High safety and high energy lithium battery and lithium battery pack
By combining distributed sensors and partitioned actuators with intelligent algorithms, precise monitoring and control of local temperature and pressure in high-energy lithium battery modules has been achieved, solving the problem of inaccurate monitoring and control in existing technologies and improving safety and reliability.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- RES INST OF CHEM DEFENSE PLA ACAD OF MILITARY SCI
- Filing Date
- 2026-04-14
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-26
AI Technical Summary
Existing high-energy lithium battery modules cannot accurately monitor the local temperature and pressure status of individual cells and lack targeted control methods, resulting in insufficient safety and reliability.
By combining distributed local sensors and partitioned micro actuators with intelligent algorithms, the system can accurately sense and independently control the local temperature and pressure of each cell. Local heat dissipation is achieved through a main channel-branch microfluidic architecture, and pressure is regulated by shape memory alloy push rods.
It enables precise monitoring and control of local temperature and pressure anomalies in individual battery cells, improving the safety and reliability of the module and avoiding problems such as thermal runaway and uneven stress.
Smart Images
Figure CN122291735A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention belongs to the field of high energy density battery technology, and relates to a high-safety, high-energy lithium battery and lithium battery pack. Background Technology
[0002] With the rapid development of new energy vehicles and large-scale energy storage, the demand for energy density, cycle life, and safety performance of lithium batteries continues to increase. Module energy density is breaking through to 500Wh / kg and above, and lithium metal and silicon-carbon are gradually becoming the anode choices for individual cells. However, the uneven deposition of lithium ions leads to the formation of lithium dendrites on the anode surface, which can easily penetrate the separator and cause short circuits. Furthermore, the local temperature anomalies and uneven stress caused by cell expansion during operation have become the core bottlenecks restricting the safety and reliability of high-energy lithium batteries and their modules.
[0003] Currently, most modules can only monitor the overall temperature and cannot detect localized temperature rises in individual cells caused by differences in internal resistance, micro-short circuits, or localized heat dissipation dead zones, easily missing the early warning window for thermal runaway. At the same time, most modules do not integrate pressure monitoring functions, relying solely on rigid structural components to apply a fixed preload to limit expansion, failing to detect pressure anomalies caused by the expansion of individual cells in real time. The few solutions with pressure monitoring only monitor the overall pressure of the module, unable to pinpoint localized stress anomalies in specific individual cells, making targeted regulation difficult.
[0004] More importantly, the negative electrode materials used in high-energy lithium batteries, such as lithium metal and silicon-carbon, have a higher volume expansion rate. Near the tab, the concentrated current density can easily cause local temperature rise and lithium dendrite clustering. The central area of the cell is prone to heat accumulation due to poor heat dissipation, while the edge area may form stress concentration points due to uneven pre-tightening force transmission. The existing overall monitoring and coarse constraint mode cannot identify these micro-scale local anomalies, nor can it form a precise response: overall temperature monitoring is averaged by the heat conduction between cells, causing local temperature rises caused by micro-short circuits to be masked until they spread to overall thermal runaway before they are detected; fixed pre-tightening force cannot match the dynamic expansion differences between different cells or different areas of the same cell. It is difficult to form an effective constraint on areas with severe expansion. Instead, it may accelerate lithium dendrite penetration of the separator due to stress concentration. In areas with gentle expansion, it may damage the electrode interface contact due to excessive compression, exacerbating electrolyte wetting failure and capacity decay.
[0005] There is a need to provide a high-energy lithium battery pack technology that can achieve local temperature and pressure monitoring and regulation in order to solve problems such as local thermal runaway and uneven stress inside the battery cell, and improve the safety, high energy and long life of the cell and the module. Summary of the Invention
[0006] This invention aims to overcome the shortcomings of existing technologies, such as the inability to monitor the local temperature and pressure status of individual battery cells and the lack of targeted control methods. It provides a high-safety, high-energy lithium battery module with local temperature and pressure monitoring and control for individual battery cells. Through the combination of distributed local sensing, partitioned micro-actuators, and intelligent collaborative algorithms, it achieves precise sensing and independent control of the local temperature and pressure of each cell, eliminating safety hazards at the individual cell level and improving the overall performance of the module. The technical solution adopted by this invention is as follows: In a first aspect, the present invention provides a high-safety, high-energy lithium battery, the lithium battery comprising a single lithium battery cell, a sensing unit, a local control unit, and an intelligent control unit; The lithium battery and sensing unit include a lithium battery cell, a first heat-conducting sheet, a sensing unit, and a second heat-conducting sheet. The lithium battery cell is a plate-shaped body divided into several regions. The first heat-conducting sheet covers both sides of the plate. Each region outside the first heat-conducting sheet is provided with an independent sensing unit, and a second heat-conducting sheet is provided outside the sensing unit. The sensing unit monitors parameters including temperature and pressure, and its monitoring range covers the area it belongs to, monitoring the temperature and pressure of each independent area. The local control unit includes a temperature control unit and a pressure control unit; the temperature control unit is located outside the second heat-conducting plate, and the pressure control unit is located outside the temperature control unit. The temperature control unit features a two-tier architecture of main channel-branch microchannels, including a temperature conduction plate, an inlet main channel, branch microchannels, and an outlet main channel. The inlet main channel is located below the lithium battery cell and sensing unit, and has several branch channels leading to each area. Each branch channel is equipped with a piezoelectric microvalve for flow control. The temperature conduction plate has independent vertical connection holes for the inlet and outlet of the branch microchannels corresponding to each area. An inner groove is embedded between the inlet and outlet vertical connection holes of the branch microchannels. The branch microchannels enter the temperature conduction plate through the inlet vertical connection holes. After flowing in the inner groove of the temperature conduction plate, the coolant flows out through the outlet vertical connection holes of the branch microchannels to the outlet, where it converges to the outlet main channel. The outlet main channel is located above the lithium battery cell and sensing unit. The pressure control unit includes a pressure conducting plate, a central substrate, and shape memory alloy push rods. A shape memory alloy push rod corresponding to the number of lithium battery cell regions is located on the side of the central substrate, and the other end of the push rod is connected to the pressure conducting plate. The pressure conducting plate is connected to a temperature conducting plate. The shape memory alloy push rod is divided into a threaded section and a pressure output section. The threaded section is fitted with a return spring for resetting to its initial length when not heated. The pressure output section integrates a heating wire for electrothermal drive after heating. The shape memory alloy push rod is rigidly connected to the pressure conducting plate via a connecting groove, realizing the transmission of point-to-surface force. The intelligent control unit connects to the sensing unit, temperature control unit, and pressure control unit, and controls the piezoelectric micro valve and heating wire. a. Receive temperature and pressure data monitored by the sensing unit; b. Compare the received data with preset temperature and pressure safety thresholds; c. When the data exceeds the safety threshold, a control signal is output to the temperature control unit and the pressure control unit to control the piezoelectric micro valve and the heating wire; d. Dynamically adjust the control signal based on the feedback data after execution to form closed-loop control.
[0007] Preferably, the intelligent control unit control program monitors the temperature and pressure of each area and compares them with the set target temperature and pressure values; when an abnormal temperature area exceeding a set threshold or an abnormal temperature rise area exceeding a set first threshold is detected, the temperature is reduced by increasing the opening of the piezoelectric micro valve to increase the coolant flow in the abnormal temperature area until it returns to normal or an alarm is triggered; when an abnormal pressure area exceeding a set first threshold is detected, the shrinkage of the shape memory alloy push rod is adjusted by controlling the heating wire until it returns to normal or an alarm is triggered. If the temperature, temperature change, or pressure values in the abnormal temperature zone, abnormal temperature rise zone, or abnormal pressure zone reach the set second threshold, the piezoelectric micro-valve and shape memory alloy push rod control in the adjacent zone will be activated.
[0008] Furthermore, the temperature control module is set as follows: the standard piezoelectric micro valve opening degree 'a' is set, and the target battery temperature is t0℃; When the temperature of a single local area exceeds t1℃ or the temperature difference between any two areas exceeds Δt℃, the opening degree of the micro valve controlling the corresponding area increases by b%. When the temperature of a single local area exceeds t2℃ or the temperature rise rate exceeds t'℃ / min, the opening degree of the micro valve is increased to c%, and the opening degree of the micro valves in the adjacent areas is increased by d% to coordinate heat dissipation. Where t2 > t1, c > b; The pressure control module is set as follows: When the pressure difference between regions is greater than P1 MPa, the shrinkage of the shape memory alloy push rod is adjusted by controlling the heating wire according to 0.8 to 1.5 times the pressure difference value P1; When the pressure difference between regions is greater than P2 MPa, the heating wires of adjacent regions are activated to complete the coordinated adjustment of the push rod. Among them, P2 is greater than P1.
[0009] Furthermore, the intelligent control unit is configured to: when the temperature of a single local area is greater than 50°C or the temperature difference between areas is greater than 3°C, control the opening of the micro valve in the corresponding area to increase to 50%; when the temperature is greater than 60°C or the temperature rise rate is greater than 3°C / min, control the opening of the micro valve to increase to 70-100% and start the adjacent areas to cooperate in heat dissipation. When the pressure difference between regions is greater than 0.3 MPa, the shrinkage of the shape memory alloy push rod is adjusted to 1.2 times the pressure deviation value, and the push rods in adjacent regions are activated for coordinated adjustment.
[0010] Preferably, the central substrate is a composite structure of an aluminum alloy support layer, a flexible circuit, and a polyimide insulating layer, fixed to the module end plate; the outer side of the pressure transmission sheet is made of polyetheretherketone material, and the inner side is made of a flexible silicone buffer layer.
[0011] Preferably, the temperature measurement range is -40℃ to 230℃ with an accuracy of ±0.3℃, the pressure measurement range is 0 to 10MPa with an accuracy of ±1.0kPa, and the refresh rate is 0.001-50Hz. Preferably, the heat-conducting sheet is a graphene heat-conducting sheet with a thickness of no more than 0.05 mm, and its area covers the surface of the sensor and the battery cell; the total thickness of the first heat-conducting sheet, the sensing unit, the second heat-conducting sheet, and the local control unit does not exceed 4 mm.
[0012] Preferably, the lithium battery cell is a square plate divided into nine equal regions.
[0013] Preferably, the inner groove is wavy, with the starting point located at one edge of the region and the ending point located at the opposite edge, with its crests and troughs located at the upper and lower edges.
[0014] Preferably, the sensing unit is a flexible temperature and pressure integrated sensor.
[0015] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a high-safety, high-energy lithium battery pack, wherein the lithium battery pack is composed of a plurality of lithium batteries as described in the first aspect, and each adjacent lithium battery shares a central substrate; the inlet main channel and the outlet main channel are shared by all lithium batteries.
[0016] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of this disclosure are as follows: 1. By integrating flexible temperature and pressure sensors for independent areas, the system can monitor the temperature and pressure changes of each battery cell as a whole and in each area, accurately capturing local temperature and pressure anomalies in the battery cells.
[0017] 2. The two-stage architecture of main channel-branch microchannel enables localized heat dissipation in a certain temperature abnormal area of the battery cell, thereby achieving temperature uniformity in all areas of the battery cell.
[0018] 3. By using double-sided shape memory alloy push rods and pressure transmission plates in each area, the abnormal pressure area of a battery cell is brought back to the normal level, so that the pressure of each area of each battery cell is consistent.
[0019] 4. By using graphene heat-conducting sheets to tightly integrate the aluminum alloy heat sink of the temperature control unit with the surface of the battery cell, the heat dissipation effect of the battery cell is further enhanced during high-rate discharge.
[0020] 5. By connecting the double-sided shape memory alloy push rods with the pressure transmission plate at the point and surface, pressure regulation is transferred from point to surface, enabling uniform pressure regulation in a single area of the battery cell.
[0021] 6. By using the joint response of shape memory alloy push rods in adjacent regions, the pressure in an abnormally expanded region is kept at a safe threshold. The coordinated regulation of shape memory alloy push rods in adjacent regions further enhances the consistency of the pressure of individual cells during the pressure regulation stage.
[0022] 7. Because the central substrate and shape memory alloy push rod make each battery cell independent of each other, when the temperature of a battery cell changes, the temperature control unit matched with it will independently control the temperature without affecting the overall temperature of other battery cells, effectively avoiding thermal crosstalk between battery cells.
[0023] 8. The thickness of the central substrate and the double-sided memory alloy push rods is controlled within 4mm, which can adapt to the 1-4mm gap requirements of the battery module and make full use of the space inside the module. Attached Figure Description
[0024] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of battery cell module; in Figure 1 (a) is a schematic diagram of a partial component on the front of the module; Figure 1 (b) is a schematic diagram of the microchannels integrated into the aluminum alloy heat sink and a partial enlarged cross-sectional perspective view of the module; Single cell-1, heat-conducting sheet-2, flexible temperature and pressure integrated sensor-3, main inlet channel-4, branch microchannel-5, main outlet channel-6, piezoelectric micro valve-7, central substrate-8, return spring-9, heating wire-10, pressure transmitting plate-11, temperature transmitting plate-12 Figure 2 Schematic diagram of temperature and pressure zones in a flexible thermo-pressure integrated thin-film sensor; Figure 3 The temperature images from the integrated temperature and pressure sensor before and after are adjusted by the temperature control system. in, Figure 3 (a) is the temperature image before adjustment; Figure 3 (b) is the temperature image after adjustment; Figure 4The pressure images from the integrated temperature and pressure sensor before and after are adjusted by the pressure control system. in, Figure 4 (a) is the pressure image before regulation; Figure 4 (b) is the pressure image after adjustment; Figure 5 The temperature and pressure standard deviation changes before and after adjustment by the temperature and pressure control system. Detailed Implementation
[0025] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
[0026] Example 1 like Figures 1-5 As shown, a high-safety, high-energy lithium battery pack is composed of several lithium batteries; the lithium battery includes a single lithium battery cell, a sensing unit, a local control unit, and an intelligent control unit. The lithium battery and sensing unit include a single lithium battery cell, a first heat-conducting sheet, a sensing unit, and a second heat-conducting sheet. The single battery cells in the battery pack are finished cells produced by EVE Energy, using the NCM811||Li system, with a rated capacity of 9.8Ah and a 0.2C discharge energy density of up to 420Wh / Kg, belonging to high-energy batteries. They are arranged in a matrix, with the large surface of each cell divided into 9 equal regions (top left A, middle left B, bottom left C, top center D, middle E, bottom center F, top right G, middle right H, bottom right I). Both sides of the plate are covered with a 0.05mm first graphene heat-conducting sheet. Each region outside the first heat-conducting sheet is equipped with an independent sensing unit, and a 0.05mm second graphene heat-conducting sheet is provided outside the sensing unit. The sensing unit is a flexible integrated temperature and pressure sensor, which monitors parameters including temperature and pressure, and its monitoring range covers the area it belongs to, monitoring the temperature and pressure of each independent area. The local control unit includes a temperature control unit and a pressure control unit; the temperature control unit is located outside the second heat-conducting plate, and the pressure control unit is located outside the temperature control unit. The temperature control unit features a two-tier architecture: a main channel and branch microchannels. It includes a temperature conduction plate, an inlet main channel, branch microchannels, and an outlet main channel. The inlet main channel is located below the lithium battery cell and sensing unit, and has nine branch channels leading to each area. Each branch channel is equipped with a piezoelectric microvalve for flow control. The temperature conduction plate has independent vertical connection holes for the inlet and outlet of each branch microchannel, corresponding to each area. An inner groove is embedded between these two holes, through which the branch channels flow. This inner groove is wavy, starting at one edge of the area and ending at the opposite edge, with its peaks and troughs located at the upper and lower edges. The branch microchannels enter the temperature conduction plate through the vertical connection holes. After flowing within the inner groove, the coolant exits through the vertical connection holes to the branch microchannel outlet, which then converges to the outlet main channel. The outlet main channel is located above the lithium battery cell and sensing unit. The temperature conduction plate is made of aluminum alloy. The pressure control unit includes a pressure conducting plate, a central substrate, and shape memory alloy push rods. A shape memory alloy push rod corresponding to the number of lithium battery cell regions is located on the side of the central substrate, and the other end of the push rod is connected to the pressure conducting plate. The pressure conducting plate is connected to a temperature conducting plate. The shape memory alloy push rod is divided into a threaded section and a pressure output section. The threaded section is fitted with a return spring for resetting to its initial length when not heated. The pressure output section integrates a heating wire for electrothermal drive after heating. The shape memory alloy push rod is rigidly connected to the pressure conducting plate via a connecting groove, realizing the transmission of point-to-surface force. A central substrate is installed in the gap between two adjacent battery cells. This substrate has a multi-layered composite structure: a core of 1mm thick aluminum alloy support layer, with flexible circuitry and polyimide (PI) insulation layers on both sides. The central substrate is fixed to the upper and lower end plates of the module at both ends. On both sides of the central substrate facing each battery cell, nine shape memory alloy push rods are threadedly connected, corresponding to nine areas of the battery cell. Each shape memory alloy push rod has a miniature return spring fitted into its threaded section. A miniature heating wire is tightly wound in the middle of its pressure output section for electrothermal actuation. The end of each shape memory alloy push rod is rigidly connected to a pressure transmission plate via a connecting groove. The outer side of the pressure transmission plate is made of rigid polyetheretherketone (PEEK) material, and the inner side is a flexible silicone buffer layer. When the shape memory alloy push rod is heated, the pressure transmission plate evenly applies force to the temperature control unit and battery cell in the corresponding area, achieving point-to-area force transmission and buffering.
[0027] The above description is merely an embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention. Those skilled in the art can make various modifications to the technical solutions in the embodiments based on the above description. It is neither necessary nor possible to exhaustively describe all possible implementations. Any modifications, variations, substitutions, etc., made based on the technical content disclosed in this invention are equivalent to equivalent implementations and should be included within the protection scope of this invention.
Claims
1. A high-safety, high-energy lithium battery, characterized in that, The lithium battery includes a single lithium battery cell, a sensing unit, a local control unit, and an intelligent control unit. The lithium battery and sensing unit include a lithium battery cell, a first heat-conducting sheet, a sensing unit, and a second heat-conducting sheet. The lithium battery cell is a plate-shaped body divided into several regions. The first heat-conducting sheet covers both sides of the plate. Each region outside the first heat-conducting sheet is provided with an independent sensing unit, and a second heat-conducting sheet is provided outside the sensing unit. The sensing unit monitors parameters including temperature and pressure, and its monitoring range covers the area it belongs to, monitoring the temperature and pressure of each independent area. The local control unit includes a temperature control unit and a pressure control unit; the temperature control unit is located outside the second heat-conducting plate, and the pressure control unit is located outside the temperature control unit. The temperature control unit features a two-tier architecture of main channel-branch microchannels, including a temperature conduction plate, an inlet main channel, branch microchannels, and an outlet main channel. The inlet main channel is located below the lithium battery cell and sensing unit, and has several branch channels leading to each area. Each branch channel is equipped with a piezoelectric microvalve for flow control. The temperature conduction plate has independent vertical connection holes for the inlet and outlet of the branch microchannels corresponding to each area. An inner groove is embedded between the inlet and outlet vertical connection holes of the branch microchannels. The branch microchannels enter the temperature conduction plate through the inlet vertical connection holes. After flowing in the inner groove of the temperature conduction plate, the coolant flows out through the outlet vertical connection holes of the branch microchannels to the outlet, where it converges to the outlet main channel. The outlet main channel is located above the lithium battery cell and sensing unit. The pressure control unit includes a pressure conducting plate, a central substrate, and shape memory alloy push rods. A shape memory alloy push rod corresponding to the number of lithium battery cell regions is located on the side of the central substrate, and the other end of the push rod is connected to the pressure conducting plate. The pressure conducting plate is connected to a temperature conducting plate. The shape memory alloy push rod is divided into a threaded section and a pressure output section. The threaded section is fitted with a return spring for resetting to its initial length when not heated. The pressure output section integrates a heating wire for electrothermal drive after heating. The shape memory alloy push rod is rigidly connected to the pressure conducting plate via a connecting groove, realizing the transmission of point-to-surface force. The intelligent control unit connects to the sensing unit, temperature control unit, and pressure control unit, and controls the piezoelectric micro valve and heating wire. a. Receive temperature and pressure data monitored by the sensing unit; b. Compare the received data with preset temperature and pressure safety thresholds; c. When the data exceeds the safety threshold, a control signal is output to the temperature control unit and the pressure control unit to control the piezoelectric micro valve and the heating wire; d. Dynamically adjust the control signal based on the feedback data after execution to form closed-loop control.
2. The high-safety, high-energy lithium battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The intelligent control unit's control program monitors the temperature and pressure of each area and compares them with the set target temperature and pressure values. When an abnormal temperature area exceeding a set threshold or an abnormal temperature rise area exceeding a set first threshold is detected, the program increases the opening of the piezoelectric micro valve to increase the coolant flow in the abnormal temperature area and reduce the temperature until it returns to normal or an alarm is triggered. When an abnormal pressure area exceeding a set first threshold is detected, the program controls the heating wire to adjust the shrinkage of the shape memory alloy push rod until it returns to normal or an alarm is triggered. If the temperature, temperature change, or pressure values in the abnormal temperature zone, abnormal temperature rise zone, or abnormal pressure zone reach the set second threshold, the piezoelectric micro-valve and shape memory alloy push rod control in the adjacent zone will be activated.
3. The high-safety, high-energy lithium battery according to claim 2, characterized in that, The temperature control module is set as follows: the standard piezoelectric micro valve opening degree 'a' is set, and the target battery temperature is t0℃. When the temperature of a single local area exceeds t1℃ or the temperature difference between any two areas exceeds Δt℃, the opening degree of the micro valve controlling the corresponding area increases by b%. When the temperature of a single local area exceeds t2℃ or the temperature rise rate exceeds t'℃ / min, the opening degree of the micro valve is increased to c%, and the opening degree of the micro valves in the adjacent areas is increased by d% to coordinate heat dissipation. Where t2 > t1, c > b; The pressure control module is set as follows: When the pressure difference between regions is greater than P1 MPa, the shrinkage of the shape memory alloy push rod is adjusted by controlling the heating wire according to 0.8 to 1.5 times the pressure difference value P1; When the pressure difference between regions is greater than P2 MPa, the heating wires of adjacent regions are activated to complete the coordinated adjustment of the push rod. Among them, P2 is greater than P1.
4. The high-safety, high-energy lithium battery according to claim 3, characterized in that, The intelligent control unit is configured to: when the temperature of a single local area is greater than 50℃ or the temperature difference between areas is greater than 3℃, control the opening of the micro valve in the corresponding area to increase to 50%; when the temperature is greater than 60℃ or the temperature rise rate is greater than 3℃ / min, control the opening of the micro valve to increase to 70-100% and start the adjacent areas to cooperate in heat dissipation. When the pressure difference between regions is greater than 0.3 MPa, the shrinkage of the shape memory alloy push rod is adjusted to 1.2 times the pressure deviation value, and the push rods in adjacent regions are activated for coordinated adjustment.
5. The high-safety, high-energy lithium battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The central substrate is a composite structure consisting of an aluminum alloy support layer, a flexible circuit, and a polyimide insulating layer, and is fixed to the module end plate; the outer side of the pressure transmission sheet is made of polyetheretherketone material, and the inner side is made of a flexible silicone buffer layer.
6. The high-safety, high-energy lithium battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The temperature measurement range is -40℃ to 230℃ with an accuracy of ±0.3℃, the pressure measurement range is 0 to 10MPa with an accuracy of ±1.0kPa, and the refresh rate is 0.001-50Hz.
7. The high-safety, high-energy lithium battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The heat-conducting sheet is a graphene heat-conducting sheet with a thickness of no more than 0.05 mm, and its area covers the surface of the sensor and the battery cell; the total thickness of the first heat-conducting sheet, the sensing unit, the second heat-conducting sheet, and the local control unit does not exceed 4 mm.
8. The high-safety, high-energy lithium battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The inner groove is wavy, with the starting point located at one edge of the area and the ending point located at the opposite edge. Its peaks and troughs are located at the upper and lower edges.
9. The high-safety, high-energy lithium battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The sensing unit is a flexible temperature and pressure integrated sensor.
10. A high-safety, high-energy lithium battery pack, characterized in that, The lithium battery pack is composed of a plurality of lithium batteries as described in any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein each adjacent lithium battery shares a central substrate; the inlet main channel and the outlet main channel are shared by all lithium batteries.