Single-optical-path atom magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state light splitting metasurface cascading
By employing arbitrary polarization state beam splitting metasurface cascade technology in an atomic magnetometer, flexible beam splitting and polarization control are achieved, solving the limitations of traditional polarization optical elements and realizing the design of a miniaturized and highly sensitive atomic magnetometer.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- BEIHANG UNIV
- Filing Date
- 2026-02-28
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-08
AI Technical Summary
Existing atomic magnetometers are limited by traditional polarization optical elements, making it difficult to achieve small size, integrable high-sensitivity design, and to achieve flexible and high-precision polarization control for pumping and detection.
A design based on cascaded beam-splitting metasurfaces of arbitrary polarization states is adopted. The first and second stage metasurfaces independently control the phase of the beam to achieve orthogonal elliptic polarization and orthogonal linear polarization states, thereby realizing flexible control of beam splitting and polarization state. Signal processing is performed in conjunction with photodetectors and control circuits.
This achievement enables the compactness and integration of atomic magnetometers, meeting the requirements for high-precision pumping and detection, and improving system performance.
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Figure CN121995277A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention belongs to the field of quantum precision measurement technology, and particularly relates to a single-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state spectral metasurface cascade. Background Technology
[0002] Precise measurement of magnetic fields has become an important means of understanding the physical world, and atomic magnetometers, which utilize quantum sensing technology, have an advantage in extremely high sensitivity in the field of measuring very weak magnetic fields. In recent years, atomic magnetometers have attracted much attention and have been widely used in many important fields such as basic physics research, biomedical magnetic imaging, dark matter detection, and geomagnetic science.
[0003] Atomic magnetometers use an ensemble of optically pump-polarized alkali metal atoms as the core of quantum sensing. They measure the modulus of an external magnetic field by detecting the Larmor precession frequency of atomic spins under an external magnetic field. Their sensitivity limits can reach or even surpass those of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), and they offer further advantages in terms of size, cost, and the elimination of the need for cryogenic refrigeration equipment. Therefore, developing small-sized, integrable, high-sensitivity atomic magnetometers has significant scientific and social value.
[0004] Limited by bulky traditional polarization optical components, even simplified single-beam atomic magnetometers still exhibit high system complexity, making compact design difficult. Furthermore, the manufacturing of these traditional polarization optical components relies on precision machining, which is incompatible with silicon-based processes required for chip-level fabrication. This poses a significant obstacle to the development of integrated optical systems for atomic magnetometers. Metasurfaces, as novel optical field manipulation elements using nanotechnology, possess flexible polarization control capabilities, completely replacing traditional polarization optical components. They provide high-precision modulated polarized optical fields for pumping and detection in atomic magnetometers, enabling compact and highly sensitive configurations. Simultaneously, metasurfaces are compatible with chip-level fabrication processes, facilitating the integrated design of atomic magnetometers.
[0005] Therefore, it is necessary to design an atomic magnetometer configuration method that uses a fully metasurface to replace traditional polarization optical elements and has a flexible polarization control scheme, so as to realize an integrated and highly sensitive compact single-path atomic magnetometer. Summary of the Invention
[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide a single-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state-splitting metasurface cascade, in order to solve the problems in the prior art where the size and integrability of atomic magnetometers are limited by traditional polarization optical elements, and it is difficult to achieve the flexible and high-precision polarization control scheme required for pumping and detection.
[0007] The technical solution of the present invention is as follows:
[0008] A single-path atomic magnetometer based on a cascaded, arbitrary polarization-state spectroscopic metasurface is characterized by comprising a first-stage metasurface disposed on the single-path incident side of a glass gas chamber, and a second-stage metasurface disposed on the single-path exit side of the glass gas chamber. The input side of the first-stage metasurface is connected to a laser, and the output side of the first-stage metasurface outputs a first beam of light and a second beam of light. The second beam of light is connected to the laser via a third photodetector and a control circuit in sequence. The first beam of light penetrates the glass gas chamber and enters the input side of the second-stage metasurface. The output side of the second-stage metasurface outputs a third beam of light and a fourth beam of light. The third beam of light is connected to a back-end circuit via a first photodetector, and the fourth beam of light is connected to the back-end circuit via a second photodetector.
[0009] The first beam of light has an elliptic polarization state. The circular polarization component in the elliptic polarization state is used to pump the polarized alkali metal ensemble, making it a sensitive core of the external magnetic field. The linear polarization component in the elliptic polarization state is used to detect the precessing atomic spin polarization vector.
[0010] The first-stage metasurface independently modulates the phase of the orthogonal elliptically polarized state of the input light from the laser, applies a phase gradient of equal magnitude and opposite direction to the orthogonal elliptically polarized state, and finally splits the orthogonal elliptically polarized state into the first beam and the second beam.
[0011] The second-level metasurface independently modulates the phase of the orthogonally linearly polarized state of the first beam of light after it penetrates the glass gas cell, applies a phase gradient of equal magnitude and opposite direction to the orthogonally linearly polarized state, and finally splits the orthogonally linearly polarized state into the third and fourth beams of light.
[0012] The volume of the glass air chamber is 0.1 cm³. 3 ~10cm 3 .
[0013] The angle between the first beam and the second beam is 5° to 175°, and the angle between the third beam and the fourth beam is 5° to 175°.
[0014] The metasurface nanostructure materials on the first-level metasurface and the second-level metasurface are one or more combinations of crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, and titanium dioxide.
[0015] The metasurface nanostructure includes an anisotropic array of nanopillars, and the Jones matrix expression of the nanopillars is as follows:
[0016]
[0017]
[0018] in It is the Jones matrix. Indicates the angle as The inverse of the coordinate system rotation transformation matrix of the nanopillar, where e is the natural constant and i is the imaginary unit. The phase retardation imposed along the long axis of the anisotropic nanopillar. The phase retardation imposed along the short axis of the anisotropic nanopillar. Indicates the angle as The coordinate system rotation transformation matrix of the nanopillar.
[0019] This includes independent phase-splitting control of arbitrary polarization states using three variables, namely: , and .
[0020] The technical effects of this invention are as follows: This invention provides a single-path atomic magnetometer based on a cascaded, arbitrary polarization-state-splitting metasurface. By passing the coherent light emitted from a laser through a first-stage metasurface, orthogonal elliptic polarization is achieved through beam splitting. One beam of the split beam is incident on a glass gas cell for pumping and detection, while the other beam is incident on a photodetector to monitor the laser's output power. A control circuit stabilizes the laser's output. The light exiting the glass gas cell passes through a second-stage metasurface, achieving beam splitting of orthogonally linearly polarized components, which are then incident on two photodetectors. Signal processing by the back-end circuit enables precise measurement of the external magnetic field. The advantages of this invention are: through the cascaded, integrable arbitrary polarization-state-splitting metasurfaces, complete and precise control of pumping and detection in the atomic magnetometer is achieved, while simplifying system configuration and facilitating performance improvement and miniaturization. Attached Figure Description
[0021] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a single-path atomic magnetometer structure based on arbitrary polarization state-splitting metasurface cascade, which implements the present invention.
[0022] The reference numerals in the attached figures are explained as follows: 1-Laser; 2-First-stage metasurface (this metasurface independently modulates the phase of orthogonal elliptically polarized states, applying equal and opposite phase gradients to the orthogonal elliptically polarized states, ultimately splitting the orthogonal elliptically polarized states into the first and second beams); 3-Glass cell; 4-Second-stage metasurface (this metasurface independently modulates the phase of orthogonal linearly polarized states, applying equal and opposite phase gradients to the orthogonal linearly polarized states, ultimately splitting the orthogonal linearly polarized states into the third and fourth beams); 5-First photodetector; 6-Second photodetector; 7-Back-end circuit; 8-Third photodetector; 9-Control circuit. Detailed Implementation
[0023] The following is in conjunction with the attached diagram ( Figure 1 The present invention will be described in conjunction with the examples.
[0024] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a single-path atomic magnetometer structure based on an arbitrary polarization-state spectroscopic metasurface cascade, implementing the present invention. (Reference) Figure 1 As shown, a single-path atomic magnetometer based on a cascaded metasurface for arbitrary polarization states includes a first-stage metasurface 2 (which independently phase-tunes orthogonal elliptically polarized states, applying equal and opposite phase gradients to them to achieve beam splitting, forming a first beam and a second beam) disposed on the single-path incident side of the glass gas cell 3, and a second-stage metasurface 4 (which independently phase-tunes orthogonal linearly polarized states, applying equal and opposite phase gradients to them to achieve beam splitting) disposed on the single-path exit side of the glass gas cell 3. The linearly polarized beam is split to form a third and a fourth beam. The input side of the first metasurface 2 is connected to the laser 1. The output side of the first metasurface 2 outputs a first beam and a second beam. The second beam is connected to the laser 1 in sequence through a third photodetector 8 and a control circuit 9. The first beam penetrates the glass gas chamber 3 and enters the input side of the second metasurface 4. The output side of the second metasurface 4 outputs a third beam and a fourth beam. The third beam is connected to the back-end circuit 7 through a first photodetector 5, and the fourth beam is connected to the back-end circuit 7 through a second photodetector 6.
[0025] The first beam of light has an elliptic polarization state. The circular polarization component in the elliptic polarization state is used to pump the polarized alkali metal ensemble (the glass gas chamber 3 contains alkali metal gas, including one or more combinations of potassium, rubidium, and cesium), making it a sensitive core of the external magnetic field. The linear polarization component in the elliptic polarization state is used to detect the precessing atomic spin polarization vector (the external magnetic field is measured through the back-end circuit 7).
[0026] The first-stage metasurface 2 independently phase-tunes the orthogonally elliptically polarized state of the input light from the laser 1, applying equal and opposite phase gradients to the orthogonally elliptically polarized state, ultimately splitting the orthogonally elliptically polarized state into the first beam and the second beam. The second-stage metasurface 4 independently phase-tunes the orthogonally linearly polarized state of the first beam after it penetrates the glass gas chamber 3, applying equal and opposite phase gradients to the orthogonally linearly polarized state, ultimately splitting the orthogonally linearly polarized state into the third beam and the fourth beam.
[0027] The volume of the glass air chamber 3 is 0.1 cm³. 3 ~10cm 3The angle between the first and second beams is 5° to 175°, and the angle between the third and fourth beams is also 5° to 175°. The metasurface nanostructure materials on the first-level metasurface 2 and the second-level metasurface 4 are one or more combinations of crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, and titanium dioxide.
[0028] The metasurface nanostructure includes an anisotropic array of nanopillars, and the Jones matrix expression of the nanopillar array is as follows:
[0029]
[0030]
[0031] in It is the Jones matrix. Indicates the angle as The inverse of the coordinate system rotation transformation matrix of the nanopillar, where e is the natural constant and i is the imaginary unit. The phase retardation imposed along the long axis of the anisotropic nanopillar. The phase retardation imposed along the short axis of the anisotropic nanopillar. Indicates the angle as The coordinate system rotation transformation matrix of the nanopillar. This includes independent phase-splitting control of arbitrary polarization states through three variables, namely... , and .
[0032] Compared with the prior art, the advantages of this invention are as follows: the single-optical-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state beam splitting metasurface cascade is completely free from the limitations of traditional polarization optical elements. By utilizing the flexible polarization control scheme of metasurface, the beam splitting of arbitrary orthogonal polarization components in the beam is realized, so as to fully meet the high-precision polarization control requirements of the atomic magnetometer for pumping and detection. The design of a fully metasurface single-optical-path atomic magnetometer is beneficial to the miniaturization, integration and performance improvement of the atomic magnetometer.
[0033] A single-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state-dispersive metasurface cascades includes the following steps:
[0034] The coherent light emitted from the laser is incident on the first-level metasurface, which splits the orthogonally elliptic polarization component of the incident light into a first-beam split and a second-beam split.
[0035] The first beam of light is incident on the glass gas cell and used for the detection of pump polarization and atomic spin of the alkali metal ensemble. After exiting the glass gas cell, it is incident on the second metasurface.
[0036] The second-level metasurface splits the orthogonally linearly polarized components of the incident light into two beams, which are then incident on the first photodetector and the second photodetector, respectively.
[0037] The first and second photodetectors are connected to the back-end circuit, and through the operation and signal processing of the back-end circuit, the measurement results and related information of the external magnetic field are output.
[0038] The second beam is incident on the third photodetector, which is connected to the laser via a control circuit to control the output power of the laser.
[0039] The output coherent light wavelength of the laser corresponds to the excitation wavelength of the D1 or D2 lines of the alkali metal elements potassium, rubidium, and cesium.
[0040] The first-level metasurface can split the orthogonally elliptic polarization component of the incident light into beams, and the second-level metasurface can split the orthogonally linear polarization component of the incident light into beams. The angle between the split beams ranges from 5° to 175°.
[0041] The beam-splitting function of the first and second level metasurfaces is achieved by adjusting the length, width, and rotation angle of the nanostructure.
[0042] The nanostructure materials of the first and second level metasurfaces include one or more combinations of crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, and titanium dioxide.
[0043] The volume of the glass air chamber is 0.1-10 cm³. 3 .
[0044] The glass chamber contains alkali metal gas, including one or more combinations of potassium, rubidium, and cesium.
[0045] The glass chamber is heated and kept warm during operation, with a temperature range of 40-200℃.
[0046] After receiving the signal input from the first and second photodetectors, the back-end circuit measures the external magnetic field through differential amplification and phase-locked tracking of a specific frequency signal.
[0047] The system is suitable for geological exploration, medical magnetic imaging, magnetic anomaly detection, environmental magnetic field measurement, and scientific experimental research.
[0048] like Figure 1 As shown, a single-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state-splitting metasurface cascade includes: a laser 1, a first-stage metasurface 2, a glass gas cell 3, a second-stage metasurface 4, a first photodetector 5, a second photodetector 6, a back-end circuit 7, a third photodetector 8, and a control circuit 9.
[0049] A single-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state-dispersive metasurface cascades includes the following steps:
[0050] Step 1: Orthogonal elliptic polarization component beam splitting
[0051] The laser 1 emits coherent light that is incident on the first-level metasurface 2. The first-level metasurface 2 splits the orthogonally elliptic polarization component in the incident light into a first split beam and a second split beam.
[0052] The center wavelength of the laser 1 generally corresponds to the excitation wavelength of the alkali metal element contained in the glass gas chamber 3. The emitted coherent light is polarized by the first-stage metasurface 2 to generate the first beam-splitter incident on the glass gas chamber 3 and the second beam-splitter used for laser power control. The first beam-splitter in the elliptic polarization state has two functions: the circularly polarized component is used to pump the polarized alkali metal ensemble, making it a sensitive core of the external magnetic field; the linearly polarized component is used to detect the precessing atomic spin polarization vector. The first-stage metasurface 2 achieves beam splitting of arbitrary orthogonal elliptic polarization components through polarization multiplexing technology. Specifically, by changing the length, width, and rotation angle of the nanostructure unit, and through the periodic arrangement of the nanostructure unit, opposite phase gradients are applied to the selected orthogonal elliptic polarization components, generating different refraction angles to achieve beam splitting. The Jones matrix of the anisotropic nanostructure unit under the orthogonal linear polarization basis can be expressed as:
[0053]
[0054]
[0055] in It is the Jones matrix. For the rotation angle of the nanopillar, and This represents the phase delay imposed on the anisotropic nanostructure unit along its major and minor axes. The Jones matrix expression is a general formula for expressing the effect of nanopillars on polarization modulation, where... , and Three variables are used, and by adjusting these three variables, independent phase control of any orthogonal polarization state can be achieved. The first metasurface independently controls the phase of the orthogonal elliptically polarized state by applying a phase gradient of equal magnitude and opposite direction to the orthogonal elliptically polarized state, ultimately achieving beam splitting of the orthogonal elliptically polarized state. The second metasurface independently controls the phase of the orthogonal linearly polarized state by applying a phase gradient of equal magnitude and opposite direction to the orthogonal linearly polarized state, ultimately achieving beam splitting of the orthogonal linearly polarized state.
[0056] Preferably, the output coherent light wavelength of the laser 1 corresponds to an alkali metal element. 87The excitation wavelength of rubidium's D1 line is 795 nm.
[0057] Preferably, the orthogonal elliptically polarized states of the beam split by the first-level metasurface 2 are right-handed elliptically polarized light with an ellipticity of 22.5° and a deflection angle of 45° and left-handed elliptically polarized light with an ellipticity of -22.5° and a deflection angle of -45°.
[0058] Preferably, the beam splitting angle between the first and second beam splitters is 40°.
[0059] Preferably, the nanostructure material of the first-level metasurface 2 is amorphous silicon.
[0060] Step 2: Pump polarization and atomic spin detection in the alkali metal ensemble
[0061] The first beam of light is incident on the glass gas cell 3 for the detection of pump polarization and atomic spin of the alkali metal ensemble, and after exiting the glass gas cell 3, it is incident on the second metasurface 4.
[0062] An alkali metal ensemble polarized by the circularly polarized component of incident elliptically polarized light exhibits longitudinal polarization, while an oscillating radio frequency magnetic field excites transverse polarization. Under the influence of an external magnetic field, the spin polarization vector of the alkali metal ensemble undergoes Larmor precession, with a precession frequency... With external magnetic field modulus They are directly proportional, as expressed by the following formula:
[0063]
[0064] in, is the spin-magnetic ratio of the alkali metal atom.
[0065] The linearly polarized component of incident elliptically polarized light is used to detect atomic spin. The polarized alkali metal ensemble produces a Faraday rotation effect, causing the linearly polarized light to have an optical rotation angle, the magnitude of which is proportional to the projection of the polarization vector onto the detection direction. Therefore, atomic spin can be detected by measuring the optical rotation angle, thereby inferring the magnitude of the external magnetic field modulus and achieving precise magnetic field measurement.
[0066] Preferably, the volume of the glass air chamber 3 is 1 cm³. 3 A cube.
[0067] Preferably, the glass gas chamber 3 contains alkali metal gas. 87 Rubidium and nitrogen, the quenching gas.
[0068] Preferably, the glass air chamber 3 is heated and kept warm during operation to maintain a stable temperature of 95°C.
[0069] Step 3: Optical rotation angle detection based on orthogonal linear polarization component beam-splitting metasurface
[0070] The second-level metasurface 4 splits the orthogonally linearly polarized components in the incident light into two beams, which are then incident on the first photodetector 5 and the second photodetector 6, respectively.
[0071] Preferably, the angle between the two beams of light splitting on the second-level metasurface 4 is 40°.
[0072] Preferably, the nanostructure material of the second-level metasurface 4 is amorphous silicon.
[0073] Step 4: Signal processing and output of external magnetic field measurement results
[0074] The first photodetector 5 and the second photodetector 6 are connected to the back-end circuit 7. Through the operation and signal processing of the back-end circuit 7, the measurement results and related information of the external magnetic field are output.
[0075] Preferably, after receiving the signal inputs from the first photodetector 5 and the second photodetector 6, the back-end circuit 7 measures the external magnetic field through differential amplification and phase-locked tracking of a specific frequency signal.
[0076] Step 5: Monitor-based laser optical power control
[0077] The second beam of light is incident on the third photodetector 8, which serves as a monitor. The electrical signal generated by the third photodetector 8 changes according to the change in the intensity of the incident light. This signal is connected to the laser 1 through the control circuit 9. The control circuit 9 adjusts the output signal to the control terminal of the laser 1 according to the input electrical signal of the third photodetector 8, thereby realizing real-time control of the optical power of the laser 1.
[0078] Preferably, the control circuit 9 is used for negative feedback control of the laser optical power to reduce output optical power jitter, or for actively adjusting the magnitude of the laser output optical power.
[0079] It should be noted that in this application, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used merely to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitations, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes said element.
[0080] The contents not described in detail in this specification are existing technologies known to those skilled in the art.
[0081] The embodiments described above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Any modifications or variations made by those skilled in the art, without departing from the scope of the present invention, using the disclosed technical content, are equivalent embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, all equivalent changes made based on the concept of the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention should be covered within the protection scope of the present invention.
[0082] It should be understood that the foregoing only illustrates some embodiments, and changes, modifications, additions, and / or variations can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosed embodiments. These embodiments are illustrative and not restrictive. Furthermore, the described embodiments relate to those currently considered most practical and preferred, and should be understood as not being limited to the disclosed embodiments, but rather intended to cover different modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of those embodiments. Moreover, the various embodiments described above can be used in conjunction with other embodiments; for example, an aspect of one embodiment can be combined with an aspect of another embodiment to achieve yet another embodiment. Additionally, individual features or components of any given component can constitute another embodiment.
[0083] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some or all of the technical features therein. Such modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, and they should all be covered within the scope of the claims and specification of the present invention.
Claims
1. A single-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state spectroscopic metasurface cascades, characterized in that, The device includes a first-stage metasurface disposed on the single-path incident side of a glass gas chamber and a second-stage metasurface disposed on the single-path exit side of the glass gas chamber. The input side of the first-stage metasurface is connected to a laser, and the output side of the first-stage metasurface outputs a first beam of light and a second beam of light. The second beam of light is connected to the laser in sequence through a third photodetector and a control circuit. The first beam of light penetrates the glass gas chamber and enters the input side of the second-stage metasurface. The output side of the second-stage metasurface outputs a third beam of light and a fourth beam of light. The third beam of light is connected to a back-end circuit through a first photodetector, and the fourth beam of light is connected to the back-end circuit through a second photodetector.
2. The single-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state-splitting metasurface cascade as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The first beam of light has an elliptic polarization state. The circular polarization component in the elliptic polarization state is used to pump the polarized alkali metal ensemble, making it a sensitive core of the external magnetic field. The linear polarization component in the elliptic polarization state is used to detect the precessing atomic spin polarization vector.
3. The single-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state-splitting metasurface cascade as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The first-stage metasurface independently modulates the phase of the orthogonal elliptically polarized state of the input light from the laser, applies a phase gradient of equal magnitude and opposite direction to the orthogonal elliptically polarized state, and finally splits the orthogonal elliptically polarized state into the first beam and the second beam.
4. The single-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state-splitting metasurface cascade as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The second-level metasurface independently modulates the phase of the orthogonally linearly polarized state of the first beam of light after it penetrates the glass gas cell, applies a phase gradient of equal magnitude and opposite direction to the orthogonally linearly polarized state, and finally splits the orthogonally linearly polarized state into the third and fourth beams of light.
5. The single-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state-splitting metasurface cascade as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The volume of the glass air chamber is 0.1 cm³. 3 ~10cm 3 .
6. The single-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state-splitting metasurface cascade as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The angle between the first beam and the second beam is 5° to 175°, and the angle between the third beam and the fourth beam is 5° to 175°.
7. The single-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state-dispersive metasurface cascade as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The metasurface nanostructure materials on the first-level metasurface and the second-level metasurface are one or more combinations of crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, and titanium dioxide.
8. The single-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state-splitting metasurface cascade as described in claim 7, characterized in that, The metasurface nanostructure includes an anisotropic array of nanopillars, and the Jones matrix expression of the nanopillar array is as follows: in It is the Jones matrix. Indicates the angle as The inverse of the coordinate system rotation transformation matrix of the nanopillar, where e is the natural constant and i is the imaginary unit. The phase retardation imposed along the long axis of the anisotropic nanopillar. The phase retardation imposed along the short axis of the anisotropic nanopillar. Indicates the angle as The coordinate system rotation transformation matrix of the nanopillar.
9. The single-path atomic magnetometer based on arbitrary polarization state spectroscopic metasurface cascade as described in claim 8, characterized in that, This includes independent phase-splitting control of arbitrary polarization states using three variables, namely: , and .