entity-feature combination for the pre-planning stage includes the carbon background value of the fuel for exploration equipment, the flow time of the fuel from procurement to consumption, and the identifier of the fuel for exploration equipment associated with the engineering construction stage. The carbon background value of the power of the planned electronic equipment, the flow time of the power of the planned electronic equipment from power supply to consumption, and the identifier of the power of the planned electronic equipment associated with the engineering construction stage. The carbon source entity-feature combinations of each stage are summarized to form a set of carbon source entities and entity features covering all stages of the entire life cycle of hydropower projects. Each entry in the set of carbon source entities and entity features includes the stage to which it belongs, the name of the carbon source entity, the carbon background value of the carbon source entity, the circulation time of the carbon source entity, and the stage connection identification information of the carbon source entity.

3. The method for monitoring the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that... The construction of the cross-stage carbon source entity circulation network involves connecting carbon source entities discharged in the previous stage with carbon source entities received in the next stage based on the stage connection identifier in the entity characteristics, forming a cross-stage carbon source entity circulation network containing connection nodes, connection paths, and entity loss information, including: The stage transition markers in the entity features are analyzed to clarify the target stage from which each carbon source entity flows from the current stage to the next stage. The exhaust gas generated after the fuel combustion of the exploration equipment in the pre-planning stage is regarded as a waste entity. The stage transition marker of the waste entity points to the engineering construction stage, thus clarifying that the waste entity flows from the pre-planning stage to the engineering construction stage. A connection node is set between the current stage and the target stage. The connection node of the current stage is the output position of the carbon source entity leaving the current stage, and the connection node of the target stage is the input position of the carbon source entity entering the target stage. In the engineering construction stage, construction waste is used as the carbon source entity. The output position of the carbon source entity is the waste accumulation area at the construction site. The input position of the continuous operation stage corresponding to the carbon source entity is the entrance of the waste treatment plant. The waste accumulation area at the construction site is the output connection node of the engineering construction stage, and the entrance of the waste treatment plant is the input connection node of the continuous operation stage. The output connection node and the input connection node form a connection path. The description of the connection path includes the path length, the physical transportation method and the carbon release links during transportation. The connection path from the concrete mixing plant in the construction phase to the concrete repair area in the continuous operation phase includes the transportation distance, the tanker transportation method and the carbon release links of tanker fuel combustion during transportation. Record the loss of carbon source entities in the connection path. The loss is the amount of carbon source entity reduced from the output connection node to the input connection node. For building material entities, the loss is the amount of building material entities scattered during transportation; for energy entities, the loss is the amount of energy entities volatilized during transportation or storage. The loss amount is correlated with the carbon background value of the corresponding carbon source entity to form the carbon emission amount in the loss process as entity loss information. All carbon source entities with stage connection identifiers are processed in the above manner. The connection nodes, connection paths and entity loss information between each stage are integrated to construct a mesh-structured cross-stage carbon source entity flow network. Each connection in the cross-stage carbon source entity flow network corresponds to the cross-stage flow relationship of a carbon source entity, and each connection is marked with the location of the connection node, the characteristics of the connection path and the entity loss information.

4. The method for monitoring the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The method of tracking the carbon form transformation trajectory of carbon source entities in the cross-stage carbon source entity flow network, relying on the connection nodes in the cross-stage carbon source entity flow network, records the form change and carbon emission transfer information of the carbon source entity at each connection node, and generates a carbon source entity transformation trajectory, including: Extract all connecting nodes from the cross-stage circulation network of the carbon source entity, sort the connecting nodes according to the circulation order of the carbon source entity to form a node sequence, including fuel procurement nodes, fuel storage nodes, and fuel combustion nodes in the pre-planning stage, and waste gas collection nodes and waste gas treatment nodes in the engineering construction stage. Record the morphology of the carbon source entity at each connection node, and record the morphological changes of the carbon source entity. Morphological changes include physical morphological changes and chemical morphological changes. Physical morphological changes include solid building material entities breaking into fragments and liquid energy entities evaporating into gas. Chemical morphological changes include fuel combustion to produce carbon dioxide and metal materials corroding to produce oxides. Record the state of the carbon source entity before and after the morphological change as the initial morphology and the transformed morphology, respectively. Record the carbon emission transfer information caused by the change in form at each connection node. The carbon emission transfer information is the amount of carbon released or absorbed by the carbon source entity during the process of changing from the initial form to the transformed form. The amount of carbon released is recorded as a positive value, and the amount of carbon absorbed is recorded as a negative value. In the fuel combustion node, the amount of carbon released when fuel is converted into carbon dioxide is the carbon emission transfer information of that connection node. The node sequence, the morphological changes of each connected node, and the corresponding carbon emission transfer information are sequentially associated to form a carbon source entity transformation trajectory. Each element in the carbon source entity transformation trajectory includes the name of the connected node, the initial morphology of the carbon source entity, the transformation morphology of the carbon source entity, and the carbon emission transfer information. The elements corresponding to the planned fuel combustion node include the planned fuel combustion node, liquid fuel, carbon dioxide gas, and the corresponding amount of carbon released. The transformation trajectories of the same carbon source entity at different stages are connected in series, so that the entire process from the generation of the carbon source entity to its final disposal is included in the transformation trajectory, forming a carbon source entity transformation trajectory. The carbon source entity transformation trajectory covers the connection nodes, morphological changes and carbon emission transfer information of the carbon source entity at all relevant stages.

5. The method for monitoring the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that... The key carbon footprint links in the carbon source entity transformation trajectory are identified based on the carbon emission transfer information of each connecting node in the carbon source entity transformation trajectory and the entity loss information in the cross-stage flow network of the carbon source entity. These key carbon footprint links and their impact ranges that significantly affect the overall carbon footprint include: The carbon emission transfer information of all connected nodes in the carbon source entity conversion trajectory is summarized, and the proportion of the carbon emission transfer information of each connected node to the total carbon emission of the carbon source entity throughout its entire life cycle is calculated. The total carbon emission of the carbon source entity throughout its entire life cycle is the sum of the carbon emission transfer information of the carbon source entity in all connected nodes. Extract the entity loss information in the cross-stage carbon source entity transfer network, add the carbon emission amount in the entity loss information corresponding to each connection node to the carbon emission transfer information of that connection node, and obtain the node's comprehensive carbon impact. Summarize the total carbon impact of all connected nodes in the carbon source entity transformation trajectory, and calculate the arithmetic mean of the total carbon impact of the connected nodes. The arithmetic mean is multiplied by a preset multiple to serve as the node influence limit. The overall carbon influence of each connected node is compared with the node influence limit. If the overall carbon influence of a connected node is greater than the node influence limit, then the connected node is identified as a candidate critical link. Based on the carbon source entity flow sequence, candidate key links with data anomalies are excluded, and candidate key links that meet the requirements are retained to form a final candidate key link list. The candidate key link list includes the connection node name, the comprehensive carbon impact of the connection node, and the stage information to which the connection node belongs. Analyze the position and associated connection nodes of the candidate key links in the carbon source entity conversion trajectory in the candidate key link list, and identify the upstream and downstream connection nodes of the candidate key links. The upstream and downstream connection nodes are the connection nodes that are directly connected to the candidate key links through the connection path. The candidate key link and its upstream and downstream connecting nodes are collectively defined as the scope of influence of the link, which includes the candidate key link itself and all directly related upstream and downstream connecting nodes. The candidate key links and their impact ranges of all carbon source entities are merged and deduplicated, and duplicated connection nodes and ranges are removed. Finally, the key links of the carbon footprint covering the entire life cycle of hydropower projects and their corresponding impact ranges are determined. Each key link of the carbon footprint corresponds to a scope of impact that includes its upstream and downstream connection nodes.

6. The method for monitoring the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that... The integration of key carbon footprint links, carbon source entity transformation trajectories, and cross-stage carbon source entity transfer networks will lead to a comprehensive monitoring map of the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire lifecycle, including: Based on the aforementioned cross-stage carbon source entity circulation network, the connection nodes, connection paths, and entity loss information in the cross-stage carbon source entity circulation network are retained as the underlying structure of the overall monitoring map. The morphological changes and carbon emission transfer information in the carbon source entity transformation trajectory are marked on the corresponding connection nodes of the underlying structure. Each connection node displays the initial morphology, transformation morphology, and carbon emission transfer information of that connection node, so that the connection nodes in the underlying structure contain more detailed transformation information. The location of the key carbon footprint link in the underlying structure is marked with a specific symbol, and the scope of the link's influence is presented in the underlying structure in the form of a region box. The region box covers the key carbon footprint link and its upstream and downstream connecting nodes, and the node of the key carbon footprint link is marked with a comprehensive carbon impact within the region box. According to the time sequence of each stage of the hydropower project's entire life cycle, the connection paths in the underlying structure are arranged in chronological order so that the monitoring map presents the carbon source entity flow relationship from left to right in the pre-planning stage, engineering construction stage, continuous operation stage and decommissioning stage. The connection nodes and connection paths of each stage are distinguished by different colors. Add carbon source entity type identifiers to the overall monitoring map. Carbon source entities of the same type are represented by the same line style during the circulation process. Energy entities are represented by dashed lines, building material entities by solid lines, machinery entities by double solid lines, and waste entities by dotted lines. The total carbon emission data for each stage is summarized and listed by stage in the sidebar of the overall monitoring chart. The total carbon emission data for each stage corresponds to the sum of carbon emission transfer information of all carbon source entities within that stage. The integrated information is visualized to form a comprehensive monitoring map of the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle. This map includes stage divisions, carbon source entity flow paths, connection node transformation information, key carbon footprint identifiers, and total carbon emissions for each stage. All elements in the comprehensive monitoring map of the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle are interconnected. Clicking on any connection node will display the carbon source entity transformation trajectory and entity characteristic information of the corresponding connection node.

7. The method for monitoring the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle, as described in claim 2, is characterized in that... For each extracted carbon source entity, its basic information at the corresponding stage is collected as entity features, including: For energy-based entities, the type and quantity of energy-based entities are obtained through energy procurement records. The corresponding carbon emission coefficient table is consulted based on the type of energy-based entity to determine the amount of carbon released per unit of energy combustion as the carbon background value of the energy-based entity. The time interval from energy storage to complete consumption of the energy-based entity is determined through energy storage records and energy consumption records, and this time interval is used as the circulation time of the energy-based entity. Based on the product destination records after energy consumption, the name of the next stage to which the product enters is determined as the stage transition identifier of the energy-based entity. If the exhaust gas after fuel combustion enters the exhaust gas treatment stage, then the stage transition identifier of the energy-based entity is the stage where the exhaust gas treatment is located. For building material entities, the cumulative carbon content from raw material mining to production is obtained through carbon emission reports provided by building material manufacturers. This cumulative carbon content is divided by the total amount of the building material entity to obtain the carbon background value per unit of building material, which is used as the carbon background value of the building material entity. The time interval from the arrival of building materials to their complete use or disposal is determined through building material acceptance records and building material usage records, and this time interval is used as the circulation time of the building material entity. According to the disposal plan after the building materials are disposed of, the stage of waste disposal is determined as the stage transition marker of the building material entity. If steel scrap is sent back to the smelter for processing, and the smelter's processing is an extension of the termination and decommissioning stage, then the stage transition marker of the building material entity is the termination and decommissioning stage. For mechanical entities, carbon emission data for each stage of the production process is obtained through the mechanical manufacturing manual, and the mass of the mechanical entity is also obtained. The total carbon content of the mechanical manufacturing is divided by the mass of the mechanical entity to obtain the carbon content per unit mass, which is used as the carbon background value of the mechanical entity. The time span from the mechanical entity's commissioning to its decommissioning is determined through the mechanical installation and commissioning completion records and the mechanical decommissioning records, and this time span is used as the circulation time of the mechanical entity. According to the disposal plan after the mechanical entity is decommissioned, the stage in which the mechanical entity is dismantled or recycled is determined as the stage transition marker of the mechanical entity. After the generator set is decommissioned, it enters the dismantling stage. The dismantling stage belongs to the termination of decommissioning stage, so the stage transition marker of the mechanical entity is the termination of decommissioning stage. For waste-type entities, the carbon content released per unit mass of waste treated is obtained through the waste treatment process description and used as the carbon background value of the waste-type entity; the time interval from the generation to the completion of treatment of the waste-type entity is determined through waste generation records and waste treatment completion records, and this time interval is used as the circulation time of the waste-type entity; based on the destination of the residue after waste treatment, the stage that the residue enters is determined as the stage transition marker of the waste-type entity. After construction waste is landfilled, the later maintenance of the landfill site belongs to the termination and decommissioning stage, and the stage transition marker of the waste-type entity is the termination and decommissioning stage; The collected carbon background values, circulation duration, and stage transition markers are mapped to each carbon source entity, forming a complete record of the entity characteristics of each carbon source entity.

8. The method for monitoring the carbon footprint of hydropower projects throughout their entire life cycle, as described in claim 3, is characterized in that... The recording of the carbon source entity's loss in the connection path includes: For building material entities, the output quantity of the building material entity is measured at the output connection node; the input quantity of the building material entity is measured at the input connection node; the difference between the output quantity and the input quantity of the building material entity is taken as the amount of loss of the building material entity in the connection path. The steel output during the construction phase is the corresponding quantity, and the steel received during the continuous operation phase is the corresponding quantity. The difference between the two is the amount of steel lost during transportation. For energy-type entities, the output quantity is determined based on the metering data of the energy storage container at the output connection node, and the receiving quantity is determined based on the metering data of the energy storage container at the input connection node. Taking into account the evaporation or leakage factors of the energy-type entity during transportation, the difference between the output quantity and the receiving quantity is taken as the loss quantity of the energy-type entity. Similarly, when transporting fuel from the fuel depot to the construction site, the difference between the amount of fuel leaving the depot and the amount of fuel entering the depot is taken as the fuel loss quantity. For mechanical entities, record the initial mass of the mechanical entity at the output connection node; record the current mass of the mechanical entity at the input connection node; and use the difference between the initial mass and the current mass as the loss amount of the mechanical entity. For waste entities, the waste entity is weighed at the output connection node, and the output weight of the waste entity is recorded; the received waste entity is weighed at the input connection node, and the received weight of the waste entity is recorded; the difference between the output weight of the waste entity and the received weight of the waste entity is taken as the loss quantity of the waste entity. When construction waste is transported from the construction site to the landfill, the difference between the weight of the construction waste when it is loaded onto the truck and the weight of the construction waste when it is unloaded is taken as the loss quantity of the construction waste. The recorded loss quantities of various carbon source entities are correlated with the corresponding carbon background values ​​of the carbon source entities to obtain the amount of carbon released during the loss process, which serves as the core data in the entity loss information.

9. A computer device, characterized in that, include: processor; A machine-readable storage medium for storing machine-executable instructions of the processor; The processor is configured to execute the full life-cycle carbon footprint monitoring method based on hydropower projects as described in any one of claims 1 to 8 by executing the machine-executable instructions.

10. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, It stores machine-executable instructions, and the processor of the computer device reads the machine-executable instructions from the computer-readable storage medium, and the processor executes the machine-executable instructions, causing the computer device to perform the whole life cycle carbon footprint monitoring method based on hydropower engineering as described in any one of claims 1 to 8.

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