Automobile wire harness and vehicle-mounted electric equipment

Abstract

The utility model discloses an automobile wire harness and vehicle-mounted electric equipment, and belongs to the technical field of wire harnesses, and the automobile wire harness comprises a wire rod and an insulating layer. The wire comprises an aluminum core and a copper layer wrapping the periphery of the aluminum core. The insulating layer wraps the periphery of the wire rod. Wherein the wire rod has a cross section perpendicular to the length direction, the area of the cross section is V1, the area of the copper layer on the cross section is V2, and V2 / V1 is larger than or equal to 0.1 and smaller than or equal to 0.5. Compared with copper, aluminum is low in density and unit price, so that the weight of the wire harness can be reduced, the cost can be reduced, the current-carrying capacity of the wire can be improved by coating the copper layer on the aluminum core, and a special terminal does not need to be adopted for crimping. And by using the aluminum core, the drawing force of the wire rod can be increased. By limiting the range of the ratio of the area V2 of the copper layer on the cross section of the wire to the area V1 of the cross section of the wire, the current-carrying capacity and the drawing force of the automobile wire harness can be improved while the light weight of the automobile wire harness is realized, and the durability and the safety of the automobile wire harness are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application belongs to the technical field of wire harnesses, and particularly relates to an automotive wire harness and in-vehicle electrical equipment. Background Art

[0002] Automotive wire harnesses are an important part of automobiles, mainly used for the transmission of electrical energy and signals in automobiles, enabling various electrical appliances in the automobile to work effectively. Automotive wire harnesses are mainly composed of conductor materials and insulating materials coated on the conductor materials. Conductor materials play the functions of transmitting electrical loads and mechanical loads in the power system. Among them, copper and aluminum are the most common and most used conductor materials in the power system. Among them, copper conductors have the problems of high cost and large weight, while wires formed by stranding aluminum conductors require special terminals for crimping, and the crimping area between the aluminum conductor and the terminal is prone to electrochemical corrosion due to potential differences. Summary of the Utility Model

[0003] Utility Model Objective: The embodiments of this application provide an automotive wire harness and in-vehicle electrical equipment, aiming to solve the technical problem that the conductor cannot meet the drawing force requirement while achieving lightweight.

[0004] Technical Solution: The embodiments of this application provide an automotive wire harness, including:

[0005] A wire, the wire includes an aluminum core and a copper layer coated on the outer periphery of the aluminum core;

[0006] An insulating layer, the insulating layer is coated on the outer periphery of the wire;

[0007] Wherein, the wire has a cross-section perpendicular to the length direction, the area of the cross-section is V1, and the area of the copper layer on the cross-section is V2, satisfying: 0.1 ≤ V2 / V1 ≤ 0.5.

[0008] Correspondingly, the embodiments of this application provide an in-vehicle electrical equipment, including a terminal and the above-mentioned automotive wire harness, and the terminal is crimped to the copper layer of the automotive wire harness.

[0009] Beneficial effects: An automotive wire harness according to an embodiment of the present application includes a wire and an insulating layer. The wire includes an aluminum core and a copper layer coated on the outer periphery of the aluminum core. The insulating layer is coated on the outer periphery of the wire. Among them, the wire has a cross-section perpendicular to the length direction, the area of the cross-section is V1, and the area of the copper layer on the cross-section is V2, satisfying: 0.1 ≤ V2 / V1 ≤ 0.5. Since aluminum has a lower density and unit price than copper, the weight of the wire harness can be reduced and the cost can be lowered. By coating a copper layer on the aluminum core, the current-carrying capacity of the wire can be improved, and there is no need to use special terminals for crimping. By using the aluminum core, the drawing force of the wire can be increased. By limiting the ratio range of the area V2 of the copper layer on the cross-section of the wire to the area V1 of the cross-section of the wire, while achieving the lightweight of the automotive wire harness, the current-carrying capacity and drawing force of the automotive wire harness can be improved, and the durability and safety of the automotive wire harness can be enhanced.

[0010] The in-vehicle electrical equipment according to an embodiment of the present application includes the above-mentioned automotive wire harness. Therefore, the in-vehicle electrical equipment can have all the technical features and beneficial effects of the above-mentioned automotive wire harness, which will not be elaborated here. Description of the Drawings

[0011] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required for the description of the embodiments. Obviously, the following drawings are only some embodiments of the present application. For those skilled in the art, without creative efforts, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings.

[0012] Figure 1 It is a cross-sectional view of a wire according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0013] Figure 2 It is a structural schematic diagram of a wire according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0014] Figure 3 It is a cross-sectional view of an automotive wire harness according to an embodiment of the present application

[0015] Figure 4 It is a process flow chart of the processing of a wire according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0016] Reference numerals: 1, wire; 2, insulating layer; 10, aluminum core; 11, copper layer; 100, copper-clad aluminum conductor. Detailed Embodiments

[0017] Next, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts belong to the scope of protection of the present application.

[0018] In the description of the present application, it should be understood that the orientation or positional relationship indicated by terms such as "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc. is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and is only for the convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation to the present application. In addition, the terms "first" and "second" are only used for descriptive purposes, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the quantity of the indicated technical features. Thus, the features defined with "first" and "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more features. In the description of the present application, "a plurality" means two or more, and at least one means one, two or more, unless otherwise specifically defined. In the description of the present application, "vertical" means completely perpendicular at 90° or almost completely perpendicular. For example, within the range of an included angle of 80° to 100°, it is considered perpendicular. Similarly, "parallel" means completely parallel or almost completely parallel. For example, within the range of 10° of complete parallelism, it is considered parallel.

[0019] An automotive wiring harness is an important part of an automobile, mainly used for the electrical energy and signal transmission of the automobile, enabling each electrical appliance of the automobile to work effectively. An automotive wiring harness is mainly composed of a conductor material and an insulating material covering the conductor material. The conductor material plays the functions of transmitting electrical load and mechanical load in the power system. Among them, copper and aluminum are the most common and most used conductor materials in the power system. Among them, the copper conductor has the problems of high cost and large weight, while the wire formed by stranding aluminum conductors needs to be crimped with special terminals, and the crimping area of the aluminum conductor and the terminal is prone to electrochemical corrosion due to the potential difference.

[0020] In view of this, an embodiment of the present application provides an automotive wiring harness, including a wire and an insulating layer. The wire includes an aluminum core and a copper layer coated on the outer periphery of the aluminum core. The insulating layer is coated on the outer periphery of the wire. Wherein, the wire has a cross-section perpendicular to the length direction, the area of the cross-section is V1, and the area of the copper layer on the cross-section is V2, satisfying: 0.1 ≤ V2 / V1 ≤ 0.5. Since aluminum has a lower density and unit price than copper, the weight of the wiring harness can be reduced and the cost can be lowered. By coating a layer of copper on the aluminum core, the current-carrying capacity of the wire can be improved, and there is no need to use special terminals for crimping. By using the aluminum core, the drawing force of the wire can be increased. By defining the ratio range of the area V2 of the copper layer on the cross-section of the wire to the area V1 of the cross-section of the wire, while achieving the lightweight of the automotive wiring harness, the current-carrying capacity and drawing force of the automotive wiring harness can be improved, and the durability and safety of the automotive wiring harness can be improved.

[0021] The automotive wiring harness and in-vehicle electrical equipment of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Without conflict, the features in the following embodiments and implementation manners can be combined with each other.

[0022] Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a wire according to an embodiment of the present application; Figure 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a wire according to an embodiment of the present application; Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of an automotive wiring harness according to an embodiment of the present application. Refer to Figures 1 to 3 , an embodiment of the present application provides an automotive wiring harness, including a wire 1 and an insulating layer 2. The wire 1 includes an aluminum core 10 and a copper layer 11 coated on the outer periphery of the aluminum core 10. The insulating layer 2 is coated on the outer periphery of the wire 1. Wherein, the wire 1 has a cross-section perpendicular to the length direction, the area of the cross-section is V1, and the area of the copper layer 11 on the cross-section is V2, satisfying: 0.1 ≤ V2 / V1 ≤ 0.5. Since aluminum has a lower density and unit price than copper, the weight of the wiring harness can be reduced and the cost can be lowered. By coating a layer of copper on the aluminum core 10, the current-carrying capacity of the wire 1 can be improved, and there is no need to use special terminals for crimping. By using the aluminum core 10, the drawing force of the wire 1 can be increased. By defining the ratio range of the area V2 of the copper layer 11 on the cross-section of the wire 1 to the area V1 of the cross-section of the wire 1, while achieving the lightweight of the automotive wiring harness, the current-carrying capacity and drawing force of the automotive wiring harness can be improved, and the durability and safety of the automotive wiring harness can be improved.

[0023] In some embodiments, the material of the aluminum core 10 is pure aluminum, and the aluminum content is greater than or equal to 99%. Pure aluminum is also called industrial aluminum. It is mainly composed of aluminum and has a purity of more than 99%. Pure aluminum has good electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance.

[0024] In some embodiments, the material of the aluminum core 10 is aluminum alloy. The composition of the aluminum alloy contains, by mass percentage: Si: 0.04 - 0.1%, Fe: 0.30 - 0.60%, Cu: 0.15 - 0.30%, Mg: 0.01 - 0.05%, Zn: 0.01 - 0.05%, B: 0.02 - 0.04%, Al-10Re: 0.001 - 0.003%, and the balance is Al and inevitable impurities. In this embodiment, the aluminum alloy is an 8-series aluminum alloy, which has relatively high strength and hardness, and at the same time has good corrosion resistance. By introducing Al-10Re with a mass fraction of 0.001 - 0.003% into the 8-series aluminum alloy, Al-10Re means containing 10% rare earth elements, in which the content of lanthanum element is 6% and the content of cerium element is 4%. The introduction of rare earth elements has a modification effect, a purification effect and an alloying effect on the aluminum alloy. Specifically, before adding Al-10Re, the dendrite morphology of the aluminum alloy is thick and the dendrite spacing is large, and there is no precipitate phase around the dendrites. With the addition of an appropriate amount of Al-10Re, the dendrites of the aluminum alloy become thinner, and fine aluminum alloy compounds appear in the crystal grains. This is because Al-10Re can refine the crystal grains, hinder the movement of dislocations, react with impurities in the aluminum alloy at the same time, purify the aluminum matrix, and improve the tensile strength and elongation of the aluminum alloy. Also because Al-10Re can reduce the hydrogen content, purify the aluminum matrix, refine the crystal lattice and reduce the solid solubility of components such as Fe and Si, the electrical conductivity of the aluminum alloy is improved.

[0025] In some embodiments, the material of the aluminum core 10 is aluminum alloy. The composition of the aluminum alloy contains, by mass percentage: Si: 0.3 - 0.6%, Fe: 0.5%, Cu: 0.1%, Mg: 0.4 - 0.6%, Cr: 0.03%; Zn: 0.1%, B: 0.06%; Ni: 0.2 - 0.3%, Zr: 0.08 - 0.15%, V: 0.02 - 0.04%, and the balance is Al and inevitable impurities. In this embodiment, the aluminum alloy is a 6-series aluminum alloy, which has good strength and corrosion resistance, and at the same time has excellent workability and weldability. Introducing Zr with a mass fraction of 0.08% - 0.15% into the 6-series aluminum alloy, since Zr can form a stable precipitation phase Al3Zr, and at the same time Zr forms crystal nuclei to promote the grain refinement of the aluminum alloy, thereby improving the strength, tensile strength, and fatigue resistance of the aluminum alloy. Introducing V with a mass fraction of 0.02% - 0.04% into the 6-series aluminum alloy can make the crystal spacing and intergranular precipitation phase of the aluminum alloy smaller, and can also change the grain structure of the aluminum alloy, refine the grains, and improve the strength and creep resistance of the aluminum alloy; at the same time, V can increase the lattice constant in the aluminum alloy, improve the affinity with oxides, and thus improve the corrosion resistance of the aluminum alloy. In addition, the formed vanadium compounds can absorb hydrogen and bubbles in the aluminum alloy, thereby effectively preventing the generation of pores and cracks on the surface of the aluminum alloy and improving the weldability of the aluminum alloy. Introducing Ni with a mass fraction of 0.2% - 0.3% into the 6-series aluminum alloy can improve the heat resistance and plasticity of the aluminum alloy.

[0026] In some embodiments, the automotive wire harness includes a plurality of wires 1, and the plurality of wires 1 are twisted and connected to form a copper-clad aluminum conductor 100. The copper layers 11 of two adjacent wires 1 are in contact with each other. The sum of the cross-sectional areas of the plurality of wires 1 is greater than or equal to 0.75 mm 2 . Taking the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the plurality of wires 1 as 0.75 mm 2 as an example, compared with a conventional copper conductor with a cross-sectional area of 0.5 mm 2 , the overall weight of the plurality of wires 1 can be reduced by at least 45%, and the overall weight of the automotive wire harness can be reduced by at least 25%, thereby realizing the lightweight of the automotive wire harness. In addition, due to the low density and unit price of aluminum, there is a great cost advantage compared with copper conductors, and the cost of the automotive wire harness can be reduced by about 15% - 20%.

[0027] In some embodiments, the outer diameter of wire 1 is d1, and the outer diameter of aluminum core 10 is d2, satisfying: 0.3 ≤ d2 / d1 ≤ 0.7. The ratio of the outer diameter d2 of aluminum core 10 to the outer diameter d1 of wire 1 can be any value among 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7 or the range between any two values. Among them, the outer diameter d1 of wire 1 also satisfies: 0.1 mm ≤ d1 ≤ 0.6 mm. Specifically, the outer diameter d1 of wire 1 can be any value among 0.1 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.35 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.45 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.55 mm, 0.6 mm or the range between any two values. The appropriate wire diameter can be selected according to requirements to meet the current transmission requirements, as well as the performance requirements and application requirements of the automotive wire harness.

[0028] In some embodiments, wire 1 has a cross-section perpendicular to the length direction, the area of the cross-section is V1, and the area of copper layer 11 on the cross-section is V2. The automotive wire harness satisfies: 0.1 ≤ V2 / V1 ≤ 0.2. The ratio of the area V2 of copper layer 11 on the cross-section to the area V1 of the cross-section of wire 1 has a preferred range, satisfying: 0.1 ≤ V2 / V1 ≤ 0.2. Specifically, the ratio of the area V2 of copper layer 11 on the cross-section to the area V1 of the cross-section of wire 1 can be any value among 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2 or the range between any two values.

[0029] This application tests copper-clad aluminum conductors 100 with different ratios of the area V2 of copper layer 11 on the cross-section to the area V1 of the cross-section of wire 1. Among them, the aluminum alloy uses 8-series aluminum alloy, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0030] Table 1:

[0031]

[0032] Referring to Comparative Examples 1-3, the conductivity of copper-clad aluminum conductor 100 can reach more than 62.3% IACS, the tensile strength is greater than or equal to 195 MPa, the elongation rate is greater than or equal to 20%, and it has excellent anti-creep performance.

[0033] The insulating layer 2 is coated on the copper-clad aluminum conductors 100 in the above-mentioned Embodiments 1-3 to obtain automotive wire harnesses with different ratios of the area V2 of copper layer 11 on the cross-section to the area V1 of the cross-section of wire 1, and a copper conductor with a conventional cross-sectional area of 0.5 mm 2 is used as a comparative example for testing, and the test results are shown in Table 2.

[0034] Table 2

[0035]

[0036] As can be seen from Examples 1-3 and Comparative Example 1, the weight of the automotive wiring harness composed of the copper-clad aluminum conductor 100 is reduced by about 25% compared with the automotive wiring harness composed of copper conductors, the current-carrying capacity is improved, and the drawing force is increased, thereby improving the durability and safety of the automotive wiring harness.

[0037] This application tests the copper-clad aluminum conductor 100 with the ratio of the area V2 of different copper layers 11 on the cross-section to the area V1 of the cross-section of the wire 1. Among them, the aluminum alloy is 6 series aluminum alloy, and the test results are shown in Table 3.

[0038]

[0039]

[0040] Referring to Examples 1-3, the conductivity of the copper-clad aluminum conductor 100 can reach more than 54.2% IACS, the tensile strength is greater than or equal to 226 MPa, the elongation is greater than or equal to 20%, and the mechanical properties and conductivity are balanced.

[0041] The insulating layer 2 is coated on the copper-clad aluminum conductor 100 in Examples 1-3 above to obtain an automotive wiring harness with the ratio of the area V2 of different copper layers 11 on the cross-section to the area V1 of the cross-section of the wire 1, and a copper conductor with a conventional cross-sectional area of 0.5 mm 2 is used as a comparative example for testing, and the test results are shown in Table 4.

[0042]

[0043] As can be seen from Examples 1-3 and Comparative Example 1, the weight of the automotive wiring harness composed of the copper-clad aluminum conductor 100 is reduced by about 25% compared with the automotive wiring harness composed of copper conductors, the current-carrying capacity meets the requirements, and the drawing force is excellent, thereby improving the durability and safety of the automotive wiring harness.

[0044] In some embodiments, the outer diameter of the insulating layer 2 is D, satisfying: 1.45 mm ≤ D ≤ 2.5 mm. Specifically, the outer diameter D of the insulating layer 2 can be any value among 1.45 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.55 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.65 mm, 1.7 mm, 1.75 mm, 1.8 mm, 1.85 mm, 1.9 mm, 1.95 mm, 2 mm, 2.05 mm, 2.1 mm, 2.15 mm, 2.2 mm, 2.25 mm, 2.3 mm, 2.35 mm, 2.4 mm, 2.45 mm, 2.5 mm or the range between any two values. The insulating layer 2 mainly functions to provide insulation protection and enhance the durability of the automotive wiring harness, capable of protecting the wire 1 from external physical damage such as vibration, friction, pressure, etc., and improving the reliability of the wire 1 during use. It can be flexibly designed according to requirements to meet the performance requirements and application requirements of the automotive wiring harness, and the present application places no restrictions thereon.

[0045] In some embodiments, the material of the insulating layer 2 is selected from at least one of cross-linked polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyphenylene ether, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer, and polytetrafluoroethylene. The material of the insulating layer 2 can be selected according to the design requirements and the requirements for the insulation temperature resistance grade. Specifically, when the insulation temperature resistance requirement is 125 - 150 °C, cross-linked polyolefin can be selected as the material of the insulating layer 2; when the insulation temperature resistance requirement is 85 - 125 °C, polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene can be selected as the material of the insulating layer 2; when the insulation temperature resistance requirement is 150 - 200 °C, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer or polytetrafluoroethylene can be selected as the material of the insulating layer 2, which has excellent high-temperature resistance, chemical resistance, and insulation performance.

[0046] An embodiment of the present application provides an in-vehicle electrical device, including a terminal and the above-mentioned automotive wiring harness, and the terminal is crimped to the copper layer 11 of the automotive wiring harness. Since the outer periphery of the aluminum core 10 is coated with the copper layer 11, there is no need to use special terminals and equipment for crimping, and no sealant or the like is required at the terminal crimping part to prevent corrosion. By limiting the ratio range of the area V2 of the copper layer 11 on the cross-section of the wire 1 to the area V1 of the cross-section of the wire 1, while achieving the lightweight of the automotive wiring harness, the current-carrying capacity and drawing force of the automotive wiring harness can be improved, and the durability and safety of the automotive wiring harness can be enhanced.

[0047] An embodiment of the present application provides a processing process for the wire 1, including the following steps:

[0048] Step S1: Prepare pure aluminum or aluminum alloy rods and copper strips as raw materials.

[0049] Step S2: Weld and coat the copper strip on the outer surface of the pure aluminum or aluminum alloy rod to form a copper-clad aluminum rod.

[0050] Step S3: Subject the copper-clad aluminum rod to multiple wire drawing processes to gradually reduce the wire diameter to the desired size.

[0051] Step S4: During the wire drawing process, perform an annealing process. By heating and cooling treatments, change the structure of the material, increase softness and ductility, and reduce stress and deformation.

[0052] Step S5: During the wire drawing and annealing processes, ensure that the copper layer 11 uniformly and concentrically coats the outside of the pure aluminum or aluminum alloy rod to ensure the quality of the overall wire 1.

[0053] Step S6: Conduct quality inspection. Check the ratio V1 of the area V2 of the copper layer 11 on the cross-section to the cross-sectional area of the wire 1 to ensure it is within a predetermined range.

[0054] In the embodiment of the present application, the ratio of the area V2 of the copper layer 11 on the cross-section to the cross-sectional area V1 of the wire 1 can be obtained by changing the thickness of the copper-clad tape. By defining the ratio range of the area V2 of the copper layer 11 on the cross-section of the wire 1 to the cross-sectional area V1 of the wire 1, lightweight design of the automotive wire harness can be achieved. At the same time, the above process flow can improve the current-carrying capacity and drawing force of the automotive wire harness, and increase the durability and safety of the wire harness.

[0055] In the above embodiments, the descriptions of the respective embodiments have their own focuses. For parts not detailed in a certain embodiment, reference can be made to the relevant descriptions of other embodiments.

[0056] The above has introduced in detail an automotive wire harness and in-vehicle electrical equipment provided by the embodiments of the present application, and specific examples have been used to illustrate the principle and implementation manner of the present application. The description of the above embodiments is only for helping to understand the technical solution and its core idea of the present application; those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions recorded in the foregoing embodiments, or perform equivalent replacements for some of the technical features; and these modifications or replacements do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application.

Claims

1. An automotive wiring harness, characterized in that, Comprising: A wire (1), the wire (1) comprising an aluminum core (10) and a copper layer (11) coated on the outer periphery of the aluminum core (10); An insulating layer (2), the insulating layer (2) being coated on the outer periphery of the wire (1); Wherein, the wire (1) has a cross-section perpendicular to the length direction, the area of the cross-section is V1, and the area of the copper layer (11) on the cross-section is V2, satisfying: 0.1 ≤ V2 / V1 ≤ 0.

5.

2. The automotive wiring harness according to claim 1, characterized in that The automotive wire harness comprises a plurality of the wires (1), and the plurality of the wires (1) are twisted and connected to each other.

3. The automotive wiring harness according to claim 2, wherein, The copper layers of two adjacent wires are in contact with each other.

4. The automotive wiring harness according to claim 2, characterized in that, The sum of the areas of the cross-sections of the plurality of wire materials (1) is greater than or equal to 0.75 mm 2 .

5. The automotive wiring harness according to claim 1, characterized in that, The automotive wire harness further satisfies: 0.1 ≤ V2 / V1 ≤ 0.

2.

6. The automotive wiring harness according to claim 1, characterized in that, The outer diameter of the wire (1) is d1, and the outer diameter of the aluminum core (10) is d2, satisfying: 0.3 ≤ d2 / d1 ≤ 0.

7.

7. The automotive wiring harness according to claim 6, characterized in that, The automotive wire harness further satisfies: 0.1 mm ≤ d1 ≤ 0.6 mm.

8. The automotive wiring harness according to claim 1, characterized in that The outer diameter of the insulating layer (2) is D, satisfying: 1.45 mm ≤ D ≤ 2.5 mm.

9. A vehicle-mounted electrical device, characterized in that, Comprising a terminal and an automotive wire harness according to any one of claims 1-8, the terminal being crimped to the copper layer (11) of the automotive wire harness.

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