Sealing machine for lithium battery processing
By using a sealing machine with a unified controller, the sealing process of lithium batteries is automated, solving the problems of increased labor intensity and unstable sealing quality caused by manual intervention, and improving production efficiency and safety.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202422896625.2
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-27
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-31
- Estimated Expiration
- 2034-11-27
AI Technical Summary
Existing lithium battery sealing machines require multiple manual interventions, increasing labor intensity, causing worker fatigue, reducing production efficiency, and making them prone to human error, which affects sealing quality and lithium battery safety.
Design a sealing machine with an integrated controller for unified management, including components such as housing, sealing components, motor, support platform, rotary table, feeding table, torsion spring, connecting shaft and pressure plate, to achieve fully automated operation, ensure seamless connection of each component, and reduce manual intervention.
It automates the lithium battery sealing process, improves production efficiency, avoids human error, and ensures sealing quality and safety.
Smart Images

Figure CN223501926U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This utility model relates to the field of lithium battery processing, and in particular to a sealing machine for lithium battery processing. Background Technology
[0002] Pouch lithium batteries are lithium-ion batteries encapsulated in flexible packaging materials. Unlike traditional cylindrical or prismatic hard-shell lithium batteries, pouch lithium battery casings are typically made of aluminum-plastic composite materials, which are lightweight, flexible, and offer good sealing properties. Pouch lithium batteries are widely used in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and many other fields. In the manufacturing process of pouch lithium batteries, final sealing is a crucial step. By using sealing sheets combined with heating and pressurization, the sealing sheets are tightly bonded to the battery casing, ensuring the battery's airtightness and safety.
[0003] Ordinary sealing machines typically require a worker to stand beside the machine, manually lift the pressure plate, place the soft-pack lithium battery to be sealed on the feeding table, release the pressure plate to tighten the soft-pack lithium battery, and then operate the sealing machine to complete the sealing process. After sealing, the pressure plate is lifted again to remove the sealed soft-pack lithium battery. These steps require multiple manual interventions, indirectly increasing labor intensity, potentially leading to worker fatigue, reducing production efficiency, and making it prone to human error, affecting sealing quality and the safety of the soft-pack lithium battery.
[0004] Therefore, there is a particular need for a sealing machine for lithium battery processing to solve the above problems. Utility Model Content
[0005] To overcome the drawbacks of ordinary sealing machines, such as increased labor intensity due to manual operation, potential worker fatigue, reduced production efficiency, and susceptibility to human error that affects sealing quality and lithium battery safety, this utility model provides a sealing machine for lithium battery processing.
[0006] This utility model is achieved through the following technical means: A sealing machine for lithium battery processing includes a housing, an integrated controller, sealing components, a first motor, a support platform, a rotary disk, a material feeding table, a torsion spring, a connecting shaft, and a pressure plate. The support platform is fixedly connected to the lower left side of the housing. The integrated controller is installed on the top rear side of the support platform, slightly to the left of the center. The first motor is installed at the bottom center of the housing and is electrically connected to the integrated controller. The rotary disk is rotatably connected inside the housing, and its center point is fixedly connected to the output shaft of the first motor. Two sealing components are distributed front to back and installed on the right side of the housing. The unit is electrically connected to the integrated controller. Multiple material placement platforms are arranged in a cross shape and fixed to the rotating disk. The connecting shaft is fixed to the side of the material placement platform near the center of the rotating disk. The pressure plate is rotatably connected to the outside of the connecting shaft, and its bottom surface is in contact with the top surface of the material placement platform. Two torsion springs are symmetrically distributed and respectively sleeved on both ends of the connecting shaft. The two ends of the torsion springs are fixedly connected to the material placement platform and the pressure plate, respectively. It also includes a material conveying assembly, a material pushing assembly, a lifting assembly and a material unloading assembly. The material conveying assembly is located on the left side of the housing, the material pushing assembly is located on the material conveying assembly, the lifting assembly is located on the material pushing assembly, and the material unloading assembly is located on the top of the support platform.
[0007] In one embodiment, the material conveying assembly further includes a conveyor belt, a connecting frame, a second motor, and rollers. Two connecting frames are symmetrically distributed and installed on the left side of the housing. Two rollers are symmetrically distributed and rotatably connected inside each connecting frame. Each conveyor belt is rotatably connected between the outside of each pair of rollers, with its left and right sides abutting the inner walls of the corresponding connecting frames. Two second motors are distributed front and rear. One second motor is installed on the left-forward side of the front connecting frame, and the other second motor is installed on the left-rear side of the rear connecting frame. Both second motors are electrically connected to the integrated controller, and the output shaft of the front second motor is fixedly connected to the left end of the front roller, and the output shaft of the rear second motor is fixedly connected to the left end of the rear roller.
[0008] In one embodiment, the feeding assembly further includes a first electric push rod, a first support plate, a second electric push rod, a second support plate, a feeding frame, a feeding plate, and a hollow frame. The first support plate is fixed to the left-forward position of the front connecting frame. The first electric push rod is inserted into the rear of the first support plate and electrically connected to the integrated controller. The hollow frame is fixed to the telescopic rod of the first electric push rod. The feeding frame is fixed to the top of the hollow frame. There are no baffles on the front and right sides of the hollow frame, so that the feeding frame can only feed from the front and discharge from the right. The second support plate is fixed to the center of the left side of the feeding frame. A small second electric push rod is inserted into the lower part of the second support plate and electrically connected to the integrated controller. The feeding plate is fixed to the telescopic rod of the second electric push rod that passes through the feeding frame and is located inside the feeding frame and in contact with it.
[0009] In one embodiment, the lifting assembly includes a guide rod, a spring, and a wedge plate. The two guide rods are symmetrically distributed and slidably connected inside the hollow frame, with both ends of the guide rods passing through the hollow frame. The wedge plate is fixed between the right ends of the two guide rods, and its upper part has two inclined surfaces that are respectively aligned with the two sides of the pressure plate. The spring is sleeved on the outside of the guide rod, and its two ends are fixedly connected to the hollow frame and the wedge plate respectively.
[0010] In one embodiment, the unloading assembly includes a robotic arm, a suction cup plate, an air pump, and a connecting pipe. The robotic arm is installed at the rear center of the top of the support platform and is electrically connected to the integrated controller in front of it. The suction cup plate assembly is installed on the upper part of the robotic arm and communicates with it. The air pump is installed on the lower part of the robotic arm and is electrically connected to the integrated controller. The connecting pipe is fixed between the air pump and the robotic arm.
[0011] In one embodiment, the system also includes two tripods, which are symmetrically distributed and installed on the left side of the housing, with their top surfaces in contact with the bottom surface of the support platform.
[0012] Beneficial effects: This utility model ensures seamless connection between various components through unified management and coordination of the integrated controller, making the processes of feeding, lifting, closing, sealing and unloading smooth, realizing full automation, effectively reducing manual intervention, improving production efficiency, avoiding human error, and ensuring sealing quality and safety of soft-pack lithium batteries. Attached Figure Description
[0013] Figure 1 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of the present invention.
[0014] Figure 2 This is a partial cross-sectional view of the housing, sealing assembly, and first motor component of this utility model.
[0015] Figure 3 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of the conveyor belt, connecting frame, and second motor of this utility model.
[0016] Figure 4 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of the first electric push rod, the second electric push rod, and the rotating disk of this utility model.
[0017] Figure 5 This is a partial sectional view of the pusher frame, pusher plate, and hollow frame components of this utility model.
[0018] Figure 6 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of the support platform, tripod, and robotic arm components of this utility model.
[0019] Figure 7 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of the suction cup plate, air pump, and connecting pipe of this utility model.
[0020] In the above attached diagrams: 1. Housing; 101. Integrated controller; 102. Sealing assembly; 103. First motor; 2. Support platform; 3. Tripod; 4. Robotic arm; 5. Conveyor belt; 6. Connecting frame; 7. Second motor; 8. Roller; 9. First electric push rod; 10. First support plate; 11. Second electric push rod; 12. Second support plate; 13. Rotary disk; 1301. Material placement platform; 14. Torsion spring; 15. Connecting shaft; 16. Pressure plate; 17. Pushing frame; 18. Pushing plate; 19. Hollow frame; 20. Guide rod; 21. Spring; 22. Wedge plate; 23. Suction cup plate; 24. Air pump; 25. Connecting pipe. Detailed Implementation
[0021] References to embodiments herein mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a separate or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments.
[0022] Example: A sealing machine for lithium battery processing, such as Figures 1-7As shown, the assembly includes a housing 1, an integrated controller 101, a sealing assembly 102, a first motor 103, a support platform 2, a tripod 3, a rotary disk 13, a material placement table 1301, a torsion spring 14, a connecting shaft 15, and a pressure plate 16. The support platform 2 is welded to the lower left side of the housing 1. Two tripods 3 are symmetrically distributed and bolted to the front and rear sides of the left side of the housing 1, respectively. Their top surfaces contact the bottom surface of the support platform 2 to improve the stability of the support platform 2. The integrated controller 101 is bolted to the top rear side of the support platform 2, slightly to the left. The first motor 103 is bolted to the center of the bottom of the housing 1 and electrically connected to the integrated controller 101. The rotary disk 13 is rotatably connected inside the housing 1, and its center point is fixedly connected to the output shaft of the first motor 103. Two sealing... The components 102 are distributed front and back, respectively connected to the front and back sides of the right side of the housing 1 by bolts, and electrically connected to the integrated controller 101. Multiple material placement platforms 1301 are distributed in a cross shape and are respectively connected to different positions of the rotating disk 13 by welding. The connecting shaft 15 is connected to the side of the material placement platform 1301 near the center of the rotating disk 13 by welding. The pressure plate 16 is rotatably connected to the outside of the connecting shaft 15, and its bottom surface is in contact with the top surface of the material placement platform 1301. Two torsion springs 14 are symmetrically distributed and respectively sleeved on both ends of the connecting shaft 15. The two ends of the torsion springs 14 are respectively fixedly connected to the material placement platform 1301 and the pressure plate 16. The components also include a material conveying component, a material pushing component, a lifting component and a material unloading component. The material conveying component is located on the left side of the housing 1, the material pushing component is located on the material conveying component, the lifting component is located on the material pushing component, and the material unloading component is located on the top of the support platform 2.
[0023] like Figure 3 As shown, the material conveying assembly also includes a conveyor belt 5, a connecting frame 6, a second motor 7, and rollers 8. The two connecting frames 6 are symmetrically distributed and are connected to the front and rear sides of the left side of the housing 1 by bolts. Each pair of rollers 8 are symmetrically distributed and are rotatably connected to the front and rear sides inside each connecting frame 6. Each conveyor belt 5 is rotatably connected between the outside of each pair of rollers 8, with its left and right sides attached to the inner wall of the corresponding connecting frame 6. The two second motors 7 are distributed front and rear. One second motor 7 is connected to the left front position of the front connecting frame 6 by bolts, and the other second motor 7 is connected to the left rear position of the rear connecting frame 6 by bolts. Both second motors 7 are electrically connected to the integrated controller 101, and the output shaft of the front second motor 7 is fixedly connected to the left end of the front roller 8, and the output shaft of the rear second motor 7 is fixedly connected to the left end of the rear roller 8.
[0024] like Figures 3-5As shown, the feeding assembly also includes a first electric push rod 9, a first support plate 10, a second electric push rod 11, a second support plate 12, a feeding frame 17, a feeding plate 18, and a hollow frame 19. The first support plate 10 is welded to the left-forward position of the front connecting frame 6. The first electric push rod 9 is bolted to the rear of the first support plate 10 and electrically connected to the integrated controller 101. The hollow frame 19 is welded to the telescopic rod of the first electric push rod 9. The feeding frame 17 is welded to the top of the hollow frame 19. There are no baffles on its front or right sides, allowing the feeding frame 17 to only feed from the front and discharge from the right. Furthermore, the inner bottom surface of the feeding frame 17 is level with the top surface of the conveyor belt 5, ensuring a smooth transition of the soft-pack lithium batteries during transport and preventing jamming or damage due to height differences. The second support plate 12 is welded to the center left side of the pusher frame 17. The small second electric push rod 11 is bolted to the lower part of the second support plate 12 and electrically connected to the integrated controller 101. The pusher plate 18 is welded to the telescopic rod of the second electric push rod 11 that passes through the pusher frame 17 and is located inside the pusher frame 17 and in contact with it. The top surface of the placement platform 1301, the bottom surface of the pusher frame 17 and the bottom surface of the pusher plate 18 are all on the same horizontal plane, so that when the pusher plate 18 pushes the soft-pack lithium battery inside the pusher frame 17, the soft-pack lithium battery is smoothly transferred from the pusher frame 17 to the placement platform 1301. The pushing area of the pusher plate 18 is L-shaped and has a vertical surface and a horizontal surface. The vertical surface is the bottom and the horizontal surface is the top, so that when the vertical surface pushes the soft-pack lithium battery, the horizontal surface can limit one side of the soft-pack lithium battery and prevent it from tilting.
[0025] like Figure 5 As shown, the lifting assembly includes a guide rod 20, a spring 21, and a wedge plate 22. The two guide rods 20 are symmetrically distributed and are slidably connected to the front and rear sides of the hollow frame 19, respectively. Both ends of the guide rods 20 pass through the hollow frame 19. The wedge plate 22 is connected to the right ends of the two guide rods 20 by welding. The two inclined surfaces on its upper part are aligned with the two sides of the pressure plate 16, and the top surface of the wedge plate 22 is designed to be straight. This allows the pressure plate 16 to rotate upward along the inclined surface of the wedge plate 22 at a suitable angle and then stop rotating after contacting the straight surface. The spring 21 is sleeved on the outside of the guide rods 20, and its two ends are fixedly connected to the hollow frame 19 and the wedge plate 22, respectively.
[0026] like Figure 1 , Figure 6 and Figure 7As shown, the unloading assembly includes a robotic arm 4, a suction cup plate 23, an air pump 24, and a connecting pipe 25. The robotic arm 4 is bolted to the top of the support platform 2 at a position slightly behind the center and is located in front of the integrated controller 101 and electrically connected to it. The suction cup plate 23 is bolted to the upper part of the robotic arm 4 and communicates with it. The air pump 24 is bolted to the lower part of the robotic arm 4 and is electrically connected to the integrated controller 101. The connecting pipe 25 is connected between the air pump 24 and the robotic arm 4 by adhesive bonding.
[0027] First, the operator places the housing 1 between the two conveyor lines, aligning the feeding conveyor line with the front end of the front conveyor belt 5 and the unloading conveyor line with the rear end of the rear conveyor belt 5. After preparation, the operating program of the robotic arm 4 is written into the integrated controller 101. Then, the feeding conveyor line is operated to orderly and uniformly feed the soft-pack lithium batteries to be sealed onto the front conveyor belt 5. At this time, the two second motors 7 are started. When the front second motor 7 is running, its output shaft drives the front roller 8 to rotate, working in conjunction with the middle front roller 8 to pull the front conveyor belt 5 to rotate and convey the soft-pack lithium batteries to be sealed backward. When an appropriate amount of soft-pack lithium batteries to be sealed are sent into the pusher frame 17, the first electric push rod 9 is activated to control its telescopic rod to extend, causing the hollow frame 19 to drive the pusher frame 17 to the right. The hollow frame 19 moves, simultaneously driving the guide rod 20 to move to the right, causing the wedge plate 22 to contact the pressure plate 16. Upon contact, the wedge plate 22 moves to the left due to the reaction force of the pressure plate 16, and the spring 21 is compressed accordingly, thereby reducing the contact force between the wedge plate 22 and the pressure plate 16 and preventing collision damage. When the spring 21 is compressed to its limit, it limits the wedge plate 22, causing it to press the pressure plate 16 unilaterally. The pressure plate 16 rotates upward along the inclined surface of the wedge plate 22, and the torsion spring 14 deforms accordingly. When the right side of the pusher frame 17 contacts the material placement table 1301, the pressure plate 16 rotates upward to a suitable angle, contacts the straight surface of the wedge plate 22, and stops rotating. At this time, the second electric push rod 11 is activated, controlling its extension rod to extend and drive the pusher plate 18 to move to the right. The pusher frame 17 pushes the soft-pack lithium battery to be sealed onto the placement platform 1301. After pushing, the telescopic rod of the second electric pusher 11 is retracted, causing the pusher plate 18 to move to the left. The telescopic rod of the first electric pusher 9 is also retracted, causing the hollow frame 19 to move the pusher frame 17 to the left. The hollow frame 19 simultaneously moves the guide rod 20 to the left, causing the wedge plate 22 to move away from and stop pressing the pressure plate 16. The spring 21 then returns to its original shape, causing the wedge plate 22 to move the guide rod 20 to the right. The torsion spring 14 then returns to its original shape, causing the pressure plate 16 to rotate downwards, pressing the soft-pack lithium battery to be sealed onto the placement platform 1301. Then, the first motor 103 is started, controlling its output shaft to drive the rotating disk 13 to rotate 90 degrees clockwise, so that the soft-pack lithium battery to be sealed is placed onto the placement platform 1301. The placement platform 1301 for the soft-pack lithium battery to be sealed is staggered from the pushing assembly. The next placement platform 1301 is aligned with the pushing assembly. After alignment, the above pushing, lifting, and closing steps are repeated to press the soft-pack lithium battery to be sealed onto the next placement platform 1301. Then, the output shaft of the first motor 103 is controlled to drive the rotating disk 13 to rotate 90 degrees clockwise, so that the two placement platforms 1301 with the soft-pack lithium battery to be sealed are respectively facing the two sealing assemblies 102. Then, the sealing assembly 102 is operated to seal the soft-pack lithium battery to be sealed. During the sealing process, the above pushing, lifting, and closing steps can be repeated to press the soft-pack lithium battery to be sealed onto the next placement platform 1301, so that sealing and replenishment can be carried out simultaneously. After sealing is completed,The output shaft of the first motor 103 is controlled twice to drive the rotating disk 13 to rotate 180 degrees clockwise, pressing down on the two material placement platforms 1301 containing the sealed soft-pack lithium batteries. These platforms align with the pushing assembly, and the lifting steps are repeated to rotate the pressure plate 16 upwards, no longer pressing down on the sealed soft-pack lithium batteries. Then, the robotic arm 4 is activated, running according to the set program, allowing the suction cup plate 23 to contact the sealed soft-pack lithium batteries. Simultaneously, the air pump 24 is activated, drawing outside air into the suction cup plate 23 and the connecting... The suction cup 23, operated by tube 25, generates suction to hold the sealed soft-pack lithium battery. Once held, the robotic arm 4 continues to operate, allowing the suction cup 23 to place the sealed soft-pack lithium battery onto the rear conveyor belt 5. The air pump 24 is then turned off, allowing the suction cup to lower the sealed soft-pack lithium battery. At this time, the second rear motor 7 starts operating, its output shaft driving the rear roller 8 to rotate. Working in conjunction with the middle rear roller 8, this pulls the rear conveyor belt 5 to rotate and transport the sealed soft-pack lithium battery backwards, allowing it to enter the unloading line.
[0028] The above description is merely an embodiment of this utility model and is not intended to limit the scope of this utility model. All equivalent substitutions made within the principles of this utility model should be included within the protection scope of this utility model. Contents not described in detail in this utility model are existing technologies known to those skilled in the art.
Claims
1. A sealing machine for lithium battery processing, comprising a housing (1), an integrated controller (101), a sealing assembly (102), a first motor (103), a support platform (2), a rotary disk (13), a material placement table (1301), a torsion spring (14), a connecting shaft (15), and a pressure plate (16). The support platform (2) is fixed to the lower left side of the housing (1). The integrated controller (101) is installed on the left side of the top rear side of the support platform (2). The first motor (103) is installed at the center of the bottom inside the housing (1) and is electrically connected to the integrated controller (101). The rotary disk (13) is rotatably connected inside the housing (1), and its center point is connected to the first motor. The output shaft of (103) is fixedly connected. Two sealing components (102) are distributed front and back, installed in the right side of the housing (1), and electrically connected to the integrated controller (101). Multiple material placement platforms (1301) are arranged in a cross shape and fixedly connected to the rotating disk (13). The connecting shaft (15) is fixedly connected to the side of the material placement platform (1301) near the center of the rotating disk (13). The pressure plate (16) is rotatably connected to the outside of the connecting shaft (15), and its bottom surface is in contact with the top surface of the material placement platform (1301). Two torsion springs (14) are symmetrically distributed and respectively sleeved on both ends of the connecting shaft (15). The two ends of the torsion springs (14) are fixedly connected to the material placement platform (1301) and the pressure plate (16) respectively. The feature is that It also includes a material conveying component, a material pushing component, a lifting component and a material unloading component. The material conveying component is located on the left side of the housing (1), the material pushing component is located on the material conveying component, the lifting component is located on the material pushing component, and the material unloading component is located on the top of the support platform (2).
2. A sealing machine for lithium battery processing according to claim 1, characterized in that, The material conveying assembly also includes a conveyor belt (5), a connecting frame (6), a second motor (7), and rollers (8). The two connecting frames (6) are symmetrically distributed and installed on the left side of the housing (1). Every two rollers (8) are symmetrically distributed and rotatably connected to the inside of each connecting frame (6). Each conveyor belt (5) is rotatably connected to the outside of every two rollers (8), with its left and right sides attached to the inner walls of the corresponding connecting frames (6). The two second motors (7) are distributed front and back. One second motor (7) is installed on the left side of the front connecting frame (6) slightly forward, and the other second motor (7) is installed on the left side of the rear connecting frame (6) slightly backward. Both second motors (7) are electrically connected to the integrated controller (101), and the output shaft of the front second motor (7) is fixedly connected to the left end of the front roller (8), and the output shaft of the rear second motor (7) is fixedly connected to the left end of the rear roller (8).
3. A sealing machine for lithium battery processing according to claim 2, characterized in that, The feeding assembly also includes a first electric push rod (9), a first support plate (10), a second electric push rod (11), a second support plate (12), a feeding frame (17), a feeding plate (18), and a hollow frame (19). The first support plate (10) is fixed to the left front of the front connecting frame (6). The first electric push rod (9) is inserted into the rear of the first support plate (10) and electrically connected to the integrated controller (101). The hollow frame (19) is fixed to the telescopic rod of the first electric push rod (9). The feeding frame (17) The material pusher (17) is fixed to the top of the hollow frame (19). There are no baffles on its front and right sides, so that the material pusher (17) can only be fed from the front and discharged from the right. The second support plate (12) is fixed to the center of the left side of the material pusher (17). The small second electric push rod (11) is inserted into the lower part of the second support plate (12) and electrically connected to the integrated controller (101). The material pusher (18) is fixed to the telescopic rod through which the second electric push rod (11) passes through the material pusher (17) and is located inside the material pusher (17) and in contact with it.
4. A sealing machine for lithium battery processing according to claim 3, characterized in that, The lifting assembly includes guide rods (20), springs (21), and wedge plates (22), with the two guide rods (20) symmetrically distributed. The guide rod (20) is slidably connected inside the hollow frame (19), and both ends of the guide rod (20) pass through the hollow frame (19). The wedge plate (22) is fixed between the right ends of the two guide rods (20). The two inclined surfaces on its upper part are respectively aligned with the two sides of the pressure plate (16). The spring (21) is sleeved on the outside of the guide rod (20), and its two ends are fixedly connected to the hollow frame (19) and the wedge plate (22) respectively.
5. A sealing machine for lithium battery processing according to claim 4, characterized in that, The unloading assembly includes a robot (4), a suction cup plate (23), an air pump (24), and a connecting pipe (25). The robot (4) is installed at the rear center of the top of the support platform (2) and is located in front of the integrated controller (101) and electrically connected to it. The suction cup plate (23) is installed on the upper part of the robot (4) and is connected to it. The air pump (24) is installed on the lower part of the robot (4) and is electrically connected to the integrated controller (101). The connecting pipe (25) is fixed between the air pump (24) and the robot (4).
6. A sealing machine for lithium battery processing according to claim 5, characterized in that, It also includes a tripod (3), with two tripods (3) symmetrically distributed and installed on the left side of the shell (1), with their top surfaces in contact with the bottom surface of the support platform (2).