Lens mounting mechanism and spotlight
By using an interference fit and rotating fastener connection between the lens and the fixture, the spotlight lens can be precisely positioned and detachably installed, solving the problems of inconvenient installation and difficult maintenance of existing spotlight lenses, and reducing maintenance costs.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202423267492.9
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-27
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-28
- Estimated Expiration
- 2034-12-27
AI Technical Summary
Existing spotlight lenses are inconvenient to install, easily displaced, and difficult to repair and replace, resulting in high maintenance costs, especially for small spotlights.
The lens is interference-fitted with the base of the fixing component through a convex ring. The convex ring is installed in the mounting groove of the fixing component and is engaged in the slot of the heat sink component by rotating the protrusion, so as to achieve precise positioning and detachable installation of the lens.
The lens is installed precisely and stably, and maintenance is simple, reducing maintenance difficulty and cost. It can be replaced without damaging the fixing parts or lens, making it suitable for small spotlights.
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Figure CN223609986U_ABST
Abstract
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The utility model belongs to the technical field of lighting device, specifically relates to a lens mounting mechanism and a spotlight. BACKGROUND
[0002] In the lighting industry, by setting up the spotlight to highlight the irradiation area, the primary and secondary lighting effect is achieved by cooperating with the surrounding lamps. Therefore, the spotlight has become one of the more popular lighting devices at present, and is widely used in shopping malls, hotels and office environments.
[0003] In the spotlight, the light emitted by the light-emitting assembly is emitted through the cooperation of the reflector and the lens, realizing the specified spotlight effect of the LED.
[0004] At present, the lens mounting method of the spotlight is various, and the more common scheme is to first mount the lens on the fastener of the heat sink. Since the lens does not have a corresponding fixing device, the installation process is inconvenient, and displacement and uneven light emission problems are prone to occur. Another commonly used scheme is to pre-mount the lens on the fixing member, and then connect the lens to the heat sink through the buckle structure on the fixing member. Although this scheme solves the problems of lens displacement and uneven light emission, since the buckle connection method is adopted, when the light-emitting assembly is repaired or replaced, the fixing member cannot be disassembled, and destructive removal of the fixing member or the lens is required to complete the repair and replacement process. The destructive removal of the fixing member will inevitably damage the surrounding parts, making repair and replacement difficult and increasing maintenance costs. This is particularly true for small and micro spotlights, and the entire spotlight must be replaced, resulting in great waste. UTILITY MODEL CONTENTS
[0005] In order to solve the problems of the prior art, the utility model provides a lens mounting mechanism, the convex ring on the lens is in interference fit with the base of the fixing member, the convex ring is installed in the mounting groove of the fixing member, the positioning and fixing of the lens in the heat sink are completed, the convex block of the heat sink is rotated and buckled and connected in the clamping groove of the fixing member, so that the lens is more accurately and stably installed in the heat sink. When replacing the lens, the fixing member or the lens does not need to be damaged, the operation is simple, and the maintenance difficulty and cost are low.
[0006] The utility model also provides a spotlight comprising the lens mounting mechanism.
[0007] The technical effects achieved by the utility model are realized by the following technical aspects:
[0008] In a first aspect, the utility model provides a lens mounting mechanism, comprising:
[0009] The lens comprises a lens body and a convex ring, the lens body is provided with an entrance end and an exit end at two ends respectively, and the convex ring extends outward from the exit end to form;
[0010] The fixing member comprises a first shell and an abutment arranged inside the first shell, the outer side wall of the first shell is provided with a clamping groove, the abutment is provided with a mounting groove, the convex ring is connected with the abutment in an interference fit, and the convex ring is mounted in the mounting groove;
[0011] The heat dissipation member is detachably connected with the fixing member, the heat dissipation member comprises a second shell and a convex block, an accommodating cavity is formed in the second shell, and the convex block extends from the inner side wall of the second shell towards the accommodating cavity to form;
[0012] The convex block is rotatably and detachably connected in the clamping groove, and the lens is mounted in the accommodating cavity.
[0013] In some implementations, the lens mounting mechanism further comprises a fastener, the first shell and the second shell are respectively provided with a first mounting column and a second mounting column, the first mounting column is provided with a through hole, the fastener passes through the through hole and is locked in the second mounting column, and the fixing member and the heat dissipation member are fixedly connected together.
[0014] In some implementations, the first mounting column extends from the inner side of the first shell towards the abutment to form, and the first mounting column is integrally injection molded with the first shell.
[0015] In some implementations, the clamping groove comprises a guide groove and a limiting groove, the guide groove is arranged at one end of the first shell close to the heat dissipation member, the limiting groove is circumferentially arranged on the outer side wall of the first shell, and the limiting groove and the guide groove are in communication with each other, and the convex block is rotatable into the limiting groove after being inserted into the guide groove.
[0016] In some implementations, the limiting groove is provided with a limiting block, and the limiting block limits the convex block from exiting the limiting groove.
[0017] In some implementations, the abutment is provided with clamping claws on the outer side, the convex ring is clamped and connected with the clamping claws, and a plurality of clamping claws are uniformly distributed on the side of the abutment towards the mounting groove.
[0018] In some implementations, the second shell is provided with a reinforcing rib on the inner side, and the reinforcing rib is in an arc structure and protrudes towards the accommodating cavity.
[0019] In some implementations, the heat dissipation member further comprises a substrate and a fastening member, the substrate is provided with the COB light emitting member, and the fastening member is fixedly connected to the COB light emitting member; the lens is provided with a light inlet cavity at a light inlet end, the light inlet end is attached to the fastening member, and light emitted by the COB light emitting member enters the light inlet cavity.
[0020] In some implementations, the first shell is provided with a light outlet cavity, the light outlet cavity is in communication with the mounting groove, and light processed by the lens is emitted to the outside through the light outlet cavity.
[0021] In the second aspect, the utility model provides a spotlight, the spotlight includes COB light emitting member and above -mentioned lens installation mechanism,
[0022] The heat dissipation member is provided with a substrate and a fastening member, the fastening member fixes the COB light emitting member on the substrate, the first shell is provided with a light outlet cavity, and light emitted by the COB light emitting member is emitted to the outside from the light outlet cavity after being processed by the lens.
[0023] In summary, the utility model has at least the following advantages:
[0024] 1, the utility model provides a lens installation mechanism, the convex ring of lens is connected with the base of fixed part by interference fit, so that the lens is clamped and fixed on the fixed part without additional parts under the condition of being detachable. Moreover, the convex ring of lens is installed in the mounting groove of fixed part, realizes the accurate positioning of lens in fixed part, and guarantees the uniform light control of lens to light.
[0025] 2, the utility model provides a lens installation mechanism, the convex block of heat dissipation member is rotated and connected in the buckle of fixed part by buckling, realizes that lens is detachably installed in the accommodating cavity of heat dissipation member. When replacing lens, the fixed part or lens does not need to be damaged, and the operation is simple and convenient.
[0026] 3, the utility model provides a spotlight, adopts the lens installation mechanism, and the lens is detachably installed with the lamp body while guaranteeing the installation precision, so that the difficulty of replacing and maintaining the lens and light emitting device of spotlight is reduced, and the maintenance cost is reduced. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0027] Figure 1 It is the sectional view of the lens installation mechanism of example 1 before installation.
[0028] Figure 2 It is the structure schematic view of the lens installation mechanism of example 1.
[0029] Figure 3 It is the axial side view of the heat dissipation member of example 1.
[0030] Figure 4 Sectional view of the lens mounting mechanism with fastener installed for the lens mounting mechanism of Example 1.
[0031] Figure 5 Sectional view of the lens mounting mechanism for the lens mounting mechanism of Example 2.
[0032] Figure 6 Structure diagram of the heat dissipation member for the lens mounting mechanism of Example 2.
[0033] Figure 7 Sectional view of the spotlight for Example 3.
[0034] Markings in the figure:
[0035] 100 - lens mounting mechanism;
[0036] 1 - lens, 11 - lens body, 111 - light entrance end, 1111 - light entrance cavity, 112 - light exit end, 12 - convex ring;
[0037] 2 - fixing member, 21 - first housing, 211 - clamping groove, 2111 - guide groove, 2112 - limiting groove, 21121 - limiting block, 212 - first mounting column, 2121 - through hole, 213 - light exit cavity, 22 - base, 221 - mounting groove, 222 - clamping jaw;
[0038] 3 - heat dissipation member, 31 - second housing, 311 - second mounting column, 312 - reinforcing rib, 313 - accommodating cavity, 32 - convex block, 33 - base plate, 34 - buckling member;
[0039] 4 - fastener;
[0040] 200 - spotlight, 201 - COB light emitting member. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0041] In order to facilitate the understanding of the present application, the present application will be described more fully below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. The preferred embodiments of the present application are shown in the drawings. However, the present application can be implemented in many different forms and is not limited to the embodiments described herein. On the contrary, the purpose of providing these embodiments is to make the disclosure of the present application more thorough and comprehensive.
[0042] It should be noted that when an element is referred to as being "fixed" to another element, it can be directly on the other element or there can be an intervening element. When an element is referred to as being "connected" to another element, it can be directly connected to the other element or there can be an intervening element.
[0043] In the description of the utility model, it is necessary to explain that the orientation or position relation indicated by the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer" and the like is based on the orientation or position relation shown in the drawings, or is the orientation or position relation commonly placed when the utility model product is used, and is only for the convenience of describing the utility model and simplifying the description, and therefore cannot be understood as limiting the utility model to having a specific orientation, being constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as limiting the utility model. In addition, the terms "first", "second", "third" and the like are only used for differentiation in description, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance.
[0044] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the utility model belongs. The terms used in the specification of the utility model herein are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the utility model.
[0045] Embodiment 1
[0046] Please refer to Figures 1-3 The embodiment provides a lens mounting mechanism 100, which comprises a lens 1, a fixing piece 2 and a heat dissipation piece 3, the lens 1 is fixedly installed on the fixing piece 2, and the lens 1 is detachably installed on the heat dissipation piece 3 through the fixing piece 2, so that the detachable installation of the lens 1 is realized.
[0047] The lens 1 comprises a lens main body 11 and a convex ring 12, the lens main body 11 is respectively provided with an incident light end 111 and an outgoing light end 112 at two ends, and the convex ring 12 extends outward from the outgoing light end 112 and is formed. The fixing piece 2 comprises a first shell 21 and a base 22 arranged on the inner side of the first shell 21, and a clamping groove 211 is arranged on the outer side wall of the first shell 21. The base 22 is provided with a mounting groove 221, the convex ring 12 is connected in interference fit with the base 22, and the convex ring 12 is installed in the mounting groove 221. The convex ring 12 is connected in interference fit with the base 22, so that the lens 1 is firmly installed on the fixing piece 2 without additional accessories. The convex ring 12 is installed in the mounting groove 221, so that accurate positioning in the fixing piece 2 is realized; under the premise that the lens 1 is firmly installed in the fixing piece 2, the position of the lens 1 in the spotlight is ensured not to be deviated. In some embodiments, the mounting groove 221 is arranged at the end of the base 22, and the mounting groove 221 has a ring body structure at the edge, the convex ring 12 is connected in interference fit with the ring body structure, and the effect of firm installation is achieved.
[0048] As Figure 3As shown, the heat dissipation member 3 is detachably connected with the fixing member 2, and the heat dissipation member 3 comprises a second housing 31 and a protrusion 32. The second housing 31 is internally formed with a receiving cavity 313, and the protrusion 32 is formed by extending from the inner side wall of the second housing 31 towards the receiving cavity 313. The protrusion 32 is rotatably and detachably connected in the clamping groove 211, and the lens 1 is installed in the receiving cavity 313.
[0049] Please continue to refer to Figures 1-3 In actual installation, the lens 1 is fixed on the fixing member 2 through the base 22 to realize pre-installation of the lens 1 before installation. Then, the protrusion 32 of the heat dissipation member 3 is rotatably and detachably connected in the clamping groove 211, so that the lens 1 is detachably arranged in the receiving cavity 313 of the heat dissipation member 3. After the rotation and installation of the protrusion 32 and the clamping groove 211 are completed, the lens covers the light emitting element, and the positions of the lens 1 and the light emitting element are relatively determined. The light emitted by the light emitting element is incident into the lens 1 through the light entrance end 111, and is emitted from the light exit end 112 of the lens 1 after optical adjustment of the lens 1, thereby ensuring the final light emitting effect.
[0050] When the light emitting element or the lens 1 needs to be replaced due to the change of the specific illumination requirements of the spotlight, such as the color of the light, the angle and effect of the light emission, or the maintenance of the light fixture, the protrusion 32 is only needed to be rotated out of the clamping groove 211, the fixing member 2 is separated from the heat dissipation member 3, and then the light emitting element or the lens 1 is replaced. Without damaging the fixing member 2 or the lens 1, the operation is simple and convenient.
[0051] Please continue to refer to Figures 1-4 In order to make the structure locking more firm, the lens mounting mechanism 100 of the embodiment further comprises a fastener 4, the first housing 21 and the second housing 31 are respectively provided with a first mounting column 212 and a second mounting column 311, the first mounting column 212 is provided with a through hole 2121, the fastener 4 passes through the through hole 2121 and is locked in the second mounting column 311, so that the fixing member 2 and the heat dissipation member 3 are fixedly connected together. In actual application, the fastener 4 is usually a screw or a bolt with threads, and the through hole 2121 can sink the head part of the fastener 4 to make the whole appearance beautiful. The second mounting column 311 is provided with a threaded hole matched with the fastener 4. By additionally arranging the fastener 4, the first mounting column 212 and the second mounting column 311, the fixing member 2 and the heat dissipation member 3 are completely fixed and locked. The falling off caused by the rotation and buckling of the protrusion 32 and the clamping groove 211 due to vibration or accidental deflection is avoided.
[0052] Specifically, the first mounting column 212 is formed by protruding and extending from the inner side of the first shell 21 towards the base 22. By arranging the first mounting column 212 on the inner side of the first shell 21, the fastener 4 is offset from the rotation center of the clamping groove 211, and a better locking effect is obtained. In addition, in order to ensure the machining and installation precision and cost, the first mounting column 212 is integrally injection molded with the first shell 21. In other embodiments, the first mounting column 212 and the first shell 21 can also be realized by metal die casting.
[0053] In the embodiment, the clamping groove 211 includes a guide groove 2111 and a limiting groove 2112. The guide groove 2111 is arranged on the end of the first shell 21 close to the heat dissipation member 3, and the limiting groove 2112 is circumferentially arranged on the outer side wall of the first shell 21 and communicates with the guide groove 2111. The protruding block 32 is screwed into the limiting groove 2112 after being inserted into the guide groove 2111. During installation, the protruding block 32 is inserted into the guide groove 2111 of the clamping groove 211 and then screwed into the clamping groove 211, and finally limited in the limiting groove 2112. The clamping groove 211 is arranged in a spiral manner as a whole, so that the lens 1 gradually approaches the bottom of the accommodating groove during the cooperation and connection of the protruding block 32 and the clamping groove 211, until the light emitting elements can all enter the light end 111.
[0054] Specifically, a limiting block 21121 is further arranged on the limiting groove 2112 to limit the protruding block 32 from exiting the limiting groove 2112. The limiting block 21121 not only limits the protruding block 32 from exiting the limiting groove 2112, but also provides a prompt for the operator during the installation and disassembly process. The limiting block 21121 is arranged on the side of the limiting groove 2112 close to the guide groove 2111. When the protruding block 32 enters from the guide groove 2111, the limiting block 21121 generates resistance to the protruding block 32, prompting the operator to enter the limiting groove 2112. The operator then screws in with force, and the protruding block 32 can enter the limiting groove 2112. The limiting block 21121 blocks the protruding block 32 from sliding to the guide groove 2111, ensuring the “locking” of the protruding block 32 and the clamping groove 211. During disassembly, the limiting block 21121 correspondingly plays a role of “unlocking” prompt.
[0055] In some embodiments, the base 22 is provided with clamping jaws 222 on the outer side, and the convex ring 12 is clamped and connected to the clamping jaws 222. The clamping jaws 222 are uniformly distributed on the side of the base 22 facing the mounting groove 221. Through the deformation of the clamping jaws 222, the interference fit connection between the base 22 and the convex ring 12 is easier to achieve without the need for other devices to assist. In some embodiments, the side of the clamping jaws 222 close to the convex ring 12 is further provided with a micro hook structure, so that the convex ring 12 can guide the deformation of the clamping jaws 222 during installation or disassembly, making the installation and disassembly more labor-saving.
[0056] In some other embodiments, the second shell 31 is provided with a reinforcing rib 312 on the inner side, which is in an arc structure and protrudes into the accommodating cavity 313. The reinforcing rib 312 is arranged to make the structural strength of the second shell 31 more optimal, and the deformation of the second shell 31 is minimized during the installation of the fixing member 2 and the heat dissipation member 3, thereby ensuring the smooth installation of the fixing member 2.
[0057] In summary, the lens mounting mechanism provided in the embodiment is connected by interference fit between the convex ring of the lens and the abutment of the fixing member, so that the lens is clamped and fixed on the lens without additional requirements under the condition of being detachable. The convex ring is mounted in the mounting groove of the fixing member to achieve accurate positioning of the lens in the fixing member and ensure uniform light control of the lens on the light.
[0058] Secondly, the lens is detachably mounted in the accommodating cavity of the heat dissipation member by rotating and buckling the convex block of the heat dissipation member into the buckle of the fixing member. When the lens is replaced, the fixing member or the lens does not need to be damaged, and the operation is simple and convenient.
[0059] Embodiment 2
[0060] On the basis of Figures 1-4 , reference is made to Figures 5-6 . The embodiment provides a lens mounting mechanism 100, which is optimized on the basis of embodiment 1. The heat dissipation member 3 further comprises a substrate 33 and a buckling member 34, the substrate 33 is provided with a COB light emitting member 201, and the buckling member 34 is fixedly connected to the COB light emitting member 201. The lens 1 is provided with a light inlet cavity 1111 at the light inlet end 111, the light inlet end 111 is connected to the buckling member 34 in a fit manner, and the light emitted by the COB light emitting member 201 enters the light inlet cavity 1111.
[0061] The buckling member 34 is fixedly connected to the COB light emitting member 201, the position of the COB light emitting member 201 is accurately positioned, and the light inlet end 111 of the lens 1 is attached to the buckling member 34, so that the distance between the COB light emitting member 201 and the lens 1 is accurately controlled. The light emitted by the COB light emitting member 201 enters the light inlet cavity 1111, most of the light enters the lens 1 for processing, and the light conversion efficiency of the spotlight is improved, thereby improving the light emission effect.
[0062] Further, the first shell 21 is provided with a light outlet cavity 213, which is in communication with the mounting groove 221, and the light processed by the lens 1 is emitted to the outside through the light outlet cavity 213. Almost all the light of the COB light emitting member 201 enters the lens 1 and is processed according to the predetermined effect, and then is completely emitted to the outside of the spotlight through the light outlet cavity 213. The light emission effect can be closer to the design effect of the lens 1, and the spotlight irradiation effect is optimal.
[0063] When it is necessary to replace the COB light-emitting element 201, the COB light-emitting element 201 can be removed by unfastening the fastener 34, making it more convenient and quick to replace the COB light-emitting element 201 in spotlights with the above structure. In some embodiments, the fastener 34 is a crescent-shaped clamping piece, which is fixed to the substrate 33 by screws, thereby pressing the COB light-emitting element 201.
[0064] Example 3
[0065] exist Figures 1-6 Based on the above, refer to Figure 7 This embodiment provides a spotlight 200, including a COB light-emitting element 201 and a lens mounting mechanism 100 of embodiment 1 or embodiment 2.
[0066] The heat sink 3 is provided with a substrate 33 and a fastening member 34, which fixes the COB light-emitting element 201 to the substrate 33. The first housing 21 is provided with a light-emitting cavity 213, and the light emitted by the COB light-emitting element 201 is processed by the lens 1 and emitted to the outside through the light-emitting cavity 213.
[0067] The lens mounting mechanism 100 of Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2 ensures the installation accuracy of the lens 1 while allowing for detachable installation from the lamp body of the spotlight 200. This reduces the difficulty and cost of replacing and maintaining the lens 1 and the light-emitting device of the spotlight 200. Simultaneously, the COB light-emitting element 201 achieves better positioning and clamping, resulting in optimal optical performance of the spotlight 200. Replacing the COB light-emitting element 201 is also more convenient. The heat sink 3 and fixing element 2 of the spotlight 200 can be reused multiple times, reducing the operating cost of the spotlight 200 under varying needs.
[0068] In other embodiments, the heat sink 3 may be provided with heat dissipation fins (not labeled) on the outer side away from the receiving cavity 313, for quickly dissipating the heat generated by the COB light-emitting element 201 to the outside, ensuring that the COB light-emitting element 201 can be in normal working condition for a long time.
[0069] The above description is merely an example and illustration of the structure of this utility model, and while the description is quite specific and detailed, it should not be construed as limiting the scope of this utility model patent. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of this utility model, and these obvious substitutions all fall within the protection scope of this utility model.
Claims
1. A lens mounting mechanism characterized by, The lens comprises a lens body and a convex ring, the lens body is provided with an entrance end and an exit end at two ends respectively, and the convex ring extends outward from the exit end to form a convex ring; The fixing member comprises a first shell and a base provided inside the first shell, the outer side wall of the first shell is provided with a clamping groove, the base is provided with a mounting groove, the convex ring is connected with the base in an interference fit, and the convex ring is mounted in the mounting groove; And the heat dissipation member is detachably connected with the fixing member, the heat dissipation member comprises a second shell and a convex block, the inside of the second shell forms a containing cavity, and the convex block extends from the inner side wall of the second shell towards the containing cavity to form a convex block; Wherein, the convex block is rotatably and detachably connected in the clamping groove, and the lens is mounted in the containing cavity. Further comprising a fastener, the first shell and the second shell are respectively provided with a first mounting column and a second mounting column, the first mounting column is provided with a through hole, the fastener passes through the through hole and is locked in the second mounting column, and the fixing member and the heat dissipation member are fixedly connected together. The first mounting column extends from the inner side of the first shell towards the base, and the first mounting column is integrally injection molded with the first shell.
2. The lens mounting mechanism of claim 1, wherein The clamping groove comprises a guide groove and a limiting groove, the guide groove is opened at one end of the first shell close to the heat dissipation member, the limiting groove is circumferentially opened on the outer side wall of the first shell, and the limiting groove and the guide groove are in communication with each other, and the convex block is rotated into the limiting groove after being inserted into the guide groove.
3. The lens mounting mechanism of claim 2, wherein The limiting groove is provided with a limiting block, and the limiting block limits the convex block from exiting the limiting groove.
4. The lens mounting mechanism of claim 1, wherein The base is provided with a clamping jaw on the outer side, and the convex ring is clamped and connected to the clamping jaw; a plurality of clamping jaws are uniformly distributed on the side of the base towards the mounting groove.
5. The lens mounting mechanism of claim 4, wherein The second shell is provided with a reinforcing rib on the inner side, and the reinforcing rib is in an arc structure and protrudes into the containing cavity.
6. The lens mounting mechanism of claim 1, wherein The heat dissipation member further comprises a base plate and a fastening member, the base plate is provided with a COB light emitting member, and the fastening member is fixedly connected to the COB light emitting member; the lens is provided with an entrance cavity at the entrance end, the entrance end is connected to the fastening member, and the light emitted by the COB light emitting member enters the entrance cavity.
7. The lens mounting mechanism of claim 1, wherein The first shell is provided with an exit cavity, the exit cavity is in communication with the mounting groove, and the light treated by the lens is emitted to the outside through the exit cavity.
8. The lens mounting mechanism of claim 1, wherein The lens mounting mechanism comprises a COB light emitting member and a lens as claimed in any one of claims 1-9; 9. The lens mounting mechanism of claim 8, wherein, The heat dissipation member is provided with a base plate and a fastening member, the fastening member fixes the COB light emitting member on the base plate; the first shell is provided with an exit cavity, and the light emitted by the COB light emitting member is emitted to the outside through the exit cavity after being treated by the lens.
10. A spotlight, characterized by