Method, system and lithium-ion cell system with lithium-ion cell charge control

Abstract

The method comprises: - Charging a lithium-ion cell according to a charging cycle with a constant voltage phase, which is triggered by a difference between a potential of a negative electrode of the lithium-ion cell and a potential of a positive electrode of the lithium-ion cell corresponding to a specified voltage value; - Measuring a potential value of the negative electrode of the lithium-ion cell with respect to a reference electrode of the lithium-ion cell; and - Based on an increase in the potential value of the negative electrode with respect to the reference electrode, adjusting the specified voltage value of the charging cycle for a charging operation of the lithium-ion cell in order to decrease the difference between the potential of the negative electrode and the potential of the positive electrode that triggers the constant voltage phase.

Description

Technical field The subject matter disclosed herein generally relates to a technology for one or more electrochemical cells. background Electrochemical cells include, for example, lithium-ion cells. Such cells can be repeatedly charged and discharged. The capacity of a lithium-ion cell can decrease over time. Various technologies and techniques described herein pertain to electrochemical cells, which include, for example, lithium-ion charge control. From JP 2010-238 423 A, a charging method for a lithium-ion battery with a first positive electrode, a second positive electrode and a negative electrode is known, in which a voltage is applied between the first positive electrode and the negative electrode to charge it and the second positive electrode is used as a reference electrode, so that the potential of the negative electrode relative to the reference electrode reaches the predetermined potential or is lower. From US patent 2009 / 0104510A1, a rechargeable lithium cell with a reference electrode for monitoring the cell condition is known. Summary The object of the present invention is to provide a method, a system and a lithium-ion cell system that enable improved lithium cell charge control. This problem is solved by the subject matter of main claim 1 and dependent claims 6 and 15, which define the present invention. Preferred embodiments of the present invention are the subject of the dependent claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Features and advantages of the described designs can be better understood with reference to the following description, which is considered in conjunction with the examples in the accompanying drawings. Fig. 1 is a diagram of a management circuit, charging phases for charging a lithium-ion cell or cells, a potential expression, and a procedure; Fig. 2 is a diagram of an example and a procedure; Fig. 3 is a diagram of example components and examples of a power cell circuit; Fig. 4 is a diagram of an example of a programmable battery system and an example of a programmable battery; Fig. 5 is a diagram of examples of a programmable battery circuit; Fig. 6 is a diagram of an example of an arrangement of system components; Fig. 7 is a diagram of an example of an arrangement of system components and an interaction therewith; Fig.Figure 8 is a diagram of an example of a vehicle comprising a system with an ECU, a cell pack, and an electric motor and generator; Figure 9 is a diagram of examples of cells including one or more reference electrodes; Figure 10 is a diagram of exemplary printouts associated with control methods; and Figure 11 is a diagram of an example of a system including one or more processors. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXECUTION EXAMPLES The following description includes the best method currently considered for carrying out the described embodiments. This description is not intended as a limitation, but rather is provided solely to describe general principles applicable to different embodiments. The scope of the invention should be defined in relation to the stated claims. Fig. 1 shows an example of a management circuit 110 for managing the charge of one or more electrochemical cells 112, an example of a charging phase expression 120, an example of a method 130 and an example of a potential expression 160. As shown in Fig. 1, the management circuit 110 includes a 10-terminal integrated circuit. The terminals can include a charge current measurement input, a battery management input supply, a charge status output, a logic turn-on, a cell temperature sensor bias, a cell temperature input, a cell temperature sensor input, a time monitoring, a cell management 0 V reference, a cell voltage measurement, and a driver output.Regarding protection features, a cell temperature sensor bias feature can be provided for a voltage reference to bias an external thermistor for continuous cell temperature monitoring and prequalification, while a cell temperature sensor input feature can be provided for inserting an external thermistor for continuous cell temperature monitoring and prequalification (optionally, it can be switched off by applying a voltage setting), and safety timers (e.g., preconditioning, fast charging, expiration time limiting, etc.) can be provided, which can be scaled by a capacitor. A temperature sensing circuit can have its own reference so that it is immune to fluctuations in the supply voltage input (e.g., where the temperature sensing circuit is removed from the system when no supply is connected, thus removing additional cell discharge). Regarding logic, a logic enable feature can be provided for input, which, for example, sets charging limits, initiates charging, resolves errors, or disables automatic charging. A logic enable input terminal (EN) can, for example, be available for features to end charging at any time during the charging cycle, to start a charging cycle, or to initiate a charging cycle. A logic input (e.g., high or low) can signal the end of a charging cycle. Fig. 1 also shows an example of a charging phase expression 120, which indicates, for example, how a charging process can include a preconditioning phase (PC), a constant current phase (CC), and a constant voltage phase (CV). A cell voltage measurement function (e.g., partially implemented via the terminal labeled "VCell") can provide a voltage for monitoring, for example, at a positive terminal of the cell (e.g., for single, dual, etc., series cell packings with carbon or graphite anodes), with reference to a reference based on a negative terminal of the cell (see, e.g., the terminal labeled "VSS"). Thus, the management circuit 110 can measure a voltage (e.g., ΔV) as the difference between a cathode potential (Vcathode, as applied to the VCell terminal) and an anode potential (VAanode, as applied to the VSS terminal). As discussed with reference to Method 130, a specific voltage (ΔVREG) can be a limit for ΔV. In the example of Fig.1. Management circuit 110 and procedure 130 do not include a mechanism for adjusting ΔVREG or for adjusting the measurements of VCello or ΔV when the anode potential (VAnode) applied to terminal VSS is to be changed. For example, if the anode potential (VAnode) applied to terminal VSS increases, then the cathode potential (Vcathode) applied to terminal VCello, which is required at the beginning of the constant voltage (CV) phase, may also increase, usually to a potential that may exceed an upper limit for the cathode. For example, a management circuit 110 can operate alone or in conjunction with one or more other circuits (e.g., a central control unit, etc.). A constant current followed by a constant voltage can be applied to the management circuit to charge one or more cells. For example, a charging circuit can include an MPC7384X family chip (Microchip Technology, Inc., Chandler, Arizona), which is described in a document entitled "Advanced Single or Dual Cell Lithium-Ion / Lithium-Polymer Charge Management Controllers" (Microchip Technology, Inc., 2004), incorporated herein by reference. As described herein, the term "lithium ion," for example, includes both "lithium polymers" and "lithium-ion polymers." A management circuit can be provided with a battery, a housing, a component, as part of an application-specific power circuit (e.g., a battery charger), etc. A management circuit can be configured to varying degrees to manage state-of-charge (SOC) mismatch and capacity / energy (C / E) mismatch; it should be noted that as the number of cells and the state of charge increase, the potential for mismatch also increases. Although the SOC may be more widespread, any type of mismatch problem can limit the capacity (mA-h) of a cell pack to the capacity of the weakest cell. In the example of Fig. 1, the cell(s) 112 can enclose a polymer compound material such as polyethylene oxide or polyacrylonitrile containing a lithium salt. Such a cell or such cells can be called a lithium-ion battery, lithium-ion polymer battery, or lithium polymer battery (e.g., "LiPo battery" or "LiPo cell"). LiPo cells are sometimes also called laminate cells, which can be configured to be very thin or quite large depending on their intended use. One or more LiPo cells can be enclosed in a flexible aluminum foil laminate pocket (e.g., with a thickness on the order of about 0.1 mm). LiPo cells can have a stacked construction formed by stacking the electrodes and electrolytic materials in a flat sandwich (e.g., by length, width, and height dimensions). Stacked layers can be housed in a casing (e.g.,The LiPo cell capacity can range from approximately 50 mA·h (e.g., for a small cell such as one used in a Bluetooth handheld device) to approximately 10 A·h or more for an electric vehicle (e.g., electric or hybrid). Regarding the function of a lithium-ion cell, lithium ions migrate from a negative electrode to a positive electrode during discharge and in the opposite direction when charging. For example, a LiPo cell may include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), a PP / PE composite, or other materials as a separator. Some LiPo cells enclose a polymer gel containing an electrolyte solution that coats an electrode surface. For LiPo cells, close packing can enable high density. When the voltage for lithium-ion cells drops to a low value (e.g., about 1.5 V), reactions at the anode can produce gas (e.g., over-discharge or "OD"). If the voltage continues to drop (e.g., below about 1 V), the copper of a copper-based anode current collector can begin to dissolve, potentially causing the cell to fail. If the voltage rises to a high value (e.g., about 4.6 V), outgassing can occur, in which the electrolyte can begin to separate (e.g., overcharge or "OC"). For example, a lithium-ion cell or cells can be connected to an external thermal fuse as overcharge protection (e.g., in addition to control by the management circuit). Regarding potential expression 160, it shows a normal operating range that exists between a charge-end voltage (ΔV-CE) and a discharge-end voltage (ΔV-DE). In the example of Fig.1. The normal range lies between an overcharge (OC) region and an overdischarge (OD) region. As mentioned, damage can occur in either of these regions. With regard to the exemplary method 130 of Fig. 1, this includes charging one or more lithium-ion cells such as the cell(s) 112, using a circuit such as the management circuit 110 and achieving charge phases such as those of the charge phase expression 120. As shown in Fig. 1, the process 130 begins in an initial block 132 for initiating the charging of one or more cells. The initial block 132 can initiate a preconditioning phase (PC) followed by a constant current phase (CC). A monitor block 136 then monitors the voltage of one or more cells during the constant current phase (CC). A decision block 140 relies on monitoring the voltage for comparison with a specified voltage (ΔVREG). The decision block 140 provides a decision as to when the charging process should end the constant current phase (CC) and begin a constant voltage phase (CV). Decision block 140 can receive a specified voltage (ΔVREG) value from one or more of the storage registers 138 to store one or more specified voltage (ΔVREG) values. In the example shown in Fig. 1, the one or more storage registers 138 can store a value such as 4.1 V, 4.2 V, 8.2 V, 8.4 V, etc. (e.g., as one or more preset voltage regulation options). The value or values ​​stored in one or more storage registers 138 can depend on the characteristics of a cell or cells or a number of cells (e.g., for n = 2, n * 4.1 V results in a value of 8.2 V). In the example of Fig. 1, the specified value (ΔVREG) can be based on the maximum voltage that a particular lithium-ion cell (or cells) can reach during charging, in order to prevent overcharging side reactions at a positive electrode and material phase changes in a positive electrode.As some examples, a LiCoO2 cathode material with a maximum operating potential of about 4.2 V and a LiMnO4 cathode material with a maximum operating potential of about 4.3 V are considered. In the example shown in Fig. 1, the management circuit 110 can reference all inputs and outputs to a management circuit reference potential (VSS), which is intended to be a 0V reference potential. In circuit 110, one of the terminals labeled VSS is electrically connected to the negative electrode of cell(s) 112. Specifically, it is electrically connected to the anode(s) of cell(s) 112. Accordingly, in method 130, the voltage monitored by the monitor block 136 (e.g., at the terminal labeled VCell) is measured with reference to the negative electrode (namely, the anode(s)) of cell(s) 112 (e.g., applied to the terminal labeled Vss). Such an approximation relies on the assumption that the negative electrode (namely anode(s)) of cell(s) 112 (e.g. VSS) has a potential of approximately 0 V and remains at approximately 0 V.Under such an assumption, the condition of decision block 140 can be satisfied if VCell - VSS = ΔVREG. However, if changes occur in cell(s) 112, the anode potential cannot remain constant. For example, if the anode potential increases, the potential at the terminal labeled VSS of management circuit 110 will also increase. To meet the criterion specified by ΔVREG under such conditions, the cathode potential must be higher than the potential at the terminal labeled VCell of management circuit 110. Depending on the magnitude of the increase in the anode potential, the cathode potential may exceed a recommended upper limit for the cathode. As shown in the example of Fig. 1, the procedure 130 continues with the start block 144 for the start of a constant voltage phase (CV) when the decision block 140 decides that the monitored voltage (e.g. ΔV = VCell- VSS) is equal to the specified voltage (e.g. ΔVREG). During the constant voltage (CV) phase, procedure 130 continues in a monitor block 148 to monitor the charging current, which may decrease over time, as shown in the charging phase expression 120. As shown, another decision block 152 is provided to decide when to terminate the constant voltage (CV) phase. For example, a storage register 150 can store a current termination value ITERM. In such an example, the decision block 152 can receive the ITERM value from the storage register 150 and compare it with the monitored current value from the monitor block 148. If the monitored current decreases during the constant voltage (CV) phase, it may eventually reach the ITERM value at which procedure 130 terminates in a termination block 156 (e.g., to end the charging process that was started with block 132). Figure 2 shows an example of expression 204 of battery data or a battery model for an anode potential with respect to one or more factors. A dashed curve indicates that an anode potential can increase with respect to one or more factors. For example, one or more factors might be a change in the chemistry, voltage, etc., of a lithium-ion cell in a way that causes an increase in the anode potential. For example, an anode potential can increase if the number of discharge-charge cycles increases. While an anode potential is shown, an approximation may include data or a model for a cathode potential, an electrolyte decomposition threshold, or any combination of models or data for an anode, a cathode, or an electrolyte (e.g., cell chemistry, etc.). For example, an advanced battery state estimation method can contribute to extending cycle life by monitoring and controlling conditions that influence, for instance, cell electrode degradation, using one or more algorithms based on the chemical behavior of the cells during cycles and usage scenarios. Such an approximation can consider modeled, measured, or modeled and measured behavior of an individual electrode or electrodes during cycles, optionally in conjunction with cell voltage, impedance, and so on. One or more algorithms can, for example, use known preconditions based on a particular cell chemistry or can be based on real-time monitoring of the cell chemistry using a reference. For a single cell, the voltage can be defined as the difference in energy potential between the anode and the cathode: ΔV(cell) = V(cathode) - V(anode). To limit cathode degradation, the potential should, as mentioned, neither reach nor exceed an upper limit (e.g., defined by an electrode dissolution threshold). Furthermore, a condition regarding one or more electrolytic degradation thresholds can be imposed. A control algorithm can be designed to ensure that the cathode voltage does not reach a cathode dissolution threshold V*(cathode) (e.g., V(cathode) < V*(cathode)). As mentioned with reference to the example in Fig. 1, the management circuit 110 relies on a constant ΔV(cell) (e.g., per ΔVREG) for each charge cycle: ΔV(cell) = V(cathode) - V(anode) = C or ΔVREG. As mentioned, ΔVREG can be set to 4.2 V for a lithium-cobalt-based cell cathode. Therefore, an algorithm for the management circuit 110 can be represented by the following equation: V(cathode) = C + V(anode) < V*(cathode), where the anode potential V(anode) is assumed to remain constant (or zero) throughout the cell's lifetime. However, as shown in Expression 204, such an assumption may be a weak one. To overcome this assumption, a model, measurements, or a model and measurements may be performed to provide a value for V(anode) (e.g., during the lifetime of a cell or cells). For example, by providing a model (e.g., one or more equations, a data table, etc.), a procedure may include a predetermined anode potential variation and, for example, one or more parameters in advance or in real time in an effort to limit cell degradation and extend cell lifetime. For example, an algorithm for extending battery life can work by knowing when and where to change the charging conditions. For instance, a circuit can be provided to monitor the state of a battery and limit one or more conditions that could lead to safety or longevity issues. For example, in conjunction with a reference electrode available to provide a reference potential, a circuit can be provided to monitor at least either the cathode reference voltage or the anode reference voltage in real time (e.g., continuously or periodically), and can also be provided to adjust one or more charging parameters (e.g., to avoid one or more power ranges known to accelerate electrode degradation, etc.). For example, a cathode can include LiCoO2, which adopts a layered rock salt structure based on a tightly packed network of oxygen atoms with the Li+ and Co3+ ion arrangement on alternating (111) planes of the cubic rock salt structure, introducing a slight distortion into the lattice of hexagonal symmetry. For example, an anode can encapsulate graphite on a copper foil. Graphite can incorporate gas particles to form a so-called graphite intercalation compound (GIC). For instance, a GIC can reversibly intercalate lithium ions that respond to electrochemical forces. The electrochemical lithium intercalation properties of graphite depend, for example, on the crystallinity, morphology, and orientation of the crystallites. Graphite material can determine both the potential and current properties of the intercalated reaction, as well as the tendency of LiCn compounds to dissolve. If carbonized material with a layered structure is present, a base-forming block of graphite results in a planar layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern known as a graphene layer. Graphene layers can be weakly bonded stacks held together by vander-Wals forces in an ABAB sequence along a C-axis with an interplane spacing of approximately 0.3354 nm. Such a structure results in hexagonal graphite (e.g., 2H graphite). In a generally less polymorphically stacked ABCABC, limited rhombohedral or 3R graphites occur. Lithium incorporation into graphite can involve a stacking phenomenon, for example, where incorporated lithium ions are known to exist between or within graphene layers. A single stage can refer to a number of graphene layers sandwiched between alternating lithium layers. When lithium is incorporated into graphite, the following phases can be successfully formed, e.g., dissolved Phase 1, Phase 2, liquid Phase 2L, Phase 2, and Phase 1. Such phases can be monitored and controlled by the electrochemical reduction of carbon to lithium ions in electrolytes. Graphite completely filled with lithium exhibits a potential close to that of lithium metal. A graphene intercalated carbon (GIC) with in-plane guest particles can form a "superlattice structure" with respect to neighboring graphene layers. For example, a Phase 1 Li-GIC structure yields a LiC6 compound, which limits the theoretical capacity of graphite to 372 mAh / g. The properties of graphite can be modified by lithium intercalation. For instance, a stacked arrangement of graphene layers in graphite shifts to AAA during a lithium intercalation reaction, and the interplane spacing of LiC6 increases moderately from approximately 0.3354 nm to approximately 0.370 nm. This increase in interplane spacing may indicate that graphite undergoes volume expansion during intercalation and volume contraction during elimination. This volume expansion and contraction can cause separation of electrode particles in a current collector, consequently resulting in irreversible capacity loss. Graphites (e.g., graphitic carbons) used in lithium-ion battery cells can occur in a variety of shapes and morphologies (e.g., spheres, fibers, platelet powder, etc.). For example, mixed with PVDF and conductive carbon, graphitic carbon can be coated on a copper foil, which acts as a current collector, to form a graphite electrode for lithium-ion battery cells. For example, a lithium-ion cell or cells can include a reference electrode (e.g., in addition to a positive and a negative electrode). By definition, a reference electrode attempts to maintain a stable potential (e.g., a constant value relative to a solution phase). A reference electrode can facilitate potentiometric measurements of other electrodes (e.g., a positive or a negative electrode). Examples of reference electrodes for a lithium-ion cell include a piece of lithium foil, lithium on copper, nickel, aluminum, or platinum, a stainless steel foil, a copper mesh, etc. For example, in a lithium-ion cell suitable for use in a computing device (such as a laptop computer), a copper wire has a diameter of approximately 80 micrometers with an insulating layer. An exposed section can be positioned between a positive and a negative electrode and separated from the electrodes by a separator located between the copper wire and the negative electrode, and another separator located between the copper wire and the positive electrode.To achieve uniform lithium deposition on the exposed section of such a copper wire, a galvanic current can be applied first between the copper wire and the positive electrode, and subsequently between the copper wire and the negative electrode. For a copper wire with a diameter of approximately 80 micrometers, such a process can deposit a layer of lithium approximately 4 micrometers thick. As an in-situ process, this can reduce the electrode capacity, for example, by about 1 × 10⁻³ mAh for a cell with a typical capacity of about 300 mAh. For a fully charged Li-ion battery, the potential difference between LixCoO₂ (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1) and the lithium metal reference electrode is expected to be about 2.4 V, while that between LiyC₆ (0 ≤ y ≤ 1) and the lithium reference electrode is about 0.08 V. For example, a reference electrode can be used in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS can enable the determination of series resistance, diffusion / migration resistance through a SEI layer, charge transfer resistance, and solid-state diffusion coefficient for lithium-ion insertion / extraction processes, which can be helpful in understanding the complex electrochemical processes that can occur within a lithium-ion cell or cells. If a lithium-ion cell has a reference electrode, three-electrode EIS measurements can be performed; it should be noted, for example, that two-electrode EIS measurements can also be performed (e.g., where a cell includes or excludes a reference electrode). A dissertation by Zhou, “Lithium Metal Microreference Electrodes and their Applications to Li-ion Batteries” (Eindhoven University Press, 2007) reports data for electrode potentials (e.g. measured as voltages with reference to a copper wire reference electrode) over about seven charge and discharge cycles, with each charge and discharge cycle lasting 100 hours (e.g. 50 hours for charging and about 50 hours for discharging). Zhou reports a potential plateau for a positive electrode, which may be associated with a two-phase coexistence region consisting of two hexagonal phases of slightly different sizes; the latter may enclose a potential (e.g., monotonic) if it is associated with a single-phase reaction of the second hexagonal phase. Over approximately seven cycles, the data reported by Zhou show that the reversibility of the positive electrode for intercalation and eluent reactions can occur with relatively constant minima and maxima. With reference to the negative electrode potential profile, Zhou reported that during a cycle, the potential drops to a small plateau (e.g., this could be attributed to the formation of phase 4 of the lithium-filled graphite), and as intercalation progresses, it continues to drop with two additional plateaus (e.g., associated with phase 2 and phase 1 of the lithium-filled graphite). The data reported by Zhou over approximately seven cycles show that the reversibility of lithium ion intercalation and elimination occurs with relatively constant minima and maxima. Zhou also reports that a potential of a negative electrode with respect to a reference electrode was found to be mainly responsible for a battery voltage change at the beginning of charging and at the end of discharging; whereby it was found that the potential of a positive electrode with respect to the reference electrode dominates the battery voltage at the end of charging and at the beginning of discharging. In the example shown in Fig. 2, the method 230 includes an initial block 232 for initiating a charging process, a monitor block 236 for monitoring a voltage, and a decision block 240 for deciding whether the monitored voltage (e.g., ΔV = VCell-VSS or another voltage) is equal to a specified voltage (ΔVREG). If the decision block 240 decides that the monitored voltage is not equal to the specified voltage (ΔVREG), the method 230 continues with the monitor block 236; otherwise, the method 230 continues with another initial block 244 to initiate a constant voltage phase (CV). During the constant voltage phase (CV), the method 230 includes a monitor block 248 for monitoring the current. Another decision block 252 is provided for deciding whether a monitored current is equal to a specified current (ITERM).If the decision block 252 decides that the monitored current is not equal to the specified current (ITERM), then the procedure 230 continues with the monitor block 248; otherwise, the procedure 230 continues with the termination block 256 to terminate the charging process of the procedure 230. In the example shown in Fig. 2, the decision block 240 can receive data from an information block 238, which can provide information based on one or more measurements, one or more models, a combination of one or more measurements and one or more models, etc. For example, an input block 208 can provide one or more inputs to the information block 238. In such an example, the one or more inputs can include anode potential (e.g., negative electrode potential), time, number of cycles, temperature profile, etc. With regard to the anode potential, such a potential can be provided based on one or more measurements (e.g., a voltage measurement with reference to a reference electrode), one or more models, or a combination of one or more measurements and one or more models.With regard to a model, a model can be an equation, such as a linear equation or a non-linear equation, that depends on one or more variables (e.g., number of cycles, cycle duration, temperature, temperature with respect to time, discharge rate, charge rate, discharge time, charge time, a component operating characteristic, a component condition characteristic, etc.). In the example shown in Fig. 2, the decision block 252 can receive an input from an information block 250. For example, the information block 250 can receive an input from an input block 209. In such an example, the one or more inputs can include an anode potential (e.g., negative electrode potential), time, cycle number, temperature profile, etc. With respect to the anode potential, such a potential can be provided based on one or more measurements (e.g., as a voltage relative to a reference electrode), one or more models, or a combination of one or more measurements and one or more models. With respect to a model, a model can be an equation, such as a linear or non-linear equation, that depends on one or more variables (e.g.,Number of cycles, cycle duration, temperature, temperature with reference to time, discharge rate, charge rate, discharge time, charge time, a component operating characteristic, a component condition characteristic, etc.). Fig. 3 shows some examples of devices 300 that can be powered by a lithium-ion cell or cells. For example, a cell phone, a tablet, a camera, a GPS device, a notebook computer, or another device can be powered by the lithium-ion cell or cells. With regard to other components, the device can be an electric motor of an electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle. A device can be an automobile, a toy, a control device (e.g., a bomb, spyware, drones, etc.), etc. A component can include one or more processors 302, a memory 304, one or more network interfaces 306, one or more displays 308, and, as a power source, one or more lithium-ion cells 310.A component may include or be operationally connected to a power cell circuit 312. The power cell circuit 312 includes a circuit for charging one or more power cells, such as one or more lithium-ion cells. The power cell circuit 312 may be provided as a charging circuit 320, a cell packing circuit 330, or a cell packing circuit and central circuit 340. For example, the charging circuit 320 may include: one or more of the inter-power supply circuits 322 for connecting to a power grid; a fuel generator circuit 324 for connecting to a fuel-powered electric generator (e.g., oil, ethanol, solar, gas, etc.); and a mechanical generator circuit 326 for connecting to a mechanical system, such as a wind generator, a regenerative generator (e.g., a regenerative brake), a shaker generator (e.g., as a hand-driven powered generator), or another generator (e.g., a power plant).Crank generator, etc.). For example, the cell packing circuit 330 may include one or more circuits internally within the cell packing or externally outside the cell packing. For example, the cell packing circuit and central circuit 340 may include one or more digital communication circuits 342 for communicating over one wire, two wires, etc., a wireless digital communication circuit 344, and an analog communication circuit 346 (e.g., wired, wireless, or both). Fig. 4 shows an example of a programmable battery system (SBS) 400. The SBS 400 comprises a programmable battery 410, an AC-DC converter 407, a programmable battery charger 440, a bus 450, a power supply system 460, a power control system 470, and a system control unit 480. The programmable battery charger 440 includes a charging circuit that can provide charging current and charging voltage to the programmable battery 410. In the example shown in Fig. 4, the system control unit 480 can include a circuit that can be operated with the bus 450, which enables it to receive signals from a circuit of the programmable battery 410, signals to be transmitted to the circuit of the programmable battery 410, and signals to be transmitted to the programmable battery charger 440, etc. For example, the system control unit 480 can have a central SMBus (e.g., "2-wire") or a so-called single-wire center that can request information from the circuit of the programmable battery 410, receive information responding to the request, and transmit the received information to suitable circuits of a center. In the example shown in Fig. 4, the programmable battery charger 440 can receive information from a connection to the bus 450 and from a connection point labeled "T". Such information can include events from the programmable battery 410, for example, when the circuitry in the programmable battery 410 detects an event and outputs a signal to the bus 450 in response to the detected event. Information received via the "T" connection can relate to the temperature of the programmable battery 410. Regarding the types of events, an event can be an alarm for charging conditions or temperature conditions that exceed one or more limits stored in memory or otherwise within the circuitry of the programmable battery 410. Examples of communications between the system control unit 480 and the programmable battery 410 may include information about remaining battery life, charging time (e.g., how long it takes to charge the programmable battery 410), real-time supply requirements, battery manufacturer, electronic tokens, etc. The system control unit 480 can, for example, operate under the control of a processing system (e.g., a hypermonitor) to manage both real and virtual components that can communicate via the bus 450. In addition to the programmable battery 410, such components can include, for example, contrast / backlight control units and temperature sensors. With regard to the programmable battery 410, this can include a programmable battery circuit 415 and one or more cells 420. As shown in the example of Fig. 4, the one or more cells 420 comprise a cathode 422, an anode 423, a cathode terminal 424, an anode terminal 425, an insulator 428, and a housing 430. For example, one of the electronic devices 300 can be powered by the battery 410 (e.g., packaged in the housing 430) via the electrical connection with the terminals 424 and 425. For example, such a programmable battery can include one or more reference electrodes. Such an electrode or electrodes can be provided for potential measurements with respect to the cathode 422 (e.g., positive electrode) and the anode 423 (e.g., negative electrode), for example, via a reference electrode terminal. A reference electrode terminal can be provided on the same end of the housing 430 as the cathode terminal 424 and the anode terminal 425, or it can be positioned elsewhere (e.g., optionally forming a surface electrode on the surface of the housing 430). For example, a reference electrode can be connected to the programmable battery circuit 415 to enable the programmable battery circuit 415 to measure one or more potentials with respect to the reference electrode. Fig. 5 shows an example of the programmable battery circuit 515, which may be suitable for use as the programmable battery circuit 415 of Fig. 4. In the example of Fig. 5, the programmable battery circuit 515 comprises an analog front end (AFE) 520 and a microprocessor unit (MPU) 530, as well as interface connections for a positive connection (+), a negative connection (-), a clock connection, a data connection, and a temperature signal connection (T). In the example of Fig. 5, the AFE 520 is configured to charge three cells 505 (e.g., via terminals V1, V2, and V3) according to information provided by the MPU 530. In the example shown in Fig. 5, the MPU 530 can include various circuits, modules, etc. For example, the MPU 530 can include a fault safety protection circuit, a pre-charge control circuit, a temperature control circuit, a power management circuit, a clock circuit, flash memory, a cell stabilization and control circuit, a system interface, an SBS data circuit, RAM for communication with the AFE 520, an overcharge protection circuit, an overvoltage protection circuit, an undervoltage protection circuit, a cell packing voltage measurement circuit, an undervoltage power mode circuit, and an impedance trace and data protocol circuit. For example, the programmable battery circuit 515 can include an interface for an electrical connection to a reference electrode of a programmable battery. Fig. 5 shows some examples of the connections for reference electrodes 501, which can be provided with connections to cathode electrodes (e.g., positive electrodes), connections to anode electrodes (e.g., negative electrodes), or a combination of connections to cathode and anode electrodes. In the example of Fig. 5, the programmable battery circuit 515 can further include an AFE, which includes one or more end terminals (e.g., one or more ports) for connecting a reference electrode to one or more of the three cells 505. For example, the MPU 530 can provide potential measurements using one or more reference electrodes from one or more cells. In such an example, the MPU 530 can communicate with the AFE 520 to perform such potential measurements. For example, the MPU 530 can be provided with one or more potential measurements or information, at least partially based thereon, via the data link. As mentioned above with reference to Fig. 4, such a data link can be a bus connection to a central system (e.g., a central component). Similarly, the programmable battery circuit 515 can be provided with control, at least partially based on one or more potential measurements obtained using one or more reference electrodes from one or more cells. Fig. 6 shows an example of an arrangement 600 that includes a central unit 602 and a programmable battery 610. In the example of Fig. 6, the central unit 602 comprises a processing system 604 (e.g., achievable using one or more processors and memories), an advanced configuration, and a power interface that incorporates a control unit (ACPI EC) 680 and an ACPI layer 690. ACPI layer 690 can be deployed as a software-based interface that defines power management and a configuration mechanism for the hardware and processing systems. ACPI layer 690 can be deployed for power management similar to OS-oriented power management (OSPM). ACPI layer 690 can operate according to phases (e.g., like a phase manager). ACPI layer 690 can operate according to one or more policies (e.g., deployed by a policy manager), which provide rules for one or more phases and enable interaction with one or more component drivers, for example, to provide commands, instructions, etc., relating to one or more devices (e.g., including a programmable battery).Such an approximation can provide a phase calculator in which relevant information causes a change in the state, for example according to one or more of the policies. Regarding the embedded controller (EC) 680, it can be used to control various devices (e.g., human-machine interaction devices), one or more background tasks, and so on. For example, the EC 680 can be a circuit within a notebook computer that handles traffic over one or more buses for the peripherals of built-in or other devices. The EC 680 can operate according to proprietary software, which may be associated with a specific BIOS. For instance, the EC proprietary software can be modified (e.g., updated) using information transmitted over a network connection, loaded from a computer-readable storage program, and so forth. For example, an EC can be an H8S family EC, such as an H8S / 2161BV or H8S / 2140B group (e.g., marketed by Renesas Electronics Corporation, Santa Clara, California). For example, an EC can be mounted on a computer motherboard and include power management functionalities (e.g., for a battery charger, a programmable battery, one or more cooling fans, etc.). For example, communication between a chipset and an EC can occur via a low-port processor (LPC). For example, communication between an EC and a device can occur via an I2C bus (e.g., an SMBus). A so-called SMBus Control Method Interface (CMI) allows an EC to interact via an ACPI layer, for example, via ACPI control methods where a driver enables a processing system, system software (e.g., hypermonitor or others), user applications, etc., to use an SMBus CMI object. For example, an SMBus CMI can enable device control via EC-based or non-EC-based SMBus central control hardware. Fig. 6 also shows a diagram of an arrangement 600 with some additional details such as physical interfaces for connecting a power source to charge the programmable battery 610 (e.g., an AC / DC power adapter, a DC / DC power adapter, etc.) and for connecting the programmable battery 610 (e.g., as it is inserted in a socket or cartridge of a device). As shown, the ACPI EC 680 can include an EC circuit and a bus center. The EC circuit can include data registers, control circuitry, and status circuitry, while the bus center is provided for communication via an interface of the programmable battery 610 (see, e.g., the data connector and data line of the MPU 530 in the example in Fig. 5). For example, the arrangement 600 can be configured to apply a method such as method 230 of Fig. 2. For example, one or more of the components in the arrangement 600 can be provided to manage the charging of one or more of the cells of the programmable battery 610. In the arrangement 600, the central unit 602 can communicate with a programmable battery 610 via the central bus of the ACPI EC 680, the programmable battery 610 including, for example, an MPU and an AFE, such as the MPU 530 and the AFE 520 of Fig. 5. For example, the arrangement 600 can be configured to apply one or more of the methods shown in prints 1010 and 1030 of Fig. 10 (e.g., or in a manner other than described herein). Fig. 7 shows an example of an arrangement 700 comprising a circuit 715 and one or more cells 705. In the example of Fig. 7, the letters A, B, C, D, and E identify particular sections of the circuit 715 that may be provided for controlling the charging of one or more of the cells 705. Furthermore, where one or more cells 705 include one or more reference electrodes, the circuit 715 may include one or more connectors for connecting to one or more of the reference electrodes. In such an example, signals may be provided via one or more connectors for controlling the charging of the one or more cells 705. With respect to point A, the circuit can be provided that modifies the VRef signal for the comparator, which acts to initiate a constant voltage (CV) phase of a charging process. Conversely, the signal provided by another circuit can modify a charging process for one or more of the 705 cells. Regarding point B, a circuit can be provided that, for example, tracks one or more parameters relevant to the charging of one or more 705 cells. For instance, a counter can be considered that tracks the number of charging cycles (e.g., charging cycles). If the number of charging cycles increases, the circuit can modify the charging process (e.g., optionally according to a model or models that include charging cycles as a variable). Regarding point C, the circuit that, for example, modifies the "0 V" reference of circuit 715 can be provided. For instance, the 0 V reference can be continuously increased with respect to time, the number of charge cycles, etc. With regard to point D, the circuit, which modifies, for example, the temperature compensation circuit, can be provided in such a way that it takes into account changes that occur or are expected to occur in one or more cells 705 as a function of time, charge cycle, usage, etc. As shown, the output from the temperature compensation circuit can be directed to another circuit (e.g., charge controller, charge timer, state logic circuit) that controls one or more of the charging process parameters (e.g., ΔVREG as in method 230 of Fig. 2). Regarding point E, the circuit that modifies the generation of a reference potential (VRef) for circuit 715 can be provided. As noted, the reference potential (VRef) is applied to a comparator, which acts to generate a signal to begin a constant voltage (CV) phase of a charging process. Where the arrangement 700 includes one or more reference electrodes for one or more cells 705, the circuit 715 can operate a charging process based at least partially on the measured potentials of an anode electrode of one or more cells 705, a cathode electrode of one or more cells 705, or both. For example, a measured anode electrode potential can be used to modify the reference potential (VRef), which in turn modifies the operation of the comparator that receives the cell potential (VCell) to determine when a constant voltage (CV) phase of a charging process begins. For example, such an approximation can cause a reduction in the potential difference that triggers a constant voltage (CV) phase of a charging process. If, for example, the potential difference is initially set to XV, as soon as a change occurs in a potential measurement of an anode electrode, it may be reduced to less than XV.Such a procedure can be used to prevent the application of a potential exceeding an upper voltage limit to a cathode electrode of one or more cells 705. Fig. 8 shows an example of a vehicle 800, which includes an engine control unit (ECU) 802, a battery pack 810, and an electric motor and generator 820. Fig. 8 also shows an example of a system 850 for the vehicle 800, which includes the ECU 802, the battery pack 810, the electric motor and generator 820, and a charging control circuit 860. The vehicle 800 can also be a device such as a device 300 of Fig. 3 and may include, for example, one or more processors, memory, etc. For example, vehicle 800 can be a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) where cell pack 810 has a capacity of approximately 1.4 kWh, for example, to absorb braking energy for immediate reuse in an acceleration cycle (e.g., using an electric motor and generator 820 as a generator in a regenerative braking system). For example, vehicle 800 can be a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) where cell pack 810 has a capacity of approximately 5.2 to 16 kWh, for example, to offer both hybrid and electric drive functions. For example, vehicle 801 can be a battery electric vehicle (BEV) where cell pack 810 has a capacity of approximately 24 to 85 kWh to power vehicle 800. In the example shown in Fig. 8, the charge control circuit 860 can be used to manage a charging process of one or more cells of the cell pack 810. For example, the circuit 860 can control a charging voltage during one or more charging processes. A charging process might occur in response to braking (e.g., for a short period of time during which braking occurs). Another example is that a charging process can occur through electrical connection to a power supply network. A further example is that a charging process can occur through a shaft of an internal combustion engine connected to a generator to produce electrical current. In such examples, the circuit 860 can control a charging voltage of one or more cells of the cell pack 810 according to a model, a list, etc.Depending on the type of charging process, the charging of one or more cells in the cell pack 810 may occur in a manner that differs completely or partially from the charging phases 120 of Fig. 1. Fig. 9 shows an example of a cell 901 and a cell 902, each comprising one or more reference electrodes 921. Each of the cells 901 and 902 comprises a cathode 922, an anode 923, a cathode terminal 924, an anode terminal 925, and one or more separators 928-1, 928-2, and 928-3. As shown, the cell 901 can include a connector 929 for connecting to a reference electrode 921 (e.g., as a wire, a terminal, etc.). For example, one or more reference electrodes 921 can include copper or another material. For example, a lithium-ion cell can include titanates, for example, with lithium titanate nanocrystals on an anode surface. Such an anode can exhibit properties that differ from a graphite anode. Accordingly, a model, measurements, etc., can be provided that take into account the type of anode (e.g., titanate, graphite, etc.). Figure 10 shows examples of expressions 1010 and 1030 for managing potentials with respect to a variable such as a cycle count. In the example of Figure 10, expression 1010 includes a lower bound (LL) for an anode and an upper bound (UL) for a cathode, as well as a thick horizontal line representing the potential of a constant voltage phase (CV) at a cathode during a charging process and a thick slanted line representing an anode potential that can increase as a function of a variable such as a cycle count (x). In the example of expression 1010, at a certain number of cycles (xc), the potential at the cathode required to begin the constant voltage (CV) phase of a charging process (see a dashed and dotted diagonal line) will exceed the upper limit (UL) for the cathode. However, by applying a control method, the potential difference (ΔV) used for a charging process can be reduced, for example, as a function of the number of cycles (x) or other variables, optionally in combination with the number of cycles. In this way, the risk of applying an excessive potential at the cathode can be reduced or avoided. Referring to method 230 of Fig. 2, the value for ΔV can be used as ΔVREG. In the example of expression 1030, an adjustment is made periodically, for example according to a number of cycles. In the example of expression 1030, the value of the potential at the cathode is allowed to increase over a number of cycles after a downward adjustment has been performed, for example by decreasing the value by ΔV (e.g., ΔVREG). For example, ΔV (or ΔVREG) can be determined on a cycle-to-cycle or other basis. As mentioned with reference to Fig. 2, an advanced battery state estimation method can increase cycle life by monitoring and controlling the conditions affecting cell electrode degradation, for example, using one or more algorithms based on cell chemistry behavior during cycles and the operating environment. Such an approximation can consider a modeled, measured, or modeled and measured behavior of an individual electrode or electrodes during cycles, optionally in conjunction with cell voltage, impedance, and so on.For example, one or more algorithms can be used based on known preconditions, which are based on specific cell chemistry, or which are based on real-time monitoring of cell chemistry using a reference. For example, the anode potential of a cell can be provided as a function of the number of charge cycles (e.g., "f(x)") and a condition defined for a critical number of charge cycles (e.g., "xc"), based on the function and an upper limit for the cathode potential (e.g., "UL"). In such an example, where an anode potential increases with the number of charge cycles, a critical charge cycle condition can be represented by an equation: Δ(xc) = 0 = UL - f(xc) - ΔV(1), where ΔV(1) can be an initial value for a first charge cycle (e.g., of a new cell). In such an example, a procedure can begin adjusting ΔV (or ΔVREG) when the critical number of charge cycles xc has been reached (or before, to provide a safety margin).For example, ΔV can be reduced if the number of charge cycles x exceeds the critical number of charge cycles xcan to prevent the upper limit UL of the cathode potential from being exceeded. As mentioned, the anode potential of a cell can be provided as a function of one or more variables (e.g., number of charge cycles, age, temperature-time profile, etc.). For example, an a priori known anode potential, function, list, etc., can be available for a cathode potential as a function of one or more variables. For instance, one function can be available for an anode potential and another function for a cathode potential. In such an example, ΔV (or ΔVREG) can be defined as the difference between these two potentials (e.g., on a cycle-to-cycle or other basis). As another example, ΔV (or ΔVREG) can be available as a function of one or more variables (e.g., ΔV(x1, x2, ... xn)). For example, a process ΔV (or ΔVREG) can be controlled on a cycle-by-cycle basis, starting from an initial charging cycle or from a later charging cycle. In such an example, the corresponding cathode potential can begin at a value below an upper limit UL for the cathode potential and rise to a value close to the upper limit UL for the cathode potential. As mentioned, changes to a cell can occur with respect to one or more factors. For example, discharge-charge cycles can alter the chemistry, structure, and so on. For instance, as the number of cycles increases, contaminants can concentrate at an anode, a cathode, or both, successively reducing the cell's current storage capacity. As another example, as the number of cycles increases, a structure at an anode, a cathode, or both can degrade, successively reducing the cell's current storage capacity. For example, a charge control circuit can accommodate one or more such changes by adjusting the charging voltage, which can successively prevent certain types of damage conditions (e.g., exceeding an upper limit of a cathode potential).For example, a charge control circuit can be a compensation circuit that compensates for changes occurring in one or more cells in an effort to increase cell lifespan, etc. For example, a method may involve receiving a potential value from the negative electrode of a lithium-ion cell and, for a cell charging process of the lithium-ion cell, adjusting a constant voltage phase voltage that is at least partially based on the potential value of the negative electrode. In such a method, receiving may involve measuring the potential value of the negative electrode relative to a reference electrode of the lithium-ion cell. For example, a negative electrode may include a carbon matrix (e.g., graphite). For example, a method may involve powering a computer with the lithium-ion cell, powering a cellular combination circuit with the lithium-ion cell, etc. For example, a method may include supplying a vehicle with a lithium-ion cell, receiving a potential value from the negative electrode of a lithium-ion cell, and, for a cell charging process of the lithium-ion cell, adjusting a constant voltage phase voltage that is at least partially based on the potential value of the negative electrode. In such an example, the supply may include supplying an electric motor that is operationally coupled to a vehicle's powertrain. For example, a system may include a circuit powered by direct current; a lithium-ion cell providing the direct current; and a circuit that adjusts a constant voltage phase voltage for a cell charging process of the lithium-ion cell, based on information indicating an increase in the potential of the negative electrode of the lithium-ion cell. In such a system, the information indicating an increase in the potential of the negative electrode may include a measured potential value of the negative electrode relative to a reference electrode of the lithium-ion cell. For example, information indicating an increase in the potential of a negative electrode could include a list stored in the system's memory, based on measurements of the negative electrode's potential relative to a lithium-ion cell's reference electrode. In such an example, the list could include the negative electrode's potential values ​​relative to one or more parameters (e.g., charge cycles, time, temperature, etc.). For instance, the list could include potential values ​​relative to one or more charge cycle counts, time, and temperature. For example, a system can include information indicating an increase in the potential of a negative electrode as a value derived from a model of a negative electrode potential with respect to one or more parameters (e.g., charging cycles, time, and temperature). For example, a model can be a model potential with respect to one or more of the number of charging cycles, time, and temperature. For example, a system can include an electric motor as a circuit powered by direct current supplied by one or more lithium-ion cells. For example, a system can include a computer as a circuit powered by direct current supplied by one or more lithium-ion cells. For example, a system can include a cellular communication circuit powered by direct current supplied by one or more lithium-ion cells. For example, a lithium-ion cell system may comprise: a lithium-ion cell including a carbon matrix anode, a cathode, and a reference electrode; a circuit to measure the potential of the carbon matrix anode relative to the reference electrode; and a circuit to adjust a constant voltage phase voltage for charging the lithium-ion cell, based at least partially on the measured potential of the carbon matrix anode. Such a system may also include a bus interface for receiving information for the circuit to adjust the constant voltage phase voltage. For example, a circuit to adjust a constant voltage phase voltage may adjust the constant voltage phase voltage based on information received via a bus interface. In such an example, the bus interface may be coupled to a computer bus or a vehicle bus (e.g., a 12V bus or another bus). For example, if a constant voltage (CV) phase voltage needs to be adjusted, such an adjustment can be made by modifying the parameter ΔVREG (e.g., as shown in Method 230 in Fig. 2). As already shown, the parameter ΔVREG is used to determine when a constant voltage (CV) phase of a charging process (e.g., a charge) begins; it should be noted that the voltage can be maintained at this value while the current drops to an acceptable level (e.g., to trigger the end of the charge process). For example, if a charging process uses a technique that includes an alternative to a constant voltage (CV) phase, one or more of the techniques (e.g., methods, circuitry, etc.) described herein may be adapted for such use of a charging process (e.g., for cell lifetime, safety, design, etc.). The term "circuit" or "circuit" is used in the abstract, description, and / or claims. In the art, it is known that the term "circuit" encompasses all levels of available integration, e.g., from discrete logic circuits to the highest levels of circuit integration such as VLSI, and programmable logic components programmed to perform the functions of an embodiment, as well as general-purpose or specialized-purpose processors programmed with instructions to execute those functions. Such a circuit may optionally refer to one or more computer-readable media comprising computer-executable instructions. As described herein, a computer-readable medium may be a storage device (e.g., a memory card, a storage disk, etc.) and may refer to a computer-readable storage medium. While various examples of circuits have been discussed, Fig. 11 shows a block diagram of a representable computer system 1100. The system 1100 may be a desktop computer system, such as one of the ThinkCentre® or ThinkPad® series of personal computers sold by Lenovo (US) Inc. of Morrisville, NC, or a workstation computer, such as ThinkStation® sold by Lenovo (US) Inc. of Morrisville, NC; however, as is evident from the description herein, a satellite, base, server, or other device may include other features or only some of the features of the system 1100. As described herein, a device such as one of the devices 300 of Fig. 3 may include at least some of the features of the system 1100. As shown in Fig. 11, the System 1100 includes a so-called chipset 1110. A chipset refers to a group of integrated circuits, or chips, that are designed (e.g., configured) to work together. Chipsets are usually marketed as individual products (e.g., consider chipsets marketed under the trademarks INTEL®, AMD®, etc.). In the example shown in Fig. 11, the chipset 1110 has a particular architecture, which can be varied to a certain extent depending on the company and manufacturer. The architecture of the chipset 1110 comprises a core and a memory control group 1120 and an on / off control network node 1150, which exchanges information (e.g., data, signals, commands, etc.) for example via a direct management interface or a direct media interface (DMI) 1142 or a link control device 1144. In the example shown in Fig. 11, the DMI 1142 is a chip-to-chip interface (sometimes referred to as a connection between a "northbridge" and a "southbridge"). The core and memory control group 1120 comprises one or more processors 1122 (e.g., single-core or multi-core) and a memory control node 1126, which exchanges information via a front-side bus (FSB) 1124. As described herein, different components of the core and memory control group 1120 can be integrated into a single processor chip, for example, to replace a chip having the conventional "northbridge" architecture. Memory control node 1126 is connected to memory 1140 via interfaces. For example, memory control node 1126 can provide support for DDR SDRAM memory (e.g., DDR, DDR2, DDR3, etc.). Generally, memory 1140 is a type of direct access memory (RAM), often referred to as "system memory." The storage control network node 1126 further includes a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) interface 1132. The LVDS 1132 can be a so-called LVDS display interface (LDI) to support a display device 1192 (e.g., a CRT, a flat panel display, a projector, etc.). Block 1138 includes some examples of technologies that can be supported via the LVDS interface 1132 (e.g., serial digital video, HDMI / DVI, display port). The storage control network node 1126 also includes one or more PCI Express (PCI-E) interfaces 1134, for example, to support discrete graphics 1136. Discrete graphics using a PCI-E interface provide an alternative approximation to an accelerated graphics port (AGP). For example, the storage control network node 1126 can include a 16-lane (x16) PCI-E port for an external PCI-E-based graphics card.A system may also include an AGP or PCI-E interface to support graphics. As described herein, the display may be a sensor display (e.g., configured to receive input using a stylus, finger, etc.). As described herein, a sensor display may rely on resistive sensitivity, optical sensitivity, or some other type of sensitivity. The 1150 on / off network node control unit includes a variety of interfaces. The example in Fig. 11 includes a SATA interface 1151, one or more PCI-E interfaces (optionally one or more legal PCI interfaces), one or more USB interfaces 1153, a LAN interface 1154 (more generally a network interface), a general-purpose input / output (GPIO) interface 1155, a low-port-count (LPC) interface 1170, a power management interface 1161, a clock generator interface 1162, an audio interface 1163 (e.g., for loudspeakers 1194), a total cost of ownership (TCO) interface 1164, a system management bus interface (e.g., a multi-master serial computer bus interface) 1165, and a serial peripheral flash memory / control interface (SPI Flash) 1166, which in the example in Fig. 11 includes a BIOS 1168 and a boot code 1190.Regarding network connectivity, the 1150 on / off network node controller can include integrated Gigabit Ethernet control lines multiplexed with a PCI-E interface port. Other network features may be dependent on the PCI-E interface. The interfaces of the 1150 power supply enable communication with various devices, networks, and so on. The SATA interface, for example, is designed for reading, writing, or both reading and writing information to one or more 1180 drives, such as HDDs, SSDs, or a combination thereof. The 1150 power supply can also include an Advanced Communications Interface (AHCI) to support one or more 1180 drives. The PCI-E interface 1152 enables wireless 1182 connections to devices, networks, and so on. The USB interface 1153 provides input devices 1184, such as keyboards, one or more optical sensors, mice, and various other devices (e.g., microphones, cameras, phones, storage devices, media players, etc.). One or more other types of sensors can optically access the USB interface 1153 or other interfaces (e.g., I2C, etc.).Regarding microphones, the system 1100 of Fig. 11 can include hardware (e.g., audio cards) that is suitable for receiving sound (e.g., user speech, ambient sounds, etc.). In the example shown in Fig. 11, the LPC interface 1170 provides the use of one or more ASICs 1171 as a reliable platform for modules (TPM) 1172, a super I / O 1173, a company software node 1174, BIOS support 1175, and various types of memory 1176, such as ROM 1177, Flash 1178, and non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) 1179. With reference to the TPM 1172, this module, in the form of a chip, can be used as authentication software and hardware devices. For example, a TPM can be able to form a platform for authentication and can be used to verify that a system requesting access is the expected system. When powered on, the System 1100 can be configured to execute a boot code 1190 for the BIOS 1168, as stored within the SPI flash memory 1166, and thereafter process data under the control of one or more management systems and application software (e.g., stored in the system memory 1140). An operating system can be stored in and accessed from any of the many locations, for example, according to the instructions of the BIOS 1168. Often, as described herein, a satellite, base, server, or other device may include fewer or more features than those shown in the System 1100 of Fig. 11. Furthermore, the System 1100 shown in Fig. 11 optionally includes cell telephone circuits 1195, which include GSM, CDMA, etc.These can include types and circuits configured to coordinate operation with one or more other devices of the System 1100. Figure 11 also shows the battery circuit 1197, which can provide one or more batteries, power, etc., associated with features (e.g., optionally for instructing one or more other components of the System 1100). As mentioned, an SMBus can be operated via an LPC (see, for example, the LPC interface 1170), via an I2C interface (see, for example, the SM / I2C interface 1165), etc. FINAL RESULT Although examples of the methods, devices, systems, etc., are described in a language specific to structural features and / or process-related operations, it should be understood that the subject matter defined in the pending claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or operations described. Rather, the specific features and operations are disclosed as examples to form an embodiment of the claimed methods, devices, systems, etc.

Claims

The method comprises: - Charging a lithium-ion cell according to a charging cycle with a constant voltage phase, which is triggered by a difference between a potential of a negative electrode of the lithium-ion cell and a potential of a positive electrode of the lithium-ion cell corresponding to a specified voltage value; - Measuring a potential value of the negative electrode of the lithium-ion cell with respect to a reference electrode of the lithium-ion cell; and - Based on an increase in the potential value of the negative electrode with respect to the reference electrode, adjusting the specified voltage value of the charging cycle for a charging operation of the lithium-ion cell in order to decrease the difference between the potential of the negative electrode and the potential of the positive electrode that triggers the constant voltage phase. Method according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode comprises a carbon matrix. The method according to claim 1, further comprising supplying power to a vehicle with the lithium-ion cell. The method according to claim 1, further comprising supplying power to a computer with the lithium-ion cell. Method according to claim 1, further comprising supplying power to a cellular communication circuit with the lithium-ion cell. System comprising: - a circuit that is operated with direct current; - a lithium-ion cell that supplies direct current; and - a circuit that adjusts a specified voltage value, which triggers a constant voltage phase in a charging cycle to charge the lithium-ion cell, when a difference between a potential of a negative electrode of the lithium-ion cell and a potential of a positive electrode of the lithium-ion cell corresponds to the specified voltage value, based on information indicating an increase in a measured potential value of the negative electrode of the lithium-ion cell with respect to a reference electrode of the lithium-ion cell, in order to reduce the difference between the potential of the negative electrode and the potential of the positive electrode that leads to triggering the constant voltage phase. System according to claim 6, wherein the information indicating the increase of the measured potential value of the negative electrode comprises a list stored in a memory of the system, based on measurements of the potential value of the negative electrode with reference to a reference electrode of the lithium-ion cell. System according to claim 7, wherein the list comprises a list of potential values ​​for the negative electrode with reference to one or more parameters. System according to claim 8, wherein the one or more parameters are at least one selected from the group comprising a number of charging cycles, time and temperature. System according to claim 6, wherein the information indicating an increase in the potential of the negative electrode comprises a value derived from a model of the negative electrode potential with respect to one or more of the parameters. System according to claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters comprise at least one from the group consisting of a number of charge cycles, time and temperature. System according to claim 6, wherein the circuit which is operated with direct current comprises an electric motor. System according to claim 6, wherein the circuit which is operated with direct current comprises a computer. System according to claim 6, wherein the circuit which is operated with direct current comprises a cellular communication circuit. Lithium-ion cell system comprising: - a lithium-ion cell comprising a carbon matrix anode, a cathode, and a reference electrode; - a circuit for measuring the potential of the carbon matrix anode with respect to the reference electrode; and - a circuit for adjusting a specified voltage value, which triggers a constant voltage phase in a charging cycle to charge the lithium-ion cell, when a difference between a potential of the carbon matrix anode and a potential of the cathode corresponds to the specified voltage value, based on an increase in the measured potential of the carbon matrix anode with respect to the reference electrode, in order to reduce the difference between the potential of the carbon matrix anode and the potential of the cathode that leads to triggering the constant voltage phase. Lithium-ion cell system according to claim 15, further comprising a bus interface for receiving information for the circuit to adjust the specified voltage value. Lithium-ion cell system according to claim 16, wherein the bus interface comprises a bus interface coupled to a part selected from the group consisting of a computer bus or a vehicle bus.

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