Dimming laminated glass and vehicle

Abstract

The invention provides dimming laminated glass and a vehicle. The dimming laminated glass comprises an outer glass layer, an outer bonding layer, an optical element layer, an inner bonding layer and an inner glass layer which are sequentially stacked. The optical element layer comprises a dimming functional layer as well as a first composite film layer and a second single-layer flexible base material layer which are laminated on the two sides respectively, the second single-layer flexible base material layer is arranged towards the concave surface of the glass on the side where the inner glass layer is located, and the first composite film layer comprises a functional adhesive layer and a first flexible base material layer which are laminated; the thickness of the second single-layer flexible base material layer is larger than that of the first flexible base material layer and larger than or equal to that of the functional pasting layer. By optimizing the thickness configuration of the second single-layer flexible base material layer, the optical performance and mechanical stability of the laminated glass can be effectively improved, the technical problems that stress concentration and optical defects are prone to being generated in bending application of existing dimming laminated glass are solved, and the laminated glass is suitable for application scenes such as vehicles needing the dimming function.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of laminated glass technology, and more particularly to a dimming laminated glass and a vehicle. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of the automotive industry and the increasing demands of consumers for comfort, smart laminated glass, as an intelligent glass product that can adjust light transmittance according to needs, has received widespread attention in applications such as vehicle sunroofs and side windows. Smart laminated glass typically consists of an outer glass layer, an inner glass layer, and an optical element layer located between the two, and its light transmittance is adjusted through voltage control.

[0003] The main types of smart laminated glass used are Figure 1 The structure, stacked from top to bottom, consists of an outer glass layer 1, an outer adhesive layer 2, an optical element layer 3, an adhesive edge layer 4, an inner adhesive layer 5, and an inner glass layer 6. The optical element layer is a dimming film layer made of a flexible substrate, which can be composed of one or two or more layers of film material. The outer / inner adhesive layers (2 / 5) are the same size as the glass, and the adhesive edge layer 4 fills the area of ​​the optical element layer 3 that is smaller than the composite glass product, and is the same height as the optical element layer 3. The composition of a conventional optical element layer is as follows: Figure 2 The layers stacked from top to bottom are: outer PET layer 1, liquid crystal dimming layer 2, and inner PET layer 3. The order can be reversed. One type of optical element layer is composed as follows: Figure 3 The layers stacked from top to bottom are: outer layer 1, adhesive layer 2, outer PET layer 3, liquid crystal dimming layer 4, and inner PET layer 5. The order can be reversed. The outer layer can be a polarizer or a flexible substrate such as PET. There are similar cases in the embodiment of CN116540439A.

[0004] When using Figure 2 When the dimming film is laminated into dimming glass, dimming skylights with a maximum arc depth per meter ≤30mm / m in the X / Y directions of the dimming area are less prone to wrinkles. However, when using... Figure 3 After the dimming film is laminated into dimming glass, even if the thickness of the outer layer 1 and the adhesive layer 2 is equal to the thickness of the outer PET layer 3... Figure 2 Even with a PET layer thickness of 1 and a maximum arc depth of 25mm / m in the X / Y directions of the dimming area, wrinkles will still appear. The formation of wrinkles leads to several problems: firstly, noticeable wavy patterns appear, severely affecting the product's aesthetics; secondly, differences in optical performance occur, resulting in uneven light transmission; and in more severe cases, glare may occur, potentially causing structural problems such as film delamination. These defects not only seriously affect the user experience but also limit the widespread application of multi-layer flexible substrate dimming films in large arc depth dimming skylights, becoming a significant technical bottleneck restricting the further development and promotion of this technology. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this application is to provide a dimming laminated glass and a vehicle, to solve the wrinkling problem of existing dimming laminated glass when applied to vehicle sunroofs with large curvature, and to achieve stable performance of multi-layer flexible substrate dimming film in applications with large arc depth.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the dimming laminated glass provided in this application includes an outer glass layer, an outer adhesive layer, an optical element layer, an inner adhesive layer, and an inner glass layer stacked sequentially. The optical element layer includes a dimming functional layer and a first composite film layer and a second single-layer flexible substrate layer stacked on both sides. The second single-layer flexible substrate layer is configured to be disposed on the concave glass surface facing the side where the inner glass layer is located. The first composite film layer includes a functional adhesive layer and a first flexible substrate layer stacked together. The thickness of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer is greater than the thickness of the first flexible substrate layer and greater than or equal to the thickness of the functional adhesive layer.

[0007] In some embodiments of this application, the haze of the first composite film layer in the visible light region is less than or equal to 5%, and the haze of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer in the visible light region is less than or equal to 5%, and the visible light transmittance of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer is greater than or equal to the visible light transmittance of the first composite film layer.

[0008] In some embodiments of this application, the first composite film layer, the dimming functional layer, and the second single-layer flexible substrate layer together constitute a dimming area; the maximum arc depth per meter in the X / Y direction of the dimming area is less than or equal to 30 mm / m.

[0009] In some embodiments of this application, the thickness of the functional layer is less than or equal to 0.3 mm; the functional layer is a polarizer or a polymer film.

[0010] In some embodiments of this application, when the first flexible substrate layer and the second single-layer flexible substrate layer are made of the same material, the thickness of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer is determined by the following formula: ; In the above formula, T1 is the thickness of the functional patch, T2 is the thickness of the first flexible substrate layer, T3 is the thickness of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer, k = E1 / E3, E1 is the average elastic modulus of the functional patch, E3 is the elastic modulus of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer, and 0 < k ≤ 1.

[0011] In some embodiments of this application, both the first flexible substrate layer and the second single-layer flexible substrate layer are polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layers, cellulose triacetate layers, or polyimide layers.

[0012] In some embodiments of this application, the thickness of the functional patch is from 0.05 mm to 0.25 mm.

[0013] In some embodiments of this application, the dimming functional layer is a liquid crystal dimming layer, a light valve layer, a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer, or an electrochromic layer.

[0014] In some embodiments of this application, the first composite film layer includes multiple sub-functional layers arranged sequentially along the stacking direction, and adjacent sub-functional layers are bonded together by an adhesive layer.

[0015] In some embodiments of this application, the total number of the multi-layer sub-functional layers is not less than 2 layers and not more than 10 layers.

[0016] This application also provides a vehicle equipped with at least one of the aforementioned dimming laminated glass pieces.

[0017] The beneficial technical effects of this application include: by setting a specific asymmetrical structure with a thicker second single-layer flexible substrate layer facing the concave surface of the glass, and strictly controlling its thickness relationship with the first composite film layer, the light-switching function is achieved while fundamentally and significantly improving the anti-wrinkle ability and shape stability of the film layer under high curvature bending conditions. This ensures a smooth appearance and uniform and reliable optical performance in demanding curvature applications. This structural design cleverly coordinates mechanical load-bearing capacity and optical performance, effectively suppressing wrinkle formation while ensuring high light transmittance and low haze visual experience of the glass as a whole. Attached Figure Description

[0018] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of this application and form part of this application, do not constitute a limitation thereof. In the drawings: Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the structure of a dimming laminated glass provided by the prior art; Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the structure of an optical element layer provided by the prior art; Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the structure of an optical element layer provided by the prior art; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a dimming laminated glass provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 5 A schematic diagram illustrating the logic for calculating the thickness of each layer of an optical element layer provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the wrinkles in comparative sample 1 of experimental group 1 provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 7 A schematic diagram of the wrinkles in comparative sample 2 in experimental group one provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the wrinkles in the comparative sample of experimental group two provided in an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The following will describe in detail the implementation methods of this application with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, so as to fully understand how this application uses technical means to solve technical problems and achieve technical effects, and to implement it accordingly. It should be noted that, as long as there is no conflict, the various embodiments and features in each embodiment of this application can be combined with each other, and the resulting technical solutions are all within the protection scope of this application.

[0020] Furthermore, the steps shown in the flowchart in the accompanying drawings can be executed in a computer system such as a set of computer-executable instructions, and although a logical order is shown in the flowchart, in some cases the steps shown or described may be executed in a different order than that shown here.

[0021] In one application scenario of this application, the dimming laminated glass is suitable for the exterior glass of motor vehicles, mainly to solve the problem of dimming film wrinkles in multi-layer flexible substrates with a maximum arc depth per meter ≤30mm / m in the X / Y direction of the dimming area inside the current automotive glass.

[0022] For hypercurvature glass, such as Figure 4 As shown, in this composite structure, the layers stacked from top to bottom are: outer glass layer 1, outer adhesive layer 2, optical element layer (3-7), adhesive patch layer 8, inner adhesive layer 9, and inner glass layer (10). The optical element layer is a dimming film layer of a flexible substrate, which can be composed of two or more film materials. The outer / inner adhesive layer (2 / 9) is the same size as the glass, and the adhesive patch layer 8 fills the area of ​​the optical element layer (3-7) that is smaller than the composite glass product, and is at the same height as the optical element layer (3-7). The optical element layer is stacked in the following order: outer layer 3, adhesive layer 4, outer PET layer 5, liquid crystal dimming layer 6, and inner PET layer 7. The order of outer layer 3 + adhesive layer 4 + outer PET layer 5 and inner PET layer 7 can be reversed. The outer layer can be a flexible substrate such as a polarizer or PET, and the adhesive layer can be an adhesive material such as OCA or PSA.

[0023] The ability to resist wrinkling is essentially the ability of a material to resist compressive buckling (i.e., wrinkling) when bent. This is directly determined by the "bending stiffness". For a single layer of material, its bending stiffness (D) is determined by the following formula (1): D ∝ E × H³ ; (1) In the above formula, E is the elastic modulus of the material (unit: GPa or MPa), representing the "hardness" of the material; H is the thickness of the material (unit: mm).

[0024] Based on the elastic modulus of each material, the "vulnerability" of each layer is ranked as follows: Liquid crystal dimming layer: Most vulnerable. It functions through microcapsules, supports, or polymer network structures; once wrinkles occur, its optical performance is immediately compromised. It has almost no mechanical strength and relies entirely on the protection of the upper and lower PET layers. Outer layer: Relatively vulnerable. May be a polarizer or PET; if the polarizer contains soft PVA, it is susceptible to shear stress damage. PET layer: Tough. Provides the main mechanical support. Inner and outer adhesive layers + edge bonding layer: Viscoelastic. Primarily serves an adhesive and buffering function; it can flow and redistribute stress during lamination. Inner and outer glass: Most robust. Provides the final structural strength and bending shape.

[0025] In the optical element layer (3-7), the material on the convex side (i.e., the outer glass layer) is stretched, generating tensile stress. The material on the concave side (i.e., the inner glass layer) is compressed, generating compressive stress. Between the stretched and compressed regions, there exists an imaginary layer that is neither stretched nor compressed; this is the neutral layer. Therefore, the core of the anti-wrinkle strategy is to place the liquid crystal dimming layer as close as possible to the "neutral layer" of the entire encapsulation structure, and to allow the rigid PET layer to withstand the maximum bending stress.

[0026] In this application, the dimming laminated glass includes an outer glass layer, an outer adhesive layer, an optical element layer, an inner adhesive layer, and an inner glass layer stacked sequentially. The optical element layer includes a dimming functional layer and a first composite film layer and a second single-layer flexible substrate layer stacked on both sides. The second single-layer flexible substrate layer is configured to face the concave glass surface on the side where the inner glass layer is located. The first composite film layer includes a functional adhesive layer and a first flexible substrate layer stacked together. The thickness of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer is greater than the thickness of the first flexible substrate layer and greater than or equal to the thickness of the functional adhesive layer.

[0027] The dimming region is formed by the first composite film layer, the dimming functional layer, and the second single-layer flexible substrate layer. The maximum arc depth per meter in the X / Y directions of the dimming region is less than or equal to 30 mm / m. The dimming functional layer may be a liquid crystal dimming layer (LC), a light valve layer (SPD), a polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer (PDLC), or an electrochromic layer (EC).

[0028] For details, please refer to [link / reference]. Figure 4As shown, the outer layer 3 and the outer PET layer 5 are first bonded together using adhesive. The adhesive is much softer than the flexible substrate. If the outer layer 3 is placed against the concave side (i.e., the inner glass layer), compressive stress will act on the surface of the outer layer 3 through the PVB, causing the outer layer 3 to attempt slight lateral expansion (Poisson's effect). The relatively rigid outer PET layer 4 resists this lateral expansion. This contradiction is transformed into enormous interlaminar shear stress in the adhesive layer 4. Because the adhesive layer 4 is very soft, it cannot withstand this shear stress, leading to two types of failure: ① Adhesive failure: Local detachment occurs at the interface between the adhesive layer 4 and the outer layer 3 or the outer PET layer 5. ② Bulk shearing: The adhesive layer 4 itself undergoes shear flow or creep. Once local detachment or shearing occurs, the upper outer layer 3 loses its support and immediately arches under compressive stress, forming a wrinkle. This wrinkle will be permanently "locked" into the product by the lamination process. Therefore, the inner PET layer 7 is configured to face the concave side of the vehicle interior (i.e., the inner glass layer), which is the second single-layer flexible substrate layer, and is positioned facing the concave side of the glass where the inner glass layer is located.

[0029] In some embodiments of this application, the first composite film layer includes a functional adhesive layer and a first flexible substrate layer stacked together. The thickness of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer is greater than the thickness of the first flexible substrate layer and greater than or equal to the thickness of the functional adhesive layer. Optionally, the thickness of the functional adhesive layer is less than or equal to 0.3 mm; the functional adhesive layer is a polarizer or a polymer film.

[0030] Specifically, in order for the more rigid PET layer to withstand the maximum bending stress, the thickness of the PET layer facing the concave side (i.e., the inner glass layer) needs to be better or equivalent. Therefore, the thickness of the outer layer 3 is set to T1, and its elastic modulus is set to E1; the thickness of the outer PET layer 5 is set to T2, and its elastic modulus is set to E2; and the thickness of the inner PET layer 7 is set to T3, and its elastic modulus is set to E3. The following formula (2) is derived: T3>T2 and T3≥T1; (2) The preferred value is 0 < T1 ≤ 0.3 mm.

[0031] Because of the use of asymmetrical PET substrate, the thicker inner PET layer 7 facing the concave side of the glass (compression side) is a better choice. This configuration utilizes the higher compressive stiffness and stability of the thicker material to resist the compressive buckling effect that is most likely to cause wrinkles, while placing the thinner and more deformable film layer (outer layer 3) on the tensile side, making the overall stress distribution more coordinated, thereby significantly reducing the risk of wrinkles.

[0032] In some embodiments of this application, when the first flexible substrate layer and the second single-layer flexible substrate layer are made of the same material, the thickness of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer is determined by the following formula: ; In the above formula, T1 is the thickness of the functional patch, T2 is the thickness of the first flexible substrate layer, T3 is the thickness of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer, k = E1 / E3, E1 is the average elastic modulus of the functional patch, E3 is the elastic modulus of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer, and 0 < k ≤ 1.

[0033] Specifically, to simplify the calculation model, the elastic moduli of the liquid crystal layer and PSA are not on the same order of magnitude as the three layers mentioned above, and therefore are ignored. The core is to keep the neutral layer inside the inner PET layer 7 to avoid wrinkles. The inner surface of the inner PET layer 7 is taken as the origin of the coordinate system (y=0) (see...). Figure 5 Neutral layer y na The general calculation formula (3) is as follows: ; (3) Where M is the total bending moment, EA is the total tensile stiffness, and y i It is the distance from the center line of each layer to the reference point (y=0).

[0034] Based on T3 > T2 and T3 ≥ T1, in order to make y na ≤T3, therefore, substituting into formula (3), we can obtain formula (4): (4) Furthermore, if the inner PET layer 7 and the outer PET layer 5 are made of the same material, then formula (4) is further simplified to formula (5): (5) Where k= And 0 < k ≤ 1.

[0035] In some embodiments of this application, the haze of the first composite film layer in the visible light region is less than or equal to 5%, and the haze of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer in the visible light region is less than or equal to 5%, and the visible light transmittance of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer is greater than or equal to the visible light transmittance of the first composite film layer.

[0036] Specifically, to maintain a good visual appearance, the visible light transmittance of the outer PET layer 6 superimposed on the outer PET layer 7 can be set to TL1 and the haze to HAZE1, and the visible light transmittance of the inner PET layer 9 can be set to TL2 and the haze to HAZE2, with TL2≥TL1 and HAZE1 and HAZE2 both≤5%.

[0037] In general, in some embodiments of this application, the dimming laminated glass includes an outer glass layer, an outer adhesive layer, an optical element layer, an inner adhesive layer, and an inner glass layer stacked sequentially. The optical element layer is composed of a dimming functional layer and a first composite film layer and a second single-layer flexible substrate layer stacked on both sides thereof.

[0038] Both the outer and inner glass layers are made of 2.1mm thick transparent glass. This material not only provides the necessary structural support for the entire dimming laminated glass but also has a protective function, ensuring that the glass is not easily damaged during use. The outer and inner bonding layers are made of 0.38mm and / or 0.76mm thick transparent PVB material (i.e., both the outer and inner bonding layers are 0.38mm or 0.76mm, or one of the outer and inner bonding layers is 0.38mm and the other is 0.76mm). This material is chosen to firmly bond the optical element layer to the glass layer, ensuring the stability of the overall structure.

[0039] The first composite film layer of the optical element layer includes a functional adhesive layer and a first flexible substrate layer stacked together. The functional adhesive layer is a polarizer with a thickness of 0.185 mm, a polarization degree greater than or equal to 95%, and an average elastic modulus E1 of 0.1 GPa. The first flexible substrate layer is a 0.125 mm thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layer with an elastic modulus E2 of 3.0 GPa. The functional adhesive layer and the first flexible substrate layer are bonded together by a 0.025 mm thick PSA adhesive layer.

[0040] The second single-layer flexible substrate layer is also made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) material, with a thickness of 0.25 mm and an elastic modulus E3 of 3.0 GPa. The second single-layer flexible substrate layer is configured with a concave glass surface facing the inner glass layer, which can effectively accommodate the deformation requirements of curved glass.

[0041] The dimming function layer uses a 0.010mm thick liquid crystal dimming layer, located between the first composite film layer and the second single-layer flexible substrate layer, and achieves the switching between transparent and opaque states through voltage control.

[0042] The thickness of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer (0.25 mm) is greater than the thickness of the first flexible substrate layer (0.125 mm) in the first composite film layer, and is also greater than or equal to the thickness of the functional adhesive layer (0.185 mm). This thickness configuration satisfies the formula: The requirements are as follows: T1 is the thickness of the functional adhesive layer (0.185mm), T2 is the thickness of the first flexible substrate layer (0.125mm), T3 is the thickness of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer (0.25mm), and k = E1 / E3 = 0.1 / 3.0 = 0.033.

[0043] It should be noted that both the first flexible substrate layer and the second single-layer flexible substrate layer are polyethylene terephthalate layers, cellulose triacetate layers, or polyimide layers. Those skilled in the art can choose to use them according to actual needs, and this application does not impose further restrictions here.

[0044] In terms of optical performance, the haze of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer in the visible light region is 1.5%, which meets the requirement of less than or equal to 5%. The visible light transmittance TL2 of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer is 95%, which is greater than or equal to the visible light transmittance TL1 of the first composite film layer, which is 40%. The haze of the first composite film layer in the visible light region is 2.3%, which also meets the requirement of less than or equal to 5%.

[0045] In a preferred embodiment, the thickness of the functional layer is any value within the range of 0.05 mm to 0.25 mm, such as 0.05 mm, 0.1 mm, 0.185 mm, 0.25 mm, etc. When the thickness of the functional layer is 0.05 mm, PET material is used, and the average elastic modulus E1 is 2.3 GPa. At this time, the thickness of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer is still 0.25 mm, the thickness of the first flexible substrate layer is 0.125 mm, the visible light transmittance TL2 is 95%, TL1 is 94%, and the haze is 1.5% and 2.0%, respectively.

[0046] In a preferred embodiment, the thickness of the functional layer is less than or equal to 0.3 mm, and it can be a polarizer or a polymer film.

[0047] In a preferred embodiment, the first composite film layer comprises multiple sub-functional layers arranged sequentially along the stacking direction, with adjacent sub-functional layers bonded together by an adhesive layer. The total number of sub-functional layers is not less than 2 and not more than 10, and can be adjusted according to specific application requirements.

[0048] The working principle of this dimming laminated glass is as follows: when voltage is applied to the liquid crystal dimming layer, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules changes, causing the glass to switch from an opaque state to a transparent state. The second single-layer flexible substrate layer, due to its greater thickness, can better adapt to the deformation of bent glass, avoiding wrinkles during bending. The polarizer in the first composite film layer provides polarization, while the combination of the thinner first flexible substrate layer and the thicker second single-layer flexible substrate layer ensures the stability and optical performance of the overall structure under bending conditions.

[0049] With the above structural configuration, the dimming laminated glass maintains excellent optical performance when applied to curved surfaces, avoiding defects such as wrinkles, while achieving reliable dimming functionality. Through this design, the dimming laminated glass not only possesses superior structural stability and durability but also exhibits outstanding optical performance, providing excellent visual effects and user experience in a variety of application scenarios.

[0050] To facilitate verification of the practical application effect of the dimming laminated glass provided in this application, different embodiments are used for verification below. Those skilled in the art will understand that these embodiments do not limit this application in any way.

[0051] Experimental Group 1: use Figure 4 The structure is as follows. The maximum arc depth per meter in the X / Y directions of the dimming area inside the glass is 30mm / m and 28mm / m, respectively. The outer glass layer 1 and the inner glass layer 10 are made of 2.1mm transparent glass, the outer adhesive layer 2 and the inner adhesive layer 9 are made of 0.76mm transparent PVB, the adhesive patch layer 8 is made of 0.6mm transparent PVB, the outer layer 3 is made of 0.185mm polarizer, E1=0.1GPa, the adhesive layer 4 is made of 0.025mm PSA adhesive, the outer PET layer is made of 0.125mm PET, the inner PET layer is made of 0.25mm PET, E2=E3=3.0GPa, and the liquid crystal dimming layer 6 is made of 0.010mm LC. TL2=95%, TL1=40%, HAZE2=1.5%, HAZE1=2.3%. All of these meet the above requirements. T3(0.25mm)>T2(0.125mm), T3(0.25mm)≥T1(0.185mm); (0.15mm); TL2≥TL1, HAZE1 and HAZE2 are both ≤5%; The final product is wrinkle-free.

[0052] In comparison: Comparison Sample 1: use Figure 4 The structure is as follows. The maximum arc depth per meter in the X / Y directions of the dimming area inside the glass is 30mm / m and 28mm / m, respectively. The outer glass layer 1 and the inner glass layer 10 are made of 2.1mm transparent glass, the outer adhesive layer 2 and the inner adhesive layer 9 are made of 0.76mm transparent PVB, the adhesive patch layer 8 is made of 0.6mm transparent PVB, the outer layer 3 is made of 0.185mm polarizer, E1=0.1GPa, the adhesive layer 4 is made of 0.025mm PSA adhesive, the outer PET layer is made of 0.25mm PET, the inner PET layer is made of 0.125mm PET, E2=E3=3.0GPa, and the liquid crystal dimming layer 6 is made of 0.010mm LC. TL2=97%, TL1=43%, HAZE2=1.2%, HAZE1=2.5%. The following limitations are not met: T3(0.125mm)<T2(0.25mm), T3(0.125mm)<T1(0.185mm); (0.26mm); The final product may have wrinkles, such as Figure 6 As shown.

[0053] Comparison Sample 2: use Figure 4 The structure is as follows. The maximum arc depth per meter in the X / Y directions of the dimming area inside the glass is 30mm / m and 28mm / m, respectively. The positions of the outer layer + adhesive layer + outer PET layer and inner PET layer are swapped. The outer glass layer 1 and inner glass layer 10 use 2.1mm transparent glass, the outer adhesive layer 2 and inner adhesive layer 9 use 0.76mm transparent PVB, the adhesive edge layer 8 uses 0.6mm transparent PVB, the outer layer 3 uses a 0.185mm polarizer, E1=0.1GPa, the adhesive layer 4 uses 0.025mm PSA adhesive, the outer PET layer uses 0.125mm PET, the inner PET layer uses 0.25mm PET, E2=E3=3.0GPa, and the liquid crystal dimming layer 6 uses 0.010mm LC. TL2=95%, TL1=40%, HAZE2=1.5%, HAZE1=2.3%. Under the condition that all the constraints are met, the final product shows wrinkles, such as Figure 7 As shown.

[0054] Experimental Group 2: use Figure 4 The structure is as follows. The maximum arc depth per meter in the X / Y directions of the dimming area inside the glass is 30mm / m and 28mm / m, respectively. The outer glass layer 1 and the inner glass layer 10 are made of 2.1mm transparent glass, the outer adhesive layer 2 and the inner adhesive layer 9 are made of 0.76mm transparent PVB, the adhesive edge layer 8 is made of 0.5mm transparent PVB, the outer lamination layer 3 is made of 0.05mm PET, E1=2.3GPa, the adhesive layer 4 is made of 0.025mm PSA adhesive, the inner PET layer is made of 0.25mm PET, the outer PET layer is made of 0.125mm, E2=E3=3.0GPa, and the liquid crystal dimming layer 6 is made of 0.010mm LC. TL2=95%, TL1=94%, HAZE2=1.5%, HAZE1=2.0%. All of these meet the above requirements. T3(0.25mm)>T2(0.125mm), T3(0.25mm)>T1(0.05mm); (0.21mm); TL2 > TL1, HAZE1 and HAZE2 are both ≤5%; The final product is wrinkle-free.

[0055] Comparison sample: use Figure 4The structure. The maximum arc depth per meter in the X / Y directions of the dimming area inside the glass is 30mm / m and 28mm / m, respectively. The outer glass layer 1 and the inner glass layer 10 are made of 2.1mm transparent glass, the outer adhesive layer 2 and the inner adhesive layer 9 are made of 0.76mm transparent PVB, the adhesive patch layer 8 is made of 0.5mm transparent PVB, the outer layer 3 is made of 0.1mm PET, E1=2.3GPa, the adhesive layer 4 is made of 0.025mm PSA adhesive, the inner PET layer is made of 0.25mm PET, the outer PET layer is made of 0.125mm, E2=E3=3.0GPa, and the liquid crystal dimming layer 6 is made of 0.010mm LC. TL2=95%, TL1=93%, HAZE2=1.5%, HAZE1=2.0%. It does not meet the formula (5).

[0056] T3(0.25mm)>T2(0.125mm), T3(0.25mm)>T1(0.1mm); (0.28mm); TL2 > TL1, HAZE1 and HAZE2 are both ≤5%; The final product showed wrinkles. Figure 8 .

[0057] This application also provides a vehicle equipped with at least one of the aforementioned dimming laminated glass pieces.

[0058] Specifically, the vehicle may be a car, and the dimming laminated glass is applied to at least one of the car's windshield, side windows, and sunroof.

[0059] The windshield of this vehicle adopts the dimming laminated glass structure described in the preceding embodiments, comprising an outer glass layer, an outer adhesive layer, an optical element layer, an inner adhesive layer, and an inner glass layer stacked sequentially. The optical element layer includes a dimming functional layer and a first composite film layer and a second single-layer flexible substrate layer stacked on both sides, with the second single-layer flexible substrate layer disposed on the concave surface of the glass facing the side where the inner glass layer is located.

[0060] In automotive applications, windshields typically have a certain curvature to accommodate vehicle body styling and aerodynamic requirements. The maximum arc depth per meter in the X / Y directions of the dimming area is less than or equal to 30 mm / m. The design of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer being 0.25 mm thick, which is greater than the thickness of the first flexible substrate layer in the first composite film layer (0.125 mm), allows the dimming laminated glass to adapt well to this curved shape without wrinkling during bending, ensuring the optical quality and aesthetics of the windshield.

[0061] The polarizing film layer in the first composite film layer effectively reduces glare and improves driving safety. When sunlight is strong or oncoming vehicle headlights are shining, the polarizer can filter out some of the polarized light, reducing driver fatigue. The dimming layer is controlled by the vehicle's electronic control system and can automatically or manually adjust its transparency according to external lighting conditions. In strong light, it switches to an opaque or semi-transparent state to provide sunshade; in dim light, it switches to a transparent state to ensure good visibility.

[0062] The car's side windows also use the same type of dimming laminated glass, but with a relatively smaller curvature. The dimming function of the side windows is mainly used for privacy protection and temperature regulation. Passengers can adjust the transparency of the side windows through the control panel inside the car, which protects the privacy inside the car and effectively blocks ultraviolet and infrared rays, thus reducing the temperature inside the car.

[0063] When this type of light-adjustable laminated glass is used in the sunroof, its light-adjusting function is particularly suitable for direct sunlight. Sunroofs are typically flat or slightly curved, and the thickness of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer ensures structural stability even under slight curvature. Passengers can adjust the sunroof's transparency as needed, finding a balance between enjoying the view and blocking strong sunlight.

[0064] In a preferred embodiment, the vehicle's windshield, side windows, and sunroof are all fitted with dimming laminated glass. The onboard intelligent control system can automatically adjust the transparency of each glass window based on GPS positioning, time information, and light sensor data. For example, when traveling east-west, the system automatically adjusts the transparency of the side windows to reduce side sunlight; when parked, the system can adjust all glass windows to an opaque state to protect privacy and reduce the interior temperature.

[0065] In a preferred embodiment, the side and rear windows of the rear passenger area of ​​the vehicle are made of dimmable laminated glass. Passengers can independently control the transparency of each window using control buttons on the seat armrests, meeting the privacy needs during business negotiations.

[0066] In a preferred embodiment, the use of dimming laminated glass in this vehicle helps reduce the energy consumption of the vehicle's air conditioning system. By intelligently adjusting the glass transparency, solar heat radiation entering the vehicle is reduced, thereby reducing the air conditioning cooling load and increasing the driving range.

[0067] The dimming laminated glass in this vehicle operates on the same principle as in the aforementioned embodiment, adjusting transparency by controlling the orientation of liquid crystal molecules through voltage. The vehicle's 12V or 24V power supply provides the required AC voltage to the dimming layer via an inverter. The entire system exhibits excellent reliability and durability, meeting the stringent quality requirements of the automotive industry.

[0068] By applying this dimming laminated glass to vehicles, not only is passenger comfort and safety improved, but the technological sophistication and luxury of the vehicle are also enhanced, providing users with a more intelligent travel experience. The application of dimming laminated glass represents not only technological innovation but also demonstrates its superior performance and versatility in practical use, becoming an indispensable part of modern automotive design.

[0069] The beneficial technical effects of this application include: by optimizing the arrangement direction and thickness relationship of each flexible substrate layer in the dimming film, the wrinkling problem of multi-layer flexible substrate dimming film in large arc depth applications has been successfully solved, achieving a dimming sunroof with a maximum arc depth of ≤30mm / m in the X / Y direction of the dimming area without wrinkling, thus improving the arc depth adaptability compared with the prior art; by controlling the neutral layer inside the inner PET layer, the harder PET layer can withstand the maximum bending stress, avoiding excessive stress on fragile layers such as the liquid crystal dimming layer, which would cause wrinkling, thus ensuring the stability of optical performance; and expanding the application range of multi-layer flexible substrate dimming film, making it more widely applicable to various large arc depth vehicle sunroofs and other application scenarios, thereby improving the market adaptability and customer experience of the product.

[0070] It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used merely to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitations, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes said element. The terms "upper," "lower," etc., indicating orientation or positional relationships based on the orientation or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, are used only for the convenience of describing this application and for simplification, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of this application. Unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linkage" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to fixed connections, detachable connections, or integral connections; they can refer to mechanical connections or electrical connections; they can refer to direct connections or indirect connections through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this application based on the specific circumstances.

[0071] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner. Similar or identical parts between embodiments can be referred to interchangeably. Each embodiment focuses on describing the differences from other embodiments. In the description of this specification, the terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., refer to specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described in connection with that embodiment or example, which are included in at least one embodiment or example of the embodiments in this specification. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described can be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples. Moreover, without contradiction, those skilled in the art can combine and integrate the different embodiments or examples described in this specification, as well as the features of different embodiments or examples.

[0072] This application uses specific embodiments to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of this application. The description of the above embodiments is only for the purpose of helping to understand the method and core ideas of this application. At the same time, for those skilled in the art, there will be changes in the specific implementation methods and application scope based on the ideas of this application. Therefore, the content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation of this application.

Claims

1. A dimming laminated glass, comprising an outer glass layer, an outer adhesive layer, an optical element layer, an inner adhesive layer, and an inner glass layer stacked sequentially; the optical element layer comprising a dimming functional layer and a first composite film layer and a second single-layer flexible substrate layer stacked on both sides, characterized in that, The second single-layer flexible substrate layer is configured to be disposed on the concave glass surface facing the side where the inner glass layer is located; The first composite film layer includes a functional adhesive layer and a first flexible substrate layer stacked together; The thickness of the second single-layer flexible substrate is greater than the thickness of the first flexible substrate, and is greater than or equal to the thickness of the functional patch layer.

2. The dimming laminated glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, The haze of the first composite film layer in the visible light region is less than or equal to 5%, and the haze of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer in the visible light region is less than or equal to 5%, and the visible light transmittance of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer is greater than or equal to the visible light transmittance of the first composite film layer.

3. The dimming laminated glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, The dimming area is composed of the first composite film layer, the dimming functional layer, and the second single-layer flexible substrate layer; the maximum arc depth per meter in the X / Y direction of the dimming area is less than or equal to 30 mm / m.

4. The dimming laminated glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thickness of the functional layer is less than or equal to 0.3 mm; the functional layer is a polarizer or a polymer film.

5. The dimming laminated glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, When the first flexible substrate layer and the second single-layer flexible substrate layer are made of the same material, the thickness of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer is determined by the following formula: ； In the above formula, T1 is the thickness of the functional patch, T2 is the thickness of the first flexible substrate layer, T3 is the thickness of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer, k = E1 / E3, E1 is the average elastic modulus of the functional patch, E3 is the elastic modulus of the second single-layer flexible substrate layer, and 0 < k ≤ 1.

6. The dimming laminated glass according to claim 5, characterized in that, Both the first flexible substrate layer and the second single-layer flexible substrate layer are polyethylene terephthalate layers, cellulose triacetate layers, or polyimide layers.

7. The dimming laminated glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thickness of the functional patch is 0.05 mm to 0.25 mm.

8. The dimming laminated glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, The dimming functional layer is a liquid crystal dimming layer, a light valve layer, a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer, or an electrochromic layer.

9. The dimming laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that, The first composite film layer includes multiple sub-functional layers arranged sequentially along the stacking direction, and adjacent sub-functional layers are bonded together by an adhesive layer.

10. The dimming laminated glass according to claim 9, characterized in that, The total number of the multi-layered sub-functional layers shall be no less than 2 layers and no more than 10 layers.

11. A means of transportation, characterized in that, It is equipped with at least one piece of dimming laminated glass as described in any one of claims 1 to 10.

Images