Mine renovation ecological restoration monitoring method based on multi-source data

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of ecological monitoring, in particular to a mine renovation ecological restoration monitoring method based on multi-source data, which comprises the following steps: acquiring mine environment information, restoring polluted soil by using chemical agents, carrying out vegetation planting in a mine restoration area, and realizing ecological restoration through plant restoration. A standard planting area is established as a reference, vegetation growth information is obtained through aerial photography of an unmanned aerial vehicle, vegetation growth expected information is obtained according to the vegetation growth information of the mine restoration area and the standard planting area, and the area with poor vegetation growth in the mine restoration area is determined according to the expected information. According to the method, the standard planting area is established, vegetation growth of the standard planting area serves as a reference, vegetation growth expected information in the mine restoration area is obtained, sampling sites of soil, air and the like are determined again according to the expected information, the restoration situation can be known in time, and the restoration mode can be adjusted in time according to monitoring data.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of ecological monitoring technology, specifically a monitoring method for ecological restoration of mines based on multi-source data. Background Technology

[0002] Mining activities inevitably cause a series of ecological damages, such as damage to surface vegetation, destruction of soil structure, enrichment of heavy metals and mineral processing reagents, and disruption of the hydrological system. Therefore, after mining is completed, systematic ecological restoration work is required to restore the ecological function and stability of abandoned mines. Mine ecological restoration is not a short-term project. Its vegetation community reconstruction, soil function restoration, and pollutant steady-state transformation are all significantly long-term and gradual. Continuous and accurate monitoring in the later stages of restoration is the key to consolidating restoration results and preventing ecological rebound.

[0003] In the later stages of remediation, existing monitoring methods mostly rely on fixed outdoor monitoring facilities, such as soil moisture monitoring stations, air quality monitoring stations, and hydrological monitoring sections, for routine tracking. However, these fixed monitoring stations can only obtain basic macroscopic indicators such as soil moisture content, air temperature and humidity, and particulate matter concentration. The data dimensions are limited and cannot meet the needs of accurate assessment of remediation effectiveness. It is still necessary to obtain core indicators such as the available content of soil pollutants, microbial activity, organic matter composition, and soil porosity through on-site sampling and laboratory testing to achieve a comprehensive diagnosis of the remediation status. However, when selecting sampling points, in most cases, the sampling points set at the beginning of remediation are directly continued. After a period of remediation, the mining environment has changed to some extent, and the continuation of sampling points may miss changes in some areas of the mining area, which is not conducive to accurate monitoring of the mining environment. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a monitoring method for ecological restoration of mines based on multi-source data, so as to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: Monitoring methods for ecological restoration of mines based on multi-source data include: Step 1: Obtain mine environmental information, including vegetation information, soil information, air information, and groundwater information. Soil information includes pH value, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil texture, bulk density, porosity, and the concentration of heavy metal pollutants. Step 2: Use chemical agents to remediate the contaminated soil and plant vegetation in the mine remediation area to achieve ecological restoration through phytoremediation and establish a standard planting area as a reference benchmark. Step 3: Use drone aerial photography to obtain vegetation growth information. Based on the vegetation growth information of the mine restoration area and the standard planting area, obtain the expected vegetation growth information. Based on the expected information, identify the areas with poor vegetation growth in the mine restoration area. Step 4: Take soil and air samples from areas with poor growth, conduct detailed laboratory tests on the soil and air to obtain environmental and ecological restoration results, and further carry out soil remediation based on the environmental and ecological restoration results.

[0006] Furthermore, standard planting areas are located near the edge of the mine restoration area and in natural areas unaffected by mining activities, and can be established using normal soil laying methods.

[0007] Furthermore, the standard planting area and the mine restoration area are similar in altitude, slope aspect, average annual temperature, and precipitation. For heavy metal pollution restoration areas, standard planting areas with low pollution background and target vegetation type are provided. For mine slope treatment areas, standard planting areas with soil stabilizing vegetation type with the same slope are required. For slopes with large differences in orientation, standard planting areas with similar orientation are provided respectively to ensure the reference effectiveness under different restoration scenarios.

[0008] Furthermore, the restoration area is divided into several X grid units, and each X grid unit is further divided into several Y sub-regions. Multiple vegetation types are planted in each X grid unit, and these vegetation types are planted in several Y sub-regions within the X grid unit. The vegetation types in the multiple sub-regions of each X grid unit are different. Based on the development status of each vegetation in the X grid unit, the vegetation most suitable for growth in this area is identified. By dividing the area into multiple X grid units, the potential impact of uneven soil pollution on vegetation growth is eliminated. By comprehensively considering the vegetation development status of each grid area, the most suitable vegetation is determined.

[0009] Furthermore, after obtaining vegetation growth information using drone aerial photography, the growth of the same vegetation in different X-grid units is compared to comprehensively determine which vegetation is suitable for planting in different locations in the mine restoration area, and areas with slow vegetation growth are identified for focused sampling and testing.

[0010] Furthermore, in X-grid units where vegetation growth is close to that of standard planting areas, the selection density of soil and air sampling points is reduced, while in X-grid units where vegetation growth is inferior to that of standard planting areas, the selection density of soil and air sampling points is increased.

[0011] Preferably, after the initial sampling of soil, air, and groundwater data in the mine remediation area, the dosage of chemical remediation agents is planned based on the data sampling results.

[0012] Furthermore, the remediation results data are compared with the minimum remediation requirements data to determine the soil remediation difference rate. Based on the soil remediation difference rate and the difference in vegetation growth between the standard planting area and the mine remediation area, the amount of chemical agents to be applied during secondary soil remediation is determined.

[0013] Furthermore, based on the soil remediation difference rate and the amount of chemical agents applied during the first remediation, the theoretical amount of chemical agents to be applied during the second remediation is determined, and the amount of chemical agents applied is adjusted according to the differences in vegetation growth.

[0014] Furthermore, if the difference in vegetation growth between the standard planting area and the mine restoration area is relatively large, the actual amount of chemical agents applied will be equal to the theoretical amount applied; if the difference in vegetation growth between the standard planting area and the mine restoration area is relatively small, the actual amount of chemical agents applied will be less than the theoretical amount applied.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: By establishing standard planting areas and using the vegetation growth in these areas as a reference, we can obtain expected vegetation growth information within the mine restoration area. Based on this expected information, we can redetermine sampling locations for soil, air, and other samples. Sampling points can be set in the middle of areas with good vegetation growth trends and areas with poor growth, and sampling points can also be set between these two areas. This allows us to understand whether the soil in areas with good vegetation growth has met the restoration standards, and to investigate whether there are any problems with soil restoration in areas with poor vegetation growth. This helps us to understand the restoration situation in a timely manner and adjust the restoration methods based on the monitoring data.

[0016] By determining the amount of chemical agents to be used during secondary soil remediation based on the soil remediation difference rate and the difference in vegetation growth between the standard planting area and the mine remediation area, the amount of chemical agents to be used during secondary soil remediation is determined. For areas where soil chemical remediation does not meet expectations but vegetation growth is good, the amount of chemical agents to be used during secondary remediation is reduced. For areas where vegetation growth is poor, the normal amount of chemical remediation agents is used, thereby minimizing the amount of chemical agents used and reducing the environmental pollution that chemical remediation agents may cause. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is an overall flowchart of the method of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a flowchart illustrating the process of adjusting the dosage of chemical reagents according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0019] Please see Figure 1 In this embodiment of the invention, the monitoring method for ecological restoration of mines based on multi-source data includes: Step 1: Obtain mine environmental information, including vegetation information, soil information, air information, and groundwater information. Soil information includes pH value, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil texture, bulk density, porosity, and the concentration of heavy metal pollutants. Step 2: Use chemical agents to remediate the contaminated soil and carry out vegetation planting in the mine remediation area to achieve ecological restoration through phytoremediation. Establish a standard planting area as a reference benchmark. The standard planting area is located near the edge of the mine remediation area and in a natural area that has not been affected by mining activities. Normal soil can be collected and laid near the edge of the mine remediation area to establish the standard planting area. The standard planting area and the mine restoration area are similar in altitude, slope aspect, average annual temperature and precipitation. For heavy metal pollution restoration areas, standard planting areas with low pollution background and target vegetation type are matched. For mine slope treatment areas, standard planting areas with soil stabilizing vegetation type with the same slope are matched. For slopes with large differences in orientation, standard planting areas with similar orientation are matched respectively to ensure the reference effectiveness under different restoration scenarios. Step 3: Use drone aerial photography to obtain vegetation growth information. Based on the vegetation growth information of the mine restoration area and the standard planting area, obtain the expected vegetation growth information. Based on the expected information, identify the areas with poor vegetation growth in the mine restoration area. Step 4: Take soil and air samples from areas with poor growth, conduct detailed laboratory tests on the soil and air to obtain environmental and ecological restoration results, and further carry out soil remediation based on the environmental and ecological restoration results.

[0020] Specifically, based on vegetation image information, parts with the same vegetation growth status are divided into the same area. By establishing a standard planting area, the vegetation growth in the standard planting area is used as a reference. In the early stage of restoration, the vegetation survival deviation rate of the mine restoration area relative to the standard planting area is determined. The vegetation survival deviation rate of the mine restoration area is V = (v1-v2) / v1, where v1 is the vegetation survival rate of the standard planting area and v2 is the vegetation survival rate of the mine restoration area. A vegetation survival deviation rate of 10%-20% indicates a slightly poor condition, where vegetation growth is slightly lower than expected, with no obvious yellowing or death. A vegetation survival deviation rate of 20%-40% indicates a moderately poor condition, where vegetation survival rate and coverage are significantly lower than expected, with localized yellowing of leaves and poor root development. A vegetation survival deviation rate greater than 40% indicates a severely poor condition, where vegetation dies or stops growing over a large area, and the community structure is severely damaged. In the mid-stage of restoration, the focus is on coverage and growth. Sampling points can be set up in the middle of areas with good vegetation growth and areas with poor growth, and sampling points can also be set up between the two areas. Priority should be given to representative locations such as the boundary between sparse vegetation and surrounding areas with good vegetation, concentrated areas of bare surface, and areas with obvious water accumulation or drought. At the same time, factors such as topography, slope aspect, and differences in the implementation of remediation measures should be considered. The grid method or judgment sampling method should be used to set up the sampling points to ensure the spatial representativeness and problem orientation of the samples. This will facilitate timely understanding of whether the soil in areas with good vegetation growth meets the remediation standards, and to investigate whether there are problems in the soil remediation in areas with poor vegetation growth. This will help to understand the remediation status in a timely manner and adjust the remediation method in a timely manner based on the monitoring data. The core sampling area can be set up in the center of the patch with the worst vegetation growth, with sampling points arranged in a 5m×5m grid to capture the core area of ​​soil abnormality. Then, with the core area as the center, 10m and 20m gradient sampling areas are set up outward to analyze the spatial variation pattern of soil indicators. At the same time, control points are set up in adjacent areas with normal vegetation growth to obtain control sampling areas. Through comparative analysis, external factors such as climate and topography are eliminated to pinpoint the problem of the soil itself. After sampling and testing, if the vegetation survival rate is significantly negatively correlated with the available content of heavy metals in the soil, it is determined that the poor vegetation growth is caused by soil pollution stress; if the vegetation growth is significantly positively correlated with the content of soil organic matter and available nutrients, it is determined that the vegetation development is restricted by soil nutrient deficiency; if the vegetation root rot is significantly correlated with soil moisture content and bulk density, it is determined that the root hypoxia is caused by poor soil drainage and poor aeration. For polluted soils, where heavy metal or pesticide residues exceed standards, soil remediation and enhancement measures need to be initiated, such as introducing heavy metal-accumulating plants and applying passivating agents. For infertile soils, where soil nutrients are insufficient, organic fertilizers and bio-fertilizers need to be added to optimize the soil nutrient structure and avoid indiscriminate application of chemical fertilizers that could lead to soil compaction. For structural soils, where soil compaction or poor drainage is a problem, physical measures such as loosening and tilling and laying drainage pipes are needed to improve soil aeration and permeability. For complex soils, where multiple factors are at play, a combination of physical amendments, bioremediation, and nutrient supplementation is required. Example 1

[0021] like Figure 1As shown, in this embodiment, based on the environmental data initially obtained from the mine restoration area, the restoration area is divided into several X grid units. The soil environment, slope, air environment, and other data within each X grid unit are the same or similar. Each X grid unit is further divided into several Y sub-regions. Multiple vegetation types are planted within each X grid unit, and these vegetation types are planted in several Y sub-regions of the X grid unit. The vegetation types in the multiple sub-regions of each X grid unit are different. Based on the development status of each vegetation type within the X grid unit, the vegetation most suitable for growth in this area is identified. By dividing the area into multiple X grid units, the potential impact of uneven soil pollution on vegetation growth is eliminated. By comprehensively considering the vegetation development status of each grid region, the most suitable vegetation is determined. After obtaining vegetation growth information using drone aerial photography, the growth status of the same vegetation in different X grid units is compared to comprehensively determine the vegetation suitable for planting in different locations within the mine restoration area. Areas with slow vegetation growth are identified, and these areas are sampled and tested in a focused manner.

[0022] In practice, based on the growth of different types of vegetation in the X grid unit, the most suitable vegetation for growth in each X grid unit is determined, and the vegetation suitable for planting in this area is determined by comprehensively considering the growth of vegetation in all X grid units. The most suitable vegetation for growth can be selected on different terrains, and subsequent vegetation restoration will focus on the most suitable vegetation for growth as the main vegetation to be planted. When determining the vegetation survival deviation rate, the vegetation survival deviation rate of each Y sub-region of the X grid cell is calculated, and the vegetation survival deviation rate of the highest Y sub-region is taken as the vegetation survival deviation rate of the X grid cell. When selecting sampling points, adjacent X grid cells with the same degree of poor vegetation survival deviation rate are merged and used as sampling points in the same area.

[0023] like Figure 1 As shown, in this embodiment, the selection density of soil and air sampling points is reduced in X-grid cells where vegetation growth is close to that of standard planting areas, and the selection density of soil and air sampling points is increased in X-grid cells where vegetation growth is inferior to that of standard planting areas.

[0024] In practice, in areas where the vegetation survival deviation rate is less than 10%, the vegetation survival and growth are close to that of the standard planting area, so the number of soil and air sampling points can be reduced. In areas where the vegetation survival deviation rate is greater than 10%, the number of soil and air sampling points should be increased according to the degree of poor vegetation growth, and higher density sampling and testing should be carried out. Example 2

[0025] Based on Example 1, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, in this embodiment, after the initial sampling of soil, air and groundwater data in the mine remediation area, the dosage of chemical remediation agents is planned based on the data sampling results. The remediation results data are compared with the minimum remediation requirements data to determine the soil remediation difference rate. Based on the soil remediation difference rate and the difference in vegetation growth between the standard planting area and the mine remediation area, the dosage of chemical agents for secondary soil remediation is determined. Based on the soil remediation difference rate and the amount of chemical agents applied during the first remediation, the theoretical amount of chemical agents to be applied during the second remediation is determined, and the amount of chemical agents is adjusted according to the differences in vegetation growth. Specifically, if the difference in vegetation growth between the standard planting area and the mine remediation area is relatively large, the actual amount of chemical agents applied is equal to the theoretical amount; if the difference in vegetation growth between the standard planting area and the mine remediation area is relatively small, the actual amount of chemical agents applied is less than the theoretical amount.

[0026] In practice, the calculation of pesticide application rate comprehensively considers the theoretical needs of soil remediation and the actual feedback from vegetation growth. Based on the soil remediation difference rate and the vegetation survival deviation rate, a dual-coefficient control model is constructed. M = N - (N × a × β) Where M is the actual amount of chemical agent applied, N is the theoretical amount of chemical agent applied based on soil monitoring data, which can be determined according to pollutant concentration, soil volume, and agent reaction efficiency, or according to the amount of chemical agent applied during the first remediation and the soil remediation achievement rate, and α is the vegetation survival deviation rate, and β is the soil remediation difference rate. For severely polluted areas with a vegetation growth deviation rate greater than 40%, the α value approaches 0.4, the reduction is greater, and a higher theoretical application rate is retained to quickly improve the soil environment. For mildly polluted areas with a vegetation growth deviation rate of 10%-20%, the α value approaches 0.1-0.2, the reduction is smaller, the application of chemicals is reduced, and over-remediation is avoided. If the soil remediation difference coefficient β is greater than 0.5, the soil pollution is serious, the β weight is increased, and the application of chemicals is ensured to meet the pollution control requirements. If the soil remediation difference coefficient β is less than 0.2, the soil remediation is close to the target value, the β weight is reduced, and the application of chemicals is significantly reduced, with maintenance as the main focus.

[0027] Biochar-based passivating agents can be used to replace traditional chemical passivating agents. The adsorption properties of biochar can reduce the activity of heavy metals and improve soil structure. Based on the distribution map of pesticide application based on GIS, variable displacement fertilizer machines can be used for precise spraying to avoid the unevenness of manual application. For severely affected areas, a mixed application mode of pesticides and organic fertilizers can be used to improve the reaction efficiency of pesticides, thereby enabling precise application in different zones. Bioremediation synergy: Bioremediation methods are combined with the application of chemical pesticides to reduce the amount of chemical pesticides used.

[0028] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the details of the exemplary embodiments described above, and that the invention can be implemented in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. Therefore, the embodiments should be considered in all respects as exemplary and non-limiting, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description. Thus, all variations falling within the meaning and scope of equivalents of the claims are intended to be included within the present invention. No reference numerals in the claims should be construed as limiting the scope of the claims.

[0029] Furthermore, it should be understood that although this specification describes embodiments, not every embodiment contains only one independent technical solution. This narrative style is merely for clarity. Those skilled in the art should consider the specification as a whole, and the technical solutions in each embodiment can also be appropriately combined to form other embodiments that can be understood by those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. A monitoring method for ecological restoration of mines based on multi-source data, characterized in that, include: Step 1: Obtain mine environmental information, including vegetation information, soil information, air information, and groundwater information; Step 2: Use chemical agents to remediate the contaminated soil and plant vegetation in the mine remediation area to achieve ecological restoration through phytoremediation and establish a standard planting area as a reference benchmark. Step 3: Use drone aerial photography to obtain vegetation growth information. Based on the vegetation growth information of the mine restoration area and the standard planting area, obtain the expected vegetation growth information. Based on the expected information, identify the areas with poor vegetation growth in the mine restoration area. Step 4: Take soil and air samples from areas with poor growth, conduct detailed laboratory tests on the soil and air to obtain environmental and ecological restoration results, and further carry out soil remediation based on the environmental and ecological restoration results.

2. The monitoring method for mine remediation and ecological restoration based on multi-source data according to claim 1, characterized in that, The standard planting area is located near the edge of the mine restoration area and is a natural area unaffected by mining activities.

3. The monitoring method for mine remediation and ecological restoration based on multi-source data according to claim 1, characterized in that, The standard planting area and the mine restoration area have similar altitudes, slopes, average annual temperatures, and precipitation.

4. The monitoring method for mine remediation and ecological restoration based on multi-source data according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The repair area is divided into several X grid units, and each X grid unit is further divided into several Y sub-regions. Multiple vegetation types are planted in each X grid unit, and these vegetation types are planted in several Y sub-regions of the X grid unit.

5. The monitoring method for mine remediation and ecological restoration based on multi-source data according to claim 4, characterized in that, After obtaining vegetation growth information using drone aerial photography, the growth of the same vegetation in different X-grid units is compared to comprehensively determine the vegetation suitable for planting in different locations in the mine restoration area, and to identify areas with slow vegetation growth, which are then sampled and tested in a focused manner.

6. The monitoring method for mine remediation and ecological restoration based on multi-source data according to claim 5, characterized in that, In X-grid cells where vegetation growth is close to that of standard planting areas, the selection density of soil and air sampling points is reduced; in X-grid cells where vegetation growth is inferior to that of standard planting areas, the selection density of soil and air sampling points is increased.

7. The monitoring method for mine remediation and ecological restoration based on multi-source data according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, After initial sampling of soil, air, and groundwater in the mine remediation area, the dosage of chemical remediation agents is planned based on the sampling results.

8. The monitoring method for mine remediation and ecological restoration based on multi-source data according to claim 7, characterized in that, The actual remediation results are compared with the preset minimum remediation requirements to calculate the soil remediation difference rate. Based on the soil remediation difference rate and the difference in vegetation growth between the standard planting area and the mine remediation area, the amount of chemicals applied during the secondary remediation is adjusted.

9. The monitoring method for mine remediation and ecological restoration based on multi-source data according to claim 8, characterized in that, Based on the soil remediation difference rate and the amount of chemical agents applied during the first remediation, the theoretical amount of chemical agents to be applied during the second remediation is determined, and the amount of chemical agents applied is adjusted according to the differences in vegetation growth.

10. The monitoring method for mine remediation and ecological restoration based on multi-source data according to claim 9, characterized in that, If the difference in vegetation growth between the standard planting area and the mine restoration area is relatively large, the actual amount of chemical agents applied will be equal to the theoretical amount. If the difference in vegetation growth between the standard planting area and the mine restoration area is relatively small, the actual amount of chemical agents applied will be less than the theoretical amount.

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