Cylinder bore with sections and methods for manufacturing the cylinder bore, as well as cylinder and internal combustion engine

Abstract

The invention relates to a cylinder liner (15) for insertion into a cylinder (11) of an internal combustion engine, wherein the cylinder liner is designed to guide a piston of the cylinder on a cylinder liner surface (16), and the cylinder liner (15) is surface-treated to represent the cylinder liner surface (16) as a load-dependent cylinder liner surface (16) and has at least three sub-areas (48, 50, 52) comprising a first and second sub-area (48, 50, 52), wherein - at least the first and second sub-areas (48, 50, 52) have different surface treatments, characterized by the fact that - the first sub-area (50), comprising an intermediate area, in particular a central area, a first plasma spray layer applied to the cylinder bore (15) with a first plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7), - the second sub-area (48, 52), comprising an outer edge area, in particular a lower and upper one, which has a second plasma spray layer applied to the cylinder bore with a second plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7), and - the first and second plasma spray layer, in particular the first and second sub-area (48, 50, 52) comprising the lower and upper outer edge area (48, 52) and the middle intermediate area (50), are processed by means of honing.

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a cylinder bore according to the preamble of claim 1 and a method for producing a cylinder bore according to the preamble of claim 11. The invention also relates to a cylinder according to claim 9 and an internal combustion engine according to claim 10.

[0002] A cylinder bore mentioned at the outset is designed for insertion in the form of a cylinder liner into a cylinder of an internal combustion engine, wherein the cylinder liner is designed to guide a piston of the cylinder on a cylinder bore surface while forming a tribological system, and the cylinder bore is surface-treated to represent the cylinder bore surface as a load-dependent cylinder bore surface and has a first and second partial region, wherein the first and second partial regions are surface-treated differently.

[0003] The cylinder bores, together with a piston, form a tribological system, also referred to below as a tribosystem. In the conventionally manufactured cylinder bores described above, friction with the piston causes wear, which in turn increases oil consumption in the tribosystem and causes combustion anomalies.

[0004] Wear on tribological surfaces that are in relative motion within technical equipment is primarily caused by four different mechanisms. Abrasive and adhesive wear are particularly important.

[0005] Abrasive wear occurs when hard particles of a lubricant or roughness peaks of one of the friction partners penetrate the layer between the components. This results in scoring and micro-machining of the affected component surfaces.

[0006] Adhesive wear, on the other hand, occurs when lubrication is inadequate. When contacting components are tightly pressed together under high surface pressure, the contact surfaces adhere to each other due to adhesion, increasing friction. As the components slide against each other, surface layer particles are sheared off. This demonstrates that the three parameters of friction, wear, and oil consumption or lubrication influence each other.

[0007] It is therefore desirable to influence friction, wear and oil consumption in the tribosystems in a beneficial way for the engine.

[0008] In today's engines, especially large engines, honed cylinder liners made of centrifugal casting are predominantly used. Conventionally manufactured cylinder liners are provided with different honing structures depending on requirements. The honed valleys serve the tribosystem as oil reservoirs and as micro-pressure chambers for hydrodynamic lubrication. The structures of the cylinder liner surfaces of such cylinder liners can be represented by the parameters Rk, Rpk, and Rvk described in ISO 13565-2. The effect of these parameters on the behavior of an engine is, for example, shown in Fig. 3a and Fig. 3b is explained in more detail.

[0009] DE 10 2009 050 612 A1 describes a method for producing a non-cylindrical inner surface of a bore by fine boring or honing.

[0010] DE 103 60 148 A1 describes a cylinder bore that enables a reduction in oil consumption, a reduction in the emission of oil-related pollutants such as unburned hydrocarbons and particulates, and a reduction in wear on the cylinder liner's bore. For this purpose, a cylinder bore is proposed that is provided with microstructures in partial areas of the bore. Such microstructures are created, for example, by laser processing. In this respect, it may be generally known that, according to the preamble of claim 1, a cylinder bore is provided that has a cylinder bore surface in which several partial areas are provided.

[0011] However, it would be desirable to avoid an additional laser processing step for the production of microstructures.

[0012] DE 199 41 564 A1 relates to a method for processing a surface of a component using a plasma beam in a processing zone. The particle beam at least partially sweeps over the surface of the component to be processed in a predetermined pattern.

[0013] According to FR 2 924 365 A1, plasma spraying creates different sub-areas with different pore densities and sizes by varying process parameters (size, hardness, speed, preheating temperature, particle composition). Subsequently, lapping can be performed, for example.

[0014] DE 10 2011 085 324 A1 describes a method for producing a coating by thermal spraying, in particular by plasma spraying, in which a component, in particular a bore of an internal combustion engine, made, for example, of a light metal, is coated with an alloy, preferably an iron alloy. A variable gas flow or a variable flow rate of a transport gas and / or the plasma gas can be adjusted over the axial length of the bore to be coated.

[0015] In F. Ring et al.'s "Low Friction Powertrain," it is described that porous plasma-sprayed coatings can achieve a smoother surface topography than conventional surface honing. Furthermore, porous plasma-sprayed coatings possess good friction and oil consumption properties, as well as good wear properties. In particular, this means that with increasing wear, new pores in the porous coating are continually exposed as oil retention volumes, thus ensuring permanent lubrication of the tribological system. Such plasma-sprayed coatings are already used in automotive engineering. The transfer of such plasma-sprayed coatings to large engines is not readily possible due to the many differences between car engines and large engines.

[0016] It is desirable to reduce friction in the tribosystem, particularly by reducing solid-body friction and / or boundary friction between the surfaces involved. In particular, the tribosystem should be adaptable to the prevailing boundary conditions without creating microstructures.

[0017] This is where the invention comes in, the object of which is to provide a device and a manufacturing method with regard to a cylinder bore mentioned above, by means of which it is possible to prepare a cylinder bore surface by means of appropriate treatment with a view to reducing the solid body friction and / or reducing the boundary friction between the surfaces involved.

[0018] This object concerning the device is achieved by a cylinder bore of claim 1.

[0019] The invention is based on a cylinder bore for insertion in the form of a cylinder liner into a cylinder of an internal combustion engine, wherein the cylinder liner is designed to guide a piston of the cylinder on a cylinder bore surface, and the cylinder bore is surface-treated to represent the cylinder bore surface as a load-dependent cylinder bore surface and, , has a first and second partial region, wherein the first and second partial regions are surface-treated differently.

[0020] It is intended that - the first partial region, comprising a central intermediate region, has a first plasma spray layer applied to the cylinder bore with a first plasma spray layer variant, - the second partial region, comprising a lower and upper outer edge region, which has a second plasma spray layer applied to the cylinder bore with a second plasma spray layer variant, and - the first and second plasma spray layers of the first and second partial regions comprising the lower and upper outer edge regions and the central intermediate region are processed by means of honing.

[0021] It is provided that the first partial region comprises a central intermediate region, and thus the central intermediate region has a first plasma spray layer applied to the cylinder bore using the first plasma spray layer variant. It is provided that the second partial region comprises a lower and upper outer edge region, and thus the lower and upper outer edge region has a second plasma spray layer applied to the cylinder bore using a second plasma spray layer variant. The central intermediate region lies between the lower and upper outer edge regions. The central intermediate region can be directly adjacent to the lower and upper outer edge regions. The first and second plasma spray layers of the first and second partial regions, comprising the lower and upper outer edge regions and the central intermediate region, are machined by means of honing.

[0022] The first and second plasma spray layer variants are preferably selected from a group of several different plasma spray layer variants. The first plasma spray layer variant can be a plasma spray layer variant from the group of plasma spray layer variants that differs from the second plasma spray layer variant. However, it is also possible for the same plasma spray layer variant from the group of plasma spray layer variants to be selected for the first and second plasma spray layer variants.

[0023] The cylinder bore surface is therefore first plasma spray coated with a first and second plasma spray layer variant and then treated with honing.

[0024] The plasma spray coating creates a favorable layer structure, whereby the plasma spray coating has a certain degree of porosity and possibly, but not necessarily, a surface roughness of less than 1 µm. A smooth or smoother surface for the plasma spray coating is achieved through subsequent honing as a surface treatment method. According to DIN 8589-14, honing is classified as a machining process and belongs to the group "cutting with geometrically undefined cutting edges." Examples of honing methods include long-stroke honing and short-stroke honing. Long-stroke honing creates a cross-cut grind, while short-stroke honing creates a sine-cut grind. The grind can also differ in the depth of the hones. Honing is used to give the layer structure based on the plasma spray coating a favorable surface finish.This combination of the properties of plasma spray coating with the subsequent honing of the surface thereof leads to the particularly advantageous reduction of the solid friction and / or reduction of the boundary friction between the aforementioned participating surfaces of the tribosystem, whereby the cylinder bore for insertion in the form of a cylinder liner into a cylinder with the properties defined according to the invention offers a significant particularly advantageous basis.

[0025] The invention is based on the consideration that, in order to ensure minimum friction in a tribosystem, advantageously comprising the cylinder bore, piston, and possibly piston rings, the boundary conditions within the tribosystem should be taken into account. Boundary conditions to be considered in a tribosystem comprising at least the cylinder bore and a piston include, among others, the speed of the piston in the cylinder liner, the cylinder pressure, the cylinder temperature, and the choice of lubricant between the piston and the cylinder bore.

[0026] To this end, the invention recognizes that different boundary conditions prevail in different sub-regions of the cylinder bore, i.e., the tribological system is exposed to different loads depending on the cylinder liner height. The invention further recognizes that different surface topographies of the cylinder bore surface can be produced by different surface treatments. In particular, the surface topography can influence the sliding properties of the piston on the cylinder bore, the oil affinity of the cylinder bore, or the robustness of the cylinder bore. This creates the possibility of selecting a suitable surface treatment for the cylinder bore surface with regard to the loads depending on the cylinder liner height.

[0027] The invention is further based on the consideration that plasma spray coatings, in particular, can be designed very flexibly by selecting a plasma spray variant. The invention also assumes that honed surfaces can be designed differently depending on the surface being honed or the honing variant used during honing. Thus, the cylinder bore surface can be adapted to different boundary conditions, particularly loads, with a suitable surface treatment.

[0028] The invention further recognizes that customized cylinder bores can potentially not only reduce friction but also optimize oil film formation, thus reducing wear and oil consumption. Ideally, friction and wear can be reduced to such an extent that a lubricating film becomes obsolete. This also means that a customized cylinder bore can extend the life cycle of a tribological system consisting of the cylinder bore and piston.

[0029] Within the scope of the task relating to the device, the invention leads to a cylinder for an engine of an internal combustion engine with a cylinder bore according to the concept of the invention and a piston in the form of a tribological system according to claim 9.

[0030] Within the scope of the task, the invention further also leads to an internal combustion engine with an engine having a cylinder according to the concept of the invention according to claim 10.

[0031] The object relating to the method is achieved by a manufacturing method according to claim 11.

[0032] The method is designed for producing a cylinder bore for insertion in the form of a cylinder liner into a cylinder of an internal combustion engine, wherein the cylinder liner is designed to guide a piston of the cylinder on a cylinder bore surface while forming a tribological system, and the cylinder bore has a first and second partial region, wherein the first and second partial region are surface-treated to represent the cylinder bore surface as a load-dependent cylinder bore surface.

[0033] The procedure includes the following steps: - Providing the cylinder bore, wherein the cylinder bore surface of the cylinder bore provides the first and second partial areas.

[0034] The procedure further provides for the following steps: - treating the first partial area, comprising a central intermediate area, of the cylinder bore surface with a first plasma spray layer variant and the second partial area, comprising a lower and upper outer edge area, of the cylinder bore surface with a second plasma spray layer variant, and - Honing the first and second partial areas, comprising the lower and upper outer edge areas and the central intermediate area, of the cylinder bore surface.

[0035] Before honing the first and second partial areas, the process comprises a plasma coating step in which a partial area, namely the first and second partial areas of the cylinder bore surface, is coated with a possibly different first and second plasma spray coating variant. This provides, according to the principles explained above, a tribologically advantageous surface, at least for the cylinder bore, which is crucial for reducing solid friction and / or reducing boundary friction between the surfaces involved in the tribological system.

[0036] It can be provided that the first and second partial areas are machined with a first honing variant. The lower and upper outer edge areas are coated with a plasma spray coating variant that differs from the plasma spray coating variant of the central intermediate area. Honing with a single honing variant already results in different surface qualities on different plasma spray coatings and thus in different surface topographies, which can be adapted to the different loads acting on the cylinder bore.

[0037] According to the invention, however, the central intermediate region is treated with the first honing variant, and the lower and upper outer edge regions are treated with a second honing variant. The various honing variants are selected from a group of several different honing variants.

[0038] Honing is intended for use after the application of the plasma sprayed layer(s). Different honing methods result in different surface topographies.

[0039] Within the scope of the invention, it is provided that the honing variants and the plasma spray coating variants are assigned in a predetermined manner, depending on the load, to the lower and upper outer edge regions and the central intermediate region, wherein the central intermediate region is loaded differently than the lower and upper outer edge regions. The loads of the sub-regions differ due to different boundary conditions, which act, for example, on the different sub-regions of the cylinder bore due to the piston or the piston stroke. The loads arise, for example, from different piston speeds in the sub-regions, different cylinder pressures during the piston stroke, or the like. Due to the different loads, the requirements placed on the coating of the different sub-regions also vary.

[0040] Advantageous further developments of the invention can be found in the dependent claims and specify in detail advantageous possibilities for realizing the concept explained above within the scope of the task and with regard to further advantages.

[0041] Within the scope of a preferred development, it is provided that the cylinder bore surface has five sub-regions, wherein the five sub-regions are surface-treated to represent the cylinder bore surface as a load-dependent cylinder bore surface. In particular, the five sub-regions comprise a lower and upper outer edge region, an upper and lower intermediate region, and a central intermediate region. The sub-regions are arranged such that the central intermediate region is enclosed by the upper and lower intermediate region. The upper intermediate region is enclosed by the upper outer edge region and the central intermediate region. The lower intermediate region is enclosed by the lower outer edge region and the central intermediate region. The five sub-regions can be directly adjacent to one another.

[0042] Dividing the cylinder bore surface into five sub-areas enables even more precise adaptation of the cylinder bore to the different boundary conditions, especially loads.

[0043] In a further development, the lower outer edge region is surface-treated differently than the upper outer edge region and the central intermediate region, with the lower outer edge region being treated with a third plasma spray coating variant. The third plasma spray coating variant is also selected from a group of several different plasma spray coating variants. In this development, the selected plasma spray coating variants differ from one another.

[0044] Due to the different plasma spray coating variants, the surface texture and thus the surface topography of the lower outer edge area differs from the surface texture and thus from the surface topography of the middle intermediate area and the lower outer edge area.

[0045] In a further development, it is further provided that the central intermediate region encompasses a piston guide raceway center, and the upper edge region encompasses a top dead center of the piston guide. Furthermore, it is provided that the lower edge region encompasses a bottom dead center of the piston guide.

[0046] In addition, it is also provided that the first plasma spray layer variant, in particular the first plasma spray layer variant and the first honing variant, forms the upper intermediate region with respect to the middle region with one or more properties selected from the group consisting of: higher affinity to engine oil, higher porosity and lower density.

[0047] In the middle intermediate region, the piston speed and the lubricating film primarily influence the tribosystem of the cylinder bore and piston. However, a piston speed, for example, is not maximum at 90°, but rather at -70° of the crank angle; therefore, the intermediate region should be understood generally as "lying between or adjacent to an edge region," and the middle intermediate region should be defined broadly as a sufficiently wide area between a lower and upper outer edge region.

[0048] However, in order to ensure reduced friction, especially in the areas of high or maximum piston speed, a particularly low level of friction must be supported in the intermediate area, particularly in the middle intermediate area, compared to other sections of the cylinder bore. A maximum or particularly high piston speed is primarily dependent on the crankshaft kinematics and is, of course, not initially limited by the surface properties of the cylinder bore. However, the surface properties of the cylinder bore influence the friction, which results from "speed times coefficient of friction." Therefore, it is particularly advantageous to provide a cylinder bore surface as a load-dependent cylinder bore surface according to one or more of the aforementioned boundary conditions; i.e.according to the invention with the plasma spray layer variants and a honing process based on them.

[0049] Such a requirement also places, among other things, a requirement on the cylinder bore surface to form a hydrodynamic lubricating film. For the surface coating in the central intermediate zone, this means that—compared to the other sections of the cylinder bore—the surface should exhibit either no or very fine porosity and / or a high density.

[0050] In contrast, the upper outer edge area is subject to comparatively high pressure. Furthermore, the evaporation of engine oil in this area should be reduced. Therefore, the goal is to make the cylinder bore surface in this section as robust as possible, i.e., the cylinder bore surface should exhibit a higher affinity for engine oil, higher porosity, and lower density compared to the bore surface in the central intermediate area.

[0051] These differing conditions can advantageously be achieved by selecting the appropriate surface coating. Specifically, this means that a combination of surface treatments, such as honing and plasma spray coating, can be selected in the various areas depending on the type of load between the piston and the cylinder bore.

[0052] In a variant of the aforementioned further development, it is provided that the second plasma spray layer variant -- in particular the second plasma spray layer variant and the second honing variant -- forms the lower outer edge region with respect to the central intermediate region with one or more properties selected from the group consisting of: higher porosity and / or lower density.

[0053] In the lower outer edge area, boundary friction between the cylinder bore and the piston should be reduced in particular. Therefore, the goal is to design a cylinder bore surface in this area with higher porosity than the other areas, i.e., the upper outer edge area and the central intermediate area.

[0054] The invention also leads to the solution of the problem of a method for producing a cylinder bore according to the concept of the invention as explained above.

[0055] In a further development of the method, the central intermediate area is machined with a first honing variant, and the lower and upper outer edge areas are machined with a second honing variant. The different honing variants are selected from a group of several different honing variants. The different honing variants, for example, long-stroke honing and short-stroke honing, result in different surface topographies. However, a first long-stroke honing with a first honing tool angle and a second long-stroke honing with a second honing tool angle are also considered different honing variants. The same applies to short-stroke honing.

[0056] The lower and upper outer edge areas and the middle intermediate area were plasma spray coated before honing.

[0057] In a further development, the method provides that treatment with the first or second plasma spray coating variant does not involve the application of a plasma spray coating. In this development, for example, the lower and upper outer edge areas are treated with a plasma spray coating, while the central intermediate area is not treated with a plasma spray coating. Subsequently, the lower and upper outer edge areas and the central intermediate area are honed.

[0058] Advantageously, the method provides that the first plasma spray layer variant comprises a first spray material, and the second plasma spray layer variant comprises a second spray material. Spray materials include, for example, metals, in particular alloys, metallic matrices, or ceramics.

[0059] Within the scope of a particularly preferred development, the method provides that the plasma spray coating is carried out in the central intermediate region and the lower and upper outer edge region, wherein the plasma spray coating is carried out in the central intermediate region and the lower and upper outer edge region with different spraying parameters selected from the group consisting of: speed of the spray material, temperature of the plasma and composition of the plasma gas or the like. In particular, the layer thickness, layer structure, porosity and surface roughness of the plasma spray layer on the cylinder bore are influenced by the choice of spraying parameters. This can be exploited to specifically control the condition of the cylinder surfaces in the various sub-regions.

[0060] Embodiments of the invention will now be described below with reference to the drawings in comparison to the prior art, some of which is also shown. These are not necessarily intended to represent the embodiments to scale; rather, where useful for explanation, the drawings are schematic and / or slightly distorted. With regard to additions to the teachings immediately apparent from the drawings, reference is made to the relevant prior art. It should be noted that many modifications and changes to the form and detail of an embodiment can be made without departing from the general idea of ​​the invention. The features of the invention disclosed in the description, the drawings and the claims can be essential for further development of the invention, both individually and in any combination.Furthermore, all combinations of at least two of the features disclosed in the description, the drawings and / or the claims fall within the scope of the invention. The general idea of ​​the invention is not limited to the exact form or detail of the preferred embodiment shown and described below, or limited to an object that would be limited compared to the object claimed in the claims. In the case of specified dimensioning ranges, values ​​lying within the stated limits are also intended to be disclosed as limit values ​​and to be used and claimed as desired. Further advantages, features and details of the invention will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments and from the drawings, which show: Fig. 1 schematic representation of the parameters friction, wear and oil consumption and their mutual influence in a tribological system consisting of cylinder bore and piston; Fig. 2 an exemplary representation of a tribological system consisting of cylinder bore and piston according to the state of the art; Fig. 3a, Fig. 3b shows an example of a cylinder surface pattern of a conventionally honed cylinder bore and an ideal surface pattern of a cylinder bore; Fig. 4a shows a schematic representation of a cross-section of a cylinder bore with influencing parameters on a tribological system consisting of cylinder bore and piston; Fig. 4b a representation of a Stribeck curve to demonstrate the friction in the tribological system of cylinder bore and piston as a function of the relative speed of the piston to the cylinder bore; Fig. 5a, Fig. 5b a representation of the working cycle as a function of the piston speed and a representation of the working cycle as a function of the cylinder pressure to demonstrate the influencing parameters on the tribological system of cylinder bore and piston; Fig. 6 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of a cylinder bore according to the concept of the invention; Fig. 7 an exemplary representation of various surface treatments for the different parts of the cylinder bore surface, Fig. 8a, Fig. 8b a schematic representation of a first and second variant of a merely honed cylinder bore, Fig. 9 is a schematic representation of a preferred variant of a first embodiment of the cylinder bore according to the concept of the invention; Fig. 10 is a schematic representation of a preferred variant of a second embodiment of the cylinder bore according to the concept of the invention; Fig. 11 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of a method for producing a cylinder bore according to the concept of the invention.

[0061] Fig. Figure 1 shows, in a highly simplified manner, the mutual influence of the parameters friction 2, wear 4, and oil consumption 6 in a tribological system, also referred to as a tribosystem, consisting of the cylinder bore, crankshaft, and piston. An oil film acts as a lubricating film between the cylinder bore and the piston. In a tribosystem, friction 2 occurs between the partners of the tribosystem; in this case, primarily between the cylinder bore, the piston, and the piston rings. This friction 2 depends, on the one hand, on how worn the partners of the tribosystem already are and, on the other hand, on the formation of the lubricating film between the cylinder bore and the piston group, primarily between the piston and the piston rings.

[0062] Wear 4 of the cylinder bore, crankshaft, and piston, in turn, depends on how the cylinder bore and piston rub against each other and the formation of the lubricating film between the cylinder bore and the piston. Friction 2 causes particles to detach from the cylinder bore or piston and enter the lubricating film. This may also be considered with regard to the crankshaft.

[0063] Oil consumption 6 is closely related to friction 2 and wear 6. Specifically, friction 2 and / or wear 4 can lead to combustion anomalies, which negatively impacts oil consumption.

[0064] Based on the Fig. 1 makes it clear that friction 2, wear 4, and oil consumption 6 must be viewed as a holistic system and therefore optimized as a holistic system. Ideally, reduced friction 2 ensures less or no wear 4. This can be beneficial if fewer or no particles are released from the surfaces of the cylinder bore and piston. Reduced wear primarily preserves the geometry of the tribological components, allowing oil consumption to be kept at a lower level equivalent to wear.

[0065] Fig. Figure 2 shows an exemplary representation of a piston-cylinder design 10. The piston-cylinder design 10 comprises a cylinder 11 with a cylinder bore 16. It further comprises a piston 12, a cooling channel 14, and a crankshaft 15. In particular, the cylinder bore 16, the crankshaft 15, and the piston 12 form a tribosystem.

[0066] Fig. Figure 3a shows the surface finish 20, specifically the surface pattern, of a conventionally honed cylinder bore. Such a surface finish 20 is described by the R parameters Rk, Rvk, and Rpk.

[0067] Rk specifies the core roughness depth, where core roughness is the depth of the surface pattern excluding protruding peaks and deep grooves. Rpk describes the peak heights of the surface pattern. The peak height describes the abrasive properties of the surface and thus the wear potential of the surface, i.e., the cylinder bore surface, and the counter-body, i.e., the piston. Rvk describes the groove depth within the surface pattern. The groove depth provides information about so-called oil deposits, which serve as lubricant film reservoirs. These oil reservoirs provide a long-term lubricating effect during tribological stress.

[0068] The Fig. The R parameters shown in Figure 3a are typically in the order of 0.2 to 0.8 µm for Rpk, 0.5 to 1.5 µm for Rk and 1.0 to 3.5 for Rvk.

[0069] Fig. Figure 3b shows an ideal surface pattern 22 of a cylinder bore. With such an ideal surface pattern 22, the parameters Rpk and Rk approach zero, thereby minimizing friction losses. The groove depth Rvk can be selected to form ideal oil reservoirs that meet the requirements of a tribological system.

[0070] Fig. Figure 4a shows a schematic representation of a cross-section 30 of a cylinder bore 15 with parameters influencing a tribological system consisting of the cylinder bore surface 16 and the piston 12. The tribological system has a top dead center (TDC) and a bottom dead center (BDC). For the sake of simplicity, previously described identical elements or elements with the same function are given the same reference numerals.

[0071] The tribosystem consisting of cylinder bore surface 16 and piston 12 typically has engine oil 46 as an intermediate medium. The piston 12, together with a first compression ring 34, a second compression ring 36, an oil control ring 40, and the piston pin (not shown here), forms the so-called piston group. The flank of the upper surface of the piston 12, which movably closes off the combustion chamber, is called the top land 32. The top land 32 forms the upper part of the sealing system, also referred to as the annular zone 33. The sealing effect is primarily achieved by the compression rings 34, 36, while the oil control ring 40 determines the oil balance of the piston group. Excess oil, which enters the annular zone 33 for lubrication and cooling of the piston through design measures such as oil spray nozzles, is wiped off the cylinder bore surface 16 and transported back into the crankcase.

[0072] The following is based on the representation of the Fig. Figure 4a describes the points in the tribological system where the system consisting of cylinder bore surface 16 and piston 12 is influenced during operation. During engine operation, gas, friction, and inertia forces act on the sealing system of the piston group. Due to unavoidable leakage, the three fluids—fuel, engine oil 46, and leakage gas—interact with each other.

[0073] A portion of the fuel injected into the combustion chamber impacts the cylinder bore surface 16 and is smeared by the annular zone 33 during the piston stroke. Supported by the leakage gas flow from the combustion chamber, it is transported toward the crankcase. This leads to dilution and damage of the engine oil 46, for example, by inactivating the wear and corrosion protection additives. As a result of the dilution and damage of the engine oil 46, the friction between the cylinder bore surface 16 and the piston 12 increases.

[0074] The engine oil 46 between the cylinder bore surface 16 and the piston 12 is subjected to a number of forces in the area of ​​the piston assembly. In addition to the inertia force, the piston rings exert mechanical forces on the engine oil 46. Depending on the power stroke, the resulting leakage gas flows also exert aerodynamic forces on the engine oil 46. This leads to oil transport processes that contribute significantly to the engine's oil consumption.

[0075] In addition, leakage gas from the combustion chamber can enter the crankcase. This is known as blow-by. Blow-by can, for example, lead to combustion residues such as soot in the crankcase or to the dilution and damage of the engine oil.

[0076] Fig. Figure 4b shows a Stribeck curve 54 to demonstrate the friction µ, µ0 in the tribological system consisting of the cylinder bore and piston as a function of the relative velocity v of the piston to the cylinder bore, i.e., during operation of the tribological system. If no relative movement occurs, static friction prevails. This is specifically the case at top dead center (TDC) and bottom dead center (BDC).

[0077] As soon as a relative movement v begins and the speed of the piston on the cylinder bore is low, boundary friction 58 prevails, possibly with decreasing solid-body friction. As the relative speed v increases further, the piston begins to separate from the cylinder bore by molecules of a lubricant. Thus, there are both direct and separated contact areas between the piston and the cylinder bore. In such an area, mixed friction 60 prevails. Both boundary friction 58 and mixed friction 60 exist in an upper outer edge area 48 around top dead center and a lower outer edge area 52 around bottom dead center.

[0078] If the relative motion v increases further, fluid friction 64 prevails. Such a condition is specifically present in a central intermediate region 50 around the cylinder bore center. With fluid friction 64, there is no direct contact between the piston and the cylinder bore. A liquid lubricating film serves as the separating medium. The transition from mixed friction 60 to fluid friction 64 is referred to as the release point 62. Near the release point 62, the lowest friction µ, µ0 in the tribological system exists.

[0079] Fig. 5a and Fig. 5b shows, on the one hand, changes in the speed of the piston and, on the other hand, changes in the gas pressure in the working chamber of the cylinder. Fig. Figure 5a specifically shows the progression of piston speed 66 in the cylinder's working chamber. The progression of piston speed 66 is shown here in a piston speed v versus displacement diagram. Fig. Figure 5b shows the gas pressure 68 curve in the working chamber of a cylinder. The gas pressure 68 curve is shown here in a gas pressure versus displacement diagram. Fig. 5a and the Fig. 5b are discussed together below. As an example, a tribosystem with cylinder bore surface 16 at top dead center (TDC) and bottom dead center (BDC) and the first compression ring 34 of the piston are considered. For the sake of simplicity, previously described identical elements or elements with the same function are given the same reference numerals.

[0080] In the first stroke, the intake stroke 70, the piston moves from its resting position at top dead center (TDC) toward bottom dead center (BDC). Approximately halfway between top dead center (TDC) and bottom dead center (BDC), the piston reaches its maximum speed v maxOn its further journey to bottom dead center (BDC), the piston is decelerated again until it comes to rest at bottom dead center (BDC). This movement creates a vacuum. This causes air or a fuel-air mixture to flow into the cylinder chamber.

[0081] In a second stroke, the compression stroke 72, the piston moves from its resting position at bottom dead center (BDC) toward top dead center (TDC). Approximately halfway between bottom dead center (BDC) and top dead center (TDC), the piston again reaches its maximum speed v max . On its further journey to top dead center (TDC), the piston is decelerated again until it comes to rest at top dead center (TDC). This movement compresses the fuel-air mixture until it reaches a maximum pressure, the compression pressure p max The more the mixture is compressed by the reduction in volume, the higher the pressure and temperature.

[0082] In a third stroke, the power stroke 74, the piston speed curve repeats the curve during the intake stroke 70. In the power stroke 74, the fuel-air mixture is burned. During combustion, a maximum pressure p max and a maximum temperature. In a fourth stroke, the exhaust stroke 76, the piston speed curve repeats the curve during the compression stroke 72. The exhaust gas is pushed out of the combustion chamber with slight overpressure.

[0083] Fig. Figure 6 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a cylinder bore 15 comprising a cylinder bore surface 16 with various subregions according to the concept of the invention. Previously described identical elements or elements with the same function are given the same reference numerals for the sake of simplicity.

[0084] As already described, a cylinder bore 15 is subjected to various loads during operation. These loads depend on boundary conditions such as friction, pressure, temperature, and piston speed. The loads change with the position of the piston on the cylinder bore 15. Fig. Figure 6 shows a load-dependent cylinder bore 15. The sections of the load-dependent cylinder bore 15 are plasma-coated with different materials and then honed.

[0085] The primary goal is to reduce solid-body friction and / or boundary friction between the surfaces involved. In particular, the tribological system should be adaptable to the prevailing boundary conditions without creating microstructures.

[0086] Particularly in an upper outer edge region 48 of the cylinder bore surface 16, which includes the top dead center TDC, oil evaporation can be reduced or prevented due to reduced boundary or mixed friction between the cylinder bore 15 and the piston and a surface created accordingly for this purpose, in particular a surface that is also robust for this purpose.

[0087] Therefore, materials with a high affinity for engine oil are provided for the upper outer edge region 48, which are comparatively wear-resistant – with regard to boundary and mixed friction. This affinity for engine oil can reduce oil evaporation. The surface porosity in this upper outer edge region 48 is higher than in a central intermediate region 50 around the cylinder liner center and lower than in a lower outer edge region 52, which includes the bottom dead center (BDC). For example, such materials can be composed of iron, carbon, chromium, and manganese, or of iron, chromium, molybdenum, and manganese. Two different materials can also be used as the surface layer in the upper outer edge region 48. Subsequent honing produces the following parameters: Rk between 0.31 and 0.56, Rvk between 1.14 and 1.94, and Rpk between 0.08 and 0.18.

[0088] In the central intermediate region 50, the goal is to achieve low friction; to achieve this, fluid friction should be achieved with the lowest possible coefficient of friction. This is achieved, among other things, by the cylinder bore surface 16 in the central intermediate region 50 having low porosity compared to the surfaces of the upper outer edge region 48 and the lower outer edge region 52. The material of this surface in the central intermediate region 50 can be, for example, honed gray cast iron or titanium dioxide. In the central intermediate region 50, two different materials can also be used as the surface layer. Subsequent honing produces the following parameters: Rk between 0.24 and 1.12, Rvk between 0.48 and 2.2, and Rpk between 0.05 and 0.24.

[0089] In the lower outer edge region 52, the goal is to improve the surface properties by optimizing them for boundary friction. The porosity of the surface is greater in this lower outer edge region 52 than in the upper outer edge region 48 and the middle intermediate region 52. The material of this surface in the lower outer edge region 52 can be composed, for example, of iron, carbon, chromium, and manganese, or of iron, chromium, molybdenum, and manganese. Two different materials can also be used as the surface layer in the lower outer edge region 52. Subsequent honing produces the following parameters: Rk between 0.31 and 0.56, Rvk between 1.14 and 1.94, and Rpk between 0.08 and 0.18.

[0090] By using different materials in the different sub-areas, different Rk, Rvk, and Rpk parameters can be achieved with the same honing process. In an alternative embodiment, different Rk, Rvk, and Rpk parameters can also be achieved by using the same material and different honing processes.

[0091] In Fig. 7 shows examples of different surface treatments for the different parts of the cylinder bore surface.

[0092] The top row shows a group of different honing variants 78. Honing variants 78.1, 78.2, 78.3 and 78.4 differ in the honing parameters selected from the group: honing angle, contact time and contact pressure. By acting on the cylinder bore surface with different honing parameters, different characteristics result. Shown here are honing variants 78 which result in the following characteristics: for honing variant 78.1 the result is Rk 1.12, for Rvk 2.21 and for Rpk 0.24; for honing variant 78.2 the result is Rk 0.65, for Rvk 0.65 and for Rpk 0.13; for honing variant 78.3 the result is Rk 0.43, for Rvk 2.44 and for Rpk 0.12. For honing variant 78.4, the Rk values ​​are 0.48, for Rvk 2.38, and for Rpk 0.17. Honing variants 78.1, 78.2, and 78.3 were each performed at a honing angle of 45°. Honing variant 78.4 was performed at a honing angle of 145°.

[0093] The bottom row shows a group of different plasma spray variants 80. Among the various plasma spray variants 80 is plasma spray variant 80.0, which does not involve the application of a plasma spray layer. The same surface treatment as in the honing variant 78.1 is shown as an example.

[0094] All other plasma spraying variants 80.1 to 80.7 shown include the application of a plasma spray layer and subsequent honing.

[0095] A titanium dioxide layer was applied to plasma spray variants 80.1 and 80.2. The titanium dioxide layer of plasma spray variant 80.1 was honed differently than the titanium dioxide layer of plasma spray variant 80.2. This results in different Rk, Rvk, and Rpk values ​​for plasma spray variants 80.1 and 80.2. For plasma spray variant 80.1, Rk is 0.24, Rvk is 0.48, and Rpk is 0.05. For plasma spray variant 80.2, Rk is 0.82, Rvk is 1.53, and Rpk is 0.11.

[0096] In general, coatings applied using plasma spraying techniques designated F2259, F6419G, GG-E, and corresponding materials have proven advantageous; a coating applied using a PTWA (Plasma Transfer Wire Arc) plasma spraying technique also yields comparatively good results.

[0097] In the plasma spray variant 80.3, a suitable coating designated F6419 or F2259 was applied by plasma spraying.

[0098] F2259 primarily contains Cr3C2-25NiCr (also known as WOKA 7210) + possibly 20 wt% Mo (also known in a composition under the name Metco 4063) as a coating material. These and other coating material compositions can be found, for example, in the Oerlikon Metco data sheet "Material Product Data Sheet Chromium Carbide - 25% Nickel Chromium Powders" (DSM-0240.0 - Woka 7200 CrC-NiCr Series).

[0099] F6419 is a composition coating material essentially comprising TiO2 with a greater porosity than the original TiO2 coating (Metco102).

[0100] Subsequent honing of the coating results in Rk 0.45, Rvk 2.50 and Rpk 0.08.

[0101] A material consisting of chromium, carbon, nickel, and molybdenum was applied using the 80.4 plasma spray process. Subsequent honing of the coating resulted in Rk values ​​of 0.56, Rvk values ​​of 1.94, and Rpk values ​​of 0.09.

[0102] In the plasma spray variant 80.5, a suitable coating called GG-E was applied by plasma spraying. GG-E essentially consists of the standard cylinder liner material, which was reduced in size and sprayed on. Composition as follows: C 2,80 bis 3,30 Si 1,60 bis 2,30 Mn 0,60 bis 1,00 P 0,30 bis 0,50 S max. 0,12 Cr 0,20 bis 0,50 Mo 0,30 bis 0,60 Cu max. 0,50 Ni max. 0,50 Sn max. 0,15

[0103] Subsequent honing of the coating results in Rk 1.09, Rvk 16.33 and Rpk 0.29.

[0104] In the plasma spray variant 80.6, a suitable coating called PTWA (Plasma Transfer Wire Arc) was applied by plasma spraying. In this case, the "Plasma Transfer Wire Arc" plasma spraying process was carried out using a material called FeC0.8 – an iron-carbon wire with 0.8% carbon is plasma-sprayed.

[0105] Subsequent honing of the coating results in Rk values ​​of 0.31, Rvk values ​​of 1.14, and Rpk values ​​of 0.17. A material consisting of chromium, carbon, nickel, and manganese was applied using the plasma spray variant 80.7.

[0106] The Fig. 8a and the Fig. 8b show a schematic representation of a first and a second variant of a honed cylinder bore surface 16. With regard to the honing variants used, the reference numerals used in Fig. 7 were used.

[0107] A first variant of a honed cylinder bore surface 16.1' is shown in Fig. 8a. The cylinder bore surface 16.1' has five different sub-areas and a bore height h.

[0108] Basically, here and in the other examples of implementation, the Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 differently marked areas are honed differently; e.g., lighter (or light blue) areas are honed differently than the darker (or red-colored) areas.

[0109] The bore height h extends from a top dead center TDC of the cylinder bore 16.1' to a bottom dead center BDC of the cylinder bore 16.1'. The upper edge of the cylinder bore 16.1' is set as the zero point for the bore height h. The bore height h is specified in millimeters. The first variant of a honed cylinder bore surface 16.1' of the Fig. 8a combines four different honing variants 78.1, 78.2, 78.3, and 78.4. The cylinder bore surface 16.1' is machined at a height h of 0 mm to 71 mm with honing variant 78.2, at a height h of 71 mm to 107 mm with honing variant 78.1, at a height h of 107 mm to 193 mm with honing variant 78.3, at a height h of 193 mm to 230 mm with honing variant 78.1, and at a height h of 230 mm to 370 mm with honing variant 78.4.

[0110] A second variant of a honed cylinder bore surface 16.1" is in Fig. 8b. The cylinder bore surface 16.1'' also has five different sub-areas and a bore height h. The bore height h is the same as in Fig. 8a. The second variant of the honed cylinder bore surface 16.1" of the Fig. 8b combines three different honing variants 78.1, 78.3, and 78.4. The cylinder bore surface 16.1" is machined at a height h of 0 mm to 42 mm with honing variant 78.4, at a height h of 42 mm to 107 mm with honing variant 78.1, at a height h of 107 mm to 193 mm with honing variant 78.3, at a height h of 193 mm to 230 mm with honing variant 78.1, and at a height h of 230 mm to 370 mm with honing variant 78.4.

[0111] The second variant of the honed cylinder bore surface 16.1" also has the advantage over the first variant of the honed cylinder bore surface 16.1' that less wear occurs between the cylinder bore and a piston in the area of ​​top dead center (TDC) during operation. Fig. Figure 9 shows a schematic representation of a variant of a first embodiment of the cylinder bore according to the concept of the invention. The cylinder bore surface 16.2 is divided into five subregions along a bore height h.

[0112] According to this second embodiment, the cylinder bore surface 16.2 is first plasma-spray coated and then honed. In this embodiment, the bore height h also extends from a top dead center (TDC) of the cylinder bore 16.2 to a bottom dead center (BDC) of the cylinder bore 16.2. The upper edge of the cylinder bore is set as the zero point for the bore height h. The bore height h is specified in millimeters.

[0113] The first embodiment of the cylinder liner combines three different plasma spray coating variants 80.1, 80.2, and 80.4, using only two different materials: titanium dioxide coating for the plasma spray coating variants 80.1 and 80.2, and chromium, carbon, nickel, and molybdenum for the plasma spray variant 80.4. The difference between the plasma spray coating variants 80.1 and 80.2 arises, as explained in connection with Fig. 7, through different honing processes. The honing of the plasma spray variant 80.4 can correspond to the honing of the plasma spray coating variant 80.2. This allows five sub-areas to be achieved with just two different honing processes.

[0114] Alternatively, the honing of the plasma spraying variant 80.4 can also differ from the honing of the plasma spraying layer variants 80.1 and 80.2.

[0115] Specifically, the cylinder bore surface 16.2 is treated at a height h of 0 mm to 52 mm with the plasma spray variant 80.4, at a height h of 52 mm to 115 mm with the plasma spray variant 80.2, at a height h of 115 mm to 206 mm with the plasma spray variant 80.1, at a height h of 206 mm to 243 mm with the honing variant 80.2 and at a height h of 243 mm to 370 mm with the honing variant 80.4. A cylinder bore surface 16.2 treated in this way meets the Fig. 6, it is therefore adapted to the boundary conditions of the cylinder bore surface and piston system depending on the load.

[0116] In principle, the previously explained embodiment of the Fig. 9 and the following embodiment of the Fig. 10 Specify the heights of the sections as a percentage of the total height of the liner, as well as the overlap area of ​​the individual sections within a range of approximately 5%-10%. This allows both values ​​to be expressed as a percentage of the total height h.

[0117] In this respect, the first range would be between 0% and ~14.87%, the second range between ~14.87% and ~61.89%, and the third range between ~61.89% and 100%. Certainly, in this example, the Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 an indication is approximately possible, especially rounded, whereby one could round up to the nearest whole percentage (15%, 62%).

[0118] In principle, a "tolerance" of 5 to 10 percentage points in these limits for the ranges is within the realm of possibility, and it should be advantageous if the aforementioned limits are chosen so that the first range lies between 0% and 12% or between 0% and 22% of the total amount, in particular between 0% and 15% or between 0% and 14.87%, etc.

[0119] Fig. Figure 10 shows a schematic representation of a variant of a second embodiment of the cylinder bore according to the concept of the invention. The cylinder bore surface 16.3 is divided into three sub-areas. As in the Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 shows the cylinder bore of the Fig. 10 has a running surface height h. In the second embodiment of the cylinder surface, two different plasma spray variants 80.0 and 80.6 are combined. The plasma spray variant 80.0 corresponds, as in Fig. 7, the honing variant 78.1. This processing variant therefore does not require a plasma spray layer.

[0120] The two plasma spray variants 80.0 and 80.6 can be processed with the same honing.

[0121] Specifically, the cylinder bore surface 16.3 is machined at a height h of 0 mm to 55 mm with the plasma spray variant 80.6, at a height h of 55 mm to 229 mm with the plasma spray variant 80.0 and at a height h of 229 mm to 370 mm with the plasma spray variant 80.6. A cylinder bore surface 16.3 treated in this way also meets the requirements of the Fig. 6, it is therefore adapted to the boundary conditions of the cylinder bore surface and piston system depending on the load.

[0122] Fig. Figure 11 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a method 500 for producing a cylinder bore according to the concept of the invention. In order to produce a load-dependent cylinder bore surface, such as in the Fig. 9 and the Fig.10, a cylinder bore with a cylinder bore surface must first be provided in a first step 510. The cylinder bore surface of the cylinder bore provides at least three sub-regions. In a further step 520, a central intermediate region of the cylinder bore surface is treated with a first plasma spray variant, and an upper and lower outer intermediate region of the cylinder bore surface is treated with a second plasma spray layer variant. Further sub-regions can also be provided, which are treated with further plasma spray variants. The plasma spray variants differ in the spray material and spray parameters selected from the group consisting of: speed of the spray material, temperature of the plasma, and composition of the plasma gas.

[0123] In a next step 530, the sub-regions comprising the upper and lower edge regions and the central intermediate region of the cylinder bore surface are honed. Honing is performed using the same honing parameters.

[0124] In a further embodiment of the method, the honing 530 of the first and second partial regions of the cylinder bore surface is carried out with different honing parameters. LIST OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS 2 Friction 4 Wear and tear 6 Oil consumption 10 piston-cylinder designs 11 cylinders 12 pistons 13 Crankshaft 14 Cooling channel 15 Cylinder bore 16 Cylinder bore surface 20 Surface finish of a conventional cylinder bore 22 ideal surface finish of a cylinder bore 30 Cross section of a tribosystem 32 Firebridge 33 Ringfeld 34 first compression ring 36 second compression ring 40 Oil control ring 42 piston skirt 46 Engine oil 48 upper outer edge area 50 middle intermediate range 52 lower outer edge area 54 Stribeck Curve 56 Static friction 58 Boundary friction 60 mixed friction 62 Release point 64 Fluid friction 66 Piston speed curve in the cylinder working chamber 68 Gas pressure curve in the cylinder working chamber 70 intake stroke 72 compression stroke 74 working cycles 76 exhaust stroke 78, 78.1, ... 78.4 Honing variants 80, 80.1, ..., 80.7 Plasma spray coating variants 500 Processes for producing a cylinder bore 510 Providing a cylinder bore 520 Plasma spray coating 530 Honing h Cylinder liner height TDC top dead center p max maximum pressure Rk core roughness depth Rpk peak height Rvk groove depth BDC bottom dead center v Piston speed v max maximum piston speed µ, µ0 friction coefficient

Claims

[1] Cylinder barrel (15) for insertion in the form of a cylinder liner into a cylinder (11) of an internal combustion engine, wherein the cylinder liner is designed to guide a piston (12) of the cylinder (11) on a cylinder barrel surface (16), and the cylinder barrel (15) is surface-treated to represent the cylinder barrel surface (16) as a load-dependent cylinder barrel surface (16) and has a first and second partial area, wherein - the first and second partial areas are surface-treated differently, such that the cylinder bore surface (16) is first plasma-spray coated with a first and second different plasma-spray layer variant and then treated with honing, wherein - the first partial region, comprising a central intermediate region (50), has a first plasma spray layer applied to the cylinder bore (15) with the first plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7), - the second partial region, comprising a lower and upper outer edge region (48, 52), has a second plasma spray layer applied to the cylinder bore (15) with the second plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7), and - the first plasma spray layer of the first partial region, comprising the central intermediate region (50), and the second plasma spray layer of the second partial region, comprising the lower and upper outer edge region (48, 52), are processed by means of honing, characterized by , that - the middle intermediate region (50) is machined with a first honing variant (78.1, ... 78.4) and the lower and upper outer edge region (48, 52) is machined with a second honing variant (78.1, ... 78.4), and - the first honing variant (78, 78.1, ... 78.4) and the first plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7) are assigned to the middle intermediate region (50) in a predetermined manner depending on the load, and the second honing variant (78, 78.1, ... 78.4) and the second plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7) are assigned to the lower and upper outer edge region (48, 52) in a predetermined manner depending on the load, the middle intermediate region (50) being loaded differently than the lower and upper outer edge region (48, 52). [2] Cylinder bore (15) according to claim 1, characterized by that the cylinder bore surface (16) has the lower and upper outer edge region (48, 52), an upper and lower intermediate region and the middle intermediate region (50), which are surface-treated to represent the cylinder bore surface (16) as a load-dependent cylinder bore surface (16). [3] Cylinder bore (15) according to claim 2, characterized by that the outer edge region (48, 52) is surface-treated differently than the central intermediate region (50), wherein the lower outer edge region (52) is surface-treated differently than the upper outer edge region (48) and differently than the central intermediate region (50), wherein the lower outer edge region (52) is treated with a third plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7). [4] Cylinder bore (15) according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by that the middle intermediate region (50) comprises a raceway center of the piston guide and the upper edge region (48) comprises a top dead center (TDC) of the piston guide and the lower edge region (52) comprises a bottom dead center (UT) of the piston guide. [5] Cylinder bore (15) according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized bythat boundaries of the first partial area comprising the middle intermediate area (50) are located at 15% to 62% of the total height (h) from the upper edge of the cylinder bore (15), with a tolerance of 5% to 10%. [6] Cylinder bore (15) according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by that the first plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7) and the first honing variant (78.1, ... 78.4) form the middle intermediate region (50) of the first partial region with respect to the second partial region with lower porosity and / or higher density. [7] Cylinder bore (15) according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized by , that - the second plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7) and the second honing variant (78.1, ... 78.4) form the upper outer edge region (48) with respect to the central intermediate region (50) with one or more properties selected from the group consisting of: higher affinity to engine oil (46), higher porosity and lower density, and / or - the second plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7) and the second honing variant (78.1, ... 78.4) form the lower outer edge region (52) with respect to the central intermediate region (50) with one or more properties selected from the group consisting of: higher porosity and lower density. [8] Cylinder bore (15) according to claim 6 or 7, characterized by that a porosity of the surface in the upper outer edge region (48) is higher than in the middle intermediate region (50) and lower than in the lower outer edge region (52). [9] Cylinder (11) for an engine of an internal combustion engine with a cylinder bore (15) and a piston (12), characterized by that the cylinder bore (15) is designed according to one of claims 1 to 8. [10] Internal combustion engine with an engine comprising a cylinder (11) according to claim 9. [11] Method (500) for producing a cylinder barrel (15), in particular a cylinder barrel (15) according to one of claims 1 to 8, for insertion in the form of a cylinder liner into a cylinder (11) of an internal combustion engine, wherein the cylinder liner is designed to form an advantageous tribological system (10) for guiding a piston (16) of the cylinder (11) on a cylinder barrel surface (16), and the cylinder barrel (15) has a first and second partial region, wherein the first and second partial region are surface-treated to represent the cylinder barrel surface (16) as a load-dependent cylinder barrel surface (16), such that the cylinder barrel surface (16) is first plasma-spray coated with a first and second different plasma spray layer variant and then treated with honing, comprising the steps: - providing (510) the cylinder bore (15), wherein the cylinder bore surface (16) of the cylinder bore (15) provides the first and second partial regions; and - treating (520) the first partial region, comprising a central intermediate region (50) of the cylinder bore surface (16) with the first plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7) and the second partial region, comprising a lower and upper outer edge region (48, 52) of the cylinder bore surface (16) with the second plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7), and - Honing (530) the cylinder bore surface (16), namely the first plasma spray layer of the first partial region comprising the central intermediate region (50) and the second plasma spray layer of the second partial region comprising the lower and upper outer edge region (48, 52), characterized by , that - the middle intermediate region (50) is machined with a first honing variant (78.1, ... 78.4) and the lower and upper outer edge region (48, 52) is machined with a second honing variant (78.1, ... 78.4), and - the first honing variant (78, 78.1, ... 78.4) and the first plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7) are assigned to the middle intermediate region (50) in a predetermined manner depending on the load, and the second honing variant (78, 78.1, ... 78.4) and the second plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7) are assigned to the lower and upper outer edge region (48, 52) in a predetermined manner depending on the load, the middle intermediate region (50) being loaded differently than the lower and upper outer edge region (48, 52). [12] Method (500) according to claim 11, characterized bythat the first plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7) comprises a first spray material and the second plasma spray layer variant (80.0, 80.1, ..., 80.7) comprises a second spray material. [13] Method (500) according to claim 11 or 12, characterized by that a spray material of a plasma spray coating variant comprises: - titanium dioxide, or - Chromium, carbon, nickel and molybdenum, or - iron, carbon, chromium and manganese, or - Iron, chromium, molybdenum and manganese. [14] Method (500) according to one of claims 11 to 13, characterized bythat the plasma spray coating (520) is carried out in the central intermediate region (50) and the lower and upper outer edge region (48, 52), wherein the plasma spray coating (520) is carried out in the central intermediate region (50) and the lower and upper outer edge region (48, 52) with different spray parameters selected from the group consisting of: speed of the spray material, temperature of the plasma and composition of the plasma gas. [15] Method (500) according to one of claims 11 to 14, characterized by that the first and second honey variants - is selected from a group of several different honing variants consisting of: long stroke honing and short stroke honing, and / or - is selected with a first angle of a honing tool and with a second angle of the honing tool.

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