Pig iron casting grinding device with cooling function

By using a combination of forward and reverse motors, threaded columns, lifting plates and spray heads in the cast iron casting grinding device, the precise cooling of the grinding wheel is achieved, and through the design of through holes, filter frames and sinks, iron filing and water recycling are solved. The problem of the grinding quality and cleaning efficiency have improved, and the practicality of the device.

CN222134467UActive Publication Date: 2024-12-10JIANGSU CHANGYONG TRADING CO LTD
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Patent Information

Application Number
CN202420476164.0
Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Utility models(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
Filing Date
2024-03-12
Publication Date
2024-12-10
Estimated Expiration
2034-03-12

AI Technical Summary

Technical Problem

In the existing pig iron casting grinding device, the cooling structure cannot operate simultaneously according to the lifting and lowering of the grinding wheel, resulting in poor cooling effect and a large amount of iron filings generated during the grinding process, which is difficult to clean and poor practicality.

Method used

A pig iron casting grinding device with cooling function was designed, using a positive and reverse motor, threaded column, lifting plate, connecting pipe and spray head. The threaded column is driven to rotate through the control switch, driving the installation plate and grinding wheel to move, and the spray head is installed along the The plate lifting and alignment grinding wheel sprays water to cool down, and at the same time, through holes, filter frames and sinks are used to achieve iron filing and water recycling, simplifying the cleaning process.

Benefits of technology

Accurate cooling during the grinding process is achieved, the grinding quality is improved, and the cleaning process is simplified through the recycling of water and the design of the filter frame, and the practicality of the device is improved.

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Abstract

The utility model discloses a pig iron casting polishing device with a cooling function, and belongs to the technical field of pig iron castings, the pig iron casting polishing device comprises a workbench and a support frame, the support frame is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the workbench, the upper surface of the support frame is fixedly connected with a fixed table, and the upper end of the fixed table is fixedly connected with a first electric push rod; the pig iron casting grinding device with the cooling function has the beneficial effects that the pig iron casting grinding device with the cooling function is provided with a forward and reverse motor, a threaded column, a lifting plate, a connecting pipe and a spray head, and during grinding work, people can control the forward and reverse motor to operate through a control switch, so that the threaded column is driven to rotate; under the cooperation of the threaded column and the lifting plate, the mounting plate and the grinding wheel are driven to move downwards to grind the pig iron casting, the four spray heads mounted on the lower surface of the mounting plate can ascend and descend along with the mounting plate and continuously aim at the grinding wheel to spray water for cooling, and therefore the grinding quality is guaranteed.
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Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of pig iron castings, and more specifically, to a pig iron casting grinding device with a cooling function. Background Art

[0002] The field of pig iron casting production equipment includes a variety of production equipment for the casting manufacturing process. Pig iron casting grinding equipment, as one of them, is mainly used to mechanically grind the surface of pig iron castings to make the surface of pig iron castings reach a standard smoothness. Since the temperature of the grinding surface of the pig iron casting grinding device is high, it may affect the grinding effect, so the existing grinding devices will be provided with a cooling structure to solve this problem. However, the cooling structure in the existing grinding device cannot run synchronously according to the lifting and lowering of the grinding wheel, and the cooling water cannot be accurately sprayed on the grinding position, resulting in poor cooling effect. In addition, a large amount of iron filings will be generated when grinding the pig iron castings. The cleaning work after grinding is very troublesome, which makes the practicality poor. Utility Model Content

[0003] (1) Technical issues to be solved

[0004] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the purpose of the utility model is to provide a pig iron casting grinding device with a cooling function, which has the characteristics of being easy to cool the grinding wheel and easy to clean.

[0005] (2) Technical solution

[0006] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the utility model provides a cast iron casting grinding device with a cooling function, including a workbench and a support frame, the support frame is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the workbench, the upper surface of the support frame is fixedly connected to a fixed table, the upper end of the fixed table is fixedly connected to a first electric push rod, the other end of the first electric push rod is fixedly connected to a shell, the upper surface of the shell is fixedly connected to a motor box, the inside of the motor box is fixedly connected to a forward and reverse motor, the upper surface of the shell is fixedly connected to a first bearing, the output shaft of the forward and reverse motor is penetrated in the first bearing, the other end of the output shaft of the forward and reverse motor is fixedly connected to a threaded column, the lower surface of the threaded column is fixedly connected to a rotating shaft, the inside of the shell is fixedly connected to a second bearing, the lower end of the rotating shaft is penetrated in the second bearing, the surface of the threaded column is threadedly connected to a lifting plate, the side of the lifting plate is fixedly connected to a first sliding block, and the shell is opened inside The cam is provided with a first slide groove, the first slide groove is slidably connected to the first slide groove, the lower surface of the shell is slidably connected to a connecting rod, the upper end of the connecting rod is fixedly connected to the lower surface of the lifting plate, the upper surface of the support frame is provided with a through groove, the lower end of the connecting rod passing through the through groove is fixedly connected to the mounting plate, the mounting plate is provided with a tube cavity inside, the upper surface of the support frame is fixedly connected to a water tank, the side of the water tank is fixedly connected to a first connecting pipe, the other end of the first connecting pipe is fixedly connected to a first water pump, the first water pump is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the support frame, the side of the first water pump is fixedly connected to a telescopic tube, the other end of the telescopic tube is fixedly connected to the side of the tube cavity, the lower surface of the tube cavity is fixedly connected to a nozzle, there are four nozzles in total, and they are arranged in a rectangular shape on the lower surface of the mounting plate, the side of the mounting plate is fixedly connected to a driving motor, and the other end of the output shaft of the driving motor is fixedly connected to a grinding wheel.

[0007] When using the cast iron casting grinding device with cooling function of the present technical solution, by setting the forward and reverse motors, threaded columns, lifting plates, connecting pipes and nozzles, people can control the operation of the forward and reverse motors through the control switch during grinding work, thereby driving the threaded columns to rotate, and with the cooperation of the threaded columns and the lifting plates, the mounting plate and the grinding wheel are driven to move downward to grind the cast iron castings, and the four nozzles installed on the lower surface of the mounting plate will rise and fall with the mounting plate, and continuously spray water at the grinding wheel to cool it down, thereby ensuring the grinding quality.

[0008] Furthermore, a groove body is provided on the upper surface of the workbench, a through hole is provided on the upper surface of the groove body, a second electric push rod is fixedly connected to the inside of the workbench, a positioning plate is fixedly connected to the other end of the second electric push rod, an anti-slip pad is fixedly connected to the side of the positioning plate, a sliding rod is fixedly connected to the side of the positioning plate, a sliding sleeve is inlaid inside the workbench, the sliding rod is slidably connected to the sliding sleeve, there are two groups of sliding rods and sliding sleeves, and they are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the second electric push rod.

[0009] Furthermore, a support is fixedly connected to the lower surface of the workbench, a second slide groove is provided on the side of the support, a second slider is slidably connected in the second slide groove, a filter frame is fixedly connected to the side of the second slider, a handle is fixedly connected to the side of the filter frame, a water tank is provided inside the support, a second connecting pipe is passed through the side of the water tank, the other end of the second connecting pipe is fixedly connected to a second water pump, the second water pump is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the support frame, a third connecting pipe is fixedly connected to the side of the second water pump, and the other end of the third connecting pipe is fixedly connected to the side of the water tank.

[0010] Furthermore, a third sliding block is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the shell, a third sliding groove is provided on the upper surface of the support frame, and the third sliding block is slidably connected in the third sliding groove.

[0011] Furthermore, a drain pipe is fixedly connected to the side of the water tank, and a valve is provided on the side of the drain pipe.

[0012] Furthermore, the side surface of the support is fixedly connected to the control switch, and the lower surface of the support is fixedly connected with a supporting leg. There are four supporting legs in total and they are arranged in a rectangular shape on the lower surface of the support.

[0013] Furthermore, a column is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the workbench, and the upper end of the column is fixedly connected to the lower surface of the support frame. There are two columns in total, and they are symmetrically arranged on the upper surface of the workbench.

[0014] (3) Beneficial effects

[0015] In summary, the utility model has the following beneficial effects:

[0016] 1. The cast iron casting grinding device with cooling function is provided with a forward and reverse motor, a threaded column, a lifting plate, a connecting pipe and a nozzle. When performing grinding work, people can control the operation of the forward and reverse motor through a control switch, thereby driving the threaded column to rotate. With the cooperation of the threaded column and the lifting plate, the mounting plate and the grinding wheel are driven to move downward to grind the cast iron casting. The four nozzles installed on the lower surface of the mounting plate will rise and fall with the mounting plate, and continuously spray water to the grinding wheel to cool it down, thereby ensuring the grinding quality;

[0017] 2. The pig iron casting grinding device with a cooling function is provided with a through hole, a filter frame, a water tank and a second water pump. The iron filings and water generated by grinding will fall into the filter frame through the through hole, the filter frame will filter the iron filings, and the filtered water will fall into the water tank. People can control the operation of the second water pump through a control switch, so that the water in the water tank enters the water tank through the second connecting pipe and the third connecting pipe, thereby reciprocating the use of water resources, without the need to add water to the water tank multiple times, and it is convenient for people to clean. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific implementation of the utility model or the technical solution in the prior art, the drawings required for describing the specific implementation or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only one implementation of the utility model. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0019] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the utility model in a frontal perspective;

[0020] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the utility model in a frontal perspective cross-sectional view;

[0021] Figure 3 It is a schematic structural diagram of a cross-section of the mounting plate in the utility model;

[0022] Figure 4 for Figure 2 The enlarged structural diagram at A in the middle;

[0023] Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram of the side-type three-dimensional structure of the utility model.

[0024] The symbols in the accompanying drawings are:

[0025] 1. Workbench; 2. Support frame; 3. Fixed table; 4. First electric push rod; 5. Shell; 6. Motor box; 7. Forward and reverse motor; 8. First bearing; 9. Threaded column; 10. Rotating shaft; 11. Second bearing; 12. Lifting plate; 13. First slider; 14. First slide slot; 15. Connecting rod; 16. Through slot; 17. Mounting plate; 18. Water tank; 19. First connecting pipe; 20. First water pump; 21. Telescopic pipe; 22. Tube cavity; 23. Sprinkler; 24. Driving motor; 25. Grinding wheel; 26, trough body; 27, through hole; 28, second electric push rod; 29, positioning plate; 30, anti-slip pad; 31, sliding sleeve; 32, sliding rod; 33, second slide groove; 34, second slider; 35, filter frame; 36, handle; 37, water tank; 38, second connecting pipe; 39, second water pump; 40, third connecting pipe; 41, third slider; 42, third slide groove; 43, support; 44, drain pipe; 45, valve; 46, control switch; 47, column; 48, support leg. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] In order to make the technical means, creative features, objectives and effects achieved by the utility model easy to understand, the technical scheme in the specific implementation mode of the utility model is clearly and completely described below to further illustrate the utility model. Obviously, the specific implementation mode described is only a part of the implementation mode of the utility model, rather than all styles.

[0027] Example:

[0028] The following is combined with Figure 1-5 The utility model is described in further detail.

[0029] See also Figure 1-5 The utility model provides a technical solution: a cast iron casting grinding device with a cooling function, comprising a workbench 1 and a support frame 2, the support frame 2 is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the workbench 1, the upper surface of the support frame 2 is fixedly connected with a fixed table 3, the upper end of the fixed table 3 is fixedly connected with a first electric push rod 4, the other end of the first electric push rod 4 is fixedly connected with a shell 5, the upper surface of the shell 5 is fixedly connected with a motor box 6, the motor box 6 is fixedly connected with a forward and reverse motor 7, the upper surface of the shell 5 is fixedly connected with a first bearing 8, the output shaft of the forward and reverse motor 7 is penetrated in the first bearing 8, the other end of the output shaft of the forward and reverse motor 7 is fixedly connected with a threaded column 9, the lower surface of the threaded column 9 is fixedly connected with a rotating shaft 10, the shell 5 is fixedly connected with a second bearing 11, the lower end of the rotating shaft 10 is penetrated in the second bearing 11, the surface of the threaded column 9 is threadedly connected with a lifting plate 12, the side of the lifting plate 12 is fixedly connected with a first slider 13, the shell 5 is provided with a first slide groove 14, the first slider 13 is slidably connected in the first slide groove 14, a connecting rod 15 is slidably connected to the lower surface of the shell 5, the upper end of the connecting rod 15 is fixedly connected to the lower surface of the lifting plate 12, a through groove 16 is provided on the upper surface of the support frame 2, and the lower end of the connecting rod 15 passing through the through groove 16 is fixedly connected to a mounting plate 17, a tube cavity 22 is provided inside the mounting plate 17, a water storage tank 18 is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the support frame 2, a first connecting pipe 19 is fixedly connected to the side of the water storage tank 18, and the other end of the first connecting pipe 19 is fixedly connected to a first water pump 20, the first water pump 20 is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the support frame 2, a telescopic tube 21 is fixedly connected to the side of the first water pump 20, the other end of the telescopic tube 21 is fixedly connected to the side of the tube cavity 22, and a nozzle 23 is fixedly connected to the lower surface of the tube cavity 22. There are four nozzles 23, which are arranged in a rectangular shape on the lower surface of the mounting plate 17, a drive motor 24 is fixedly connected to the side of the mounting plate 17, and a grinding wheel 25 is fixedly connected to the other end of the output shaft of the drive motor 24.

[0030] By adopting the above technical solution, when performing grinding work, people can control the operation of the forward and reverse motor 7 through the control switch 46, thereby driving the threaded column 9 to rotate, and with the cooperation of the threaded column 9 and the lifting plate 12, the mounting plate 17 and the grinding wheel 25 are driven to move downward to grind the pig iron casting. The four nozzles 23 installed on the lower surface of the mounting plate 17 will rise and fall with the mounting plate 17, and continuously aim at the grinding wheel 25 to spray water for cooling, thereby ensuring the grinding quality.

[0031] Specifically, a groove body 26 is opened on the upper surface of the workbench 1, and a through hole 27 is opened on the upper surface of the groove body 26. A second electric push rod 28 is fixedly connected inside the workbench 1, and a positioning plate 29 is fixedly connected to the other end of the second electric push rod 28. An anti-slip pad 30 is fixedly connected to the side of the positioning plate 29, and a sliding rod 32 is fixedly connected to the side of the positioning plate 29. A sliding sleeve 31 is inlaid inside the workbench 1, and the sliding rod 32 is slidably connected to the sliding sleeve 31. There are two groups of sliding rods 32 and sliding sleeves 31, and they are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the second electric push rod 28.

[0032] Specifically, a support 43 is fixedly connected to the lower surface of the workbench 1, a second slide groove 33 is opened on the side of the support 43, a second slider 34 is slidably connected in the second slide groove 33, a filter frame 35 is fixedly connected to the side of the second slider 34, a handle 36 is fixedly connected to the side of the filter frame 35, a water tank 37 is opened inside the support 43, a second connecting pipe 38 is passed through the side of the water tank 37, the other end of the second connecting pipe 38 is fixedly connected to a second water pump 39, the second water pump 39 is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the support frame 2, a third connecting pipe 40 is fixedly connected to the side of the second water pump 39, and the other end of the third connecting pipe 40 is fixedly connected to the side of the water tank 18.

[0033] By adopting the above technical solution, the iron filings and water generated by grinding will fall into the filter frame 35 through the through hole 27, the filter frame 35 will filter the iron filings, and the filtered water will fall into the water tank 37. People can control the operation of the second water pump 39 by controlling the switch 46, so that the water in the water tank 37 enters the water tank 18 through the second connecting pipe 38 and the third connecting pipe 40, thereby reciprocating the use of water resources, without adding water to the water tank 18 multiple times, and convenient for people to clean.

[0034] Specifically, a third sliding block 41 is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the shell 5 , a third sliding groove 42 is provided on the upper surface of the support frame 2 , and the third sliding block 41 is slidably connected in the third sliding groove 42 .

[0035] By adopting the above technical solution, the third sliding block 41 and the third sliding groove 42 play a supporting and limiting role for the housing 5 .

[0036] Specifically, a drain pipe 44 is fixedly connected to the side of the water tank 37 , and a valve 45 is provided on the side of the drain pipe 44 .

[0037] Specifically, the side surface of the support 43 is fixedly connected to the control switch 46 , and the lower surface of the support 43 is fixedly connected with a support leg 48 . There are four support legs 48 in total, and they are arranged in a rectangular shape on the lower surface of the support 43 .

[0038] Specifically, a column 47 is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the workbench 1 , and the upper end of the column 47 is fixedly connected to the lower surface of the support frame 2 . There are two columns 47 symmetrically arranged on the upper surface of the workbench 1 .

[0039] The working principle of the utility model is as follows: when in use, people can place the cast iron casting to be polished between the two positioning plates 29, and then use the control switch 46 to control the operation of the second electric push rod 28, the second electric push rod 28 pushes the positioning plate 29 to move to the middle, the sliding rod 32 and the sliding sleeve 31 limit the positioning plate 29, and the anti-skid pad 30 can improve the fixing effect. After fixing, people can use the control switch 46 to control the operation of the forward and reverse motor 7, the forward and reverse motor 7 drives the threaded column 9 to rotate, the threaded column 9 drives the lifting plate 12 to descend, and the lifting plate 12 pushes the connecting rod 15 and the mounting plate 17 to descend until the grinding wheel 25 contacts the upper surface of the cast iron casting, and then people can use the control switch 46 to control the operation of the drive motor 24, the drive motor 24 drives the grinding wheel 25 to rotate, and the grinding wheel 25 grinds the cast iron casting. While grinding, the control switch 46 is used to control the operation of the first water pump 20, and the first water pump 20 pumps water out of the water tank 18 through the first connecting pipe 19. Then it is introduced into the tube cavity 22 in the mounting plate 17 through the telescopic tube 21, and finally sprayed out from the four nozzles 23 to cool the grinding wheel 25 from four directions. When it is necessary to move the grinding wheel 25, people can use the control switch 46 to control the operation of the first electric push rod 4, and the first electric push rod 4 pushes the shell 5 to move left and right. The third slider 41 and the third slide groove 42 support and limit the shell 5, so that the grinding wheel 25 moves left and right to grind the pig iron casting. The iron filings generated by grinding will fall into the filter frame 35 through the through hole 27 along with the water sprayed from the nozzle 23. The filter frame 35 will filter the iron filings, and the water will fall into the water tank 37. Then people can use the control switch 46 to operate the second water pump 39, and the second water pump 39 drives the water in the water tank 37 to be introduced into the water storage tank 18 through the second connecting pipe 38 and the third connecting pipe 40 for recycling. After the grinding is completed, people can pull out the filter frame 35 by pulling the handle 36, so that people can clean the device and use it conveniently.

[0040] This specific embodiment is merely an explanation of the present invention and is not a limitation of the present invention. After reading this specification, those skilled in the art may make non-creative modifications to the present embodiment as needed, but such modifications are protected by patent law as long as they are within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A pig iron casting grinding device with a cooling function, comprising a workbench (1) and a support frame (2), characterized in that: The support frame (2) is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the workbench (1); the upper surface of the support frame (2) is fixedly connected to a fixed platform (3); the upper end of the fixed platform (3) is fixedly connected to a first electric push rod (4); the other end of the first electric push rod (4) is fixedly connected to a shell (5); the upper surface of the shell (5) is fixedly connected to a motor box (6); the motor box (6) is fixedly connected to a forward and reverse motor (7); the upper surface of the shell (5) is fixedly connected to a first bearing (8); the output shaft of the forward and reverse motor (7) is inserted into the first bearing (8); The other end of the output shaft of the motor (7) is fixedly connected with a threaded column (9), the lower surface of the threaded column (9) is fixedly connected with a rotating shaft (10), the housing (5) is fixedly connected with a second bearing (11), the lower end of the rotating shaft (10) is inserted into the second bearing (11), the surface of the threaded column (9) is threadedly connected with a lifting plate (12), the side of the lifting plate (12) is fixedly connected with a first sliding block (13), the housing (5) is provided with a first sliding groove (14), the first sliding block (13) is slidably connected in the first sliding groove (14), and the housing ( 5) The lower surface of the support frame (2) is slidably connected to a connecting rod (15), the upper end of the connecting rod (15) is fixedly connected to the lower surface of the lifting plate (12), the upper surface of the support frame (2) is provided with a through groove (16), the lower end of the connecting rod (15) passing through the through groove (16) is fixedly connected to a mounting plate (17), the mounting plate (17) has a tube cavity (22) inside, the upper surface of the support frame (2) is fixedly connected to a water storage tank (18), the side of the water storage tank (18) is fixedly connected to a first connecting pipe (19), the other end of the first connecting pipe (19) is fixedly connected to a first A water pump (20), wherein the first water pump (20) is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the support frame (2), a telescopic tube (21) is fixedly connected to the side of the first water pump (20), the other end of the telescopic tube (21) is fixedly connected to the side of the tube cavity (22), a nozzle (23) is fixedly connected to the lower surface of the tube cavity (22), there are four nozzles (23) in total, and they are arranged in a rectangular shape on the lower surface of the mounting plate (17), a driving motor (24) is fixedly connected to the side of the mounting plate (17), and a grinding wheel (25) is fixedly connected to the other end of the output shaft of the driving motor (24).

2. The pig iron casting grinding device with a cooling function according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The upper surface of the workbench (1) is provided with a groove body (26), and the upper surface of the groove body (26) is provided with a through hole (27). A second electric push rod (28) is fixedly connected inside the workbench (1), and the other end of the second electric push rod (28) is fixedly connected to a positioning plate (29), and a non-slip pad (30) is fixedly connected to the side of the positioning plate (29), and a sliding rod (32) is fixedly connected to the side of the positioning plate (29). A sliding sleeve (31) is embedded inside the workbench (1), and the sliding rod (32) is slidably connected to the sliding sleeve (31). There are two groups of sliding rods (32) and sliding sleeves (31), and they are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the second electric push rod (28).

3. The pig iron casting grinding device with a cooling function according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The lower surface of the workbench (1) is fixedly connected with a support (43), a second slide groove (33) is provided on the side of the support (43), a second slider (34) is slidably connected in the second slide groove (33), a filter frame (35) is fixedly connected to the side of the second slider (34), a handle (36) is fixedly connected to the side of the filter frame (35), a water tank (37) is provided inside the support (43), a second connecting pipe (38) is passed through the side of the water tank (37), the other end of the second connecting pipe (38) is fixedly connected to a second water pump (39), the second water pump (39) is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the support frame (2), a third connecting pipe (40) is fixedly connected to the side of the second water pump (39), and the other end of the third connecting pipe (40) is fixedly connected to the side of the water storage tank (18).

4. The pig iron casting grinding device with a cooling function according to claim 1, characterized in that: A third sliding block (41) is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the shell (5), a third sliding groove (42) is provided on the upper surface of the support frame (2), and the third sliding block (41) is slidably connected in the third sliding groove (42).

5. The pig iron casting grinding device with a cooling function according to claim 3 is characterized in that: A drainage pipe (44) is fixedly connected to the side of the water tank (37), and a valve (45) is arranged on the side of the drainage pipe (44).

6. The pig iron casting grinding device with a cooling function according to claim 3, characterized in that: The side surface of the support (43) is fixedly connected to the control switch (46), and the lower surface of the support (43) is fixedly connected to a support leg (48). There are four support legs (48) in total, which are arranged in a rectangular shape on the lower surface of the support (43).

7. The pig iron casting grinding device with a cooling function according to claim 1, characterized in that: The upper surface of the workbench (1) is fixedly connected with a column (47), the upper end of the column (47) is fixedly connected to the lower surface of the support frame (2), and there are two columns (47) in total, which are symmetrically arranged on the upper surface of the workbench (1).