Self-excitation type thermochromic flame extinguishing adhesive tape and manufacturing equipment thereof
By designing self -emitted hot temperature, color -changing flames, and using the combination of flames of micro -capsules and flame retardant hot melting glue, the problem of existing tape cannot prevent the cable from short -circuit fire, and realize the function of self -exciting fire extinguishing and temperature monitoring. Effectively avoid the occurrence of fire accidents.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202421102656.X
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-05-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-01-28
- Estimated Expiration
- 2034-05-20
Smart Images

Figure CN222411400U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of cable safety protection, in particular to a self-excitation type thermochromic flame-extinguishing adhesive tape and a manufacturing device thereof. Background Art
[0002] When cables / wires are connected to other cables / wires or devices, insulating tape is usually used to wrap the connection to prevent leakage and electric shock. However, the connection is also the place where short circuits and fires are most likely to occur.
[0003] The existing adhesive tape can only be used to insulate the connection parts, and cannot provide a warning or extinguish the fire when a short circuit occurs, so the existing adhesive tape cannot prevent the occurrence of fire accidents. Utility Model Content
[0004] The utility model provides a self-excitation type thermochromic flame extinguishing adhesive tape and a manufacturing device thereof, so as to solve the problem that the existing adhesive tape cannot avoid the occurrence of fire accidents.
[0005] In order to alleviate the above technical problems, the technical solution provided by the utility model is:
[0006] A self-excited thermochromic flame-extinguishing adhesive tape, comprising a thermochromic layer, a flame-extinguishing layer and an adhesive layer, wherein the flame-extinguishing layer comprises flame-extinguishing microcapsules and flame-retardant hot-melt adhesive;
[0007] The flame extinguishing layer is arranged between the thermochromic layer and the adhesive layer, and the flame retardant hot melt adhesive is filled in the gaps of the flame extinguishing microcapsules.
[0008] A flame extinguishing tape manufacturing device, the manufacturing device is used to prepare a self-excited thermochromic flame extinguishing tape, comprising a conveying mechanism, the conveying mechanism comprising a workbench, the two ends of the workbench are respectively provided with a first roller and a second roller for fixed axis rotation, the adhesive layer is wound and transmitted between the first roller and the second roller.
[0009] Furthermore, two baffles are symmetrically connected to the upper surface of the workbench, and the adhesive layer is arranged between the two baffles.
[0010] Furthermore, it also includes a feeding mechanism, the feeding mechanism includes a feeding hopper, and the feeding hopper vertically slides between the two baffles;
[0011] When the feeding hopper moves up and down, the feeding port of the feeding hopper can be close to or away from the side of the adhesive surface of the adhesive layer, so that the feeding speed of the feeding hopper can be changed.
[0012] Furthermore, a cam is rotatably connected to the fixed axis of the feeding hopper, and the feeding hopper can vibrate when the cam rotates;
[0013] When the feeding hopper moves downward, the rotation speed of the cam decreases, so that the vibration speed of the feeding hopper decreases to reduce the feeding speed.
[0014] Furthermore, a driving wheel is connected to the end of the second roller, a driven wheel is connected to the cam, and a belt is connected between the driving wheel and the driven wheel.
[0015] Furthermore, the baffle is connected to a cylinder, and an output end of the cylinder is fixedly connected to the feeding hopper.
[0016] Furthermore, the driven wheel comprises a central axis, four pneumatic telescopic rods, four crescent blocks, an air pipe and a diverter valve;
[0017] The four pneumatic telescopic rods are fixedly connected to the central axis in a circular array, the four crescent blocks are respectively fixedly connected to the output ends of the four pneumatic telescopic rods, the air pipe is connected between the four pneumatic telescopic rods and the cylinder, and the diverter valve is arranged on the air pipe;
[0018] When the cylinder is shortened to lower the hopper, the air in the cylinder is transmitted to the four pneumatic telescopic rods, so that the diameter of the driven wheel increases, so that the rotation speed of the cam decreases.
[0019] Furthermore, it also includes a coating mechanism, which includes a spreading plate connected between the two baffles, and a first material nozzle for discharging flame-retardant hot melt adhesive and a second material nozzle for discharging heat-sensitive coating are fixedly connected between the two baffles, and the first material nozzle and the second material nozzle are arranged in the direction from the second rotating roller to the first rotating roller.
[0020] Furthermore, two groups of fans are connected to the two baffles near the first nozzle and the second nozzle, and the exhaust ends of the two groups of fans are both facing the adhesive layer.
[0021] The beneficial effects of the utility model are analyzed as follows:
[0022] A self-excited thermochromic flame-extinguishing tape comprises a thermochromic layer, a flame-extinguishing layer and an adhesive layer. The flame-extinguishing layer comprises flame-extinguishing microcapsules and flame-retardant hot-melt adhesive. The flame-extinguishing layer is arranged between the thermochromic layer and the adhesive layer, and the flame-retardant hot-melt adhesive is filled in the gaps of the flame-extinguishing microcapsules.
[0023] The flame extinguishing layer is made of flame extinguishing microcapsules bonded by flame retardant hot melt adhesive. The flame extinguishing microcapsules include a capsule shell and a fire extinguishing agent wrapped in the capsule shell. The thermal rupture temperature of the capsule shell is 100-130°C. The fire extinguishing agent is perfluorohexanone or heptafluoropropane or IG541 or aerosol. The melting temperature of the flame retardant hot melt adhesive is 100-110°C. The thermochromic layer is a thermosensitive coating. The thermochromic coating will display different colors according to the temperature of the cable. The thermochromic layer is green below 40°C, yellow between 40-80°C, red between 80-100°C, and reddish brown above 100°C. The thermosensitive coating can display different temperatures at different temperatures to remind the use of the cable, which can further effectively avoid the occurrence of cable short-circuit fire accidents. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific implementation methods of the utility model or the technical solutions in the related technologies, the drawings required for use in the specific implementation methods or the related technical descriptions will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some implementation methods of the utility model. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative labor.
[0025] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the manufacturing equipment for the flame extinguishing tape of the utility model;
[0026] Figure 2 It is a structural schematic diagram of the transmission mechanism of the utility model;
[0027] Figure 3 It is a structural schematic diagram of the feeding mechanism of the utility model;
[0028] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the driven wheel of the utility model;
[0029] Figure 5 It is a structural schematic diagram of the coating mechanism of the utility model;
[0030] Figure 6 The utility model is a schematic diagram of the structure of the flame extinguishing tape.
[0031] icon:
[0032] 100, conveying mechanism; 110, workbench; 120, first rotating roller; 130, second rotating roller; 140, adhesive layer; 150, baffle; 200, feeding mechanism; 210, feeding hopper; 220, rotating shaft; 230, cam; 240, driven wheel; 241, middle axis; 242, pneumatic telescopic rod; 243, crescent block; 244, air pipe; 245, diverter valve; 250, cylinder; 260, driving wheel; 270, belt; 300, coating mechanism; 310, first material nozzle; 320, second material nozzle; 330, fan; 340, spreading plate; 400, thermochromic layer; 401, flame-extinguishing microcapsule; 402, flame-retardant hot-melt adhesive. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0033] The technical solution of the utility model will be described clearly and completely below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the utility model, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the utility model, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the utility model.
[0034] In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", etc., indicating the orientation or positional relationship, are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as limiting the present invention. In addition, the terms "first", "second", and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance.
[0035] In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "installation", "connection" and "connection" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or it can be the internal communication of two components. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.
[0036] Example
[0037] like Figure 6 As shown, a self-excited thermochromic flame-extinguishing tape includes a thermochromic layer 400, a flame-extinguishing layer and an adhesive layer 140, wherein the flame-extinguishing layer includes flame-extinguishing microcapsules 401 and flame-retardant hot-melt adhesive 402; the flame-extinguishing layer is arranged between the thermochromic layer 400 and the adhesive layer 140, and the flame-retardant hot-melt adhesive 402 is filled in the gaps of the flame-extinguishing microcapsules 401.
[0038] The working mechanism of the self-excited thermochromic flame-extinguishing tape provided in this embodiment is as follows:
[0039] The flame extinguishing layer is formed by bonding the flame extinguishing microcapsules 401 by the flame retardant hot melt adhesive 402. The flame extinguishing microcapsules 401 include a capsule shell and a fire extinguishing agent wrapped in the capsule shell. The capsule shell is made of a polymer material, and the heat rupture temperature is 100-130°C. The fire extinguishing agent is perfluorohexanone or heptafluoropropane or IG541 or aerosol. The melting temperature of the flame retardant hot melt adhesive 402 is 100-110°C. When the wound part of the tape reaches the above temperature, the flame retardant hot melt adhesive 402 dissolves, and at the same time the capsule shell ruptures to allow the fire extinguishing agent to flow out, thereby extinguishing the wound part of the tape. The thermochromic layer 400 is a thermosensitive coating. The thermochromic coating will display different colors according to the temperature of the cable. The coating of the thermochromic layer 400 is made of green, yellow, red and reddish brown thermochromic powder. It is green below 40°C, yellow between 40 and 80°C, red between 80 and 100°C, and reddish brown above 100°C. The thermosensitive coating can display different temperatures at different temperatures to remind the use of the cable, which can further effectively avoid the occurrence of cable short-circuit fire accidents.
[0040] like Figure 1-Figure 5 As shown, a flame extinguishing tape manufacturing device is used to prepare a self-excited thermochromic flame extinguishing tape, including a conveying mechanism 100, the conveying mechanism 100 includes a workbench 110, and the two ends of the workbench 110 are respectively provided with a first roller 120 and a second roller 130 for fixed axis rotation, and an adhesive layer 140 is wound and transmitted between the first roller 120 and the second roller 130.
[0041] The working mechanism of the manufacturing equipment of the flame extinguishing tape provided in this embodiment is as follows:
[0042] When the flame extinguishing tape is produced, the adhesive layer 140 is wound on the second roller 130, and one end of the adhesive layer 140 is pulled out and wound on the first roller 120. When the first roller 120 rotates, the adhesive layer 140 is pulled so that the adhesive layer 140 on the second roller 130 is transferred to the first roller 120. The adhesive surface of the adhesive layer 140 faces the workbench 110, and the flame extinguishing layer and the thermochromic layer 400 are sequentially covered on the adhesive surface of the adhesive layer 140 to ensure that the adhesive surface of the flame extinguishing tape is not covered. When the adhesive layer 140 is transferred from the second roller 130 to the first roller 120, the flame extinguishing layer and the thermochromic layer 400 are covered on the adhesive layer 140.
[0043] Among the optional methods of this embodiment, the more preferred ones are:
[0044] Two baffles 150 are symmetrically connected to the upper surface of the workbench 110 , and the adhesive layer 140 is disposed between the two baffles 150 .
[0045] The two baffles 150 are arranged on both sides of the adhesive layer 140 and contact the edges of the adhesive layer 140 on both sides, so that when the materials of the flame extinguishing layer and the thermochromic layer 400 are covered on the adhesive layer 140, the raw materials will not fall off.
[0046] Regarding the structure of the feeding mechanism 200, specifically:
[0047] The feeding mechanism 200 includes a feeding hopper 210, which slides vertically between two baffles 150; when the feeding hopper 210 moves up and down, the feeding port of the feeding hopper 210 can be close to or away from the adhesive surface side of the adhesive layer 140, so that the feeding speed of the feeding hopper 210 can be changed.
[0048] The flame extinguishing microcapsules 401 are put into the feeding hopper 210, and the lower port of the feeding hopper 210 is close to the adhesive layer 140 to release the flame extinguishing microcapsules 401. As the adhesive layer 140 is transferred, the flame extinguishing microcapsules 401 are continuously released on the adhesive layer 140. When the adhesive layer 140 is not transferred, the flame extinguishing microcapsules 401 released from the lower port of the feeding hopper 210 are accumulated and block the lower port of the feeding hopper 210, so that the release of the flame extinguishing microcapsules 401 is stopped. The sensor is used The transfer speed of the adhesive layer 140 is detected. When the transfer speed of the adhesive layer 140 increases, the feeding hopper 210 moves upward, so that the distance between the lower port of the feeding hopper 210 and the adhesive layer 140 increases, so that the stacking height of the discharged flame-extinguishing microcapsules 401 at the lower part of the feeding hopper 210 is not enough to reach the position of the discharge port of the feeding hopper 210. Therefore, the discharge speed of the flame-extinguishing microcapsules 401 increases at this time, so that the supply of the flame-extinguishing microcapsules 401 can follow the moving speed of the adhesive layer 140.
[0049] Among the optional methods of this embodiment, the more preferred ones are:
[0050] The hopper 210 is rotatably connected to a fixed axis with a cam 230, and the hopper 210 can vibrate when the cam 230 rotates; when the hopper 210 moves downward, the rotation speed of the cam 230 decreases, thereby reducing the vibration speed of the hopper 210 to reduce the feeding speed.
[0051] In order to ensure that the discharge port of the hopper 210 is not blocked, a rotating shaft 220 is connected to the hopper 210 in a fixed-axis rotation manner, and a cam 230 is connected to the rotating shaft 220. When the rotating shaft 220 rotates, the cam 230 rotates synchronously. At this time, the rotating cam 230 can cause the hopper 210 to vibrate, so that the discharge port of the hopper 210 will not be blocked when the hopper 210 vibrates. The rotation speed of the cam 230 can change with the up and down movement of the hopper 210, that is, when the hopper 210 moves up, the rotation speed of the cam 230 increases, and the vibration frequency of the hopper 210 increases. At this time, the discharge speed of the hopper 210 increases. Conversely, the rotation speed of the cam 230 decreases, and the vibration frequency of the hopper 210 decreases. At this time, the discharge speed of the hopper 210 decreases.
[0052] Among the optional methods of this embodiment, the more preferred ones are:
[0053] A driving wheel 260 is connected to the end of the second rotating roller 130 , a driven wheel 240 is connected to the cam 230 , and a belt 270 is connected between the driving wheel 260 and the driven wheel 240 .
[0054] When the second roller 130 rotates, the driving wheel 260 rotates synchronously, and the driving wheel 260 drives the driven wheel 240 to rotate through the belt 270, and the driven wheel 240 drives the rotating shaft 220 to rotate, so that the cam 230 rotates, so that the transfer speed of the adhesive layer 140 can be transmitted by the belt 270, so that the delivery speed of the flame-extinguishing microcapsules 401 is adapted to the transfer speed of the adhesive layer 140.
[0055] Among the optional methods of this embodiment, the more preferred ones are:
[0056] The baffle 150 is connected to a cylinder 250 , and an output end of the cylinder 250 is fixedly connected to the hopper 210 .
[0057] The setting of the cylinder 250 enables it to drive the feeding hopper 210 to rise and fall when it is extended or retracted, so that the feeding port of the feeding hopper 210 can be close to or away from the adhesive layer 140. The operation of the cylinder 250 relies on the feedback signal of the sensor that detects the transfer speed of the adhesive layer 140. When the sensor detects that the transfer speed of the adhesive layer 140 increases, the cylinder 250 extends, otherwise the cylinder 250 shortens.
[0058] Among the optional methods of this embodiment, the more preferred ones are:
[0059] The driven wheel 240 includes a central axis 241, four pneumatic telescopic rods 242, four crescent blocks 243, an air pipe 244 and a diverter valve 245; the four pneumatic telescopic rods 242 are fixedly connected to the central axis 241 in a circular array, the four crescent blocks 243 are respectively fixedly connected to the output ends of the four pneumatic telescopic rods 242, the air pipe 244 is connected between the four pneumatic telescopic rods 242 and the cylinder 250, and the diverter valve 245 is arranged on the air pipe 244; when the cylinder 250 is shortened to allow the hopper 210 to descend, the air in the cylinder 250 is transmitted to the four pneumatic telescopic rods 242, so that the diameter of the driven wheel 240 increases, so that the rotation speed of the cam 230 decreases.
[0060] The air cylinder 250 is connected to the four pneumatic telescopic rods 242 through the air pipe 244. When the cylinder rod of the air cylinder 250 is extended, the feeding hopper 210 moves upward synchronously. At this time, the air cylinder 250 extracts air in the four pneumatic telescopic rods 242 through the air pipe 244, so that the pneumatic telescopic rods 242 are shortened, so that the four crescent blocks 243 are close to each other, so that the diameter of the driven wheel 240 is reduced, so that the driving wheel 260 drives the speed of the driven wheel 240 to increase through the belt 270, so that the speed of the cam 230 increases. On the contrary, when the feeding hopper 210 moves downward, the diameter of the driven wheel 240 increases, so that the speed of the cam 230 decreases.
[0061] An air pump may be provided in the middle of the air pipe 244. When the air pump is activated, the air between the pneumatic telescopic rod 242 and the cylinder 250 is transferred. When the diameter of the driven wheel 240 increases, the height of the hopper 210 decreases. When the diameter of the driven wheel 240 decreases, the height of the hopper 210 increases, thereby enabling the belt 270 to always be in a taut state.
[0062] Regarding the structure of the coating mechanism 300, specifically:
[0063] The coating mechanism 300 includes a spreading plate 340 connected between two baffles 150, and a first nozzle 310 for discharging flame-retardant hot melt adhesive 402 and a second nozzle 320 for discharging thermosensitive coating are also fixedly connected between the two baffles 150. The first nozzle 310 and the second nozzle 320 are arranged in the direction from the second rotating roller 130 to the first rotating roller 120.
[0064] The spreading plate 340 is arranged at a position close to the feeding hopper 210 and is located on the feeding hopper 210 on the side of the transfer direction of the adhesive layer 140, so that the thickness of the flame extinguishing microcapsules 401 dropped on the adhesive layer 140 is controlled, so that the flame extinguishing microcapsules 401 above the lowest position of the spreading plate 340 are blocked, and then the first nozzle 310 discharges the flame retardant hot melt adhesive 402 to the upper part of the adhesive layer 140, and mixes with the flame extinguishing microcapsules 401 to form a flame extinguishing layer. After the flame extinguishing layer is formed, the adhesive layer 140 continues to move, and the second nozzle 320 discharges the thermosensitive paint, and the thermosensitive paint is coated on the flame extinguishing layer to form a thermochromic layer 400, and finally the flame extinguishing tape is formed and stored on the first rotating roller 120.
[0065] Among the optional methods of this embodiment, the more preferred ones are:
[0066] Two sets of fans 330 are connected to the two baffles 150 near the first nozzle 310 and the second nozzle 320 , and the air exhaust ends of the two sets of fans 330 are both directed toward the adhesive layer 140 .
[0067] The setting of the fan 330 enables the flame extinguishing layer and the thermochromic layer 400 to be quickly cooled when they are initially formed, and the exhaust end of the fan 330 is directed toward the adhesive layer 140, so that the wind force applied to the adhesive layer 140 is relatively low, thereby preventing the flame extinguishing layer and the thermochromic layer 400 from being deformed by the wind when they are initially formed.
[0068] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the utility model, rather than to limit it. Although the utility model has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, ordinary technicians in this field should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions recorded in the aforementioned embodiments, or replace some or all of the technical features therein with equivalents. These modifications or replacements do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solution deviate from the scope of the technical solution of each embodiment of the utility model.
Claims
1. A self-exciting thermochromic flame-extinguishing tape, characterized in that: It comprises a thermochromic layer (400), a flame extinguishing layer and an adhesive layer (140), wherein the flame extinguishing layer comprises flame extinguishing microcapsules (401) and flame retardant hot melt adhesive (402); The flame extinguishing layer is arranged between the thermochromic layer (400) and the adhesive layer (140), and the flame retardant hot melt adhesive (402) is filled in the gaps of the flame extinguishing microcapsules (401).
2. A flame extinguishing tape manufacturing device, the manufacturing device is used to prepare the self-excited thermochromic flame extinguishing tape according to claim 1, characterized in that: The invention comprises a conveying mechanism (100), wherein the conveying mechanism (100) comprises a workbench (110), wherein a first rotating roller (120) and a second rotating roller (130) are respectively provided at two ends of the workbench (110) for fixed axis rotation, and the adhesive layer (140) is wound around and transmitted between the first rotating roller (120) and the second rotating roller (130).
3. The flame extinguishing tape manufacturing equipment according to claim 2, characterized in that: Two baffles (150) are symmetrically connected to the upper surface of the workbench (110), and the adhesive layer (140) is arranged between the two baffles (150).
4. The flame extinguishing tape manufacturing equipment according to claim 3, characterized in that: It also includes a feeding mechanism (200), wherein the feeding mechanism (200) includes a feeding hopper (210), and the feeding hopper (210) vertically slides between the two baffles (150); When the feeding hopper (210) moves up and down, the feeding port of the feeding hopper (210) can be close to or away from the adhesive surface side of the adhesive layer (140), so that the feeding speed of the feeding hopper (210) can be changed.
5. The flame extinguishing tape manufacturing equipment according to claim 4, characterized in that: A cam (230) is rotatably connected to the feeding hopper (210) via a fixed axis, and when the cam (230) rotates, the feeding hopper (210) can vibrate. When the feeding hopper (210) moves downward, the rotation speed of the cam (230) decreases, thereby reducing the vibration speed of the feeding hopper (210) to reduce the feeding speed.
6. The flame extinguishing tape manufacturing equipment according to claim 5, characterized in that: The end of the second rotating roller (130) is connected to a driving wheel (260), the cam (230) is connected to a driven wheel (240), and a belt (270) is connected between the driving wheel (260) and the driven wheel (240) for transmission.
7. The flame extinguishing tape manufacturing equipment according to claim 6, characterized in that: The baffle (150) is connected to a cylinder (250), and an output end of the cylinder (250) is fixedly connected to the feeding hopper (210).
8. The flame extinguishing tape manufacturing equipment according to claim 7, characterized in that: The driven wheel (240) comprises a central axis (241), four pneumatic telescopic rods (242), four crescent blocks (243), an air pipe (244) and a diverter valve (245); The four pneumatic telescopic rods (242) are fixedly connected to the central axis (241) in a ring array, the four crescent blocks (243) are respectively fixedly connected to the output ends of the four pneumatic telescopic rods (242), the air pipe (244) is connected between the four pneumatic telescopic rods (242) and the cylinder (250), and the diverter valve (245) is arranged on the air pipe (244); When the cylinder (250) is shortened to allow the hopper (210) to descend, the air in the cylinder (250) is transmitted to the four pneumatic telescopic rods (242), thereby increasing the diameter of the driven wheel (240) and reducing the rotation speed of the cam (230).
9. The flame extinguishing tape manufacturing equipment according to claim 8, characterized in that: It also includes a coating mechanism (300), the coating mechanism (300) includes a spreading plate (340) connected between the two baffles (150), and a first material nozzle (310) for discharging flame-retardant hot melt adhesive (402) and a second material nozzle (320) for discharging heat-sensitive coating are fixedly connected between the two baffles (150), and the first material nozzle (310) and the second material nozzle (320) are arranged in the direction from the second rotating roller (130) to the first rotating roller (120).
10. The flame extinguishing tape manufacturing equipment according to claim 9, characterized in that: Two groups of fans (330) are connected to the two baffles (150) near the first material nozzle (310) and the second material nozzle (320), and the air exhaust ends of the two groups of fans (330) are both directed toward the adhesive layer (140).