Combination of decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) merge mode and DIMD template filtering

Abstract

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for video encoding / decoding for decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) merge mode and / or template filtering mode. In an example, a device, such as a video decoder, may determine a block-enabled DIMD merge mode. Based on the determination that the DIMD merge mode is enabled, the device may infer that the template filtering mode is disabled. The device may decode the block based on the DIMD merge mode. In an example, a device, such as a video encoder, may determine that a block is associated with a DIMD merge mode. Based on a determination that the block is associated with the DIMD merge mode, the device may disable the template filtering mode. The device may encode the current block based on the DIMD merge mode.

Description

Combination of decoder-side intra-frame mode export (DIMD) merge mode and DIMD template filtering

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications This application claims the benefit of European Provisional Patent Application No. 23306677.8, filed on 2 October 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Technology

[0002] Video coding systems can be used to compress digital video signals, for example, to reduce the storage and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Video coding systems can include, for example, block-based, wavelet-based, and / or object-based systems. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Systems, methods, and instrumentalities for combining decoder-side intra-mode-derived merged modes and decoder-side intra-mode-derived (DIMD) template filtering are disclosed. Example devices for video encoding / decoding (e.g., video encoders / decoders) may have processors configured to perform one or more of the actions described herein.

[0004] In the example, a device (e.g., a video encoding device and / or a video encoder) can determine that a block (e.g., a first block and / or a block associated with video content) is associated with a DIMD merge mode. Based on this determination of the block's association with the DIMD merge mode, the device can disable a template filtering mode. The device can encode the block based on the DIMD merge mode. The device can include a DIMD merge mode enable indication in the video data (e.g., a video bitstream). The DIMD merge mode enable indication can be configured to indicate that the DIMD merge mode is enabled for that block.

[0005] In the example, a device (e.g., a video encoder) can determine that another block (e.g., a second block) is not associated with a DIMD merging mode. Based on the determination that the second block is not associated with a DIMD merging mode, the device can determine whether to enable a stencil filtering mode for the second block. Based on the determination that the stencil filtering mode is enabled, the device can encode the second block based on the stencil filtering mode. The device can include a stencil filtering mode enable indication in the video data (e.g., a video bitstream). The stencil filtering mode enable indication can be configured to indicate whether the stencil filtering mode is enabled.

[0006] In the example, a device (e.g., a video encoder) can determine that another block (e.g., a third block) is associated with a template filtering mode. For example, the device can determine that the template filtering mode is enabled for the third block. Based on the determination that the third block is associated with a template filtering mode, the device can disable the DIMD merging mode for the third block. The device can encode the third block based on the template filtering mode. The device can include a template filtering mode enable indication in the video data (e.g., a video bitstream). The template filtering mode enable indication can be configured to indicate whether the template filtering mode is enabled.

[0007] In the example, a device (e.g., a video encoder) can determine the location of a template sample. The template sample location can be associated with a template sample. The template sample can be associated with the boundary of the current block. The template sample can be configured for a template filtering mode. Based on the determined template sample location, the device can use the template filtering mode to encode the current block.

[0008] In the example, based on the determination of the enabled DIMD merging mode, the device can select an encoding mode. The encoding mode can be, or may include, at least one or more of a DIMD merging mode, a DIMD mode, or a template filtering mode. The device can encode the current block based on the selected encoding mode. The device can include the encoded block in the video data (e.g., a video bitstream). The device can include an indication that the DIMD merging mode has been enabled. For example, the device can include a DIMD merging mode enable indication (e.g., a DIMD merging mode enable flag) in the video data (e.g., a bitstream).

[0009] The device can select a DIMD merging mode as the encoding mode. For example, based on the determination of whether DIMD merging mode is enabled, the device can select a DIMD merging mode and use it to encode the current block.

[0010] In the example, based on the determination that the DIMD merging mode is disabled, the device can determine whether to enable the template filtering mode. Based on the determination that the template filtering mode is enabled, the device can select the template filtering mode as the encoding mode, for example, to encode the current block. The device can include an indication (e.g., a second indication) in the video data (e.g., a bitstream) indicating that the template filtering mode has been enabled.

[0011] In the example, the device can determine the enabling template filtering mode. Based on the determination of the enabling template filtering mode, the device can select the template filtering mode and the DIMD merging mode as the encoding mode, for example, for encoding the current block.

[0012] In the example, the device can determine whether a DIMD merging mode has been selected for encoding the current block. Based on the determination that a DIMD merging mode has been selected, the device can apply template filtering to neighboring blocks, such as histogram computation (MHoG) to calculate the gradient of the merged block.

[0013] In the example, the device can select a DIMD merging mode to encode the current block. The device can determine the template sample location. The template sample location can be located several lines from the current block boundary (e.g., the second and / or third line from the current block boundary). The device can apply template filtering based on the determined template sample location.

[0014] In the example, a video decoding device, such as a video decoder, can be configured to perform one or more of the actions described herein.

[0015] In the example, a device (e.g., a video decoding device, such as a video decoder) can determine that a DIMD merging mode is enabled for a block (e.g., the first block and / or a block associated with video content). Based on the determination that a DIMD merging mode is enabled for that block, the device can infer that a template filtering mode is disabled. The device can then decode that block based on the DIMD merging mode.

[0016] In the example, the device can obtain a DIMD merge mode enable indication in the video data. The DIMD merge mode enable indication can be configured to indicate whether DIMD merge mode is enabled for that block. Determining whether DIMD merge mode is enabled for that block can be based on the DIMD merge mode enable indication associated with that block.

[0017] In the example, a device (e.g., a video decoder) can determine that DIMD merging mode is disabled for another block (e.g., a second block). Based on the determination that DIMD merging mode is disabled for the second block, the device can obtain a template filter mode enable indication in the video data (e.g., a video bitstream). The template filter mode enable indication can be configured to indicate whether template filter mode is enabled for the second block. Based on the template filter mode enable indication, the device can determine that template filter mode is enabled for the second block. Based on the determination that template filter mode is enabled for the second block, the device can decode the second block based on the template filter mode.

[0018] In the example, a device (e.g., a video decoder) can determine that a template filtering mode is enabled for another block (e.g., a third block). Based on the determination that a template filtering mode is enabled for the third block, the device can infer that a DIMD merging mode is disabled for the third block. The device can then decode the third block based on the template filtering mode.

[0019] In the example, in order to infer that the template filtering mode is disabled based on the determination of enabling DIMD merging for that block, the device can make the template filtering mode and the DIMD merging mode mutually exclusive.

[0020] In the example, based on the determination of whether the DIMD merging mode is enabled, the device can select a decoding mode. The decoding mode can be or may include at least one or more of the following: DIMD merging mode, DIMD mode, or template filtering mode. The device can decode the current block based on the selected decoding mode.

[0021] The device can obtain at least one of a first indication or a second indication from, for example, video data (such as a bitstream). In the example, the first indication can be configured to indicate that the DIMD merging mode has been enabled. In the example, the second indication can be configured to indicate that the template filtering mode has been enabled.

[0022] The device can select DIMD merge mode as the decoding mode. For example, based on the determination of whether DIMD merge mode is enabled, the device can select DIMD merge mode and use DIMD merge mode to decode the current block.

[0023] In the example, based on the determination that DIMD merging mode is disabled, the device can determine whether to enable template filtering mode. Based on the determination that template filtering mode is enabled, the device can select template filtering mode as the decoding mode, for example, to decode the current block.

[0024] In the example, the device can determine the enabling template filtering mode. Based on the determination of the enabling template filtering mode, the device can select the template filtering mode and the DIMD merging mode as the decoding mode, for example, for decoding the current block.

[0025] In the example, the device can determine whether a DIMD merging mode has been selected for decoding the current block. Based on the determination that a DIMD merging mode has been selected, the device can apply template filtering to neighboring blocks, such as histogram computation (MHoG) to calculate the gradient of the merged block.

[0026] In the example, the device can select a DIMD merging mode to decode the current block. The device can determine the template sample location. The template sample location can be located several lines from the current block boundary (e.g., the second and / or third line from the current block boundary). The device can apply template filtering based on the determined template sample location. Attached Figure Description

[0027] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments can be implemented.

[0028] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that can be used in the communication system illustrated in Figure 1A according to an embodiment.

[0029] Figure 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that can be used within the communication system illustrated in Figure 1A according to an embodiment.

[0030] Figure 1D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that can be used within the communication system illustrated in Figure 1A according to an embodiment.

[0031] Figure 2 illustrates an example video encoder.

[0032] Figure 3 illustrates an example video decoder.

[0033] Figure 4 illustrates an example of a system in which various aspects and examples can be implemented.

[0034] Figure 5 illustrates an example L-shaped template around the current block (e.g., coding unit (CU)).

[0035] Figure 6 illustrates an example technique for deriving prediction blocks.

[0036] Figure 7 illustrates the example decoder-side intra-mode export (DIMD) process.

[0037] Figure 8 illustrates example reference areas for DIMD, DIMD_T, and DIMD_L.

[0038] Figure 9 illustrates an example DIMD process, such as a histogram based on merged gradients (MHoG).

[0039] Figure 10 illustrates an example sample set of filters. Detailed Implementation

[0040] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following description, which is given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0041] Figure 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system providing content such as voice, data, video, messaging, and broadcasting to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 enables multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Zero-Tail Unique Word DFT Extended OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Resource Block Filtered OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0042] As shown in Figure 1A, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110, and other networks 112. However, it will be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d can be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. As an example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in the context of industrial and / or automated processing chains), consumer electronics devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0043] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a and 114b can be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106 / 115, Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. As an example, base stations 114a and 114b can be base transceiver stations (BTS), Node-B, eNode B, home node B, home eNode B, gNB, NR NodeB, site controllers, access points (APs), wireless routers, and the like. Although base stations 114a and 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be understood that base stations 114a and 114b can include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0044] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals on one or more carrier frequencies (which may be referred to as cells (not shown)). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage of a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver per sector of the cell. In embodiments, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0045] Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Any suitable radio access technology (RAT) can be used to establish air interface 116.

[0046] More specifically, as noted above, communication system 100 can be a multiple access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in RAN104 / 113 can implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 116. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0047] In the embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA), which can use Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-A Pro) to establish air interface 116.

[0048] In the embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technology (such as NR radio access) that can use New Radio (NR) to establish air interface 116.

[0049] In the embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement various radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can, for example, use a dual connectivity (DC) principle to implement both LTE and NR radio access together. Therefore, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be characterized by various types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from various types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0050] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Global Microwave Access Interoperability (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Provisional Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Provisional Standard 95 (IS-95), Provisional Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0051] Base station 114b in Figure 1A can be, for example, a wireless router, a home node B, a home eNode B, or an access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in local areas such as commercial locations, homes, vehicles, campuses, industrial facilities, air corridors (e.g., for drone use), roads, and the like. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize cellular-based RATs (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish picocells or femtocells. As shown in Figure 1A, base station 114b can have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b does not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0052] RAN 104 / 113 can communicate with CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. Data can have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. CN 106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, and / or perform advanced security functions such as user authentication. Although not shown in Figure 1A, it will be understood that RAN 104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs employing the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to connecting to RAN 104 / 113, which can utilize NR radio technology, CN 106 / 115 can also communicate with another RAN (not shown) that uses GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0053] CN 106 / 115 can also be used as a gateway for WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing Common Old-Style Telephone Service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP Internet Protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0054] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in Figure 1A may be configured to communicate with a base station 114a that may employ cellular-based radio technology and with a base station 114b that may employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0055] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in Figure 1B, among others, the WTRU 102 may also include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a Global Positioning System (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripheral devices 138. It will be understood that, while remaining consistent with the embodiments, the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements.

[0056] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functions that enable WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, which may be coupled to transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B depicts processor 118 and transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be understood that processor 118 and transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or on a chip.

[0057] Transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It will be understood that transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0058] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted as a single element in FIG. 1B, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals via the air interface 116.

[0059] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by transmitting / receiving element 122 and demodulate signals received by transmitting / receiving element 122. As noted above, WTRU 102 can have multi-mode capability. Therefore, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers to enable WTRU 102 to communicate via various RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0060] The processor 118 of WTRU 102 can be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and can receive user input data from the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 can access information from any type of suitable memory (such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132) and store data in any type of suitable memory. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital storage (SD) card, and the like. In other embodiments, processor 118 may access memory information that is never physically located on WTRU 102 (such as on a server or home computer (not shown)) and store the data in that memory.

[0061] The processor 118 may receive power from the power supply 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power supply 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell battery packs (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0062] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) about the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or instead of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) via air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be understood that, while remaining consistent with the embodiments, the WTRU 102 may acquire location information using any suitable location determination method.

[0063] The processor 118 may be further coupled to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules providing additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripheral devices 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (for photos and / or video), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, Bluetooth® modules, FM radio units, digital music players, media players, video game player modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) devices, activity trackers, and the like. Peripheral devices 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors; geolocation sensors; altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, gesture sensors, biometric sensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0064] WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference through signal processing via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0065] Figure 1C is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, RAN 104 can communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116 using E-UTRA radio technology. RAN 104 can also communicate with CN 106.

[0066] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c; however, it will be understood that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. Each of eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Therefore, eNode-B 160a may, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a.

[0067] Each of the eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, and the like. As shown in Figure 1C, the eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other via the X2 interface.

[0068] The CN 106 shown in Figure 1C may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of CN 106, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0069] The MME 162 can connect to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface and can be used as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attachment of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and the like. The MME 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0070] The SGW 164 can connect to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can typically route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, managing and storing the context of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and so on.

[0071] The SGW 164 can connect to the PGW 166, which can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to packet-switched networks (such as Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0072] CN 106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a circuit-switched network (such as PSTN 108) to facilitate communication between WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c and traditional landline communication equipment. For example, CN 106 may include an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108, or can communicate with such an IP gateway. Additionally, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0073] Although the WTRU is described as a wireless terminal in Figures 1A-1D, in some representative embodiments, such a terminal may (e.g., temporarily or permanently) use a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0074] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0075] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) mode can have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP can have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS destined for a STA can reach and be delivered to the STA via the AP. Traffic originating from a STA destined for a destination outside the BSS can be sent to the AP for delivery to the appropriate destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be sent via the AP, for example, where a source STA can send traffic to the AP, and the AP can deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic can be sent between source and destination STAs (e.g., directly between them) using Direct Link Establishment (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS can use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunneling DLS (TDLS). WLANs using the Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode can function without an access point (AP), and STAs within the IBSS or using the IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to as an "ad-hoc" communication mode in this document.

[0076] When using 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as the primary channel. The primary channel can be of fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In some representative embodiments, such as in an 802.11 system, Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA / CA) with collision avoidance can be implemented. For CSMA / CA, STAs including the AP (e.g., each STA) can listen on the primary channel. If the primary channel is listened to / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, that STA can back off. A single STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit in a given BSS at any given time.

[0077] High-throughput (HT) STAs can communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, by combining a primary 20 MHz channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0078] The Very High Throughput (VHT) STA can support channels with widths of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-consecutive 80 MHz channels (which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration). For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, data can be split into two streams by a segment parser. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing are performed separately on each stream. The streams can be mapped onto two 80 MHz channels, and data can be transmitted via the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above operations for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC).

[0079] 802.11af and 802.11ah support sub-1 GHz operating modes. Compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac, 802.11af and 802.11ah reduce channel operating bandwidth and carrier. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to representative embodiments, 802.11ah can support instrument-type control / machine-type communication, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including supporting (e.g., only supporting) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with a battery life exceeding a threshold (e.g., for maintaining very long battery life).

[0080] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels, as well as channel bandwidths such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include channels that can be designated as primary channels. A primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by STAs operating in the BSS that support the minimum bandwidth operating mode. In the 802.11ah example, for STAs that support (e.g., only support) the 1MHz mode (e.g., MTC type devices), the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier Sense and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings can depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because an STA (which only supports the 1 MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, the entire available band can be considered busy even if most of the band remains idle and potentially available.

[0081] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. Depending on the country code, the total bandwidth available for 802.11ah ranges from 6 MHz to 26 MHz.

[0082] Figure 1D is a system diagram illustrating RAN 113 and CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 113 may also communicate with CN 115.

[0083] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, but it will be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. Each gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Therefore, gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a. In embodiments, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers (not shown) to WTRU 102a. A subset of these component carriers can be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers can be on licensed spectrum. In embodiments, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement cooperative multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a can receive cooperative transmissions from gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0084] WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary depending on different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or continuously varying absolute time lengths).

[0085] gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and / or non-standalone configurations. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c without accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can use one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c as mobility anchors. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in unlicensed frequency bands. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with / be connected to gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, and also communicate with / be connected to another RAN (such as eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c). For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement DC principles to communicate substantially simultaneously with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. In a non-standalone configuration, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can be used as mobility anchors for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNB180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0086] Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, network slicing support, dual connectivity, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPFs) 184a and 184b, routing of control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMFs) 182a and 182b, and the like. As shown in Figure 1D, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via the Xn interface.

[0087] The CN 115 shown in Figure 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and may include a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be understood that any one of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0088] AMF 182a and 182b can connect to one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N2 interface and can be used as control nodes. For example, AMF 182a and 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting specific SMF183a and 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. AMF 182a and 182b can use network slicing to customize CN support for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the type of services utilized by WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services that rely on Ultra-Reliable Low Latency (URLLC) access, services that rely on Enhanced Massive Mobile Broadband (eMBB) access, services for Machine Type Communication (MTC) access, and / or the like. AMF 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0089] SMFs 183a and 183b can connect to AMFs 182a and 182b in CN 115 via the N11 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can also connect to UPFs 184a and 184b in CN 115 via the N4 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can select and control UPFs 184a and 184b, and configure the routing of traffic passing through UPFs 184a and 184b. SMFs 183a and 183b can perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and so on. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, and so on.

[0090] UPF 184a and 184b can be connected via an N3 interface to one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113. This N3 interface can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a packet-switched network (such as the Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184a and 184b can perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multihomed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and so on.

[0091] CN 115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 115 may include an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 115 and PSTN 108, or may communicate with such an IP gateway. Additionally, CN 115 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a and 185b via UPFs 184a and 184b through their N3 interfaces and the N6 interface between UPFs 184a and 184b and DNs 185a and 185b.

[0092] Based on the corresponding descriptions in Figures 1A-1D, one or more of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following items, or all of them, can be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown): WTRU102a-d, base station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or any other device(s) described herein. An emulation device can be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device can be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0093] Simulation devices can be designed to perform one or more tests on other devices in a laboratory environment and / or a carrier network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. Simulation devices can be directly coupled to another device for testing and / or to perform tests using over-the-air wireless communication.

[0094] One or more emulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, emulation devices can be used in test scenarios within test laboratories and / or non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication networks to perform testing of one or more components. One or more emulation devices can be test rigs. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) can be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0095] This application describes various aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, methods, etc. Many of these aspects are described in detail, and are generally described in a manner that may sound restrictive, at least to illustrate the individual characteristics. However, this is for the purpose of clarity and does not limit the application or scope of those aspects. In fact, all the different aspects can be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. Furthermore, the aspects described can also be combined and interchanged with aspects described in earlier submissions.

[0096] The aspects described and considered in this application can be implemented in many different forms. Figures 5-11 described herein provide some examples, but other examples are also considered. The discussion of Figures 5-11 does not limit the breadth of implementations. At least one of the aspects generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to the transmission of generated or encoded bitstreams. These and other aspects can be implemented as methods, apparatus, computer-readable storage media having instructions stored thereon for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods, and / or computer-readable storage media having bitstreams generated according to any of the methods stored thereon.

[0097] In this application, the terms “reconstruction” and “decoding” are used interchangeably, the terms “pixel” and “sample” are used interchangeably, and the terms “image”, “picture” and “frame” are used interchangeably.

[0098] Various methods are described herein, and each method includes one or more steps or actions for implementing the method. Unless the correct operation of the method requires a specific order of steps or actions, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or actions can be modified or combined. Furthermore, terms such as "first," "second," etc., may be used in various examples to modify elements, components, steps, operations, etc., such as, for example, "first decoding" and "second decoding." Unless specifically required, the use of such terms does not imply a sequence of modified operations. Therefore, in this example, the first decoding does not need to be performed before the second decoding and can occur, for example, before, during, or within a time period overlapping with the second decoding.

[0099] The various methods and other aspects described in this application can be used to modify modules, such as the decoding modules of the video encoder 200 and decoder 300 shown in Figures 2 and 3. Furthermore, the subject matter disclosed herein can be applied to, for example, any type, format, or version of video encoding (whether described in standards or recommendations, whether pre-existing or future-developed) and any extensions to such standards and recommendations. Unless otherwise indicated or technically excluded, the aspects described in this application can be used individually or in combination.

[0100] Various numerical values, such as 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 16, 32, 64, etc., are used in the examples described in this application. These and other specific values ​​are used for the purpose of describing the examples, and the aspects described are not limited to these specific values.

[0101] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example video encoder 200. Variations of the example encoder 200 are considered, but for clarity, encoder 200 is described below without describing all anticipated variations.

[0102] Before being encoded, the video sequence may undergo pre-coding processing (201), such as applying a color transform to the input color image (e.g., converting from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing remapping on the input image components to obtain a more compression-resistant signal distribution (e.g., using histogram equalization of one of the color components). Metadata (e.g., which may include film grain parameters determined by pre-processing as described herein) may be associated with the pre-processing and attached to the bitstream.

[0103] In encoder 200, the image is encoded by encoder elements as described below. The image to be encoded is segmented (202) and processed in units, for example, coding units (CUs). For example, each unit is encoded using an intra-frame or inter-frame mode. When a unit is encoded in intra-frame mode, it performs intra-frame prediction (260). In inter-frame mode, motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed. The encoder determines (205) which of the intra-frame or inter-frame modes to use for encoding the unit and indicates the intra-frame / inter-frame decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. For example, the prediction residual is calculated by subtracting (210) the prediction block from the original image block.

[0104] The predicted residual is then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other syntax elements are entropy encoded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder can skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder can bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., directly encode the residual without applying either the transform or quantization process.

[0105] The encoder decodes the coded block to provide a reference for further prediction. The quantized transform coefficients are dequantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode the prediction residual. The image block is reconstructed by combining (255) the decoded prediction residual and the prediction block. A loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed image to perform, for example, deblocking / SAO (sample adaptive offset) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored at the reference image buffer (280).

[0106] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example video decoder. In the example decoder 300, the bitstream is decoded by decoder elements as described below. The video decoder 300 typically performs a decoding process that is the reverse of the encoding process described in Figure 2. The encoder 200 typically also performs video decoding as part of the encoding of the video data.

[0107] Specifically, the input to the decoder includes a video bitstream, which can be generated by the video encoder 200. First, entropy decoding (330) is performed on the bitstream to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other encoded information. Image segmentation information indicates how to segment the image. Therefore, the decoder can segment (335) the image based on the decoded image segmentation information. The transform coefficients are dequantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residual. Image blocks are reconstructed by combining (355) the decoded prediction residual and the prediction block. The prediction block (370) can be obtained from intra-frame prediction (360) or motion-compensated prediction (i.e., inter-frame prediction) (375). A loop filter (365) is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored at the reference image buffer (380).

[0108] The decoded image can undergo further post-decoding processing (385), such as inverse color transformation (e.g., from YCbCr4:2:0 to RGB4:4:4) or inverse remapping of the remapping process performed in pre-encoding processing (201). Post-decoding processing can utilize metadata derived in pre-encoding processing and signaled in the bitstream. In the example, the decoded image (e.g., after applying a loop filter (365) and / or after post-decoding processing (385), if post-decoding processing is used) can be sent to a display device for rendering to the user.

[0109] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system in which the various aspects and examples described herein can be implemented. System 400 can be implemented as a device including the various components described below and configured to perform one or more aspects of the various aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smartphones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers. The elements of system 400 can be implemented individually or in combination in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or discrete components. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of system 400 are distributed across multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In various examples, system 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices via, for example, a communication bus or through dedicated input and / or output ports. In various examples, system 400 is configured to implement one or more aspects of the various aspects described in this document.

[0110] System 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded therein for implementing various aspects, such as those described in this document. Processor 410 may include embedded memory, input / output interfaces, and various other circuitry as known in the art. System 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). System 400 includes a storage device 440 that may include non-volatile memory and / or volatile memory, including but not limited to electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), flash memory, disk drives, and / or optical disk drives. As a non-limiting example, storage device 440 may include internal storage devices, attached storage devices (including removable and non-removable storage devices), and / or network-accessible storage devices.

[0111] System 400 includes an encoder / decoder module 430 configured to, for example, process data to provide encoded or decoded video, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents one or more modules that can be included in a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. It is well known that a device may include one or both encoding and decoding modules. Furthermore, the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of system 400, or it may be incorporated into processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software as known to those skilled in the art.

[0112] Program code to be loaded onto processor 410 or encoder / decoder 430 to execute the various aspects described in this document may be stored in storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto memory 420 for execution by processor 410. According to various examples, one or more of processor 410, memory 420, storage device 440, and encoder / decoder module 430 may store one or more entries of various entries during the execution of the processes described in this document. Such stored entries may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or portions of decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results from processing equations, formulas, operations, and operational logic.

[0113] In some examples, the internal memory of processor 410 and / or encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing during encoding or decoding. However, in other examples, external memory of the processing device (e.g., processor 410 or encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. External memory can be memory 420 and / or storage device 440, such as volatile memory and / or non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, the operating system of a television. In at least one example, fast external volatile memory (such as RAM) is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0114] Inputs to the components of system 400 can be provided through various input devices as indicated in block 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to: (i) a radio frequency (RF) section that receives, for example, RF signals transmitted over the air by a broadcaster; (ii) component (COMP) input terminals (or a set of COMP input terminals); (iii) universal serial bus (USB) input terminals; and / or (iv) high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminals. Other examples not shown in Figure 4 include composite video.

[0115] In various examples, the input device of block 445 has associated corresponding input processing elements as known in the art. For example, the RF section may be associated with elements suitable for: (i) selecting a desired frequency (also known as selecting a signal, or limiting the signal band to a band), (ii) down-converting the selected signal, (iii) further band-limiting to a narrower band to select (e.g.,) a signal band that may be referred to as a channel in some examples, (iv) demodulating the down-converted and band-limited signal, (v) performing error correction, and / or (vi) demultiplexing to select the desired data packet stream. The RF section of various examples includes one or more elements for performing these functions, such as frequency selectors, signal selectors, band limiters, channel selectors, filters, downconverters, demodulators, error correctors, and demultiplexers. The RF section may include tuners that perform various functions among these functions, including, for example, down-converting the received signal to a lower frequency (e.g., intermediate frequency or near-baseband frequency) or down-converting it to baseband. In one set-top box example, the RF section and its associated input processing elements receive RF signals transmitted via a wired (e.g., cable) medium and perform frequency selection by filtering, down-converting, and re-filtering to the desired frequency band. Various examples rearrange the order of the components described above (and others), remove some of these components, and / or add other components that perform similar or different functions. Adding components may include inserting components between existing components, such as, for example, inserting amplifiers and analog-to-digital converters. In various examples, the RF section includes an antenna.

[0116] USB and / or HDMI terminals may include corresponding interface processors for connecting system 400 to other electronic devices across USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be understood that various aspects of input processing (e.g., Reed-Solomon error correction) may be implemented as needed, for example, within a separate input processing IC or within processor 410. Similarly, various aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented as needed, either within a separate interface IC or within processor 410. Demodulation, error correction, and demultiplexing streams are provided to various processing elements, including, for example, processor 410 and encoder / decoder 430, which operate in conjunction with memory and storage elements to process the data streams as needed for presentation on an output device.

[0117] Various components of system 400 can be provided within an integrated housing in which various components can be interconnected and transmit data therebetween using a suitable connection arrangement 425 (e.g., internal buses as known in the art, including inter-IC (I2C) buses, wiring and printed circuit boards).

[0118] System 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via a communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to transmit and receive data via the communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or network interface card (NIC), and the communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0119] In various examples, wireless networks, such as Wi-Fi networks (e.g., IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)), are used to stream or otherwise provide data to system 400. In these examples, the Wi-Fi signal is received via a communication channel 460 and a communication interface 450 suitable for Wi-Fi communication. The communication channel 460 in these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks, including the Internet, to allow streaming applications and other over-the-top communications. Other examples use a set-top box to provide streaming data to system 400, delivering data via an HDMI connection to input block 445. Still other examples use an RF connection to input block 445 to provide streaming data to system 400. As indicated above, various examples provide data in a non-streaming manner. Furthermore, various examples use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, such as cellular networks or Bluetooth® networks.

[0120] System 400 can provide output signals to various output devices, including display 475, speaker 485, and other peripheral devices 495. Various examples of display 475 include one or more of, for example, touchscreen displays, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, curved displays, and / or foldable displays. Display 475 can be used in televisions, tablet computers, laptop computers, cellular phones (mobile phones), or other devices. Display 475 can also be integrated with other components (e.g., as in a smartphone) or separate (e.g., an external monitor for a laptop computer). In various examples, other peripheral devices 495 include one or more of stand-alone digital video discs (or digital universal discs) (DVDs, for both terms), disk players, stereo systems, and / or lighting systems. Various examples use one or more peripheral devices 495 that provide functionality based on the output of system 400. For example, a disk player performs the function of playing the output of system 400.

[0121] In various examples, signaling (such as AV.Link, Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), or other communication protocols enabling device-to-device control with or without user intervention) is used to transmit control signals between system 400 and display 475, speaker 485, or other peripheral devices 495. Output devices can be communicatively coupled to system 400 via dedicated connections through corresponding interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, output devices can be connected to system 400 via communication interface 450 using communication channel 460. In electronic devices (such as, for example, televisions), display 475 and speaker 485 can be integrated into a single unit with other components of system 400. In various examples, display interface 470 includes display drivers, such as, for example, a timing controller (TCon) chip.

[0122] For example, if the RF section of input 445 is part of a separate set-top box, then display 475 and speaker 485 can alternatively be separated from one or more other components. In various examples where display 475 and speaker 485 are external components, output signals can be provided via dedicated output connections, including, for example, HDMI ports, USB ports, or COMP outputs.

[0123] The example can be executed by computer software implemented via processor 410, or by hardware, or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, the example can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. As a non-limiting example, memory 420 can be of any type suitable for the technical environment and can be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory. As a non-limiting example, processor 410 can be of any type suitable for the technical environment and can encompass one or more of microprocessors, general-purpose computers, special-purpose computers, and processors based on multi-core architectures.

[0124] Various implementations involve decoding. As used herein, “decoding” can encompass all or part of a process performed, for example, on a received encoded sequence to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such a process includes one or more processes typically performed by a decoder, such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding. In various examples, such a process also includes, or alternatively includes, processes performed by the decoders of the various implementations described herein.

[0125] As further examples, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding; in another example, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding; and in yet another example, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to specifically refer to a subset of operations or generally to a broader decoding process will be clear based on the specific descriptive context and is considered well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0126] Various implementations involve encoding. In a manner similar to the discussion above regarding “decoding,” the term “encoding,” as used herein, can encompass all or part of a process performed, for example, on an input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such a process includes one or more processes typically performed by an encoder, such as segmentation, differential coding, transform, quantization, and entropy coding. In various examples, such a process also includes, or alternatively includes, processes performed by encoders of the various implementations described herein.

[0127] As further examples, in one example, "encoding" refers only to entropy encoding; in another example, "encoding" refers only to differential encoding; and in yet another example, "encoding" refers to a combination of differential and entropy encoding. Whether the phrase "encoding process" is intended to specifically refer to a subset of operations or generally to a broader encoding process will be clear based on the specific context of the description and is considered well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0128] Note that the grammatical elements used in this article are descriptive terms. Therefore, they do not preclude the use of other grammatical element names.

[0129] When the accompanying drawings are presented as flowcharts, it should be understood that block diagrams of the corresponding devices are also provided. Similarly, when the accompanying drawings are presented as block diagrams, it should be understood that flowcharts of the corresponding methods / processes are also provided.

[0130] The implementations and aspects described herein can be implemented, for example, in a method or process, apparatus, software program, data stream, or signal. Even if discussed only in the context of a single form of implementation (e.g., discussed only as a method), the implementation of the discussed features can also be implemented in other forms (e.g., apparatus or program). Apparatus can be implemented, for example, in suitable hardware, software, and firmware. Methods can be implemented, for example, in a processor, which generally refers to a processing device, including, for example, a computer, microprocessor, integrated circuit, or programmable logic device. Processors also include communication devices, such as, for example, computers, cellular phones, portable / personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), and other devices that facilitate the transfer of information between end users.

[0131] References to “an example” or “an example” or “an implementation” or “an implementation” and their variations mean that the specific features, structures, characteristics, etc., described in connection with the example are included in at least one example. Therefore, the phrases “in an example” or “in the example” or “in an implementation” or “in the implementation” appearing throughout this application and any other variations do not necessarily refer to the same example.

[0132] Furthermore, this application may relate to "determining" fragments of various information. Determining information may include one or more of, for example, estimation information, calculated information, predicted information, or information retrieved from memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0133] Furthermore, this application may relate to “accessing” fragments of various information. Accessing information may include one or more of the following: receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., retrieving information from memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0134] Furthermore, this application may relate to "receiving" fragments of various information. As with "access," receiving is intended to be a broad term. Receiving information may include one or more of, for example, accessing information or retrieving information (e.g., retrieving information from memory). Moreover, "receiving" is generally referred to in one or more ways during operations such as, for example, storing information, processing information, transmitting information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0135] To be understood, for example, in the cases of “A / B,” “A and / or B,” and “at least one of A and B,” the use of any of the following “ / ,” “and / or,” and “at least one of…” is intended to cover selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or both options (A and B). As a further example, in the cases of “A, B, and / or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C,” such wording is intended to cover selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or only the third listed option (C), or only the first and second listed options (A and B), or only the first and third listed options (A and C), or only the second and third listed options (B and C), or all three options (A, B, and C). As will be clear to those skilled in the art and related fields, this can be extended to as many entries as possible listed.

[0136] Furthermore, among other things, as used herein, the term "signaling" also refers to instructing the corresponding decoder to do something. Encoder signals can include, for example, the number of intensity intervals, the number of model values, granular parameters, granular identifiers, scaling factors, etc. Thus, in the examples, the same parameters are used on both the encoder and decoder sides. Therefore, for example, the encoder can transmit (explicitly signal) a specific parameter to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same specific parameter. Conversely, if the decoder already has the specific parameter as well as other parameters, signaling can be used without transmission (implicitly signaling) to allow only the decoder to know and select the specific parameter. Bit savings are achieved in various examples by avoiding the transmission of any actual functionality. It is important to understand that signaling can be implemented in various ways. For example, in various examples, information is signaled to the corresponding decoder using one or more syntax elements, flags, etc. While the verb form of the term "signaling" has been used above, the word "signal" can also be used as a noun in this text.

[0137] As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, implementations can generate various signals that are formatted to carry, for example, information that can be stored or transmitted. The information may include, for example, instructions for performing a method or data generated by one of the described implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry a bitstream of the described example. Such a signal may be formatted as, for example, electromagnetic waves (e.g., using the radio frequency portion of a spectrum) or as a baseband signal. Formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier wave with the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal may be, for example, analog or digital information. It is well known that signals can be transmitted via a variety of different wired or wireless links. Signals may be stored on, or accessed or received from, a processor-readable medium.

[0138] Numerous examples are described herein. Features of the examples may be provided individually or in any combination across various claim classes and types. Furthermore, examples may include one or more of the features, devices, or aspects described herein individually or in any combination across various claim classes and types. For example, features described herein may be implemented in a bitstream or signal including information generated as described herein. This information may allow a decoder to decode the bitstream, encoder, bitstream, and / or decoder according to any of the described examples. For example, features described herein may be implemented by creating and / or transmitting and / or receiving bitstreams or signals and / or decoding bitstreams or signals. For example, features described herein may be implemented by a method, process, apparatus, medium storing instructions, medium storing data, or signal. For example, features described herein may be implemented by a TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device performing decoding. The TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device may display (e.g., using a monitor, screen, or other type of display) an image obtained (e.g., an image reconstructed from a residual of a video bitstream). The TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device may receive a signal including an encoded image and perform decoding.

[0139] This article may describe one or more features associated with decoder-side intra-mode derivation (DIMD).

[0140] If DIMD is applied, one or more (e.g., up to five) intra-frame patterns can be derived from one or more reconstructed neighboring samples (e.g., by analyzing the directionality of the content surrounding the current block). One or more predictions (e.g., five predictions) can be combined with planar pattern predictions (e.g., with weights derived from the histogram of gradients (HoG)). As illustrated in Figure 5, the HoG can be computed on an L-shaped template (e.g., an L-shaped template with three sample widths / heights) formed by the reconstructed samples. The template can be obtained using a Sobel filter (e.g., accumulating the magnitudes of all gradients in a given direction for samples within the gray area in Figure 5). The direction with the highest accumulated magnitude can be selected as the primary and secondary DIMD patterns. The predictions obtained using the DIMD patterns can be blended to form the final DIMD prediction. Uniform or spatial blending can be used (e.g., in the case of combining DIMD predictions with planar predictions, for example, using weights based on the relative magnitudes of patterns in the histogram of gradients).

[0141] The division in weight derivation can be performed using the same lookup table (LUT)-based integerization scheme used by the Cross Component Linear Model (CCLM). The division in orientation calculation can be described in (4).

[0142] The division operation in orientation calculation can be performed using the following LUT-based schemes in (5), (6), (7) and / or (8): In (9), the following can be used to describe the (e.g., possible) values ​​of DivSigTable.

[0143] For a block of size W×H, for example, if one of the amplitudes of the upper or left histogram is twice that of the other, the weights of the derived patterns (e.g., each of the five derived patterns) can be modified. In this case, the weights can be position-dependent. The weights can be calculated. For example, if the upper histogram is twice the size of the left histogram, the weights can be calculated according to equation (8): For example, if the histogram on the left is twice the size of the histogram on the top, the weights can be calculated according to equation (9): Referring to equations (8) and (9), wDimd i It can be the unmodified uniform weights of DIMD, and ∆ i This can be predefined (e.g., set to 10). The weight of the plane is fixed at 21 / 64 (~1 / 3). The remaining 43 / 64 (~2 / 3) weight can be distributed (shared) among the HoG IPMs (e.g., two HoG IPMs), for example, proportional to the amplitude of their HoG bars, as illustrated in Figure 6.

[0144] Figure 6 illustrates an example technique for deriving prediction blocks.

[0145] Exported intra-frame modes can be included in a primary list of most probable intra-frame modes (MPMs). For example, the DIMD process can be performed before building the MPM list. The primary exported intra-frame modes of a DIMD block can be stored with the block. The primary exported intra-frame modes can be used for building the MPM lists of adjacent blocks.

[0146] The regions of adjacent reconstructed samples (e.g., histograms used to compute gradients) can be based on (e.g., depending on) the availability of one or more reconstructed samples. The region of the decoding reference sample for the current WxH luminance coded block (CB) can extend towards the upper right (e.g., up to W additional columns if available). A CB can be a subset of coded units (CUs) associated with (e.g., related to) a given component. For example, a CU can be and / or can include (e.g., up to) 3 CBs, such as one CB for one component (Y, Cb, and / or Cr components). A luminance CB can be and / or can correspond to a set of luminance coded samples in a given CU. The region of the decoding reference sample for the current WxH luminance CB can extend towards the lower left (e.g., up to H additional rows if available).

[0147] Figure 7 illustrates an example DIMD procedure 700 (e.g., sometimes referred to as a regular DIMD procedure). As shown, at 710, adjacent reconstruction reference samples (e.g., as reference regions) can be obtained and / or derived. At 720, HoG can be obtained and / or derived. At 730, intra-frame modes (e.g., up to five intra-frame modes) can be obtained and / or derived. At 740, one or more DIMD fusion weights can be obtained and / or derived. A prediction can then be constructed.

[0148] This paper may describe one or more features associated with the adaptive reference region DIMD.

[0149] One or more additional (e.g., two additional) DIMD patterns (e.g., DIMD_T and DIMD_L) can allow one or more distinct neighborhoods to be selected as reference regions. In the DIMD_T pattern, the top-left, top, and / or top-right neighborhoods can be used as reference regions. In the DIMD_L pattern, the top-left, left, and / or bottom-left neighborhoods can be used as reference regions. In both DIMD_T and DIMD_L patterns, the number of rows in the reference region can be four. The original DIMD pattern is called DIMD_TL.

[0150] Figure 8 illustrates example reference areas for DIMD (e.g., DIMD_TL), DIMD_T, and DIMD_L modes.

[0151] Within an encoding unit (CU) (e.g., each CU), signaling indications, such as flags (e.g., cu_dimd_mode) (e.g., after the DIMD enable flag cu_dimd_flag), can be sent to determine which DIMD mode to use. Example binary representations of cu_dimd_mode can be summarized in Table 1. cu_dimd_mode binary representation name: 00 DIMD_TL1 10 DIMD_T2 11 DIMD_L Table 1: Binary representation of cu_dimd_mode.

[0152] This paper may describe one or more features associated with DIMD merging. Figure 9 illustrates an example DIMD process 900, such as a histogram (MHoG) based on the gradient of the merge.

[0153] If DIMD merging is used, the DIMD information extracted from one or more neighboring blocks can be used, for example, to compute intra-prediction for the current block. MHoG (e.g., HoG based on neighboring blocks) can be computed for the current block. One or more neighboring blocks encoded with DIMD and / or DIMD merging can be considered (e.g., only neighboring blocks encoded with DIMD and / or DIMD merging can be considered) (e.g., as illustrated at 930).

[0154] If a DIMD or a DIMD-merged adjacent block (e.g., a single DIMD or a DIMD-merged adjacent block) is available, its gradient histogram can be used to form the MHoG for the current block. If more than one DIMD and / or a DIMD-merged adjacent block is available, one or more corresponding histograms can be combined (e.g., by bin amplitude averaging) to obtain and / or derive the MHoG (as illustrated at 940).

[0155] MHoG can be used to compute intra-frame prediction modes and weights (e.g., as in conventional DIMD). Directional modes and / or weights corresponding to N (e.g., N=5) highest amplitudes in the MHoG can be obtained and / or selected (e.g., as illustrated at 950). As illustrated at 960, the corresponding predictions can be blended (e.g., as in conventional DIMD).

[0156] DIMD merging may be available if the current block has at least one neighboring block encoded with DIMD and / or DIMD merge (e.g., available only if the current block has at least one neighboring block encoded with DIMD and / or DIMD merge) (as illustrated at 920). In this case, the use of DIMD merge may be signaled (e.g., a CU-level flag and / or indication encoded with CABAC). A CABAC context may be included to support the encoding of the DIMD merge flag and / or indication. In terms of signaling, DIMD merge may be considered a sub-mode of DIMD. For example, if DIMDflag = 1 and if there are neighboring CUs encoded with DIMD and / or DIMD merge, the DIMD merge flag and / or indication may be signaled (e.g., signaled only).

[0157] DIMD export can be configured with filtered templates.

[0158] The template filtering method for DIMD mode can be configured. For example, the template can be filtered, for instance, using a 3×3 filter operator before obtaining the gradient histogram. If the gradient is computed, one or more different gradient operators (e.g., 3×2 and / or 2×3 gradient operators) can be used (e.g., instead of the 3×3 filter and / or other than the 3×3 filter).

[0159] In the example, the template can be filtered using a 3×3 filter operator, as described in (10).

[0160] In the example, the 3x3 Sobel gradient operator as depicted in (11) can be used, for example, to determine the HoG in the template.

[0161] and In the example, in addition to the 3x3 Sobel gradient operator and / or instead of the 3x3 Sobel gradient operator, the 3x2 and 2x3 gradient operators depicted in (12) and (13) can be used for gradient histogram derivation of the left and top templates, respectively.

[0162] and and Figure 10 illustrates an example sample set using the 3x2 and 2x3 gradient operators depicted in (12) and (13) described herein. In the example, circles filled with stripes or dots can be used to filter using a 3x3 window. Circles filled with dots can be used to obtain and / or derive gradient histograms with 2x3 or 3x2 windows. The location circled in bold may be the center of the convolution. Signals, such as flags, can be used to indicate whether the template is being filtered.

[0163] The DIMD methods described herein (e.g., the DIMD merging method illustrated in Figure 7 and the template filtering of the DIMD method depicted in (10)) can be combined. For example, the DIMD methods described herein can be combined to increase efficiency (e.g., benefiting from coding efficiency improvements from the DIMD merging method without increasing encoder complexity). The combination of DIMD methods described herein can provide gains in compression performance and / or also add one or more options regarding how to perform DIMD predictions for a given block in rate-distortion optimization at the encoder side. The combined use of DIMD methods as described herein may further increase encoder complexity (e.g., this is undesirable). Since the DIMD methods (e.g., each of the DIMD methods) provide two options to the encoder, the combination of DIMD methods described herein can, for example, provide four options in the rate-distortion optimization (RDO) process.

[0164] This document may describe one or more exemplary methods for combining the DIMD merging method described herein (e.g., illustrated in Figure 7) and the template filtering method of the DIMD merging method described herein (e.g., depicted in (10)). One or more examples may be configured, and one or more variant examples as described herein may be provided.

[0165] In the example, the template filtering and DIMD merging modes described herein can be configured to be mutually exclusive. For example, the template filtering method described herein (e.g., depicted in (10)) can be allowed (e.g., only allowed) in an intra-frame block, for example, which is not encoded in DIMD merging mode.

[0166] For the parsing and / or decoding process, if the indication indicating the use of DIMD merging (e.g., a signaling flag) is true, the indication indicating the use of template filtering (e.g., a flag) that indicates the use of template filtering described herein (e.g., depicted in (10)) can be skipped (e.g., not signaled) in the encoded bitstream (e.g., video data), and / or can be inferred to be false by the decoder.

[0167] In addition to and / or alternatively, if an indication of the use of an indicator template filter (e.g., a signaling flag) is used, an indication of the use of a DIMD merge mode (e.g., a flag) may be skipped (e.g., no signaling) in the encoded bitstream (e.g., video data) and / or may be inferred as false by the decoder.

[0168] The encoder can select and / or obtain (e.g., choose) between DIMD merging, DIMD (e.g., regular DIMD), and template filtering. For example, compared to the four options of a combination method as described herein (e.g., simple combination), the encoder's selection can be configured to (e.g., limited) three options.

[0169] In the example, the DIMD merging mode may employ one or more adjacent blocks that do not employ the template filtering described herein (as depicted in (10)), for example, to compute the MHog of the current block.

[0170] Normative rules regarding permitted DIMD merge modes may apply. For example, if at least one adjacent block employs a DIMD mode without template filtering and / or a DIMD merge mode, then the DIMD merge mode may be permitted (e.g., only permitted).

[0171] It is possible to configure the system to use DIMD merging and template filtering in combination.

[0172] Signals (e.g., a single flag) can be sent to indicate the combined use of DIMD merging mode and template filtering.

[0173] For example, if the signal indication (e.g., a flag that signals) is true, then DIMD merge mode and template filtering (e.g., both DIMD merge mode and template filtering) can be used.

[0174] If the signaling indication (e.g., the signaling flag) is false, then DIMD merge mode and template filtering (if there is no DIMD merge mode and template filtering) can be skipped (e.g., can be left unused).

[0175] In the example, if the indication (e.g., a flag) is true and there are no adjacent blocks in the DIMD mode, template filtering can be applied, for example, without the need for the DIMD merge method.

[0176] In DIMD merging mode, template filtering can be configured for system use.

[0177] In the example, when using DIMD merge mode, template filtering in the current DIMD block can be applied (e.g., system application).

[0178] For example, the encoder can select and / or obtain (e.g., choose) between DIMD merging, DIMD (e.g., regular DIMD), and template filtering. For example, compared to the four options when DIMD merging and filtering methods are combined (e.g., a simple combination as described herein), the encoder's selection can be configured to (e.g., a limited number) of three options.

[0179] In the example, prescriptive configurations can be applied. For instance, neighboring blocks that employ template filtering in the computation of the MHoG of the current block can be used (e.g., only).

[0180] In the example, a canonical configuration (e.g., a second canonical configuration) regarding the allowed DIMD merge modes may apply. For example, if at least one neighboring block employs a DIMD mode with template filtering and / or a DIMD merge mode, then the DIMD merge mode may be allowed (e.g., only allowed).

[0181] Template filtering can be configured based on the DIMD merging mode.

[0182] One or more template samples in the second row (e.g., the dot-filled circle samples illustrated in Figure 10) and / or one or more template samples in the third row (e.g., far from the current block boundary) can undergo the template filtering process as described herein.

[0183] For example, if the DIMD merging mode is used for the current intra-frame block, then template samples from the same row can be used for filtering.

[0184] In the example, the second row template sample, which is far from the current block boundary, can be filtered (e.g., only the second row template sample). In the example, in the current block where DIMD merging and template filtering are active, one or more adjacent DIMD blocks (e.g., only adjacent DIMD blocks) can be configured (e.g., consider) to filter the second row for it.

[0185] In the example, the template sample of the third row, which is far from the boundary of the current block, can be filtered (e.g., only the template sample of the third row). In the example, in the current block where DIMD merging and template filtering are active, one or more adjacent DIMD blocks (e.g., only adjacent DIMD blocks) can be configured (e.g., consider) to filter the third row for it.

[0186] It can adaptively select DIMD merging of adjacent blocks based on template filtering.

[0187] For example, in DIMD merge mode, the template filtering used can be the same as that used for most neighboring blocks in the MHog computation of the current block (e.g., it can always be the same).

[0188] As described herein, the encoder can select and / or obtain (e.g., choose) between DIMD merging, DIMD (e.g., regular DIMD), and template filtering. For example, compared to the four options of a combination method as described herein (e.g., simple combination), the encoder's selection can be configured to (e.g., limited) three options.

[0189] It is permissible (e.g., conditionally permissible) for DIMD merge mode to use template filtering to adaptively select the template filtering state for adjacent blocks in DIMD merge.

[0190] In DIMD merge mode, one or more neighboring blocks used for MHoG computation (e.g., only neighboring blocks) can use the same filtering mode (e.g., on or off) as the current block.

[0191] Template filtering can be used to signal (e.g., by using indicators and / or flags). DIMD merging modes are permitted (e.g., specification-permitted) if there is at least one DIMD neighboring block with the same template filtering usage indicator (such as a flag) as the current DIMD block.

[0192] Although the features and elements have been described above in specific combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone or in combination with other features and elements. Furthermore, the methods described herein can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated into a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted via wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as internal hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROMs and Digital Universal Discs (DVDs)). The processor associated with the software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. An apparatus for video decoding, the apparatus comprising: processor, It is configured to: determine the intra-mode export (DIMD) merging mode for the block-enabled decoder side; Based on the determination of the block-enabled DIMD merging mode, it is inferred that the template filtering mode is disabled; And the block is decoded based on the DIMD merging mode.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the block is a first block, and wherein the processor is configured to: determine that a DIMD merging mode is disabled for the second block; and based on the determination that a DIMD merging mode is disabled for the second block, obtain a template filtering mode enable indication in video data, wherein the template filtering mode enable indication is configured to indicate whether a template filtering mode is enabled for the second block. Based on the template filter mode enable indication, determine the enabled template filter mode for the second block; And based on the determination of the enabled template filtering mode for the second block, the second block is decoded based on the template filtering mode.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to: obtain a DIMD merge mode enable indication in video data, wherein the DIMD merge mode enable indication is configured to indicate whether a DIMD merge mode is enabled for the block, and the determination of enabling a DIMD merge mode for the block is based on a DIMD merge mode enable indication associated with the block.

4. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the block is a first block, and wherein the processor is configured to: determine an enabled template filtering mode for the third block; infer a disabled DIMD merging mode for the third block based on the determination of the enabled template filtering mode for the third block; and decode the third block based on the template filtering mode.

5. A method for video decoding, the method comprising: Determine the intra-mode export (DIMD) merging mode for the block-enabled decoder side; Based on the determination of the block-enabled DIMD merging mode, it is inferred that the template filtering mode is disabled; And the block is decoded based on the DIMD merging mode.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the block is a first block, and wherein the method comprises: DIMD merge mode is disabled for the second block; Based on the determination that the second block of the DIMD merging mode is disabled, a template filter mode enable indication is obtained in the video data, wherein the template filter mode enable indication is configured to indicate whether the template filter mode is enabled for the second block. Based on the template filter mode enable indication, determine the enabled template filter mode for the second block; And based on the determination of the enabled template filtering mode for the second block, the second block is decoded based on the template filtering mode.

7. The method according to claim 5 or claim 6, wherein the method comprises: Obtain a DIMD merge mode enable indication in the video data, wherein the DIMD merge mode enable indication is configured to indicate whether a DIMD merge mode is enabled for the block, and the determination of enabling a DIMD merge mode for the block is based on the DIMD merge mode enable indication associated with the block.

8. The method according to any one of claims 5-7, wherein the block is a first block, and wherein the method comprises: Determine the enabling template filtering mode for the third block; Based on the determination of the enabled template filtering mode for the third block, it is inferred that the DIMD merging mode is disabled for the third block. And the third block is decoded based on the template filtering mode.

9. An apparatus for video encoding, the apparatus comprising: processor, It is configured to: determine the block and associate it with the decoder-side intra-mode export (DIMD) merge mode; Based on the determination of the association between the block and the DIMD merging mode, the template filtering mode is disabled; and the block is encoded based on the DIMD merging mode.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to include a DIMD merge mode enable indication in the video data, wherein the DIMD merge mode enable indication is configured to indicate whether a DIMD merge mode is enabled for the block.

11. The apparatus of claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the block is a first block, and wherein the processor is configured to: determine that the second block is not associated with a DIMD merging mode; and, based on the determination that the second block is not associated with a DIMD merging mode, determine whether to enable a template filtering mode for the second block; Based on the determination of the enabling template filtering mode for the second block, the second block is encoded based on the template filtering mode; And include a template filter mode enable indicator in the video data, wherein the template filter mode enable indicator is configured to indicate whether the template filter mode is enabled for the second block.

12. The apparatus according to any one of claims 9-11, wherein the block is a first block, and wherein the processor is configured to: determine that a third block is associated with a template filtering mode; disable the DIMD merging mode for the third block based on the determination that the template filtering mode is associated with the third block; and encode the third block based on the template filtering mode.

13. A method for video encoding, the method comprising: The block is associated with the decoder-side intra-mode export (DIMD) merge mode; Based on the determination of the association between the block and the DIMD merging mode, the template filtering mode is disabled; And the block is encoded based on the DIMD merging mode.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the method comprises: The video data includes a DIMD merge mode enable indicator, which is configured to indicate whether the DIMD merge mode is enabled for the block.

15. The method of claim 13 or claim 14, wherein the block is a first block, and wherein the method comprises: Determine that the second block is not associated with the DIMD merging mode; based on the determination that the second block is not associated with the DIMD merging mode, determine whether to enable the template filtering mode for the second block; Based on the determination of the enabling template filtering mode for the second block, the second block is encoded based on the template filtering mode; And include a template filter mode enable indicator in the video data, wherein the template filter mode enable indicator is configured to indicate whether the template filter mode is enabled for the second block.

16. The method according to any one of claims 13-15, wherein the block is a first block, and wherein the method comprises: The third block is identified as being associated with the template filtering mode; Based on the determination of the association between the template filtering mode and the third block, the DIMD merging mode is disabled for the third block; And the third block is encoded based on the template filtering pattern.

17. A computer-readable medium comprising instructions for video decoding, the instructions causing one or more processors to perform the method of any one of claims 5-8.

18. Video data comprising information representing the current block decoded by the method according to any one of claims 5-8.

19. A computer-readable medium comprising instructions for video encoding, the instructions causing one or more processors to perform the method of any one of claims 13-16.

20. Video data comprising information representing the current block encoded by the method according to any one of claims 13-16.

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