Air hydrogen production system

Abstract

The utility model discloses an air hydrogen production system, which belongs to the field of electrochemistry and comprises air, a primary water capturing device, a high-humidity environment chamber, gas, a secondary water capturing device, an electrolytic bath, a hydrogen separator, an oxygen separator, a hydrogen purifier and a power supply module. According to the utility model, the problem that hydrogen production by electrolyzing water in inland areas is limited by water resources is fundamentally solved, meanwhile, hydrogen energy conversion in the future is not limited by time and space, and the cost and technical problems caused by hydrogen energy transportation are thoroughly avoided.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the field of electrochemistry, and more specifically to an air hydrogen production system. Background Art

[0002] At present, there are two ways to obtain hydrogen energy by electrolyzing water. One is to directly use non-pure aqueous solutions such as seawater, river water or lake water in nature. Taking seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production as an example, there are the following problems: ① The composition of seawater is complex, and the components will change with factors such as season, climate, temperature, region and human activities. Therefore, the electrolysis devices for direct hydrogen production from seawater in different regions are not directly compatible; ② The Cl- content in seawater is the highest. In the electrolysis reaction, Cl- can be oxidized in the oxygen evolution reaction to produce toxic, environmentally harmful and corrosive ClO- and Cl2; ③ When seawater is directly used to produce hydrogen, the concentration of H+ and OH- ions is very small, or the buffer molecules cannot transport OH- and H+ at the cathode and anode respectively, resulting in low electrolysis efficiency. Therefore, additional additives or ion exchange membranes are required, which greatly increases the cost. At the same time, the exchange membrane is highly sensitive to impurities and may have deactivation or maintenance costs; ④ Due to the local pH difference during electrolysis, precipitation with calcium and magnesium ions may occur, and acid precipitation treatment is required, which incurs additional costs; ⑤ Seawater resources are limited by geographical location, and it is difficult for inland areas to directly use seawater resources to produce hydrogen. The second is to purify various non-pure aqueous solutions to produce pure water for use in electrolyzers. This solution requires the establishment of a desalination plant, which will significantly increase costs in terms of energy consumption, construction, operation, manpower, and maintenance; at the same time, the transportation and utilization of water resources and hydrogen energy will further increase the cost of laying pipelines. Air, as a circulation medium between the ocean, lakes, etc. and land, is rich in a large number of water molecules. According to statistics, the global atmosphere contains about 13 trillion tons of water vapor, which is a very potential source of water for electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen. Therefore, the utility model constructs an air hydrogen production system, which utilizes gas-liquid and liquid-liquid phase equilibrium to drive continuous and stable hydrogen production through multi-stage phase changes of water molecules. Utility Model Content

[0003] The utility model aims to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide an air hydrogen production system.

[0004] The purpose of the utility model is achieved through the following solutions:

[0005] An air hydrogen production system comprises: air, a primary water capture device, a high humidity environment chamber, gas, a secondary water capture device, an electrolyzer, a hydrogen separator, an oxygen separator, a hydrogen purifier and a power supply module; the primary water capture device is provided with a spray device and an air inlet for circulating and spraying a self-captured liquid, and introducing air through the air inlet, and utilizing the interface vapor pressure difference between the air and the self-captured liquid to induce the self-captured liquid to obtain moisture from the air; the primary water capture device is connected to the high humidity environment chamber, and the self-captured liquid that has obtained moisture from the air enters the high humidity environment chamber; the high humidity environment chamber is used to contain the self-captured liquid, and the high humidity environment chamber is provided with a gas inlet hole and a defoaming device; after the gas is introduced into the contained self-captured liquid, the gas is condensed in the high humidity environment chamber. Create a high humidity environment; after the high humidity gas passes through the defoaming device of the high humidity environment chamber, the gas containing only high-purity water vapor is obtained, and then enters the secondary water capture device; the secondary water capture device is provided with an electrolyte spraying device for circulating and spraying the electrolyte; the high humidity gas entering the secondary water capture device from the high humidity environment chamber has a positive vapor pressure difference with the electrolyte, inducing the moisture in the gas to be absorbed by the electrolyte, and providing pure moisture for subsequent electrolytic hydrogen production; the gas that has absorbed moisture is further circulated into the high humidity environment chamber to further create a high humidity environment, and when it enters the secondary water capture device again, pure moisture can be absorbed by the electrolyte; the electrolyte that has obtained pure moisture in the secondary water capture device enters the electrolyzer for electrolytic hydrogen production.

[0006] Furthermore, the self-capture liquid includes any one of glycerol, CaSO4, MgSO4, LiBr, CaCl2, CsF, LiCl, PEG, H2SO4, and H3PO4.

[0007] Furthermore, the gas includes an inert gas or a gas directly separated from oxygen or hydrogen generated in an electrolytic cell.

[0008] Furthermore, the electrolyte includes an electrolyte with low saturated vapor pressure, high electrical conductivity, and electrochemical stability, specifically including any one or more combinations of KOH solution, K2CO3 solution, KHCO3 solution, NaOH solution, Na2CO3 solution, NaHCO3 solution, K3PO4 solution, CH3COOK solution, H2SO4 solution, HClO4, and H3PO4 solution.

[0009] Furthermore, if the electrolyte is an alkaline electrolyte, the electrolyzer is matched with an alkaline electrolyzer or an AEM electrolyzer; if the electrolyte is acidic, the electrolyzer is matched with a PEM electrolyzer; after the electrolysis reaction occurs in the electrolyzer to produce hydrogen and oxygen, the electrolyte is circulated again into the secondary water capture device to obtain sufficient water for electrolytic hydrogen production by absorbing water molecules in the high-humidity gas.

[0010] Furthermore, by using the high-temperature gas generated by electrolysis as a circulating gas medium or utilizing a high-temperature electrolyte to heat the self-capture liquid in a high-humidity environment, a stronger interfacial mass transfer dynamics is provided for subsequent electrolyte water capture.

[0011] Furthermore, the gas comes directly from a gas separated from the oxygen / hydrogen produced by electrolysis, or an inert gas is added, and these gases are further recycled through an external air pump; if oxygen produced by electrolysis is used, when oxygen is not needed as a product, the oxygen produced by electrolysis is continuously used to create a high humidity environment.

[0012] Furthermore, the primary water capture device, the high humidity environment chamber and the secondary water capture device can also be integrated into an integrated device.

[0013] The beneficial effects of the utility model include:

[0014] (1) The present invention has explored a new connection mechanism after creative thinking: using the multiple interface pressure differences between air and self-capture liquid, high-humidity gas and electrolyte, water molecules in the air migrate into the electrolyte through multi-stage phase change, replenishing pure water for the electrolyte, that is, this mechanism of using phase change migration to replenish water for hydrogen production is discovered for the first time in the present invention. Based on this, the present invention designs a new hydrogen production system and scheme, specifically: water molecules in the air are obtained through self-capture liquid, and at the same time, the self-capture liquid creates a high-humidity atmosphere in the environmental chamber, and allows this gas to enter the secondary water capture device, and the electrolyte absorbs water molecules in the high-humidity gas. Among them, the primary water capture device, the high-humidity environmental chamber and the secondary water capture device can also be integrated into an integrated device to achieve the above functions.

[0015] (2) The utility model provides a new technical solution for hydrogen production from air. The air hydrogen production system is placed directly in the atmospheric environment. Under the pressure difference between the air and the self-capture liquid interface, water molecules are induced to liquefy and absorb by the self-capture liquid in the primary water capture device, resulting in primary phase change migration. The circulating gas creates a high humidity environment atmosphere, so that in the secondary water capture device, the electrolyte is further driven by the pressure difference between the high humidity gas and the electrolyte to induce liquefaction and absorb water molecules in the high humidity gas, resulting in secondary phase change migration. During electrolysis, the water in the electrolyte is consumed to produce hydrogen and oxygen. The electrolysis process induces electrolyte regeneration, and the water in the self-capture liquid is further consumed in the high humidity environment chamber to induce the regeneration of the self-capture liquid, thereby further maintaining the multiple interface pressure differences between the air and the self-capture liquid, and the high humidity gas and the electrolyte. When the water content of the primary phase change migration and the secondary phase change migration is equal to the amount of water consumed by the electrolytic hydrogen production, a dynamically stable and balanced air hydrogen production system is formed.

[0016] (3) The utility model utilizes two separate solutions as a self-capture liquid and an electrolyte for absorbing water molecules in the air and electrolyzing water, which can effectively prevent the solution from reacting with the acidic or alkaline medium in the air or the solution itself from carrying ions to participate in the electrolysis reaction, thereby extending the service life and reaction stability of the system.

[0017] (4) The utility model can avoid the problem of directly using electrolyte as a hygroscopic medium and directly using water molecules obtained from the air for electrolytic hydrogen production, such as slow hygroscopic rate due to temperature accumulation or electrolyte wetting.

[0018] (5) The utility model distinguishes the two functions of absorbing water by direct contact with the air and producing hydrogen by electrolysis, which are completed independently by the self-capture liquid and the self-humidifying electrolyte. On the one hand, it avoids the high-conductivity electrolyte from contacting and reacting with carbon dioxide in the air, reducing its own conductivity and affecting the electrolysis reaction; at the same time, it avoids the ions of the highly hygroscopic electrolyte from participating in the electrolysis reaction; on the other hand, the two-stage phase change migration of water can ensure the timely replenishment of water for electrolysis consumption.

[0019] (6) The mass transfer power of the utility model comes from the interface vapor pressure difference between air and self-captured liquid, high-humidity gas and electrolyte, avoiding the extra energy consumption of traditional air condensation and pressurization to obtain pure water. The ion content of water molecules in the air is extremely low, and the water obtained from the air is used for hydrogen production, providing a single pure environment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the utility model or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the utility model. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative labor.

[0021] Figure 1 It is a structural block diagram of the system of the embodiment of the utility model;

[0022] Figure 2 The test results of the case data for verifying the technical effect of the system of the embodiment of the utility model;

[0023] In the figure, 1-air; 2-primary water capture device; 3-high humidity environment chamber; 4-gas; 5-secondary water capture device; 6-electrolyzer; 7-hydrogen separator; 8-oxygen separator; 9-hydrogen purifier; 10-power supply module. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] All features disclosed in all embodiments in this specification, or all features implicitly disclosed, except mutually exclusive features and / or steps, can be combined and / or expanded or replaced in any manner.

[0025] The specific implementation process of the utility model is as follows:

[0026] The utility model provides an air hydrogen production system, comprising: air 1, a primary water capture device 2, a high humidity environment chamber 3, gas 4, a secondary water capture device 5, an electrolyzer 6, a hydrogen separator 7, an oxygen separator 8, a hydrogen purifier 9 and a power supply module 10.

[0027] Specifically, the primary water capture device 2 is used to circulate and spray the self-capture liquid, and air is passed into the primary water capture device 2. Due to the interface vapor pressure difference between the air and the self-capture liquid, the self-capture liquid is induced to obtain moisture from the air. Since the primary water capture device 2 is connected to the high humidity environment chamber 3, the self-capture liquid that has obtained moisture from the air enters the high humidity environment chamber 3.

[0028] The high humidity environment chamber 3 is used to hold the self-captured liquid, and gas is introduced into the contained self-captured liquid. The gas comes directly from a gas separated from the oxygen / hydrogen generated by electrolysis, or an inert gas (nitrogen, argon, etc.) is added. These gases can be further circulated through an external air pump; if the oxygen generated by electrolysis is used, when oxygen is not needed as a product, the oxygen generated by electrolysis can also be continuously used to create a high humidity environment.

[0029] The high humidity environment is created by the gas in the high humidity environment chamber 3. After the high humidity gas passes through the defoaming device of the high humidity environment chamber 3, the gas containing only high-purity water vapor is obtained, and then enters the secondary water capture device 5.

[0030] Electrolytes with low saturated vapor pressure, high conductivity, and electrochemical stability (such as KOH, NaOH, K2CO3, H2SO4, HClO4, etc.) are circulated and sprayed in the secondary water capture device 5. The high-humidity gas entering the secondary water capture device 5 from the high-humidity environment chamber 3 has a positive vapor pressure difference with the electrolyte, inducing the moisture in the gas to be absorbed by the electrolyte, and providing pure moisture for subsequent electrolytic hydrogen production.

[0031] The gas that has absorbed moisture further circulates into the high humidity environment chamber 3, and after further creating a high humidity environment, it enters the secondary water capture device 5 again, and is absorbed by the electrolyte to absorb pure moisture. The self-capture liquid that has consumed moisture in the high humidity environment chamber 3 is connected to the primary water capture device 2, so the concentration of the self-capture liquid is balanced in the two devices, and the low vapor pressure of the self-capture liquid is maintained, so that water molecules can be continuously captured from the air.

[0032] The electrolyte that has obtained pure water in the secondary water capture device 5 enters the electrolyzer 6 for electrolytic hydrogen production. If the electrolyte is an alkaline electrolyte, the electrolyzer 6 can be matched with an alkaline electrolyzer or an AEM electrolyzer; if the electrolyte is acidic, the electrolyzer 6 can be matched with a PEM electrolyzer. After the electrolysis reaction occurs in the electrolyzer 6 to produce hydrogen and oxygen, the electrolyte is circulated again into the secondary water capture device 5 to obtain sufficient water for electrolytic hydrogen production by absorbing water molecules in the high-humidity gas.

[0033] During the whole process, the high-temperature gas generated by electrolysis can be used as the circulating gas medium or the high-temperature electrolyte can be used to heat the self-capture liquid in a high-humidity environment, thereby providing a stronger interfacial mass transfer force for the subsequent electrolyte water capture.

[0034] The utility model fundamentally solves the problem of water resource limitation in inland areas for hydrogen production by water electrolysis, and at the same time helps to ensure that hydrogen energy conversion is not limited by time and space in the future, and completely avoids the cost and technical difficulties caused by hydrogen energy transportation. It should be noted that any process flow that integrates the above principles and devices in an industrial electrolysis system falls within the scope of protection of the utility model.

[0035] The utility model has the following advantages:

[0036] The utility model can realize efficient and stable hydrogen energy conversion under high voltage and high current density.

[0037] The utility model breaks through the bottleneck of finding water sources for electrolytic hydrogen energy storage in traditional arid areas, and does not require the construction of long-distance water pipelines, greatly reducing the costs of construction, operation, manpower, maintenance, etc.

[0038] The utility model can realize on-site hydrogen production, solve the cost and technical problems of hydrogen transportation, and provide technical support for the integrated construction of "hydrogen production-use" such as future hydrogen refueling station layout and hydrogen fuel power system.

[0039] The utility model can realize a dynamic continuous process without time and space differences in the atmospheric environment; the utility model can realize energy conversion and stable storage of unstable renewable energy in water-deficient areas such as deserts and inland areas, providing technical means for the construction of future energy systems. The utility model can make up for the geographical limitations of hydrogen production by electrolysis of seawater or fresh water, and can realize on-site hydrogen production in any region, solving the cost or technical problems caused by water resources and hydrogen energy transportation.

[0040] Case study on the technical effect of this utility model:

[0041] The primary and secondary water capture devices are cylindrical containers with a diameter of 1m and a height of 2.5m, equipped with a gas inlet and a liquid spray head. The electrolyzer produces 200L of hydrogen per hour, with Raney nickel as the catalyst. 50wt% potassium hydroxide solution is used as the electrolyte; 30wt% lithium chloride solution is used as the self-capture liquid. The device is operated in the ambient air of Chengdu (average temperature 25℃, average humidity 65%), the electrolyzer operating temperature is 60℃, and the current is 250mA / cm 2 The test was carried out under the following conditions, and the stable operation lasted for more than 84 hours, and the electrolysis voltage was about 2.0V. Figure 2 shown.

[0042] It should be noted that within the scope of protection defined in the claims of the present utility model, the following embodiments can be combined and / or expanded or replaced in any logical way from the above specific implementation methods, such as disclosed technical principles, disclosed technical features or implicitly disclosed technical features.

[0043] Example 1

[0044] An air hydrogen production system comprises: air 1, a primary water capture device 2, a high humidity environment chamber 3, gas 4, a secondary water capture device 5, an electrolyzer 6, a hydrogen separator 7, an oxygen separator 8, a hydrogen purifier 9 and a power supply module 10; the primary water capture device 2 is provided with a spray device and an air inlet for circulating and spraying a self-captured liquid, and introducing air 1 through the air inlet, and utilizing the interface vapor pressure difference between the air and the self-captured liquid to induce the self-captured liquid to obtain moisture in the air; the primary water capture device 2 is connected to the high humidity environment chamber 3, and the self-captured liquid that has obtained moisture from the air enters the high humidity environment chamber 3; the high humidity environment chamber 3 is used to contain the self-captured liquid, and the high humidity environment chamber 3 is provided with a gas inlet hole and a defoaming device; after the gas 4 is introduced into the contained self-captured liquid, the gas 4 is passed through the high humidity environment chamber 3 to remove moisture from the air; A high humidity environment is created in the environmental chamber 3; after the high humidity gas passes through the defoaming device of the high humidity environmental chamber 3, the gas containing only high-purity water vapor is obtained, and then enters the secondary water capture device 5; an electrolyte spraying device is provided in the secondary water capture device 5 for circulating and spraying the electrolyte; the high humidity gas entering the secondary water capture device 5 from the high humidity environmental chamber 3 has a positive vapor pressure difference with the electrolyte, inducing the moisture in the gas to be absorbed by the electrolyte, and providing pure moisture for subsequent electrolytic hydrogen production; the gas that has absorbed moisture is further circulated into the high humidity environmental chamber 3 to further create a high humidity environment, and when it enters the secondary water capture device 5 again, pure moisture can be absorbed by the electrolyte; the electrolyte that has obtained pure moisture in the secondary water capture device 5 enters the electrolytic cell 6 for electrolytic hydrogen production.

[0045] Example 2

[0046] Based on Example 1, the self-capture liquid includes any one of glycerol, CaSO4, MgSO4, LiBr, CaCl2, CsF, LiCl, PEG, H2SO4, and H3PO4.

[0047] Example 3

[0048] Based on Example 1, the gas 4 includes an inert gas or a gas directly separated from the oxygen or hydrogen generated in the electrolytic cell 6 .

[0049] Example 4

[0050] Based on Example 1, the electrolyte includes an electrolyte with low saturated vapor pressure, high conductivity, and electrochemical stability, specifically including any one or more combinations of KOH solution, K2CO3 solution, KHCO3 solution, NaOH solution, Na2CO3 solution, NaHCO3 solution, K3PO4 solution, CH3COOK solution, H2SO4 solution, HClO4, and H3PO4 solution.

[0051] Example 5

[0052] On the basis of Example 1, if the electrolyte is an alkaline electrolyte, the electrolyzer 6 is matched with an alkaline electrolyzer or an AEM electrolyzer; if the electrolyte is acidic, the electrolyzer 6 is matched with a PEM electrolyzer; after the electrolysis reaction occurs in the electrolyzer 6 to produce hydrogen and oxygen, the electrolyte is circulated again into the secondary water capture device 5 to obtain sufficient water for electrolytic hydrogen production by absorbing water molecules in the high-humidity gas.

[0053] Example 6

[0054] On the basis of Example 1, by using the high-temperature gas generated by electrolysis as the circulating gas medium or utilizing the high-temperature electrolyte to heat the self-capture liquid in a high-humidity environment, a stronger interfacial mass transfer power is provided for the subsequent electrolyte water capture.

[0055] Example 7

[0056] Based on Example 3, the gas 4 comes directly from a gas separated from the oxygen / hydrogen produced by electrolysis, or an inert gas is added, and these gases are further recycled through an external air pump; if oxygen produced by electrolysis is used, when oxygen is not needed as a product, the oxygen produced by electrolysis is continuously used to create a high humidity environment.

[0057] Example 8

[0058] On the basis of Example 1, the primary water capture device 2, the high humidity environment chamber 3 and the secondary water capture device 5 can also be integrated into an integrated device.

[0059] The specific implementation methods of the present utility model are not limited to the above-mentioned methods. The above description is only the preferred embodiment of the present utility model and the technical principles used. Those skilled in the art will understand that the present utility model is not limited to the specific embodiments described here. It is possible for those skilled in the art to make various obvious changes, adjustments and substitutions without departing from the scope of protection of the present utility model. Therefore, although the present utility model is described in more detail through the above embodiments, the present utility model is not limited to the above embodiments, but may also include more other equivalent embodiments without departing from the principles and concepts of the present utility model, and the scope of the present utility model is determined by the scope of the attached claims.

Claims

1. An air hydrogen production system, characterized in that: include: Air (1), a primary water capture device (2), a high humidity environment chamber (3), gas (4), a secondary water capture device (5), an electrolyzer (6), a hydrogen separator (7), an oxygen separator (8), a hydrogen purifier (9) and a power supply module (10); The primary water capture device (2) is provided with a spray device and an air inlet, which are used to circulate and spray the self-capture liquid, and to introduce air (1) through the air inlet, and to use the interface vapor pressure difference between the air and the self-capture liquid to induce the self-capture liquid to obtain moisture in the air; the primary water capture device (2) is connected to the high humidity environment chamber (3), and the self-capture liquid that has obtained moisture from the air enters the high humidity environment chamber (3); The high humidity environment chamber (3) is used to contain the self-captured liquid, and the high humidity environment chamber (3) is provided with a gas inlet hole and a defoaming device; after the gas (4) is introduced into the contained self-captured liquid, a high humidity environment is created in the high humidity environment chamber (3) through the gas (4); after the high humidity gas passes through the defoaming device of the high humidity environment chamber (3), the gas containing only high-purity water vapor is obtained, and then enters the secondary water capture device (5); The secondary water capture device (5) is provided with an electrolyte spraying device for circulating and spraying electrolyte; the high-humidity gas entering the secondary water capture device (5) from the high-humidity environment chamber (3) has a positive vapor pressure difference with the electrolyte, inducing moisture in the gas to be absorbed by the electrolyte, and providing pure moisture for subsequent electrolytic hydrogen production; The gas that has absorbed moisture is further circulated into the high humidity environment chamber (3) to further create a high humidity environment. When it enters the secondary water capture device (5) again, pure moisture can be absorbed by the electrolyte. The electrolyte that has obtained pure water in the secondary water capture device (5) enters the electrolytic cell (6) for electrolytic hydrogen production.

2. The air hydrogen production system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The self-capture liquid includes any one of glycerol, CaSO4, MgSO4, LiBr, CaCl2, CsF, LiCl, PEG, H2SO4, and H3PO4.

3. The air hydrogen production system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The gas (4) includes an inert gas or a gas directly separated from the oxygen or hydrogen generated in the electrolytic cell (6).

4. The air hydrogen production system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The electrolyte includes an electrolyte with low saturated vapor pressure, high conductivity, and electrochemical stability, specifically including any one or more combinations of KOH solution, K2CO3 solution, KHCO3 solution, NaOH solution, Na2CO3 solution, NaHCO3 solution, K3PO4 solution, CH3COOK solution, H2SO4 solution, HClO4, and H3PO4 solution.

5. The air hydrogen production system according to claim 1, characterized in that: If the electrolyte is an alkaline electrolyte, the electrolyzer (6) is matched with an alkaline electrolyzer or an AEM electrolyzer; if the electrolyte is acidic, the electrolyzer (6) is matched with a PEM electrolyzer; after the electrolysis reaction occurs in the electrolyzer (6) to produce hydrogen and oxygen, the electrolyte is circulated again into the secondary water capture device (5) to obtain sufficient water for electrolytic hydrogen production by absorbing water molecules in the high-humidity gas.

6. The air hydrogen production system according to claim 1, characterized in that: By using the high-temperature gas generated by electrolysis as the circulating gas medium or utilizing the high-temperature electrolyte to heat the self-capture liquid in a high-humidity environment, a stronger interfacial mass transfer dynamics is provided for the subsequent electrolyte water capture.

7. The air hydrogen production system according to claim 3, characterized in that: The gas (4) comes directly from a gas separated from the oxygen / hydrogen produced by electrolysis, or an inert gas is added, and these gases are further circulated through an external air pump; if the oxygen produced by electrolysis is used, when oxygen is not needed as a product, the oxygen produced by electrolysis is continuously used to create a high humidity environment.

8. The air hydrogen production system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The primary water capture device (2), the high humidity environment chamber (3) and the secondary water capture device (5) can also be integrated into an integrated device.

Images