Tempered glass panel applied to integrated cooker

By integrating a temperature sensing circuit into the glass panel of the integrated stove, non-contact temperature detection and real-time display of kitchen utensils are achieved, solving the problem that existing technologies cannot detect kitchen utensils temperature in real time, thus improving user experience and safety.

CN224094537UActive Publication Date: 2026-04-07NINGBO XINGGANG BILILAI GLASS TECH CO LTD
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Patent Information

Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Utility models(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
Filing Date
2025-05-10
Publication Date
2026-04-07

AI Technical Summary

Technical Problem

Existing integrated cooktops cannot monitor the temperature of kitchen utensils in real time due to their glass panel surface, so an additional thermometer is required.

Method used

A temperature sensing area and a display area are set on the tempered glass plate, and a built-in temperature sensing circuit is provided, including an infrared sensor module, a signal conditioning module, a linearization processing module, an analog-to-digital conversion module, and a display driver module, to achieve non-contact temperature detection and real-time display.

Benefits of technology

Users can monitor the temperature of kitchen utensils in real time through the glass panel, eliminating the need for an additional thermometer and improving safety and convenience.

✦ Generated by Eureka AI based on patent content.

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Abstract

The utility model discloses a toughened glass plate surface applied to an integrated cooker, belongs to the technical field of glass plate surfaces, and solves the problems that the glass plate surface of the existing integrated cooker does not have a temperature sensing function, and if the temperature of kitchen ware needs to be detected, an additional thermometer is usually required to be arranged to be in contact with the kitchen ware, and the use is inconvenient. And the temperature condition of the kitchen ware cannot be fed back in real time. Comprising a glass plate surface, the glass plate surface is provided with a temperature sensing area and a display area, the bottom of the glass plate surface is provided with a temperature sensing circuit, the temperature sensing circuit comprises an infrared sensor module and a display driving module, and the infrared sensor module is arranged on the glass plate surface located at the temperature sensing area. The display driving module is disposed on the glass plate surface at the display area. During working, the infrared sensor module is used for detecting the temperature of the kitchen ware in a non-contact manner, and after signal processing, the display driving module displays the temperature in the display area of the glass plate surface, so that a user can detect the temperature of the kitchen ware in real time without an additional thermometer.
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Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of glass panel technology, and in particular to a tempered glass panel for use in integrated stoves. Background Technology

[0002] Integrated cooktops typically use tempered glass for their glass panels, which are heat-resistant, easy to clean, and aesthetically pleasing. They can withstand high-temperature flames, are not easily deformed or damaged, and have a smooth surface that makes it easy to wipe away oil and stains, facilitating daily cleaning and maintenance. The glass panels come in various designs to blend seamlessly with kitchen décor, enhancing the overall aesthetics. They also possess some heat insulation properties, reducing heat loss and ensuring safety during use. However, care should be taken to avoid impacts from hard objects and direct contact between the glass panel and hot pots to prevent breakage or damage.

[0003] However, the glass panel of current integrated cooktops does not have a temperature sensing function. If it is necessary to detect the temperature of the cookware, an additional thermometer is usually required to contact the cookware, which cannot provide real-time feedback on the temperature of the cookware.

[0004] Therefore, a tempered glass panel for integrated stoves is proposed to solve or alleviate the above problems. Utility Model Content

[0005] The purpose of this utility model is to address the shortcomings of existing technologies by proposing a tempered glass panel for integrated stoves.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0007] A tempered glass panel for use in integrated stoves includes a glass panel with a temperature sensing area and a display area. A temperature sensing circuit is provided at the bottom of the glass panel. The temperature sensing circuit includes an infrared sensor module and a display driving module. The infrared sensor module is disposed on the glass panel located at the temperature sensing area, and the display driving module is disposed on the glass panel located at the display area.

[0008] Preferably, the temperature sensing circuit further includes a signal conditioning module, a linearization processing module, an analog-to-digital conversion module, and a power supply and protection module;

[0009] The output of the infrared sensor module is connected to the input of the signal conditioning module, the output of the signal conditioning module is connected to the input of the linearization processing module, the output of the linearization processing module is connected to the input of the analog-to-digital converter module, the output of the analog-to-digital converter module is connected to the input of the display driver module, and the power supply and protection module supplies power to each module.

[0010] The infrared sensor module is used to collect infrared radiation signals from the target object. The signal conditioning module is used to amplify and compensate the infrared radiation signals. The linearization processing module is used to convert nonlinear signals into linear temperature and voltage signals. The analog-to-digital conversion module is used to convert analog voltage signals into digital signals and transmit them to the display driver module. The display driver module is used to display the temperature value on the glass plate in real time.

[0011] Preferably, the infrared sensor module includes a ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor and an NTC thermistor;

[0012] The Vout+ pin of the ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor is connected to the input terminal of the signal conditioning module, and the Vout- pin of the ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor is also connected to the input terminal of the signal conditioning module. The GND pin of the ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor is grounded, and the VCC pin of the ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor is connected to the output terminal of the power supply and protection module. One end of the NTC thermistor is connected to the output terminal of the power supply and protection module, and the other end of the NTC thermistor is connected to ground after being connected in series with a fixed resistor. The voltage divider node between the NTC thermistor and the fixed resistor is connected to the input terminal of the signal conditioning module.

[0013] Preferably, the signal conditioning module includes an AD620 instrumentation amplifier, an LM358 subtractor, and a low-pass filter;

[0014] A gain resistor is connected between the two RG pins of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier. The REF pin of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier is grounded. The VS+ pin of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier is connected to the output of the power supply and protection module. The VS- pin of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier is grounded. The OUT pin of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier is connected to the inverting input of the LM358 subtractor through a low-pass filter. The output of the LM358 subtractor is connected to its inverting input through a feedback resistor. The non-inverting input of the LM358 subtractor is connected to the voltage divider node between the NTC thermistor and the fixed resistor.

[0015] Preferably, the linearization processing module includes a first 1N4148 diode, a second 1N4148 diode, a third 1N4148 diode, and a precision potentiometer;

[0016] The output of the LM358 subtractor is connected to the anode of the first 1N4148 diode. The cathode of the first 1N4148 diode is connected to ground via a first resistor in series. The cathode node of the first 1N4148 diode is connected to the anode of the second 1N4148 diode. The cathode of the second 1N4148 diode is connected to ground via a second resistor in series. The cathode of the second 1N4148 diode is connected to the anode of the third 1N4148 diode. The cathode of the third 1N4148 diode is connected to ground via a third resistor in series. The cathode node of the third 1N4148 diode is connected to the sliding terminal of a precision potentiometer. The two fixed terminals of the precision potentiometer are respectively grounded and connected to the output of the power supply and protection module.

[0017] Preferably, the analog-to-digital conversion module includes an ADC chip ICL7107, a TL431 reference voltage source, a first voltage divider resistor, a second voltage divider resistor, a first capacitor, a second capacitor, and an oscillation resistor;

[0018] The VIN+ pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 is connected to the sliding end of the precision potentiometer. The output terminal of the TL431 reference voltage source is connected to the VREF- pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 after being connected in series with the first voltage divider resistor and the second voltage divider resistor. The COM pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 is grounded. The TEST pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 is grounded after being connected in series with the first capacitor. The OSC1 pin and the OSC2 pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 are connected in series with the second capacitor and the oscillation resistor.

[0019] Preferably, the display driving module includes a 4-digit common cathode LED display 5641AH;

[0020] The ag segment pins of the ADC chip ICL7107 are all connected in series with current-limiting resistors and then connected to the corresponding segment code pins of the 4-digit common cathode LED display 5641AH. The D1-D4 pins of the ADC chip ICL7107 are respectively connected to the thousands, hundreds, tens and units common cathode pins of the 4-digit common cathode LED display 5641AH.

[0021] Preferably, the power supply and protection module includes an LM7805 voltage regulator, a resettable fuse, and a TVS diode;

[0022] The input terminal of the LM7805 voltage regulator is connected to an external power supply via a self-resetting fuse and a TVS diode connected in series, and the output voltage of the LM7805 voltage regulator is supplied to each module.

[0023] This utility model has the following beneficial effects:

[0024] When this invention is in operation, it uses an infrared sensor module to detect the temperature of kitchen utensils in a non-contact manner. After signal processing, the display driver module displays the temperature on the glass panel, allowing users to monitor the temperature of kitchen utensils in real time without the need for an additional thermometer. Attached Figure Description

[0025] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this utility model, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. It should be understood that the following drawings only show some embodiments of this utility model and should not be regarded as a limitation on the scope. For those skilled in the art, other related drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0026] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of this utility model;

[0027] Figure 2 This is a structural block diagram of the temperature sensing circuit in this utility model.

[0028] In the diagram: 1. Glass panel; 2. Temperature sensing area; 3. Display area; 4. Infrared sensor module; 5. Signal conditioning module; 6. Linearization module; 7. Analog-to-digital conversion module; 8. Power supply and protection module; 9. Display driver module. Detailed Implementation

[0029] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this utility model clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of this utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this utility model, and not all embodiments. The components of the embodiments of this utility model described and shown in the accompanying drawings can generally be arranged and designed in various different configurations.

[0030] Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but merely to illustrate selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0031] It should be noted that similar labels and letters in the following figures indicate similar items. Therefore, once an item is defined in one figure, it does not need to be further defined and explained in subsequent figures.

[0032] In the description of this utility model, it should be understood that the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, or the orientation or positional relationship commonly used when the utility model product is in use, or the orientation or positional relationship commonly understood by those skilled in the art. They are only used to facilitate the description of this utility model and to simplify the description, and are not intended to indicate or imply that the device or component referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this utility model.

[0033] Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used only to distinguish descriptions and should not be interpreted as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0034] In the description of this utility model, it should also be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "set," "install," "connect," and "link" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this utility model based on the specific circumstances.

[0035] A tempered glass panel used in integrated cooktops, such as Figure 1 As shown, it includes a glass panel 1, on which a temperature-sensing area 2 and a display area 3 are provided. A temperature-sensing circuit is provided at the bottom of the glass panel 1, such as... Figure 2 As shown, the temperature sensing circuit includes an infrared sensor module 4 and a display driver module 9. The infrared sensor module 4 is disposed on the glass plate 1 located in the temperature sensing area 2, and the display driver module 9 is disposed on the glass plate 1 located in the display area 3.

[0036] The temperature sensing circuit also includes a signal conditioning module 5, a linearization module 6, an analog-to-digital converter module 7, and a power supply and protection module 8. The output of the infrared sensor module 4 is connected to the input of the signal conditioning module 5, the output of the signal conditioning module 5 is connected to the input of the linearization module 6, the output of the linearization module 6 is connected to the input of the analog-to-digital converter module 7, the output of the analog-to-digital converter module 7 is connected to the input of the display driver module 9, and the power supply and protection module 8 supplies power to each module. The infrared sensor module 4 is used to collect the infrared radiation signal of the target object, the signal conditioning module 5 is used to amplify and compensate the infrared radiation signal, the linearization module 6 is used to convert the nonlinear signal into a linear temperature and voltage signal, the analog-to-digital converter module 7 is used to convert the analog voltage signal into a digital signal and transmit it to the display driver module 9, and the display driver module 9 is used to display the temperature value on the glass plate 1 in real time.

[0037] The infrared sensor module 4 includes a ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor and an NTC thermistor. The Vout+ pin of the ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor is connected to the input terminal of the signal conditioning module 5, and the Vout- pin of the ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor is also connected to the input terminal of the signal conditioning module 5. The GND pin of the ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor is grounded, and the VCC pin of the ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor is connected to the output terminal of the power supply and protection module 8. One end of the NTC thermistor is connected to the output terminal of the power supply and protection module 8, and the other end of the NTC thermistor is connected to ground after being connected in series with a fixed resistor. The voltage divider node between the NTC thermistor and the fixed resistor is connected to the input terminal of the signal conditioning module 5.

[0038] Signal conditioning module 5 includes an AD620 instrumentation amplifier, an LM358 subtractor, and a low-pass filter. A gain resistor is connected between the two RG pins of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier. The REF pin of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier is grounded. The VS+ pin of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier is connected to the output of the power supply and protection module 8. The VS- pin of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier is grounded. The OUT pin of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier is connected to the inverting input of the LM358 subtractor through the low-pass filter. The output of the LM358 subtractor is connected to its inverting input through a feedback resistor. The non-inverting input of the LM358 subtractor is connected to the voltage divider node between the NTC thermistor and the fixed resistor.

[0039] The linearization processing module 6 includes a first 1N4148 diode, a second 1N4148 diode, a third 1N4148 diode, and a precision potentiometer. The output terminal of the LM358 subtractor is connected to the anode of the first 1N4148 diode. The cathode of the first 1N4148 diode is connected to ground in series with a first resistor. The cathode node of the first 1N4148 diode is connected to the anode of the second 1N4148 diode. The cathode of the second 1N4148 diode is connected to ground in series with a second resistor. The cathode of the second 1N4148 diode is connected to the anode of the third 1N4148 diode. The cathode of the third 1N4148 diode is connected to ground in series with a third resistor. The cathode node of the third 1N4148 diode is connected to the sliding terminal of the precision potentiometer. The two fixed terminals of the precision potentiometer are respectively grounded and connected to the output terminal of the power supply and protection module 8.

[0040] The analog-to-digital conversion module 7 includes an ADC chip ICL7107, a TL431 reference voltage source, a first voltage divider resistor, a second voltage divider resistor, a first capacitor, a second capacitor, and an oscillation resistor. The VIN+ pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 is connected to the sliding end of a precision potentiometer. The output terminal of the TL431 reference voltage source is connected to the VREF- pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 after being connected in series with the first and second voltage divider resistors. The COM pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 is grounded. The TEST pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 is grounded after being connected in series with the first capacitor. The second capacitor and the oscillation resistor are connected in series between the OSC1 and OSC2 pins of the ADC chip ICL7107.

[0041] The display driver module 9 includes a 4-digit common cathode LED display 5641AH; the ag segment pins of the ADC chip ICL7107 are connected to the corresponding segment code pins of the 4-digit common cathode LED display 5641AH after being connected in series with current-limiting resistors; the D1-D4 pins of the ADC chip ICL7107 are respectively connected to the thousands, hundreds, tens, and units common cathode pins of the 4-digit common cathode LED display 5641AH.

[0042] The power supply and protection module 8 includes an LM7805 voltage regulator, a resettable fuse, and a TVS diode. The input terminal of the LM7805 voltage regulator is connected to an external power supply after being connected in series with the resettable fuse and the TVS diode. The output voltage of the LM7805 voltage regulator is supplied to each module.

[0043] In actual operation, this invention can perform non-contact detection of kitchen utensils through the infrared sensor module 4 in the temperature sensing circuit. After processing by the signal conditioning module 5, linearization module 6, and analog-to-digital conversion module 7 in the temperature sensing circuit, the temperature of the kitchen utensils is displayed on the display area 3 on the glass plate 1 by the display driving module 9. This allows users to detect the temperature of the kitchen utensils in real time during cooking without the need for an additional thermometer.

[0044] In the specific working process of the temperature sensing circuit:

[0045] The working process of the non-contact temperature detection and display circuit is as follows: When the kitchen utensils are placed above the glass plate 1 of the gas stove, the infrared radiation emitted from their surface is projected through the temperature sensing area 2 to the ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor in the infrared sensor module 4. The ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor converts the radiant energy into a weak temperature difference voltage signal.

[0046] After the signal is input to signal conditioning module 5, it is amplified by AD620 instrumentation amplifier through a gain resistor connected between the two RG pins. Then, it is filtered by a low-pass filter to remove high-frequency noise. At the same time, the NTC thermistor detects the ambient temperature and generates a voltage divider signal. The interference of ambient temperature on the sensor output is eliminated by LM358 subtractor.

[0047] The amplified and compensated signal enters the linearization processing module 6, where the first 1N4148 diode, the second 1N4148 diode, and the third 1N4148 diode perform piecewise linear correction to convert the inherent nonlinear output of the thermopile into a linear temperature and voltage signal, and the proportional coefficient is calibrated by a precision potentiometer.

[0048] The linear voltage signal is input to the VIN+ pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 in the analog-to-digital converter module 7 and undergoes dual-integration conversion with the reference voltage generated by the TL431 reference voltage source. This conversion ultimately drives a 4-digit common-cathode LED display 5641AH to dynamically display the real-time temperature value. Meanwhile, the power supply and protection module 8 provides overcurrent and overvoltage protection through a self-resetting fuse and a TVS diode, and is powered by a stable 5V voltage regulator provided by an LM7805 regulator, ensuring reliable operation of the system in the high-temperature and high-humidity environment of the kitchen.

[0049] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of this utility model and is not intended to limit the utility model. Various modifications and variations can be made to this utility model by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of this utility model should be included within the protection scope of this utility model.

Claims

1. A tempered glass panel for use in integrated stoves, characterized in that, The device includes a glass panel (1), on which a temperature sensing area (2) and a display area (3) are provided. A temperature sensing circuit is provided at the bottom of the glass panel (1). The temperature sensing circuit includes an infrared sensor module (4) and a display driving module (9). The infrared sensor module (4) is located on the glass panel (1) at the temperature sensing area (2), and the display driving module (9) is located on the glass panel (1) at the display area (3).

2. The tempered glass panel for an integrated stove according to claim 1, characterized in that, The temperature sensing circuit also includes a signal conditioning module (5), a linearization processing module (6), an analog-to-digital conversion module (7), and a power supply and protection module (8). The output of the infrared sensor module (4) is connected to the input of the signal conditioning module (5), the output of the signal conditioning module (5) is connected to the input of the linearization processing module (6), the output of the linearization processing module (6) is connected to the input of the analog-to-digital converter module (7), the output of the analog-to-digital converter module (7) is connected to the input of the display driver module (9), and the power supply and protection module (8) supplies power to each module. The infrared sensor module (4) is used to collect the infrared radiation signal of the target object. The signal conditioning module (5) is used to amplify and compensate the infrared radiation signal. The linearization processing module (6) is used to convert the nonlinear signal into a linear temperature and voltage signal. The analog-to-digital conversion module (7) is used to convert the analog voltage signal into a digital signal and transmit it to the display driving module (9). The display driving module (9) is used to display the temperature value on the glass plate (1) in real time.

3. The tempered glass panel for an integrated stove according to claim 2, characterized in that, The infrared sensor module (4) includes a ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor and an NTC thermistor. The Vout+ pin of the ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor is connected to the input terminal of the signal conditioning module (5), and the Vout- pin of the ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor is also connected to the input terminal of the signal conditioning module (5). The GND pin of the ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor is grounded, and the VCC pin of the ZTP-135SR thermopile sensor is connected to the output terminal of the power supply and protection module (8). One end of the NTC thermistor is connected to the output terminal of the power supply and protection module (8), and the other end of the NTC thermistor is connected to ground after being connected in series with a fixed resistor. The voltage divider node between the NTC thermistor and the fixed resistor is connected to the input terminal of the signal conditioning module (5).

4. The tempered glass panel for an integrated stove according to claim 3, characterized in that, The signal conditioning module (5) includes an AD620 instrumentation amplifier, an LM358 subtractor, and a low-pass filter; A gain resistor is connected between the two RG pins of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier. The REF pin of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier is grounded. The VS+ pin of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier is connected to the output of the power supply and protection module (8). The VS- pin of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier is grounded. The OUT pin of the AD620 instrumentation amplifier is connected to the inverting input of the LM358 subtractor through a low-pass filter. The output of the LM358 subtractor is connected to its inverting input through a feedback resistor. The non-inverting input of the LM358 subtractor is connected to the voltage divider node between the NTC thermistor and the fixed resistor.

5. A tempered glass panel for an integrated stove according to claim 4, characterized in that, The linearization processing module (6) includes a first 1N4148 diode, a second 1N4148 diode, a third 1N4148 diode, and a precision potentiometer; The output terminal of the LM358 subtractor is connected to the anode of the first 1N4148 diode. The cathode of the first 1N4148 diode is connected to ground after being connected in series with a first resistor. The cathode node of the first 1N4148 diode is connected to the anode of the second 1N4148 diode. The cathode of the second 1N4148 diode is connected to ground after being connected in series with a second resistor. The cathode of the second 1N4148 diode is connected to the anode of the third 1N4148 diode. The cathode of the third 1N4148 diode is connected to ground after being connected in series with a third resistor. The cathode node of the third 1N4148 diode is connected to the sliding terminal of a precision potentiometer. The two fixed terminals of the precision potentiometer are respectively grounded and connected to the output terminal of the power supply and protection module (8).

6. The tempered glass panel for an integrated stove according to claim 5, characterized in that, The analog-to-digital conversion module (7) includes an ADC chip ICL7107, a TL431 reference voltage source, a first voltage divider resistor, a second voltage divider resistor, a first capacitor, a second capacitor, and an oscillation resistor; The VIN+ pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 is connected to the sliding end of the precision potentiometer. The output terminal of the TL431 reference voltage source is connected to the VREF- pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 after being connected in series with the first voltage divider resistor and the second voltage divider resistor. The COM pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 is grounded. The TEST pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 is grounded after being connected in series with the first capacitor. The OSC1 pin and the OSC2 pin of the ADC chip ICL7107 are connected in series with the second capacitor and the oscillation resistor.

7. A tempered glass panel for an integrated stove according to claim 6, characterized in that, The display driver module (9) includes a 4-digit common cathode digital tube 5641AH; The ag segment pins of the ADC chip ICL7107 are all connected in series with current-limiting resistors and then connected to the corresponding segment code pins of the 4-digit common cathode LED display 5641AH. The D1-D4 pins of the ADC chip ICL7107 are respectively connected to the thousands, hundreds, tens and units common cathode pins of the 4-digit common cathode LED display 5641AH.

8. The tempered glass panel for an integrated stove according to claim 2, characterized in that, The power supply and protection module (8) includes an LM7805 voltage regulator, a resettable fuse, and a TVS diode; The input terminal of the LM7805 voltage regulator is connected to an external power supply via a self-resetting fuse and a TVS diode connected in series, and the output voltage of the LM7805 voltage regulator is supplied to each module.