Oil sludge adhesion prevention coating slurry for ship heavy oil tank and preparation method of oil sludge adhesion prevention coating slurry
By combining modified acrylic resin and functional fillers, an anti-sludge coating slurry was prepared, which solved the problem of difficult-to-clean sludge in the heavy oil tanks of ships and achieved efficient and safe sludge prevention and removal.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- SHANGHAI CHINA SHIPBUILDING MATERIALS ENG CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-12-19
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-08
AI Technical Summary
Oil sludge in ship heavy oil tanks is difficult to clean manually. Existing technologies are costly, inefficient, and pose safety risks. Moreover, oil sludge is difficult to remove once it adheres to the oil storage tank.
A slurry coating material with anti-sludge adhesion, anti-sludge adhesion, and scratch-resistant properties was prepared by using modified acrylic resin, anti-sludge adhesion filler, and scratch-resistant filler, combined with a photoinitiator. The coating is cured at room temperature and has excellent anti-sludge adhesion, scratch resistance, and oil resistance.
It effectively prevents sludge adhesion, reduces the difficulty of manual cleaning, improves work efficiency, and has excellent coating performance, making it suitable for both newly built and in-service oil storage tanks.
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Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention belongs to the field of marine heavy oil sludge cleaning technology, specifically relating to an anti-sludge adhesion coating slurry for marine heavy oil tanks and its preparation method. Background Technology
[0002] Heavy oil is the most widely used type of marine fuel oil. It is mainly made from cracked petroleum residue oil and straight-run residue oil. It is a dark brown, viscous, flammable liquid and is a relatively heavy residual product after gasoline, kerosene, and diesel are separated from crude oil during petroleum processing.
[0003] During the extraction, transportation, refining, and long-term storage of petroleum, various mechanical and mineral impurities, such as metal shavings, fibrous materials, soil, gravel, and heavy metal salts, become mixed in. During use, petroleum undergoes oxidation with oxygen in the air and thermal decomposition at high temperatures, altering its physicochemical properties and aging to produce acids, gums, coke, and asphaltenes. Furthermore, petroleum itself contains waxes, gums, and asphaltenes with large molecular weights and high melting points, which, along with the mechanical and mineral impurities, settle and accumulate at the bottom of ship oil tanks, forming a viscous, gelatinous layer known as sludge.
[0004] The presence of sludge in oil storage tanks poses numerous hazards. For example, the accumulation of water and salts in the sludge accelerates the corrosion of the tank floor and other equipment, impacting the tank's service life, oil quality, and effective volume. Furthermore, increased sludge and moisture at the bottom of the tank can lead to static electricity buildup, increasing the likelihood of electrostatic discharge accidents.
[0005] Therefore, to ensure safe operation and reduce safety hazards, the oil tanks of ships need to be cleaned regularly during their service life, including cleaning the sludge at the bottom of the tanks and the tank walls. Furthermore, as the service life of ships increases, the cleaning issue becomes increasingly prominent.
[0006] However, due to the complex internal structure and limited space of ship heavy oil tanks, cleaning the oil sludge inside these tanks is a necessary, dangerous, and complex task with extremely low mechanization, relying mainly on manual shoveling. This purely manual cleaning method is physically demanding for workers, posing risks to their safety; for companies, this traditional method is costly, inefficient, and carries numerous safety and environmental risks.
[0007] To address the challenges of removing and cleaning oil sludge from ship heavy oil tanks, there is an urgent need to develop a coating material that prevents oil sludge adhesion, while also possessing oil resistance, scratch resistance, and room temperature curing properties. The performance of the anti-oil sludge coating slurry plays a decisive role in the overall performance of the coating. Summary of the Invention
[0008] The purpose of this invention is to provide an anti-oil sludge coating slurry for ship heavy oil tanks and its preparation method. The slurry not only prevents oil sludge adhesion but also has excellent oil resistance, scratch resistance, and room temperature curing properties, thereby solving the problem in the prior art that oil sludge adhering to oil storage tanks is difficult to remove manually and clean.
[0009] To achieve the objective of this invention, the technical solution is as follows: The present invention discloses a slurry for an anti-sludge coating for marine heavy oil tanks, comprising the following raw materials in the indicated mass fractions: 30%–60% modified acrylic resin, 10%–40% anti-sludge functional filler, 10%–40% scratch-resistant functional filler, and 5%–20% photoinitiator; wherein the anti-sludge functional filler is modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK), or a mixture of at least one of modified polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU), and thermoplastic rubber elastomer (TPE) with modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK); The modified acrylic resin is at least one of organosilicon-modified aliphatic polyurethane acrylic resin, organosilicon-modified hydroxyl acrylic resin, organofluorine-modified aliphatic polyurethane acrylic resin, and / or organofluorine-modified hydroxyl acrylic resin; the organosilicon-modified aliphatic polyurethane acrylic resin has a number average molecular weight of 8000-15000 and a silicon content of 5%-12% by mass, for example, JZ-9910 from Jiazhi Xinno; the organosilicon-modified hydroxyl acrylic resin has a number average molecular weight of 10000-20000 and a silicon content of 3%-8% by mass, for example, JZ-9522 from Jiazhi Xinno; the organofluorine-modified aliphatic polyurethane acrylic resin has a number average molecular weight of 9000-16000 and a fluorine content of 4%-10% by mass, for example, TF-6200 from Mitsui Chemicals; the organofluorine-modified hydroxyl acrylic resin has a number average molecular weight of 11000-22000 and a fluorine content of 3%-9% by mass, for example, WE-D877CR from Jiazhi Xinno. The modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a PEEK powder modified with a silane coupling agent (e.g., KH-550) and plasma treatment, with an average particle size of 200–500 mesh, such as Vigus 450G; the modified polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) is a PPS powder modified with a titanate coupling agent (e.g., NDZ-101) and high-speed shear dispersion, with an average particle size of 150–400 mesh, such as Polyplastics 1140A6; the thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer is a polyurethane elastomer (TPU) powder modified with an isocyanate modifier and melt blending, with an average particle size of 100–300 mesh, such as BASF 1185A; the thermoplastic rubber elastomer is a thermoplastic rubber elastomer (TPE) powder modified with a maleic anhydride graft modifier and twin-screw extrusion blending, with an average particle size of 120–350 mesh, such as Kraton Polymers G1650.
[0010] The anti-sludge adhesion mechanism of the aforementioned anti-sludge functional filler is as follows: the modified filler surface forms low surface energy groups (such as siloxane groups, ester groups, etc.), which can reduce the interfacial adhesion between the coating surface and the sludge; at the same time, materials such as PEEK and PPS have excellent oil resistance and chemical stability, which can resist the erosion of acid and gum components in heavy oil and prevent the filler itself from being encapsulated by sludge; the elastic properties of TPU and TPE can improve the smoothness and flexibility of the coating surface and reduce the accumulation and retention of sludge on the coating surface.
[0011] The scratch-resistant filler is one or more of the following: metallic manganese powder, modified silicon carbide powder, stainless steel powder, and aluminum powder, with an average particle size of 100-400 mesh. The modified silicon carbide powder is silicon carbide powder modified with a silane coupling agent (e.g., KH-560) to improve dispersibility and bonding with the resin, and has an average particle size of 150-350 mesh, such as JM-800 from Shandong Jinmeng New Materials Co., Ltd. This type of filler possesses high hardness characteristics (e.g., silicon carbide Mohs hardness 9.2, metallic manganese hardness 170HB), which can enhance the surface wear resistance and impact resistance of the coating, resisting mechanical scratches during material loading and unloading and equipment maintenance in ship heavy oil tanks.
[0012] The photoinitiator is 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone or / and 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone. Under room temperature light, the photoinitiator absorbs light energy and decomposes to generate free radicals, which initiate the polymerization reaction of double bonds in the film-forming resin, thereby achieving room temperature curing of the coating without the need for additional heating equipment, which is suitable for on-site construction needs of in-service oil storage tanks on ships.
[0013] The preparation method of the anti-sludge coating slurry for ship heavy oil tanks according to the present invention includes the following steps: slowly adding the anti-sludge adhesion functional filler, scratch-resistant functional filler and photoinitiator to the modified acrylic resin, stirring to disperse it evenly, and obtaining a mixed slurry; putting the mixed slurry into a grinding mill for fine grinding to a fineness of no more than 30 μm; filtering with a 100-200 mesh filter to obtain the anti-sludge adhesion coating slurry.
[0014] Preferably, before use, the anti-oil sludge adhesion functional filler and the scratch-resistant functional filler are dried at 80-100℃ for 2-4 hours to remove moisture.
[0015] Preferably, the mixed slurry is ground using a horizontal sand mill, with 0.8-1.2 mm zirconium beads as the grinding media and a grinding temperature of 25-40°C.
[0016] The present invention discloses a slurry for preventing sludge adhesion in marine heavy oil tanks. When using the slurry, it is stirred evenly and sprayed onto the surface of a substrate that has been sandblasted (Sa2.5 grade, sandblasting can enhance the surface roughness of the substrate and improve the adhesion of the coating) using a high-pressure airless spraying method. The spraying thickness is 80-120μm, and the film is cured at room temperature (15-35℃) and under natural light for 24-48 hours.
[0017] Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention are: The slurry for preventing oil sludge adhesion of the present invention has excellent anti-oil sludge adhesion, scratch resistance, oil resistance and room temperature curing properties. It can effectively prevent the adhesion of oil sludge in the heavy oil tanks of ships, reduce the difficulty of manual removal of oil sludge and improve work efficiency. The slurry preparation process is simple and easy to realize industrial production. The slurry has wide applicability and can be used for both newly built ship oil storage tanks and maintenance of in-service oil storage tanks. Detailed Implementation
[0018] Those skilled in the art should recognize that this embodiment is only used to illustrate the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any changes or modifications to the embodiment within the scope of the present invention are within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
[0019] Example 1 A slurry for preventing sludge adhesion in marine heavy oil tanks is made from raw materials comprising the following mass fractions: 30% modified acrylic resin, 40% anti-sludge adhesion functional filler, 10% scratch-resistant functional filler, and 20% photoinitiator; wherein the modified acrylic resin is composed of a mixture of silicone-modified polyurethane acrylic resin (JZ-9910 from Jiazhixinno, number average molecular weight 12000, silicone content 8%) and silicone-modified hydroxyl acrylic resin (JZ-9522 from Jiazhixinno, number average molecular weight 15000, silicone content 5%) in a mass ratio of 2:1; the anti-sludge adhesion functional filler is composed of modified polyetheretherketone powder (Vigrus 450G, average particle size 300 mesh, with silane coupling agent KH-550). +Plasma modified) and modified polyphenylene sulfide powder (Polyplastics 1140A6, average particle size 200 mesh, modified by titanate coupling agent NDZ-101 + high-speed shear) are mixed in a mass ratio of 3:1; Scratch-resistant functional filler: made by mixing manganese metal powder (average particle size 200 mesh) and modified silicon carbide (Shandong Jinmeng JM-800, average particle size 250 mesh, modified by silane coupling agent KH-560) in a mass ratio of 3:1; Photoinitiator: 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone.
[0020] The preparation process of the slurry for the anti-sludge adhesion coating of marine heavy oil tanks includes the following steps: drying the anti-sludge adhesion functional filler and the scratch-resistant functional filler at 90℃ for 3 hours to remove moisture; slowly adding the dried anti-sludge adhesion functional filler, scratch-resistant functional filler and photoinitiator into the modified acrylic resin, and stirring for 50 minutes at a speed of 1200 r / min to disperse it evenly and obtain a mixed slurry; putting the mixed slurry into a horizontal sand mill (grinding media is 1.0 mm zirconium beads), controlling the grinding temperature at 30℃, and grinding until the fineness of the slurry is controlled at 25 μm; filtering the ground slurry with a 150 mesh filter to remove impurities and obtain the anti-sludge adhesion coating slurry.
[0021] Table 1. Raw material composition of Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-4, % Example 2 A slurry for preventing sludge adhesion in marine heavy oil tanks is made from raw materials comprising the following mass fractions: 40% modified acrylic resin, 30% anti-sludge adhesion functional filler, 15% scratch-resistant functional filler, and 15% photoinitiator; wherein the modified acrylic resin is silicone-modified polyurethane acrylic resin (Jiazhixinno JZ-9910, number average molecular weight 12000, silicone content 8%); the anti-sludge adhesion functional filler is modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK) (Victorus 450G, average particle size 300 mesh); the scratch-resistant functional filler is a mixture of manganese metal powder (average particle size 200 mesh) and modified silicon carbide (Shandong Jinmeng JM-800, average particle size 250 mesh) in a mass ratio of 1:1; the additive is 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone. The preparation method is the same as in Example 1.
[0022] Example 3 A slurry for preventing sludge adhesion in marine heavy oil tanks is made from raw materials comprising the following mass fractions: 50% modified acrylic resin, 20% anti-sludge adhesion functional filler, 10% scratch-resistant functional filler, and 20% photoinitiator; wherein the modified acrylic resin is composed of a 1:1 mass ratio of silicone-modified polyurethane acrylic resin (Jiazhixinno JZ-9910, number average molecular weight 12000, silicone content 8%) and fluorine-modified hydroxyl acrylic resin (Jiazhixinno WE-D877CR, number average molecular weight 18000, fluorine content 6%); the anti-sludge adhesion functional filler is composed of modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK). The following components were mixed in a mass ratio of 2:1:1: (Victrex 450G, 300 mesh), thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer TPU powder (BASF 1185A, 200 mesh, modified with diisocyanate block), and thermoplastic rubber elastomer TPE powder (Kreteng G1650, 250 mesh, maleic anhydride grafted modification); scratch-resistant filler: a mixture of manganese powder (200 mesh), aluminum powder (250 mesh), and stainless steel powder (200 mesh) in a mass ratio of 2:1:1; photoinitiator: a mixture of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone and 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone in a mass ratio of 1:1. The preparation method was the same as in Example 1.
[0023] Example 4 A slurry for preventing sludge adhesion in marine heavy oil tanks is made from raw materials comprising the following mass fractions: 55% modified acrylic resin, 25% anti-sludge adhesion functional filler, 10% scratch-resistant functional filler, and 10% photoinitiator. The modified acrylic resin is composed of organosilicon-modified polyurethane acrylic resin (Jiazhixinno JZ-9910, molecular weight 12000) and organofluorine-modified hydroxyl acrylic resin (Jiazhixinno WE-D877CR, molecular weight 18000) mixed in a mass ratio of 3:2; the anti-oil sludge adhesion functional filler is composed of modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK) powder (Viggus 450G, 300 mesh) and thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) powder (BASF 1185A, 200 mesh) mixed in a mass ratio of 3:1; the scratch-resistant functional filler is composed of modified silicon carbide (Shandong Jinmeng JM-800, 250 mesh) and stainless steel powder (200 mesh) mixed in a mass ratio of 2:1; the photoinitiator is 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone. The preparation method is the same as in Example 1.
[0024] Comparative Example 1 Compared to Example 2, the anti-sludge adhesion functional filler was removed (addition amount 0%), and the scratch-resistant functional filler was increased to 45%. Other raw materials and preparation methods were the same as in Example 2. The purpose was to verify the necessity of the anti-sludge adhesion functional filler for the anti-sludge adhesion performance of the coating.
[0025] Comparative Example 2 Compared to Example 2, the scratch-resistant functional filler was removed (addition amount 0%), and the anti-sludge adhesion functional filler was increased to 45%, while other raw materials and preparation methods remained the same as in Example 2. The purpose was to verify the necessity of the scratch-resistant functional filler for the scratch resistance performance of the coating.
[0026] Comparative Example 3 Compared to Example 3, unmodified polyetheretherketone powder (Solvay's KT-820) was used instead of modified PEEK, while other raw materials and preparation methods remained the same as in Example 3. The purpose was to verify the effect of filler modification on the overall performance of the coating (compatibility, anti-sludge adhesion).
[0027] Comparative Example 4 Compared to Example 3, the amount of anti-sludge adhesion functional filler was reduced to 10%, while other raw materials and preparation methods remained the same as in Example 3. The purpose was to verify the effect of the proportion of anti-sludge adhesion functional filler added on the coating.
[0028] Test Experiment Example The slurries prepared in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-4 were applied to sandblasted steel plates (Sa2.5 grade) using high-pressure airless spraying, with a coating thickness of 100 μm. The coatings were then cured at room temperature (25°C) under light for 48 hours to form a film. The film was tested, and the results are shown in Table 2.
[0029] Adhesion: Tested according to the method specified in GB / T9286 (cross-cut test), the grade is divided into 0 to 5 (0 is the best and 5 is the worst).
[0030] Resistance to oil sludge adhesion: Refer to GB / T 9780 method (immerse the coated sample in simulated heavy oil sludge (heavy oil + 10% colloid + 5% mechanical impurities) for 7 days, and observe the amount of oil sludge residue after removal, and classify it as excellent (no residue), good (small amount of residue, which can be removed by light wiping), fair (a lot of residue, which needs to be wiped off with force), and poor (stubborn residue, which cannot be wiped off).
[0031] Scratch resistance: The coating surface was rubbed 2000 times under a load of 1kg of 0000# steel wool, and the condition was observed. It was divided into excellent (no scratches), good (slight scratches, not obvious), fair (obvious scratches, no exposed substrate), and poor (scratches exposed substrate).
[0032] Impact resistance: Tested according to the method specified in GB / T1732 (falling ball impact method), the unit is cm (the larger the value, the better the impact resistance).
[0033] Abrasion resistance: Tested according to the method specified in GB / T 23988 (Taber abrasion test), with the unit being L / μm (the higher the value, the better the abrasion resistance).
[0034] Table 2. Coating performance test results of Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-4 As can be seen from Table 2, the sludge adhesion resistance of Examples 1 to 4 all reached "Good" or above, the scratch resistance reached "Good" or above, and the adhesion was all Grade 1 (Excellent), with balanced overall performance. Among them, Example 3, due to the use of organic fluorine modified resin + multi-component modified filler, has the best wear resistance (3.0L / μm) and impact strength (50cm), and the sludge adhesion resistance and scratch resistance are both "Excellent", which is the preferred solution of the present invention.
[0035] Comparative Example 1 (without anti-sludge filler): The anti-sludge adhesion performance is only "average", proving that the anti-sludge adhesion filler is the core component to improve the anti-sludge performance of the coating. Without it, the coating cannot meet the requirements of heavy oil tanks on ships.
[0036] Comparative Example 2 (without scratch-resistant filler): Scratch resistance dropped to "average" and abrasion resistance was only 1.5 L / μm, proving that scratch-resistant filler is crucial for the mechanical protection performance of the coating. Without it, the coating is easily scratched, leading to sludge seeping into the substrate.
[0037] Comparative Example 3 (unmodified filler): Adhesion dropped to level 2, and resistance to sludge adhesion was "average". This proves that filler modification treatment can effectively improve compatibility with resin and interfacial bonding. Unmodified filler is prone to agglomeration, which leads to a decrease in coating performance.
[0038] Comparative Example 4 (low proportion of anti-oil sludge filler): The resistance to oil sludge adhesion is "average", proving that the filler for anti-oil sludge adhesion function needs to be controlled within a reasonable range of 10% to 40% (preferably 20% to 35%). If the proportion is too low, an effective low surface energy coating cannot be formed, and the anti-oil sludge effect will fail.
[0039] In summary, the anti-oil sludge slurry of the present invention significantly improves the coating's resistance to oil sludge adhesion and scratch resistance, thereby achieving the requirements of preventing heavy oil sludge adhesion and scratch resistance.
Claims
1. A slurry for preventing oil sludge adhesion in marine heavy oil tanks, characterized in that, It is made from raw materials comprising the following mass fractions: 30%–60% modified acrylic resin, 10%–40% anti-oil sludge adhesion functional filler, 10%–40% scratch-resistant functional filler, and 5%–20% photoinitiator; wherein the anti-oil sludge adhesion functional filler is modified polyetheretherketone, or a mixture of at least one of modified polyphenylene sulfide, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, and thermoplastic rubber elastomer with modified polyetheretherketone.
2. The slurry for preventing oil sludge adhesion in ship heavy oil tanks according to claim 1, characterized in that, The modified acrylic resin is at least one of the following: organosilicon-modified aliphatic polyurethane acrylic resin, organosilicon-modified hydroxyl acrylic resin, organofluorine-modified aliphatic polyurethane acrylic resin, and / or organofluorine-modified hydroxyl acrylic resin.
3. The slurry for preventing oil sludge adhesion in ship heavy oil tanks according to claim 2, characterized in that, The organosilicon-modified aliphatic polyurethane acrylic resin has a number average molecular weight of 8,000–15,000 and a silicon content of 5%–12% by mass; the organosilicon-modified hydroxyl acrylic resin has a number average molecular weight of 10,000–20,000 and a silicon content of 3%–8% by mass; the organofluorine-modified aliphatic polyurethane acrylic resin has a number average molecular weight of 9,000–16,000 and a fluorine content of 4%–10% by mass; and the organofluorine-modified hydroxyl acrylic resin has a number average molecular weight of 11,000–22,000 and a fluorine content of 3%–9% by mass.
4. The slurry for preventing oil sludge adhesion in ship heavy oil tanks according to claim 1, characterized in that, The modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a PEEK powder modified with a silane coupling agent and plasma treatment, with an average particle size of 200–500 mesh; the modified polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) is a PPS powder modified with a titanate coupling agent and high-speed shear dispersion, with an average particle size of 150–400 mesh; the thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer is a polyurethane elastomer powder modified with an isocyanate modifier and melt blending, with an average particle size of 100–300 mesh; the thermoplastic rubber elastomer is a thermoplastic rubber elastomer powder modified with a maleic anhydride graft modifier and twin-screw extrusion blending, with an average particle size of 120–350 mesh.
5. The slurry for preventing oil sludge adhesion in marine heavy oil tanks according to claim 1, characterized in that, The scratch-resistant functional filler is one or more of the following: metallic manganese powder, modified silicon carbide powder, stainless steel powder, and aluminum powder, with an average particle size of 100-400 mesh.
6. The slurry for preventing oil sludge adhesion in marine heavy oil tanks according to claim 1, characterized in that, The photoinitiator is 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone or / and 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone.
7. The method for preparing the slurry for the anti-oil sludge coating for ship heavy oil tanks according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: The anti-oil sludge adhesion functional filler, scratch-resistant functional filler, and photoinitiator are slowly added to the modified acrylic resin and stirred to disperse them evenly to obtain a mixed slurry. The mixed slurry is then fed into a grinder for fine grinding until the fineness is no greater than 30 μm. The slurry for the anti-oil sludge adhesion coating is obtained by filtering it through a 100-200 mesh filter.
8. The method for preparing the slurry for the anti-oil sludge coating of a ship's heavy oil tank according to claim 7, characterized in that, Before use, the anti-oil sludge adhesion functional filler and the scratch-resistant functional filler are dried at 80-100℃ for 2-4 hours.
9. The method for preparing the slurry for the anti-oil sludge coating of a ship's heavy oil tank according to claim 7, characterized in that, The mixed slurry was ground using a horizontal sand mill with 0.8–1.2 mm zirconium beads as the grinding media and a grinding temperature of 25–40 °C.
10. The application of the slurry for anti-oil sludge adhesion coating in marine heavy oil tanks according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, When using, stir the slurry evenly and spray it onto the surface of the sandblasted substrate using a high-pressure airless spraying method. The coating thickness is 80-120μm. Curing is carried out at room temperature and under natural light for 24-48 hours to form a film.