Solar cell, electric equipment and power generation equipment

Abstract

The invention discloses a solar cell, electric equipment and power generation equipment. The solar cell comprises a light absorption layer and a hole transport layer, the hole transport layer comprises a first hole transport material, and the first hole transport material comprises a self-assembly hole transport material; the general formula of the self-assembled hole transport material comprises Ar-(L) m-Q, wherein m is any integer from 0 to 10. According to the embodiment of the invention, a benzoaromatic ring and / or benzoheteroaromatic ring structure is introduced into the self-assembled hole transport material, so that the conjugation range of the self-assembled hole transport material is expanded, the hole transport capability of the self-assembled hole transport material is improved, the transmission rate of holes in a hole transport layer is improved, and the hole transport efficiency is improved. And the cell performance of the solar cell is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of new energy technology, and in particular to a solar cell, electrical equipment, and power generation equipment. Background Technology

[0002] This section provides only background information relevant to this application and is not necessarily prior art.

[0003] Solar cells, with their advantages of high conversion efficiency and ease of fabrication, have broad application prospects. The hole transport layer is an important film structure in solar cells, and its hole transport capability has a significant impact on the performance of the solar cell.

[0004] Therefore, this invention is proposed. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the technical problems existing in the background art, this application provides a solar cell, an electrical device, and a power generation device, which aim to improve the cell performance of the solar cell.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, a first aspect of this application provides a solar cell, including a light-absorbing layer and a hole transport layer; the hole transport layer includes a first hole transport material, which includes a self-assembled hole transport material; the general formula of the self-assembled hole transport material includes Ar-(L). m -Q, where m is any integer from 0 to 10;

[0007] The general formula for Ar is shown in equation (1) or equation (2):

[0008]

[0009] in:

[0010] Y1 to Y3 are independently selected from -C(R 35 )2-、-N(R 36 )-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C[=C(R 37 Any one of )2]-;

[0011] L is selected from -C(R) 38 )2-、-N(R 39 -, -O-, -Si(R) 40 )2-、-P(R 41 )-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C[=N(R 42 )]-、-C[=C(R 43 )2]-, one or more of the substituted or unsubstituted cyclic subunits;

[0012] R1~R43 It is independently selected from any one of hydrogen, halogen group, R1', halogen-substituted R2', -O (R3'), -OCO (R4'), -N (R5')2, and -S (R6');

[0013] R1' to R6' are independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

[0014] Q is selected from one or both of the following: oxyacid groups and oxyacid derivative groups.

[0015] The embodiments of this application expand the conjugation range of the self-assembled hole transport material by introducing benzo[a]aryl ring and / or benzo[b]aryl heterocyclic ring structures into the self-assembled hole transport material, thereby improving the hole transport capability of the self-assembled hole transport material. This is beneficial for increasing the hole transport rate in the hole transport layer and improving the cell performance of the solar cell.

[0016] In some embodiments, the cyclic subunit includes one or more of cycloalkyl subunits, aromatic subunits, and heteroaromatic subunits.

[0017] The embodiments of this application improve the conjugation range of the self-assembled hole transport material by including the above-mentioned self-assembled hole transport material with cyclic subunit intermediate groups, thereby improving the hole transport capability of the self-assembled hole transport material and thus improving the cell performance of the solar cell.

[0018] In some embodiments, L is selected from one or more of formulas (3) to (10):

[0019]

[0020] Among them, Z1~Z 40 Independently selected from -CR 44 Any one of - and -N-;

[0021] Y4 to Y9 are independently selected from -C(R) 45 )2-、-N(R 46 )-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C[=C(R 47 Any one of )2]-;

[0022] R 44 ~R 47 Independently selected from hydrogen, halogen groups, R7', halogen-substituted R8', -O (R9'), -OCO (R 10 '), -N(R 11 ')2、-S(R 12 Any one of the following;

[0023] R7'~R12 It is independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl with 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0024] The embodiments of this application improve the conjugation range of the self-assembled hole transport material by including the above-mentioned intermediate groups, thereby improving the hole transport capability of the self-assembled hole transport material and thus improving the cell performance of the solar cell.

[0025] In some embodiments, L is selected from one or more of equations (11) to (13):

[0026]

[0027] Y 10 ~Y 11 Independently selected from -C(R) 48 )2-、-N(R 49 )-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C[=C(R 50 Any one of )2]-;

[0028] R 48 ~R 50 Independently selected from hydrogen, halogen groups, R 13 ', Halogen-substituted R 14 '、-O(R 15 '), -OCO(R 16 '), -N(R 17 ')2、-S(R 18 Any one of the following;

[0029] R 13 '~R 18 It is independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl with 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0030] The embodiments of this application improve the conjugation range of the self-assembled hole transport material by including the above-mentioned intermediate groups, thereby improving the hole transport capability of the self-assembled hole transport material and thus improving the cell performance of the solar cell.

[0031] In some embodiments, the oxyacid group includes one or more of -COOH, -PO(OH)2, -PHO(OH), -SO2(OH), and -B(OH)2.

[0032] The embodiments of this application utilize self-assembled hole transport materials containing the aforementioned oxyacid groups to achieve a good anchoring effect between the self-assembled hole transport material and the substrate surface.

[0033] In some embodiments, Ar is selected from any one of equations (14) to (22):

[0034]

[0035]

[0036] Among them, R 51 ~R 59 It is independently selected from either hydrogen or halogen groups.

[0037] The embodiments of this application expand the conjugation range of the self-assembled hole transport material by using the aforementioned terminal groups, thereby improving the hole transport capability of the self-assembled hole transport material. This is beneficial for increasing the hole transport rate in the hole transport layer and improving the cell performance of the solar cell.

[0038] In some embodiments, the self-assembled hole transport material includes one or more of formulas (23) to (30):

[0039]

[0040]

[0041]

[0042] Among them, R 60 ~R 61 It is independently selected from either hydrogen or halogen groups.

[0043] The embodiments of this application improve the hole transport capability of the self-assembled hole transport material by providing the above-mentioned self-assembled hole transport material, which is beneficial to improving the hole transport rate in the hole transport layer and improving the cell performance of the solar cell.

[0044] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer includes a first hole transport layer and a second hole transport layer, wherein the first hole transport layer is disposed between the second hole transport layer and the light absorption layer; the first hole transport layer includes a first hole transport material as described in any of the first aspects, and the second hole transport layer includes a second hole transport material, wherein the second hole transport material is different from the first hole transport material.

[0045] The embodiments of this application improve the performance of solar cells by regulating the hole transport capability of the hole transport layer through the above-mentioned at least two hole transport layers.

[0046] In some embodiments, the second hole transport material comprises a metal oxide.

[0047] The embodiments of this application improve the stability of the hole transport layer by employing a second hole transport material containing metal oxides, thereby improving the device performance of the solar cell.

[0048] In some embodiments, the metal oxide includes one or more of nickel oxide, molybdenum oxide, and tungsten oxide.

[0049] The embodiments of this application improve the stability of the hole transport layer by using a second hole transport material containing the aforementioned metal oxide, thereby improving the device performance of the solar cell.

[0050] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material; the general formula of the perovskite material is ABX3 or A2CDX6; wherein A, B, C, and D are each independently selected from one or more of inorganic cations, organic cations, and mixed organic and inorganic cations, and X is selected from one or more of inorganic anions, organic anions, and mixed organic and inorganic anions.

[0051] The embodiments of this application improve the performance of solar cells by matching the light absorption layer and hole transport layer, which include the perovskite material described above.

[0052] In some embodiments, A includes one or more of cesium cations, formamidinium cations, methylamine cations, rubidium cations, and guanidine cations; B includes one or two of tin cations and lead cations; C includes silver cations; D includes one or more of bismuth cations, antimony cations, and indium cations; and X includes one or more of fluoride anions, chloride anions, bromide anions, and iodide anions.

[0053] The embodiments of this application improve the performance of solar cells by matching the light absorption layer and hole transport layer, which include the perovskite material described above.

[0054] In some embodiments, a solar cell includes a substrate, a first conductive layer, a hole transport layer, a light absorption layer, an electron transport layer, and a second conductive layer stacked sequentially.

[0055] The embodiments of this application improve the performance of solar cells by introducing the hole transport material provided in the embodiments of this application into the solar cells with the above-described stacked structure.

[0056] Secondly, embodiments of this application provide a self-assembled hole transport material, the general formula of which includes Ar-(L) m -Q, where m is any integer from 0 to 10;

[0057] The general formula for Ar is shown in equation (1) or equation (2):

[0058]

[0059]

[0060] in:

[0061] Y1 to Y3 are independently selected from -C(R 35 )2-、-N(R 36 )-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C[=C(R 37 Any one of )2]-;

[0062] L is selected from -C(R) 38 )2-、-N(R 39 -, -O-, -Si(R) 40 )2-、-P(R 41 )-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C[=N(R 42 )]-、-C[=C(R 43 )2]-, one or more of the substituted or unsubstituted cyclic subunits;

[0063] R1~R 43 It is independently selected from any one of hydrogen, halogen group, R1', halogen-substituted R2', -O (R3'), -OCO (R4'), -N (R5')2, and -S (R6');

[0064] R1' to R6' are independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

[0065] Q is selected from one or both of the following: oxyacid groups and oxyacid derivative groups.

[0066] This application improves the hole transport rate of the hole transport layer 20 and enhances the cell performance of the solar cell 100 by providing a self-assembled hole transport material with a benzo[a]aryl ring and / or benzo[b]aryl heterocyclic ring structure.

[0067] Thirdly, embodiments of this application provide an electrical device including any of the solar cells provided in the first aspect. The electrical device employing the solar cell provided in this application has at least the same advantages as a solar cell, improving the battery performance of the electrical device.

[0068] Fourthly, embodiments of this application provide a power generation device including any of the solar cells provided in the first aspect. The power generation device employing the solar cells provided in this application has at least the same advantages as solar cells, thereby improving the power generation performance of the device.

[0069] Fifthly, embodiments of this application provide a photovoltaic device, including any of the solar cells provided in the first aspect. The photovoltaic device employs the solar cell provided in this application and has at least the same advantages as the solar cell. Attached Figure Description

[0070] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. Other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0071] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the first structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0072] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the second structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0073] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the third structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0074] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the electrical equipment provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0075] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the power generation equipment provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0076] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic device provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0077] Explanation of icon numbers:

[0078] 100-Solar cell, 10-Light absorption layer, 20-Hole transport layer, 21-First hole transport layer, 22-Second hole transport layer, 30-First conductive layer, 40-Second conductive layer, 50-Electron transport layer, 60-Substrate, 1000-Electrical equipment, 2000-Power generation equipment, 3000-Photovoltaic device. Detailed Implementation

[0079] The present application will be further described below with reference to specific embodiments. It should be understood that these specific embodiments are only for illustrating the present application, and any equivalent structural or procedural changes made based on the content of the present application specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the scope of patent protection of the present application.

[0080] For the sake of brevity, this article only discloses some specific numerical ranges. However, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form an unspecified range; and any lower limit can be combined with other lower limits to form an unspecified range, just as any upper limit can be combined with any other upper limit to form an unspecified range. Furthermore, each individually disclosed point or single value can itself serve as a lower or upper limit and be combined with any other point or single value or with other lower or upper limits to form an unspecified range.

[0081] In this description, unless otherwise stated, the term "or" is inclusive. That is, the phrase "A or (or) B" means "A, B, or both A and B". More specifically, the condition "A or B" is satisfied by any of the following conditions: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists); or both A and B are true (or exist).

[0082] In the description of this article, it should be noted that, unless otherwise stated, "above" and "below" include the number itself, and "several" in "one or more" means two or more.

[0083] Unless otherwise stated, the terms used in this application have their common meanings in the art. Unless otherwise stated, the values ​​of the parameters mentioned in this application can be measured using various measurement methods commonly used in the art (e.g., they can be tested according to the methods given in the embodiments of this application).

[0084] Solar cells are typically formed by stacking several functional film layers. The hole transport layer, as a functional film layer that extracts and transports photogenerated holes, directly affects the overall performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0085] The embodiments of this application improve the hole transport capability of the hole transport layer by regulating the molecular structure of the hole transport material, thereby improving the cell performance of the corresponding solar cell.

[0086] To address the aforementioned technical problems, embodiments of this application provide a solar cell, an electrical appliance, and a power generation device.

[0087] The technical solutions described in the embodiments of this application are applicable to solar cells, electrical devices, and power generation equipment. The solar cells disclosed in this application can be used in tandem solar cells containing perovskite, such as perovskite-perovskite tandem solar cells, silicon-perovskite tandem solar cells, perovskite-heterojunction tandem solar cells, etc., and this application does not impose any limitations.

[0088] Please see Figure 1 , Figure 1 This is a first structural schematic diagram of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0089] See Figure 1 The first aspect of this application provides a solar cell 100, including a light-absorbing layer 10 and a hole transport layer 20. The hole transport layer 20 includes a first hole transport material, which includes a self-assembled hole transport material. The general formula for the self-assembled hole transport material includes Ar-(L). m -Q, where m is any integer from 0 to 10.

[0090] The general formula for Ar is shown in equation (1) or equation (2):

[0091]

[0092] in:

[0093] Y1 to Y3 are independently selected from -C(R 35 )2-、-N(R 36 )-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C[=C(R 37 Any one of )2]-;

[0094] L is selected from -C(R) 38 )2-、-N(R 39 -, -O-, -Si(R) 40 )2-、-P(R 41 )-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C[=N(R 42 )]-、-C[=C(R 43 )2]-, one or more of the substituted or unsubstituted cyclic subunits;

[0095] R1~R 43 It is independently selected from any one of hydrogen, halogen group, R1', halogen-substituted R2', -O (R3'), -OCO (R4'), -N (R5')2, and -S (R6');

[0096] R1' to R6' are independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

[0097] Q is selected from one or both of the following: oxyacid groups and oxyacid derivative groups.

[0098] Among them, solar cell 100 refers to a device that converts light energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect.

[0099] The light-absorbing layer 10 is the core component of the solar cell 100. It is used to absorb the photon energy of sunlight, generate electron-hole pairs, and under the action of the built-in electric field, separate the electron-hole pairs into free electrons and holes. The holes and electrons are collected by two different electrodes, and the two electrodes are connected to form a circuit to generate photocurrent.

[0100] The hole transport layer 20 is a functional layer for extracting and transporting photogenerated holes generated by the light absorption layer 10. In some embodiments, the hole transport layer 20 can be directly disposed on one side surface of the light absorption layer 10. In some embodiments, a passivation functional layer can also be disposed between the hole transport layer 20 and the light absorption layer 10.

[0101] Hole transport materials are used to extract and transport photogenerated hole carriers. In some embodiments, the hole transport layer 20 can be a single-functional layer, which can be formed from one hole transport material or from a mixture of two or more hole transport materials. In some embodiments, the hole transport layer 20 is formed from two or more functional layers, and the hole transport material design scheme of each single-functional layer of the functional stack can be designed independently to flexibly design the hole transport layer 20 according to the product's functional requirements.

[0102] Self-assembled hole transport materials refer to hole transport materials that can form ordered structures at the nanoscale. The first hole transport material can be either a self-assembled hole transport material or a mixture of a self-assembled hole transport material and other hole transport materials.

[0103] In some embodiments, the self-assembled hole transport material includes a terminal group (Ar) and a head group (Q), corresponding to the general formula (L) of the self-assembled hole transport material. m The case where m is 0.

[0104] In some embodiments, the self-assembled hole transport material includes terminal groups (Ar) and intermediate groups [(L)]. m The [] and head-end group (Q) correspond to the case where m is any integer from 1 to 10 in the general formula for self-assembled hole transport materials. Where (L) m This refers to a subunit formed by the bonding of several L groups that are all the same, partially different, or completely different.

[0105] The terminal groups (Ar) of the self-assembled hole transport material of this application contain several benzo[a]aromatic rings and / or benzo[b]heteroaromatic ring structures. Compared with terminal groups without benzo[a]aromatic rings or benzo[b]heteroaromatic ring structures, this expands the conjugation range of the terminal groups (Ar), improves the hole transport capability of the self-assembled hole transport material, and is beneficial to improving the hole transport rate in the hole transport layer 20, thereby improving the cell performance of the solar cell 100. Here, a benzo[a]aromatic ring refers to a structure in which a benzene ring and an aromatic ring are fused together. An aromatic ring is an unsaturated carbocyclic compound in which the atoms constituting the ring system are carbon atoms. A benzo[b]heteroaromatic ring refers to a structure in which a benzene ring and a heteroaromatic ring are fused together. A heteroaromatic ring is an unsaturated cyclic compound in which the atoms constituting the ring system include atoms of other elements besides carbon, such as one or more of oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.

[0106] The intermediate group [(L)] in the self-assembled hole transport material of this application m Located between the terminal group (Ar) and the head group (Q), it is beneficial to cooperate with the terminal group (Ar) and the head group (Q) to regulate the dipole moment and / or conjugation range and / or the degree of freedom of the head group (Q) of the self-assembled hole transport material, so as to regulate the hole transport capability and / or solubility of the self-assembled hole transport material and improve the cell performance of the solar cell 100.

[0107] Oxyacid groups are groups formed by removing several hydrogen atoms from an acid whose anion contains an oxygen atom. Oxyacid derivative groups are new compounds containing the oxyacid group or a portion thereof, generated through a chemical reaction. Oxyacid derivative groups retain the basic structural characteristics of the oxyacid group, but their overall chemical properties may differ due to structural changes. Oxyacid groups and / or oxyacid derivative groups have good anchoring effects on the substrate surface, which is beneficial for promoting the hole transport capability of self-assembled hole transport materials.

[0108] A cyclic subunit is a group formed by eliminating one hydrogen atom from a cyclic group. A halogen group is a group composed of halogen elements. In some embodiments, the halogen group may include one or more of -F (fluorine), -Cl (chlorine), -Br (bromine), and -I (iodine). A phenyl group is a group with a benzene ring as its functional group. A thiophene group is the portion remaining after a five-membered heterocyclic compound (with sulfur as the heteroatom) loses one atom or a group of atoms. An alkyl group is a hydrocarbon group formed by removing one hydrogen atom from an alkane molecule.

[0109] The embodiments of this application expand the conjugation range of the self-assembled hole transport material by introducing benzo[a]aryl ring and / or benzo[b]aryl heterocyclic ring structures into the self-assembled hole transport material, thereby improving the hole transport capability of the self-assembled hole transport material. This is beneficial for increasing the hole transport rate in the hole transport layer 20 and improving the cell performance of the solar cell 100.

[0110] In some embodiments, the cyclic subunit includes one or more of cycloalkyl subunits, aromatic subunits, and heteroaromatic subunits.

[0111] Cycloalkyl subunits are groups formed by eliminating a hydrogen atom from a saturated carbon cyclic group. Aromatic subunits are groups formed by eliminating a hydrogen atom from an unsaturated cyclic group, where the ring system is composed of carbon atoms. Heteroaromatic subunits are groups formed by eliminating a hydrogen atom from an unsaturated cyclic group, where the ring system includes atoms of other elements besides carbon, such as one or more of oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.

[0112] The embodiments of this application improve the conjugation range of the self-assembled hole transport material by including the above-mentioned self-assembled hole transport material with cyclic subunit intermediate groups, thereby improving the hole transport capability of the self-assembled hole transport material and thus improving the cell performance of the solar cell 100.

[0113] In some embodiments, L is selected from one or more of formulas (3) to (10):

[0114]

[0115] Among them, Z1~Z 40 Independently selected from -CR 44 Any one of - and -N-;

[0116] Y4 to Y9 are independently selected from -C(R) 45 )2-、-N(R 46 )-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C[=C(R 47 Any one of )2]-;

[0117] R 44 ~R 47 Independently selected from hydrogen, halogen groups, R7', halogen-substituted R8', -O (R9'), -OCO (R 10 '), -N(R 11 ')2、-S(R 12 Any one of the following;

[0118] R7'~R 12 It is independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl with 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0119] The embodiments of this application improve the conjugation range of the self-assembled hole transport material by including the above-mentioned intermediate group, thereby improving the hole transport capability of the self-assembled hole transport material and thus improving the cell performance of the solar cell 100.

[0120] In some embodiments, L is selected from one or more of equations (11) to (13):

[0121]

[0122] Y 10 ~Y 11 Independently selected from -C(R) 48 )2-、-N(R 49 )-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C[=C(R 50 Any one of )2]-;

[0123] R 48 ~R 50 Independently selected from hydrogen, halogen groups, R 13 ', Halogen-substituted R 14 '、-O(R 15 '), -OCO(R 16 '), -N(R 17 ')2、-S(R 18 Any one of the following;

[0124] R 13 '~R 18 It is independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl with 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0125] The embodiments of this application improve the conjugation range of the self-assembled hole transport material by including the above-mentioned intermediate group, thereby improving the hole transport capability of the self-assembled hole transport material and thus improving the cell performance of the solar cell 100.

[0126] In some embodiments, the oxyacid group includes one or more of -COOH, -PO(OH)2, -PHO(OH), -SO2(OH), and -B(OH)2.

[0127] The embodiments of this application utilize self-assembled hole transport materials containing the aforementioned oxyacid groups to achieve a good anchoring effect between the self-assembled hole transport material and the substrate surface.

[0128] In some embodiments, Ar is selected from any one of equations (14) to (22):

[0129]

[0130]

[0131] The embodiments of this application expand the conjugation range of the self-assembled hole transport material by using a self-assembled hole transport material containing the aforementioned terminal groups, thereby improving the hole transport capability of the self-assembled hole transport material. This is beneficial for increasing the hole transport rate in the hole transport layer 20 and improving the cell performance of the solar cell 100.

[0132] In some embodiments, the self-assembled hole transport material includes one or more of formulas (23) to (30):

[0133]

[0134]

[0135]

[0136] Among them, R 60 ~R 61 It is independently selected from either hydrogen or halogen groups.

[0137] The embodiments of this application improve the hole transport capability of the self-assembled hole transport material by providing the above-mentioned self-assembled hole transport material, which is beneficial to improving the hole transport rate in the hole transport layer 20 and improving the cell performance of the solar cell 100.

[0138] Please see Figure 2 , Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the second structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0139] In some embodiments, see Figure 2 The hole transport layer 20 includes a first hole transport layer 21 and a second hole transport layer 22. The first hole transport layer 21 is disposed between the second hole transport layer 22 and the light absorption layer 10. The first hole transport layer 21 includes a first hole transport material as described in any of the first aspects. The second hole transport layer 22 includes a second hole transport material, which is different from the first hole transport material.

[0140] The hole transport layer 20 may consist only of a first hole transport layer 21 and a second hole transport layer 22 stacked together, or it may include other hole transport sublayers. These sublayers may be disposed on the side of the first hole transport layer 21 away from the second hole transport layer 22, and / or between the first and second hole transport layers 21, and / or on the side of the second hole transport layer 22 away from the first hole transport layer 21. The first hole transport layer 21 may be formed solely of the first hole transport material as described in any of the first aspects, or it may be formed of a mixture of the first hole transport material as described above and other hole transport materials. The second hole transport layer 22 may be formed solely of the second hole transport material, or it may be formed of a mixture of the second hole transport material and other hole transport materials.

[0141] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first hole transport layer 21 can be in the range of 0.25 nm to 10 nm. For example, the thickness of the first hole transport layer 21 can be 0.25 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.35 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.45 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, etc., or a range consisting of any two of the above values, for example, 0.25 nm to 2 nm, 1 nm to 5 nm, 5 nm to 10 nm, etc.

[0142] In some embodiments, the thickness of the second hole transport layer 22 can be in the range of 10nm to 100nm. For example, the thickness of the second hole transport layer 22 can be 10nm, 15nm, 20nm, 25nm, 30nm, 35nm, 40nm, 45nm, 50nm, 55nm, 60nm, 65nm, 70nm, 75nm, 80nm, 85nm, 90nm, 95nm, 100nm, etc., or a range consisting of any two of the above values, for example, 10nm to 30nm, 30nm to 50nm, 40nm to 80nm, 60nm to 100nm, etc.

[0143] The second hole transport material is different from the first hole transport material, so that the hole transport material design schemes of the first hole transport layer 21 and the second hole transport layer 22 of the hole transport layer 20 can be designed independently, so as to flexibly design the hole transport layer 20 scheme according to the product function requirements.

[0144] The embodiments of this application use at least two hole transport layers 20 to regulate the hole transport capability of the hole transport layer 20, thereby improving the cell performance of the solar cell 100.

[0145] In some embodiments, the second hole transport material comprises a metal oxide.

[0146] Among them, metal oxides have good hole transport performance and stability.

[0147] The embodiments of this application improve the stability of the hole transport layer 20 by employing a second hole transport material containing metal oxide, thereby improving the device performance of the solar cell 100.

[0148] In some embodiments, the metal oxide includes one or more of nickel oxide, molybdenum oxide, and tungsten oxide.

[0149] Among them, the chemical formula of nickel oxide is NiO. x x≤2. The chemical formula of molybdenum oxide is MoO. x x≤3. The chemical formula of tungsten oxide is WO3. x , x≤3.

[0150] The embodiments of this application improve the stability of the hole transport layer 20 by using a second hole transport material containing the aforementioned metal oxide, thereby improving the device performance of the solar cell 100.

[0151] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer 10 includes a perovskite material; the general formula of the perovskite material is ABX3 or A2CDX6;

[0152] In this context, A, B, C, and D are each independently selected from one or more of inorganic cations, organic cations, and mixed organic and inorganic cations, while X is selected from one or more of inorganic anions, organic anions, and mixed organic and inorganic anions. Organic cations include monovalent organic cations. Inorganic cations include monovalent inorganic cations, divalent inorganic cations, and / or trivalent inorganic cations. X includes monovalent anions.

[0153] Among them, perovskite material refers to a material with the same crystal structure as CaTiO3, which exhibits a cubic crystal phase in a stable state and serves as the main forming material of the light absorption layer 10.

[0154] The embodiments of this application improve the cell performance of the solar cell 100 by matching the light absorption layer 10, which includes the perovskite material described above, with the hole transport layer 20.

[0155] For example, organic monovalent cations include (NR) 62 R 63 R 64 R 65 ) + 、(R 62 R 63 N=CR64 R 65 ) + 、(R 62 R 63 NC(R 66 ) = NR 64 R 65 ) + or (R) 62 R 63 NC(NR 66 R 67 ) = NR 64 R 65 ) + One or more of them, wherein R 62 R 63 R 64 R 65 R 66 and R 67 Each cation is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups. Optionally, the organic monovalent cation includes (H2N=CH-NH2). + (abbreviated as FA) + CH3NH3 + (abbreviated as MA) + One or more of the following.

[0156] For example, the inorganic monovalent cation includes: Li + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + Cu + Ag + Au + or Hg + At least one of them.

[0157] For example, the inorganic divalent cation includes: Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Be 2+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ Ba 2+ Zn 2+ 、Ge 2+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ Ni 2+ Cd 2+ Cu 2+ Mn 2+ Pd 2+ Yb 2+ Or Eu 2+At least one of them.

[0158] For example, inorganic trivalent cations include: Bi 3+ Sb 3+ Cr 3+ Fe 3+ Co 3+ Ga 3+ As 3+ Ru 3+ ,Rh 3+ In 3+ Ir 3+ Au 3+ Or Al 3+ At least one of them.

[0159] For example, monovalent anions include: F - Cl - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - OCN - OSCN - CN - SeCN - At least one of them.

[0160] In some embodiments, perovskite materials include Cs 0.05 FA 0.95 PbBr 0.15 I 2.85 Cs 0.1 MA 0.15 FA 0.75 PbCl 0.15 I 2.85 At least one of MAPbI3, FAPbI3, CsPbI3, CsPbI2Br, and CsPbIBr2, wherein FA + This represents (H2N=CH-NH2) + MA + CH3NH3 + .

[0161] The embodiments of this application improve the cell performance of the solar cell 100 by matching the light absorption layer 10, which includes the perovskite material described above, with the hole transport layer 20.

[0162] Please see Figure 3 , Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the third structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0163] In some embodiments, see Figure 3The solar cell 100 includes a substrate 60, a first conductive layer 30, a hole transport layer 20, a light absorption layer 10, an electron transport layer 50, and a second conductive layer 40 stacked sequentially.

[0164] The substrate 60 can be a rigid or flexible material. In some embodiments, the substrate 60 is a light-transmitting material. The first conductive layer 30 is used to collect hole carriers. In some embodiments, the first conductive layer 30 is a light-transmitting material. The electron transport layer 50 is used to extract and transport electron carriers. The second conductive layer 40 is used to collect electron carriers.

[0165] The electron transport layer 50 includes an electron transport material. In some embodiments, the electron transport material includes at least one of the following compounds and their derivatives: [6,6]-phenylC 61 Methyl butyrate, [6,6]-phenyl C 71 Methyl butyrate, fullerene C 60 Fullerene C 70 Tin dioxide, zinc oxide, perylene imide, and naphthalene imide.

[0166] The embodiments of this application improve the cell performance of the solar cell 100 by introducing the hole transport material provided in the embodiments of this application into the solar cell 100 with the above-described stacked structure.

[0167] It should be noted that the solar cell 100 can also adopt other stacked structures. In some embodiments, the solar cell 100 may also include a substrate 60, a first conductive layer 30, an electron transport layer 50, a light absorption layer 10, a hole transport layer 20, and a second conductive layer 40 stacked in sequence.

[0168] In some embodiments, functional film layers may be provided between the hole transport layer 20 and the light absorption layer 10, and / or between the light absorption layer 10 and the electron transport layer 50, to improve the cell performance of the solar cell 100.

[0169] Secondly, embodiments of this application provide a self-assembled hole transport material, the general formula of which includes Ar-(L) m -Q, where m is any integer from 0 to 10;

[0170] The general formula for Ar is shown in equation (1) or equation (2):

[0171]

[0172] in:

[0173] Y1 to Y3 are independently selected from -C(R 35 )2-、-N(R 36)-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C[=C(R 37 Any one of )2]-;

[0174] L is selected from -C(R) 38 )2-、-N(R 39 -, -O-, -Si(R) 40 )2-、-P(R 41 )-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C[=N(R 42 )]-、-C[=C(R 43 )2]-, one or more of the substituted or unsubstituted cyclic subunits;

[0175] R1~R 43 It is independently selected from any one of hydrogen, halogen group, R1', halogen-substituted R2', -O (R3'), -OCO (R4'), -N (R5')2, and -S (R6');

[0176] R1' to R6' are independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

[0177] Q is selected from one or both of the following: oxyacid groups and oxyacid derivative groups.

[0178] This application improves the hole transport rate of the hole transport layer 20 and enhances the cell performance of the solar cell 100 by providing a self-assembled hole transport material with a benzo[a]aryl ring and / or benzo[b]aryl heterocyclic ring structure.

[0179] Please see Figure 4 , Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the electrical equipment provided in the embodiments of this application.

[0180] Thirdly, see Figure 4 An embodiment of this application provides an electrical device 1000, including any of the solar cells 100 provided in the first aspect.

[0181] In the embodiments of this application, the solar cell 100 serves as the power source for the electrical device 1000, enabling the normal operation of the electrical device 1000. The electrical device 1000 employs the solar cell 100 provided in this application and possesses at least the same advantages as the solar cell 100, improving the battery performance of the electrical device 1000. As an example, the electrical device 1000 may include lighting devices, display devices, or new energy vehicles, etc.

[0182] Please see Figure 5 , Figure 5This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the power generation equipment provided in the embodiments of this application.

[0183] Fourthly, see Figure 5 Embodiments of this application provide a power generation device 2000, including any of the solar cells 100 provided in the first aspect.

[0184] In the embodiments of this application, the solar cell 100 serves as the energy source for the power generation device 2000, enabling the power generation device 2000 to output electrical energy. The power generation device 2000 utilizes the solar cell 100 provided in this application and possesses at least the same advantages as the solar cell 100, thereby improving the power generation performance of the power generation device 2000. As an example, the power generation device 2000 can be applied to fields such as building power supply, wearable device power supply, smartphone power supply, and vehicle battery power supply.

[0185] Please see Figure 6 , Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic device provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0186] Fifthly, see Figure 6 The embodiments of this application provide a photovoltaic device 3000, including any of the solar cells 100 provided in the first aspect.

[0187] The beneficial effects of this application are further illustrated below with reference to the embodiments.

[0188] To make the technical problems, technical solutions, and beneficial effects solved by the embodiments of this application clearer, the following will provide a more detailed description in conjunction with the embodiments and accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this application, and not all of them. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0189] Synthesis of self-assembled hole transport material SAM1:

[0190] (1) 1 mmol of compound 1 and 0.03 mmol of palladium acetate [Pd(OAc)2] were dissolved in 30 mL of toluene. After stirring for 5 min, 0.15 mL of a 1 mol / L toluene solution of tert-butylphosphine [P(t-Bu)3] was added. After stirring for 15 min, 1.5 mmol of sodium tert-butoxide (t-BuONa) and 2 mmol of compound 2 were added. The resulting mixture was heat-treated at 105 °C for 18 hours under nitrogen protection. After separation by silica gel chromatography, compound 3 was obtained with a yield of approximately 76%. 1HNMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ8.36 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.55 (d, J = 7.2Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.36 (m, 3H),7.35-7.33(m,1H),7.29-7.26(m,1H),7.20-7.18(m,1H),7.08-7.04(m,3H),1.68(s,6H).

[0191]

[0192] (2) 1 mmol of compound 3, 1.2 mmol of compound 4, 0.03 mmol of palladium acetate, 0.03 mmol of 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphine)-9,9-dimethyloxa (Xantphos), and 1.8 mmol of sodium tert-butoxide (t-BuONa) were dissolved in 30 mL of 1,4-dioxane. The mixture was heat-treated at 100°C for 4 hours under nitrogen protection. After separation by silica gel chromatography, compound 5 was obtained with a yield of approximately 73%. 1 HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ7.90-7.87(m,2H),7.55(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.38-7.36(m,3H),7.35-7.33(m ,1H),7.29-7.26(m,3H),7.16(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.08-7.06(m,4H),7.00-6.98(m,1H),1.68(s,6H).

[0193]

[0194] (3) 1 mmol of compound 5, 2.4 mmol of pinacol diborate, and 0.01 mmol of 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphine)ferrocene palladium dichloride (Pd(dppf)Cl2) were dissolved in 20 mL of 1,4-dioxane. The resulting mixture was heat-treated at 85 °C for 12 hours under nitrogen protection. The product was filtered through diatomaceous earth to obtain a crude product after solvent removal. The crude product was then mixed with 2.1 mmol of compound 6, 0.01 mmol of tetra(triphenylphosphine)palladium [Pd(PPh3)4], 10 mL of toluene, and 10 mL of a 2 mol / L potassium carbonate aqueous solution and heat-treated at 110 °C for 48 hours under nitrogen protection. After separation by silica gel chromatography, compound 7 was obtained. 1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ7.90-7.87(m,2H),7.64(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),7.55(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.38-7.36(m,3H),7.35-7.32(m,3H),7.29-7.26(m,3H) ,7.16(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.08-7.06(m,4H),7.00-6.98(m,1H),4.02-3.99 (m,2H),2.86-2.84(m,2H),2.54-2.52(m,2H),1.68(s,6H),1.07(s,3H).

[0195]

[0196] (4) Dissolve 1 mmol of compound 7 in 10 mL of tetrahydrofuran, mix with 10 mL of 2 mol / L sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, heat treat at 75 °C for 20 h, add concentrated hydrochloric acid dropwise until the solution pH < 1, collect the precipitate to obtain SAM1, and measure... 1 HNMR(400MHz, DMSO-d6)δ12.51(s,1H),7.90-7.87(m,2H),7.64(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),7.55(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.38-7.36(m,3H),7.35-7.32(m ,3H),7.29-7.26(m,3H),7.16(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.08-7.06(m,4H),7.00-6.98(m,1H),2.86-2.84(m,2H),2.54-2.52(m,2H),1.68(s,6H).

[0197]

[0198] Synthesis of self-assembled hole transport material SAM2:

[0199] The synthesis steps are similar to those of SAM1, the difference being that in the synthesis of SAM2, compound 8 replaces compound 1. After multiple reaction steps, SAM2 is obtained, and the results are measured... 1 HNMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ12.01(s,1H),8.50(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),8.01(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.95(d,J=7.2Hz ,1H),7.66-7.30(m,14H),7.08-7.06(m,2H),7.00-6.98(m,1H),2.76-2.73(m,2H),2.54-2.51(m,2H).

[0200]

[0201] Synthesis of self-assembled hole transport material SAM3:

[0202] The synthesis steps are similar to those of SAM1, except that in the synthesis of SAM3, compound 9 is used to replace compound 1. After multiple reaction steps, SAM3 is obtained, and the results are measured... 1 HNMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ12.05(s,1H),8.03-8.00(m,2H),7.80(d,J=7.5Hz,1H),7.63(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),7.54(d ,J=7.2Hz,3H),7.37-7.26(m,8H),7.08-7.06(m,2H),7.00-6.98(m,2H),2.78-2.75(m,2H),2.54-2.52(m,2H).

[0203]

[0204] Synthesis of self-assembled hole transport material SAM4:

[0205] (1) 2.4 mmol of compound 1, 1 mmol of compound 2, 0.01 mmol of tris(dibenzylacetone)dipalladium(O)trichloromethane complex (Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3), 0.04 mmol of 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)chlorinated imidazolam (BDPPIC), 5 mmol of potassium tert-butoxide (t-BuOK), and 30 mL of toluene were mixed. The mixture was heat-treated at 110 °C for 20 hours under nitrogen protection. After separation by silica gel chromatography, compound 10 was obtained with a yield of approximately 76%. 1 HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ7.90-7.86(m,4H),7.55(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),7.38-7.33 (m,6H),7.29-7.26(m,2H),7.18-7.16(m,2H),7.08-7.05(m,3H),1.67(s,6H).

[0206]

[0207] (2) 1 mmol of compound 10 and 1 mmol of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) were dissolved in 30 mL of chloroform. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h under nitrogen protection. After separation by silica gel chromatography, compound 11 was obtained with a yield of approximately 94%. 1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ7.90-7.86(m,4H),7.55(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),7.38-7.36(m,4H),7 .35-7.32(m,2H),7.29-7.26(m,2H),7.18-7.16(m,2H),7.08-7.05(m,2H),1.67(s,6H).

[0208]

[0209] (3) 1 mmol of compound 11, 2.4 mmol of pinacol diborate, 0.01 mmol of 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphine)ferrocene palladium dichloride (Pd(dppf)Cl2), and 20 mL of 1,4-dioxane were mixed and heat-treated at 85 °C for 12 hours under nitrogen protection. The filtrate was obtained by passing the solution through diatomaceous earth, and the solvent was removed to obtain the crude product. The crude product was then mixed with 2.1 mmol of compound 6, 0.01 mmol of tetra(triphenylphosphine)palladium [Pd(PPh3)4], 10 mL of toluene, and 10 mL of a 2 mol / L potassium carbonate aqueous solution. The mixture was heat-treated at 110 °C for 48 hours under nitrogen protection. After separation by silica gel chromatography, compound 12 was obtained. 1 HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ7.90-7.87(m,4H),7.64(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),7.55(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),7.38-7.36(m,4H),7.35-7.32 (m,4H),7.16(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),4.02-3.99(m,2H),2.86-2.84(m,2H),2.54-2.52(m,2H),1.68(s,6H),1.08-1.06(m,3H).

[0210]

[0211] (4) Dissolve 1 mmol of compound 12 in 10 mL of tetrahydrofuran, mix with 10 mL of 2 mol / L sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, heat treat at 75 °C for 20 h, add concentrated hydrochloric acid dropwise until the solution pH < 1, collect the precipitate to obtain SAM4, and measure... 1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ12.51(s,1H),7.90-7.87(m,4H),7.64(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),7.55(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),7.3 8-7.36(m,4H),7.35-7.32(m,4H),7.16(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.86-2.84(m,2H),2.54-2.52(m,2H),1.68(s,6H).

[0212]

[0213] Synthesis of SAM5, a self-assembled hole transport material:

[0214] The synthesis steps are similar to those of SAM4, the difference being that in the synthesis of SAM5, compound 8 replaces compound 12. After multiple reaction steps, SAM5 is obtained, and the results are measured... 1 HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ12.25(s,1H),8.56(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),8.02(d,J=7.2Hz,2H ),7.92(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),7.68-7.32(m,16H),2.76-2.74(m,2H),2.54-2.51(m,2H).

[0215]

[0216] Synthesis of SAM6, a self-assembled hole transport material:

[0217] The synthesis steps are similar to those of SAM4, except that in the synthesis of SAM6, compound 9 replaces compound 12. After multiple reaction steps, SAM6 is obtained, and the results are measured... 1 HNMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ12.51(s,1H),8.03(s,2H),7.95(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),7.82(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),7.64(d,J=7.2Hz,2H), 7.55(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),7.39-7.36(m,4H),7.32-7.28(m,4H),6.90(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.76-2.74(m,2H),2.54-2.52(m,2H).

[0218]

[0219] Example 1:

[0220] (1) Select an FTO conductive glass with a specification of 2.0cm*2.0cm, and remove 0.35cm wide and 500nm thick FTO from both ends by laser etching to expose the glass substrate; use water, acetone and isopropanol to ultrasonically clean the etched FTO conductive glass three times in sequence, use a nitrogen gun to blow dry the cleaned FTO conductive glass, and put it into an ultraviolet ozone generator for further cleaning;

[0221] (2) 100 μL of a methanol solution of nano-nickel oxide with a concentration of 10 mg / mL was spin-coated onto the surface of the FTO glass treated in step (1) at a speed of 2000 rpm, and then annealed at 100 °C for 10 min to obtain a second hole transport layer 22 with a thickness of 30 nm.

[0222] SAM1 was used as a self-assembled hole transport material and added to methanol to prepare a precursor solution with a concentration of 0.3 mg / mL. The prepared precursor solution was spin-coated onto the surface of the second hole transport layer 22 at a speed of 3000 rpm and then annealed at 100°C for 10 min to obtain a first hole transport layer 21 with a thickness of about 5 nm. The stack of the second hole transport layer 22 and the first hole transport layer 21 forms a hole transport layer 20.

[0223] (3) 240 mg of FAI, 726 mg of PbI2, 19 mg of CsI, and 11 mg of PbBr were added to a mixed solvent of 0.8 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 0.2 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The mixture was stirred for 3 h and filtered through a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to prepare a perovskite precursor solution. The prepared perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated onto the surface of the hole transport layer 20 at 3000 rpm, annealed at 110 °C for 30 min, and cooled to room temperature to obtain a light-absorbing layer 10 with a thickness of 900 nm.

[0224] (4) Electron transport material PC is spin-coated onto the surface of the light-absorbing layer 10 obtained in step (3) at a speed of 1500 rpm. 61 BM, and then anneal at 100℃ for 10 min to form an electron transport layer 50 with a thickness of 35 nm. Then, a passivation material BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) is spin-coated on the surface of the electron transport layer 50 at a speed of 5000 rpm to form a barrier layer with a thickness of 15 nm.

[0225] (5) Vacuum vapor deposit an 80nm thick Cu layer on the surface of the product obtained in step (4) as an electrode.

[0226] Example 2: The preparation process of solar cell 100 is basically the same as that of Example 1, except that SAM2 is used instead of SAM1 in Example 1.

[0227] Example 3: The preparation process of solar cell 100 is basically the same as that of Example 1, except that SAM3 is used instead of SAM1 in Example 1.

[0228] Example 4: The preparation process of solar cell 100 is basically the same as that of Example 1, except that SAM4 is used instead of SAM1 in Example 1.

[0229] Example 5: The preparation process of solar cell 100 is basically the same as that of Example 1, except that SAM5 is used instead of SAM1 in Example 1.

[0230] Example 6: The preparation process of solar cell 100 is basically the same as that of Example 1, except that SAM6 is used instead of SAM1 in Example 1.

[0231] Example 7: The preparation process of solar cell 100 is basically the same as that of Example 1. The difference is in step (2). In Example 7, the hole transport layer 20 is formed only by the first hole transport layer 21 and the second hole transport layer 22 is not provided. That is, the first hole transport layer 21 is directly formed on the surface of the FTO glass treated in step (1). The precursor liquid and preparation parameters used to form the first hole transport layer 21 are the same as those in Example 1.

[0232] Comparative Example 1: The preparation process of solar cell 100 is basically the same as that of Example 1, except that in step (2), the hole transport layer 20 of Comparative Example 1 is formed only by the second hole transport layer 22, and the first hole transport layer 21 is not set. That is, after the second hole transport layer 22 is formed on the surface of the FTO glass treated in step (1), the step of forming the first hole transport layer 21 on the surface of the second hole transport layer 22 is no longer performed, and the second hole transport layer 22 serves as the hole transport layer 20.

[0233] Comparative Example 2: The fabrication process of solar cell 100 is basically the same as that of Example 1, except that SAM1 in Example 1 is replaced with SAM7. The structural formula of SAM7 is...

[0234] Battery performance test:

[0235] (1) The initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion efficiency on the 30th day of the solar cells 100 formed in each embodiment and comparative example were tested, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0236] The test was conducted according to the IEC61215 standard. Using the Guangyan solar simulator, the light intensity was corrected by using a crystalline silicon solar cell to achieve a solar intensity (solar energy test standard is AM1.5). The solar cell 100 was connected to a digital source meter, and its current-voltage characteristic curve was measured under illumination. The initial photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100 was obtained based on the current-voltage characteristic curve.

[0237] The solar cell 100 was then stored in a nitrogen dark state for 30 days, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100 on the 30th day was tested using the same initial photoelectric conversion efficiency test method described above.

[0238] Table 1. Performance test results of solar cells in each embodiment and comparative example.

[0239]

[0240] The results show that the solar cell 100 with self-assembled hole transport material provided in the embodiments of this application has significantly improved initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and photoelectric conversion efficiency on the 30th day compared with solar cell 100 without self-assembled hole transport material and solar cell 100 with other self-assembled hole transport materials. This indicates that the solution provided in the embodiments of this application can effectively improve the battery performance of solar cell 100.

[0241] In the several embodiments provided in this application, it should be understood that the disclosed systems, apparatuses, and methods can be implemented in other ways. For example, the apparatus embodiments described above are merely illustrative; for instance, the division of units is only a logical functional division, and in actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not executed. Furthermore, the coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed may be through some interfaces, indirect coupling or communication connection between apparatuses or units, and may be electrical, mechanical, or other forms.

[0242] Furthermore, the functional units in the various embodiments of this application can be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit can exist physically separately, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit. The integrated unit can be implemented in hardware or as a software functional unit.

[0243] The above description is merely an embodiment of this application. Any equivalent structural or procedural transformations made using the content of this application's specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the scope of patent protection of this application.

Claims

1. A solar cell, characterized in that, It includes a light absorption layer and a hole transport layer; the hole transport layer includes a first hole transport material, which includes a self-assembled hole transport material; the general formula of the self-assembled hole transport material includes Ar-(L). m -Q, where m is any integer from 0 to 10; The general formula of Ar is shown in formula (1) or formula (2): in: Y1 to Y3 are independently selected from -C(R 35 )2-、-N(R 36 )-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C[=C(R 37 Any one of )2]-; L is selected from -C(R 38 )2-, -N(R 39 )-, -O-, -Si(R 40 )2-, -P(R 41 )-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-、-C[=N(R 42 )]-、-C[=C(R 43 )2]-, one or more of the substituted or unsubstituted cyclic subunits; R1~R 43 It is independently selected from any one of hydrogen, halogen group, R1', halogen-substituted R2', -O (R3'), -OCO (R4'), -N (R5')2, and -S (R6'); R1' to R6' are independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; Q is selected from one or both of the following: oxyacid groups and oxyacid derivative groups.

2. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cyclic subunits include one or more of cycloalkyl subunits, aromatic subunits, and heteroaromatic subunits.

3. The solar cell according to claim 2, characterized in that, The L is selected from one or more of formulas (3) to (10): Among them, Z1~Z 40 Independently selected from -CR 44 Any one of - and -N-; Y4 to Y9 are independently selected from -C(R) 45 )2-、-N(R 46 )-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C[=C(R 47 Any one of )2]-; R 44 ~R 47 Independently selected from hydrogen, halogen groups, R7', halogen-substituted R8', -O (R9'), -OCO (R 10 '), -N(R 11 ')2、-S(R 12 Any one of the following; R7'~R 12 It is independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl with 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

4. The solar cell according to claim 3, characterized in that, The L is selected from one or more of formulas (11) to (13): Y 10 ~Y 11 Independently selected from -C(R) 48 )2-、-N(R 49 )-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C[=C(R 50 Any one of )2]-; R 48 ~R 50 Independently selected from hydrogen, halogen groups, R 13 ', Halogen-substituted R 14 '、-O(R 15 '), -OCO(R 16 '), -N(R 17 ')2、-S(R 18 Any one of the following; R 13 '~R 18 It is independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl with 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

5. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The oxyacid groups include one or more of -COOH, -PO(OH)2, -PHO(OH), -SO2(OH), and -B(OH)2.

6. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The Ar is selected from any one of formulas (14) to (22): Among them, R 51 ~R 59 It is independently selected from either hydrogen or halogen groups.

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, The self-assembled hole transport material includes one or more of formulas (23) to (30): Among them, R 60 ~R 61 It is independently selected from either hydrogen or halogen groups.

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The hole transport layer includes a first hole transport layer and a second hole transport layer, wherein the first hole transport layer is disposed between the second hole transport layer and the light absorption layer; the first hole transport layer includes a first hole transport material, and the second hole transport layer includes a second hole transport material, wherein the second hole transport material is different from the first hole transport material.

9. The solar cell according to claim 8, characterized in that, The second hole transport material includes a metal oxide.

10. The solar cell according to claim 9, characterized in that, The metal oxide includes one or more of nickel oxide, molybdenum oxide, and tungsten oxide.

11. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that, The light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material; the perovskite material has the general formula ABX3 or A2CDX6. A, B, C, and D are each independently selected from one or more of inorganic cations, organic cations, and mixed organic and inorganic cations, while X is selected from one or more of inorganic anions, organic anions, and mixed organic and inorganic anions.

12. The solar cell according to claim 11, characterized in that, A includes one or more of cesium cations, formamidinium cations, methylamine cations, rubidium cations, and guanidine cations; B includes one or two of tin cations and lead cations; C includes silver cations; D includes one or more of bismuth cations, antimony cations, and indium cations; and X includes one or more of fluoride anions, chloride anions, bromide anions, and iodide anions.

13. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that, The solar cell comprises a substrate, a first conductive layer, a hole transport layer, a light absorption layer, an electron transport layer, and a second conductive layer stacked sequentially.

14. A self-assembling hole transport material, characterized in that, The general formula for the self-assembled hole transport materials includes Ar-(L). m -Q, where m is any integer from 0 to 10; The general formula of Ar is shown in formula (1) or formula (2): in: Y1 to Y3 are independently selected from -C(R 35 )2-、-N(R 36 )-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C[=C(R 37 Any one of )2]-; L is selected from -C(R 38 )2-, -N(R 39 )-, -O-, -Si(R 40 )2-, -P(R 41 )-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-、-C[=N(R 42 )]-、-C[=C(R 43 )2]-, one or more of the substituted or unsubstituted cyclic subunits; R1~R 43 It is independently selected from any one of hydrogen, halogen group, R1', halogen-substituted R2', -O (R3'), -OCO (R4'), -N (R5')2, and -S (R6'); R1' to R6' are independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; Q is selected from one or both of the following: oxyacid groups and oxyacid derivative groups.

15. An electrical appliance, characterized in that, Including the solar cell as described in any one of claims 1 to 13.

16. A power generation device, characterized in that, Including the solar cell as described in any one of claims 1 to 13.

17. A photovoltaic device, characterized in that, Including the solar cell as described in any one of claims 1 to 13.

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