Skid-mounted sampling equipment

Abstract

The utility model relates to skid-mounted sampling equipment. The skid-mounted sampling equipment comprises a skid seat shell, a liquid inlet pipeline, a liquid outlet pipeline, an automatic sampler and a sample collecting tank, the automatic sampler and the sample collecting tank are both arranged in the cavity of the prying seat shell; the liquid inlet pipeline and the liquid outlet pipeline penetrate through the prying seat shell and extend into a cavity of the prying seat shell, one end of the liquid inlet pipeline is suitable for introducing crude oil, the other end of the liquid inlet pipeline is connected with a liquid inlet of the automatic sampler, and one end of the liquid outlet pipeline is connected with a liquid outlet of the automatic sampler; a sample outlet of the automatic sampler is connected with an inlet of the sample collecting tank; the liquid inlet pipeline is provided with a filter, a pump machine and a first bypass pipeline; the filter and the pump machine are sequentially arranged in the flowing direction of crude oil in the liquid inlet pipeline, the first bypass pipeline is communicated with the liquid inlet pipeline, and a manual sampling valve is arranged on the first bypass pipeline; and more than two foundation bolt holes are formed in the bottom of the prying seat shell.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of sampling equipment technology, and more particularly to a skid-mounted sampling device. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, in order to detect indicators such as composition and physical parameters such as water content and density of extracted crude oil, sampling equipment is often configured to sample crude oil in oil pipelines and extract representative samples for testing and analysis. However, the sampling method of existing sampling equipment is mostly manual sampling, which is relatively simple and has the problem of low efficiency.

[0003] Therefore, this application proposes a skid-mounted sampling device suitable for integrating automatic sampling and manual sampling methods, thereby diversifying the sampling methods. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, this application proposes a skid-mounted sampling device.

[0005] According to one aspect of this application, a skid-mounted sampling device is provided, comprising: a skid housing, an inlet pipe, an outlet pipe, an automatic sampler, and a sample collection container;

[0006] Both the automatic sampler and the sample collection tank are located inside the cavity of the skid housing; the inlet pipe and the outlet pipe both penetrate the skid housing and extend into the cavity of the skid housing. One end of the inlet pipe is suitable for introducing crude oil, and the other end of the inlet pipe is connected to the inlet of the automatic sampler. One end of the outlet pipe is connected to the outlet of the automatic sampler, and the sample outlet of the automatic sampler is connected to the inlet of the sample collection tank.

[0007] The inlet pipeline is equipped with a filter, a pump, and a first bypass pipeline; the filter and the pump are arranged in sequence along the flow direction of crude oil in the inlet pipeline, the first bypass pipeline is connected to the inlet pipeline, and a manual sampling valve is provided on the first bypass pipeline;

[0008] The bottom of the skid housing has two or more anchor bolt holes.

[0009] In one possible implementation, a first shut-off valve is provided on the inlet pipe, and the first shut-off valve and the filter are arranged sequentially along the flow direction of crude oil in the inlet pipe.

[0010] In one possible implementation, a second bypass pipe is also included, with its two ends connected to the front and rear ends of the filter, respectively.

[0011] In one possible implementation, a differential pressure gauge is installed on the second bypass pipe.

[0012] In one possible implementation, the liquid inlet pipe includes: a first pipe section, a second pipe section, a third pipe section and a fourth pipe section connected in sequence;

[0013] The length directions of the first, second, and fourth pipe sections are all parallel to the horizontal plane, and the length directions of the first and second pipe sections are perpendicular to each other, while the length directions of the first and fourth pipe sections are parallel to each other; the length direction of the third pipe section is perpendicular to the horizontal plane.

[0014] In one possible implementation, a filter is installed on a first pipe section, a second pipe section is connected to a third pipe section via a pump, and the inlet of an automatic sampler is connected to the outlet of a fourth pipe section.

[0015] In one possible implementation, the outlet pipe is equipped with a flow meter suitable for detecting the crude oil flow rate within the outlet pipe.

[0016] In one possible implementation, it further includes: a first drain pipe that penetrates the skid housing, one end of the first drain pipe being connected to the drain port of the filter, and the other end of the first drain pipe being adapted to discharge sludge and oil.

[0017] In one possible implementation, there are two sample collection containers.

[0018] Beneficial Effects: The inlet pipe is suitable for introducing crude oil and transporting it to the automatic sampler, while the outlet pipe is suitable for sending the crude oil out of the equipment. During this process, the automatic sampler automatically samples the crude oil and transports the sample to a sample collection tank for storage, facilitating subsequent analysis, detection, or testing. A manual sampling valve on the first bypass pipe allows for on / off control of the first bypass pipe. By opening the manual sampling valve, crude oil flows out from the first bypass pipe, enabling manual sampling. This application integrates automatic and manual sampling methods. In daily sampling, the automatic sampler is preferred for crude oil sampling, effectively ensuring sampling accuracy and reducing sampling errors. The automated sampling process reduces manual labor and significantly improves sampling efficiency. Manual sampling serves as a backup method; when the automatic sampler needs maintenance or cleaning, or when other special sampling requirements exist, the manual sampling valve can be operated directly for manual sampling. The integration of these two methods significantly improves the sampling convenience of this application.

[0019] Other features and aspects of this application will become clear from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0020] The accompanying drawings, which are included in and form part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments, features, and aspects of this application together with the specification and serve to explain the principles of this application.

[0021] Figure 1 This is a front view of a skid-mounted sampling device according to an embodiment of this application;

[0022] Figure 2 A top view of a skid-mounted sampling device according to an embodiment of this application is shown;

[0023] Figure 3 A side view of a skid-mounted sampling device according to an embodiment of this application is shown;

[0024] Figure 4 This is a front view of a skid-mounted sampling device according to an embodiment of this application;

[0025] Figure 5 A top view of a skid-mounted sampling device according to an embodiment of this application is shown;

[0026] Figure 6 A side view of a skid-mounted sampling device according to an embodiment of this application is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0027] Various exemplary embodiments, features, and aspects of this application will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numerals in the drawings denote elements that have the same or similar functions. Although various aspects of the embodiments are shown in the drawings, they are not necessarily drawn to scale unless specifically indicated otherwise.

[0028] It should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", and "circumferential" indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing this utility model or simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this utility model.

[0029] Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this utility model, "a plurality of" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0030] The term “exemplary” as used herein means “serving as an example, embodiment, or illustration.” Any embodiment illustrated herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as superior to or better than other embodiments.

[0031] Furthermore, to better illustrate this application, numerous specific details are provided in the following detailed embodiments. Those skilled in the art should understand that this application can be implemented without certain specific details. In some instances, methods, means, components, and circuits well-known to those skilled in the art have not been described in detail in order to highlight the main points of this application.

[0032] Figure 1 This is a front view of a skid-mounted sampling device according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 2 A top view of a skid-mounted sampling device according to an embodiment of this application is shown; Figure 3 A side view of a skid-mounted sampling device according to an embodiment of this application is shown; as follows: Figure 1 , Figure 2 As shown, this skid-mounted sampling device is characterized by comprising: a skid housing 800, an inlet pipe 100, an outlet pipe 200, an automatic sampler 500, and a sample collection tank 510; both the automatic sampler 500 and the sample collection tank 510 are disposed inside the cavity of the skid housing 800; the inlet pipe 100 and the outlet pipe 200 both penetrate the skid housing 800 and extend into the cavity of the skid housing 800, wherein one end of the inlet pipe 100 is suitable for introducing crude oil, and the other end of the inlet pipe 100 is connected to the inlet of the automatic sampler 500, and the outlet pipe 200... One end of the liquid pipeline 200 is connected to the outlet of the automatic sampler 500, and the sample outlet of the automatic sampler 500 is connected to the inlet of the sample collection tank 510 through a pipeline; the liquid inlet pipeline 100 is equipped with a filter 400, a pump 600, and a first bypass pipeline 900; the filter 400 and the pump 600 are arranged in sequence along the flow direction of crude oil in the liquid inlet pipeline 100, the first bypass pipeline 900 is connected to the liquid inlet pipeline 100, and a manual sampling valve 910 is provided on the first bypass pipeline 900; the bottom of the skid housing 800 is provided with two or more bolt holes 810.

[0033] It should be noted that the skid housing 800 is designed to provide installation space for the entire sampling equipment, integrating pipelines, automatic sampler 500, pump 600, etc., into a single unit according to a specific process flow, facilitating the handling and securing of the entire equipment. The inlet pipe 100 is used to introduce crude oil and transport it to the automatic sampler 500, while the outlet pipe 200 is used to discharge crude oil out of the equipment. The crude oil flows sequentially through the inlet pipe 100, the automatic sampler 500, and the outlet pipe 200. During this process, the automatic sampler 500 automatically samples the crude oil and transports the sample to the sample collection tank 510, which stores the sample for subsequent analysis, detection, or testing. The filter 400 on the inlet pipe 100 is used to filter impurities inside the crude oil, ensuring that impurities do not enter the automatic sampler 500 and affect the normal operation of the automatic sampler 500, thus ensuring its service life. The pump 600 is used to pressurize the crude oil, thereby providing power for the flow of crude oil in the inlet pipe 100. The manual sampling valve 910 on the first bypass pipe 900 can control the opening and closing of the first bypass pipe 900 at any time. By opening the manual sampling valve 910, crude oil flows out from the first bypass pipe 900, which can realize manual sampling. This application integrates automatic sampling and manual sampling methods. In daily sampling, the automatic sampler 500 is preferred for crude oil sampling, which can effectively ensure the accuracy of sampling and reduce sampling errors. Through the automated sampling process, manual labor is reduced and sampling efficiency is significantly improved. The manual sampling method serves as a backup sampling method. When the automatic sampler 500 needs maintenance or cleaning or when there are other special sampling requirements, the manual sampling valve 910 can be operated directly to perform manual sampling. The integration of the two methods significantly improves the sampling convenience of this application.

[0034] In one possible implementation, a first shut-off valve 110 is provided on the inlet pipe 100, and the first shut-off valve 110 and the filter 400 are arranged sequentially along the flow direction of the crude oil in the inlet pipe 100. It should be noted that the first shut-off valve 110 is used to control the opening and closing of the inlet pipe 100. When sampling is not required, the first shut-off valve 110 must be closed to ensure that crude oil does not flow in the inlet pipe 100.

[0035] In one possible implementation, a second bypass pipe 420 is further included, with its two ends connected to the front and rear ends of the filter 400, respectively. Furthermore, a differential pressure gauge 410 is installed on the second bypass pipe 420. Figure 2 As shown, a connecting pipe is provided on the pipes at both ends of the filter 400. These two connecting pipes are connected to both ends of the second bypass pipe 420. The differential pressure gauge 410 on the second bypass pipe 420 is suitable for measuring the pressure difference of crude oil before and after filtration. Valves 430 are also provided on the two connecting pipes.

[0036] In one possible implementation, such as Figure 4 , Figure 5 , Figure 6 As shown, the liquid inlet pipe 100 includes: a first pipe section 130, a second pipe section 140, a third pipe section 150, and a fourth pipe section 160 connected in sequence; the length directions of the first pipe section 130, the second pipe section 140, and the fourth pipe section 160 are all parallel to the horizontal plane, and the length directions of the first pipe section 130 and the second pipe section 140 are perpendicular to each other, and the length directions of the first pipe section 130 and the fourth pipe section 160 are parallel to each other; the length direction of the third pipe section 150 is perpendicular to the horizontal plane. It should be noted that the liquid inlet pipe 100 is designed with multiple bends, which can reduce the overall footprint of the liquid inlet pipe 100 and make it compatible with the shape of the skid housing 800, thereby comprehensively improving the compactness of the equipment structure.

[0037] Furthermore, both the first shut-off valve 110 and the filter 400 are installed on the first pipe section 130, such as... Figure 2 and Figure 5 As shown, the first pipe section 130 penetrates the skid housing 800 and extends into the cavity of the skid housing 800. The two ends of the first shut-off valve 110 are connected to the first pipe section 130 through flanges. The inlet and outlet ends of the filter 400 are connected to the first pipe section 130 through flanges.

[0038] In one possible implementation, a pressure gauge 120 is provided on the inlet pipe 100 for detecting the liquid pressure in the inlet pipe 100 before sampling; further, the pressure gauge 120 is provided on the second section 140 of the inlet pipe 100.

[0039] Furthermore, the second pipe section 140 is connected to the third pipe section 150 via a pump 600, and the inlet of the automatic sampler 500 is connected to the outlet of the fourth pipe section 160. The pump 600 is positioned between the second pipe section 140 and the third pipe section 150, as shown below. Figure 3 and Figure 4 As shown, the inlet end of the pump 600 is connected to the outlet end of the second pipe section 140, and the outlet end of the pump 600 is connected to the inlet end of the third pipe section 150. Under the action of the pump 600, crude oil can flow smoothly from the first pipe section 130 into the second pipe section 140, from the second pipe section 140 into the third pipe section 150, from the third pipe section 150 into the fourth pipe section 160, and finally into the automatic sampler 500.

[0040] In one possible implementation, a check valve 610 is provided on the inlet pipe 100 to prevent backflow of crude oil at the downstream end; furthermore, the check valve 610 is provided on the third pipe section 150 of the inlet pipe 100, and the inlet and outlet ends of the check valve 610 are connected to the inlet pipe 100 by means of flange connection.

[0041] In one possible implementation, the first bypass pipe 900 is connected between the third pipe segment 150 and the fourth pipe segment 160; as... Figure 6 As shown, the first bypass pipe 900 is connected to the outlet end of the third pipe section 150 and the inlet end of the fourth pipe section 160 via a tee 920. Under the action of the tee 920, the first bypass pipe 900, the third pipe section 150, and the fourth pipe section 160 are interconnected. When manual sampling is required, a sample can be obtained from the first bypass pipe 900 by opening the manual sampling valve 910 on the first bypass pipe 900.

[0042] In one possible implementation, such as Figure 4 , Figure 5 , Figure 6 As shown, the liquid outlet pipe 200 includes: a fifth pipe segment 260, a sixth pipe segment 270, a seventh pipe segment 280, an eighth pipe segment 290, a ninth pipe segment 291, and a tenth pipe segment 292 connected in sequence; the length direction of the fifth pipe segment 260 is parallel to the length direction of the fourth pipe segment 160 and parallel to the horizontal plane; the automatic sampler 500 is connected between the fourth pipe segment 160 and the fifth pipe segment 260; the main body of the sixth pipe segment 270 is an "L"-shaped tubular structure; the liquid inlet end of the sixth pipe segment 270 is connected to the liquid outlet end of the fifth pipe segment 260, and the sixth pipe segment 270 and the fifth pipe segment 260 are arranged perpendicular to each other. The inlet end of the seventh pipe section 280 is connected to the outlet end of the sixth pipe section 270, and the seventh pipe section 280 and the sixth pipe section 270 are arranged perpendicular to each other. The length direction of the eighth pipe section 290 is perpendicular to the length direction of the seventh pipe section 280, and the length direction of the eighth pipe section 290 is parallel to the length direction of the second pipe section 140. The length direction of the ninth pipe section 291 is perpendicular to the length direction of the eighth pipe section 290, and the length direction of the ninth pipe section 291 is perpendicular to the horizontal plane, as are the length directions of the third pipe section 150 and the seventh pipe section 280. The tenth pipe section 292 penetrates the skid housing 800. The outlet pipe 200 has six bends, which is suitable for reducing the footprint and effectively utilizing the internal space of the skid housing 800.

[0043] In one possible implementation, the outlet pipe is equipped with a flow meter 210, suitable for detecting the crude oil flow rate within the outlet pipe 200. Further, the flow meter 210 is installed on the fifth pipe section 260.

[0044] In one possible implementation, the outlet pipe 200 is equipped with a densitometer 700, and the flow meter 210 and the densitometer 700 are arranged sequentially along the flow direction of the crude oil in the outlet pipe 200; furthermore, the densitometer 700 is installed on the sixth pipe section 270 of the outlet pipe 200. Preferably, the densitometer is a dual-tube vibrating densitometer.

[0045] In one possible implementation, the outlet pipe 200 is provided with a third bypass pipe 230, which is connected to the outlet pipe 200. The third bypass pipe 230 is equipped with a pressure relief valve 231, which releases pressure by opening the pressure relief valve 231 when the outlet pipe 200 is overpressurized. Further, such as... Figure 4 As shown, the third bypass pipe 230 and the second sewage pipe 320 are connected to the eighth pipe section 290 of the liquid outlet pipe 200 through a four-way connector 293.

[0046] In one possible implementation, the outlet pipe 200 is equipped with a pressure transmitter 240, and the flow meter 210, density meter 700, and pressure transmitter 240 are arranged sequentially along the flow direction of the crude oil in the outlet pipe 200; the pressure transmitter 240 is suitable for detecting the liquid pressure of the crude oil in the outlet pipe 200 after sampling. Further, the pressure transmitter 240 is located at the connection between the eighth pipe section 290 and the ninth pipe section 291, such as... Figure 4 As shown, the eighth pipe section 290 is connected to the ninth pipe section 291 and the measuring vertical pipe through the tee 294, and the probe end of the pressure transmitter 240 is inserted into the measuring vertical pipe.

[0047] In one possible implementation, such as Figure 1 As shown, the liquid outlet pipe 200 is equipped with a fourth shut-off valve 250, which is located on the ninth pipe section 291 of the liquid outlet pipe 200.

[0048] In one possible implementation, the liquid outlet pipe 200 is provided with an exhaust pipe 220, and a second shut-off valve 221 is provided on the exhaust pipe 220. The second shut-off valve 221 is suitable for controlling the opening and closing of the exhaust pipe 220. Further, as... Figure 4 As shown, the exhaust pipe 220 is connected between the sixth pipe section 270 and the seventh pipe section 280 and is located above the sixth pipe section 270. The exhaust pipe 220 is connected to the liquid outlet of the sixth pipe section 270 and the liquid inlet of the seventh pipe section 280 through a tee. Under the action of the tee, the exhaust pipe 220, the sixth pipe section 270 and the seventh pipe section 280 are interconnected. It should be noted that when crude oil is pumped for the first time or after the pump stops, there will be residual gas in the liquid outlet pipe 200. Too much gas will cause cavitation of the pump 600 and easily damage the pump 600. Therefore, the second shut-off valve 221 needs to be opened to allow the gas to be discharged from the liquid outlet pipe 200 in time before the pump is started.

[0049] Furthermore, the exhaust pipe 220 extends through the top surface of the skid housing 800 and outwards from the outside of the skid housing 800.

[0050] In one possible implementation, it further includes: a first sewage discharge pipe 300, one end of which is connected to the sewage discharge port of the filter 400, and the other end of which is adapted to discharge waste liquid. Figure 2 The main body of the first sewage pipe 300 is a U-shaped tubular structure. The first sewage pipe 300 penetrates the side wall of the skid housing 800 and extends to the outside of the skid housing 800, so as to facilitate the discharge of waste liquid to the outside.

[0051] In one possible implementation, a fifth shut-off valve 310 is provided on the first sewage pipe 300.

[0052] In one possible implementation, such as Figure 1 As shown, it also includes: a second sewage pipe 320, one end of which is connected to the eighth section 290 of the liquid outlet pipe 200, and the other end of which is connected to the first sewage pipe 300, so that the second sewage pipe 320 and the first sewage pipe 300 are connected. Furthermore, the second sewage pipe 320 is equipped with a third shut-off valve 321, suitable for controlling the opening and closing of the second sewage pipe 320 at any time. When the equipment stops working, the crude oil remaining in the liquid outlet pipe 200 needs to flow to the external sludge tank through the second sewage pipe 320.

[0053] In one possible implementation, there are two sample collection containers 510, which are arranged adjacent to each other inside the skid housing 800.

[0054] In one possible implementation, the main body of the skid housing 800 is a cuboid structure. The bottom of the skid housing 800 has four anchor bolt holes 810, which are arranged in pairs opposite each other. This is suitable for fixing the skid housing 800 with anchor bolts. Under the action of the anchor bolts, the skid housing 800 is fixed in the position to be installed, ensuring that the skid housing 800 will not be displaced and will not interfere with the normal operation of the sampling work.

[0055] In one possible implementation, the skid housing 800 has a double-wall structure, which further improves the overall protection and isolation performance and effectively ensures the stable operation of the equipment.

[0056] Furthermore, the inner wall of the skid housing 800 is provided with an explosion-proof junction box 820 and an analog signal junction box 830.

[0057] Furthermore, the autosampler 500 employs existing technology, and the model number of the autosampler 500 is ES11 CellSampler-0GM.

[0058] The automatic sampler 500 is controlled by a programmable logic controller (PLC). The PLC controls the drive mechanism of the automatic sampler 500 according to the set parameters, thereby automating the sampling process.

[0059] The various embodiments of this application have been described above. These descriptions are exemplary and not exhaustive, nor are they limited to the disclosed embodiments. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein is chosen to best explain the principles, practical application, or improvement of the technology in the market, or to enable others skilled in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A skid-mounted sampling device, characterized in that, include: Skid housing, inlet pipe, outlet pipe, automatic sampler and sample collection container; The automatic sampler and the sample collection tank are both located inside the cavity of the skid housing; the inlet pipe and the outlet pipe both penetrate the skid housing and extend into the cavity of the skid housing, wherein one end of the inlet pipe is suitable for introducing crude oil, the other end of the inlet pipe is connected to the inlet of the automatic sampler, one end of the outlet pipe is connected to the outlet of the automatic sampler, and the sample outlet of the automatic sampler is connected to the inlet of the sample collection tank. The inlet pipe is equipped with a filter, a pump, and a first bypass pipe; the filter and the pump are arranged sequentially along the flow direction of crude oil in the inlet pipe, the first bypass pipe is connected to the inlet pipe, and a manual sampling valve is provided on the first bypass pipe; The bottom of the skid housing has two or more anchor bolt holes.

2. The skid-mounted sampling device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The inlet pipe is equipped with a first shut-off valve, and the first shut-off valve and the filter are arranged sequentially along the flow direction of crude oil in the inlet pipe.

3. The skid-mounted sampling device according to claim 1, characterized in that, Also includes: The second bypass pipe has its two ends connected to the front and rear ends of the filter, respectively.

4. The skid-mounted sampling device according to claim 3, characterized in that, A differential pressure gauge is installed on the second bypass pipe.

5. The skid-mounted sampling device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The liquid inlet pipe includes: a first pipe section, a second pipe section, a third pipe section and a fourth pipe section connected in sequence; The length directions of the first pipe segment, the second pipe segment, and the fourth pipe segment are all parallel to the horizontal plane, and the length directions of the first pipe segment and the second pipe segment are perpendicular to each other, and the length directions of the first pipe segment and the fourth pipe segment are parallel to each other; the length direction of the third pipe segment is perpendicular to the horizontal plane.

6. The skid-mounted sampling device according to claim 5, characterized in that, The filter is installed on the first pipe section, the second pipe section is connected to the third pipe section through the pump, and the inlet of the automatic sampler is connected to the outlet of the fourth pipe section.

7. The skid-mounted sampling device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The outlet pipe is equipped with a flow meter, which is suitable for detecting the crude oil flow rate in the outlet pipe.

8. The skid-mounted sampling device according to claim 1, characterized in that, Also includes: A first sewage discharge pipe extends through the skid housing. One end of the first sewage discharge pipe is connected to the sewage outlet of the filter, and the other end of the first sewage discharge pipe is suitable for discharging sludge and oil.

9. The skid-mounted sampling device according to claim 1, characterized in that, There are two sample collection containers.

Images